De-colonization - NationalismDe-colonization - Nationalism

Ethnicity and PoliticsEthnicity and Politics

Middle EastMiddle East

EuropeEurope

National CongruenceNational Congruence

Desire for state boundaries to match Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundariesethnic boundaries

Ethnicity:Ethnicity:an ethnic group; a social group that shares a common an ethnic group; a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the likeand distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like

State response: CoercionState response: Coercion

EthnocideEthnocide(forced assimilation)(forced assimilation)

•Hungarian sign defaced in Romania.Hungarian sign defaced in Romania.•Turks forced to change names in Turks forced to change names in Bulgaria.Bulgaria.

GenocideGenocide(extermination)(extermination)

•800,000 Tutsis killed in 800,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, 1994. Rwanda, 1994.

Religious TerritorialityReligious Territoriality States defined by religion

IranIran

IsraelIsraelISISISIS

Europe and North America Section 4

Ethnic Unrest

• After Soviet Union fell, underlying issues in region bubbled to top

• Two were ethnic unrest, need for new governments

• One example of ethnic unrest took place in Chechnya, in Caucasus region

Azerbaijan

• Early 1990s, another example of ethnic conflict occurred when ethnic Armenian minority sought to break away from country of Azerbaijan

• Tens of thousands died in fighting that followed

Chechnya

• Chechnya considered part of Russia

• When Chechens tried to gain independence from Russia, dispute led to bloody fighting, insurgency that still affects region today

Other Issues

SIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIASIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIAEastern Europe - 1945-1991Eastern Europe - 1945-1991

Croatia, SloveniaCroatia, Slovenia(Catholic)(Catholic)

Serbia, Montenegro, Serbia, Montenegro, MacedoniaMacedonia(Orthodox)(Orthodox)

BosniaBosnia(Muslim)(Muslim)

KosovoKosovo(Muslim part of Serbia)(Muslim part of Serbia)

Ethnic Serbs Ethnic Serbs (outside Serbia)(outside Serbia) - - irredentismirredentism

Bosnians, KosovarsBosnians, Kosovars- - secessionsecession

SIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIASIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIAEastern Europe - 1945-1991Eastern Europe - 1945-1991

Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansingForced removal of an ethnic groupForced removal of an ethnic group

Serbs expelled from Croatia1995

Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999

To make area ethnically “pure”To make area ethnically “pure”

Bosnia(Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)

Same race, spoken language

Different religion,script, “ethnic” group

Intermarried, cooperated,1950s-80s; At war 1990s

Muslim andSerb refugeesFrom Sarajevo

Former Yugoslavia TodayFormer Yugoslavia Today

Ethnic minority regions in the new Ethnic minority regions in the new RussiaRussia

Russians fear one secession would spread to allRussians fear one secession would spread to all

Russians flatten Grozny,

capital of Chechnya, 2000

Russia attacks Chechen Muslims(state territoriality)

ChechensChechens Yeltsin orders Russian forces into Chechnya

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/yeltsin-orders-russian-forces-into-chechnya

DOCUMENTARY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LJTZ--yGSk

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland (Catholics (Catholics vsvs. Protestants). Protestants)

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bloody-sunday-in-northern-ireland

(Religion and economic class)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFM7Ty1EEvs

Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants)

IRAIRAIrish Republican ArmyIrish Republican Army

(Catholic)(Catholic)

RwandaRwanda(Hutus (Hutus vsvs. Tutsis). Tutsis)

Same race, language, religionSame race, language, religion

Different ethnic group;Different ethnic group;one favored by colonialistsone favored by colonialists

Genocide: Genocide: againstagainstTutsi minority, 1994 Tutsi minority, 1994

SomaliaSomalia

Same race, language, religion, and ethnic group

Yet, 1990s civil war between clan militias

Contending TheoriesContending Theories

Ethnic hatred is always there; Ethnic hatred is always there; politics can keep politics can keep a “lid” on ita “lid” on it

Ethnic hatred is a Ethnic hatred is a tooltool used for political and used for political and economic powereconomic power