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Kees Camphuysen Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel
De Noordzee: historische veranderingen in een voedselrijke shelfzee
Southern North Sea
Cross-road, wintering area
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
2W 0 2E 4E 6E
The
Netherlands
NORTH SEA
Britain
Norway
Belgium
Migratory birds
divers, Northern Gannet,
seaduck, skuas, gulls, terns
Coastal wintering birds
divers, grebes, seaduck, Larus-
gulls
Nursery areas
Common Guillemot
Pelagic wintering birds
Black-legged Kittiwake, auks
North Seabirds
After: Coulson 2002 (modified)
max colony
size range
Atlantic Puffin 100000 250
Manx Shearwater 100000 450
Northern Gannet 70000 450
Northern Fulmar 45000 450
Guillemot 40000 100
Lesser Bl-b Gull 30000 100
Kittiwake 30000 100
Herring Gull 18000 60
Sandwich Tern 8000 25
Arctic Tern 3000 15
Common Tern 1500 15
Shag 1000 14
Cormorant 500 13
Black Guillemot 150 10
Little Tern 110 8
Seabird colonies
Vaste verspreidingspatronen......of een veranderend beeld?
Jan van Gent Morus bassanus
CJ Camphuysen
Jan van Gent Morus bassanus
Jan van Gent Morus bassanus
CJ Camphuysen
Northern Gannet Britain & Ireland
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Wanless et al. 2005 Brit Birds 98: 280-294 Bass Rock
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1805 1855 1905 1955 2005
UK populatie Jan van Gent
Chick rearing occurs in Dutch
nurseries, off the Wadden Sea islands
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
2W 0 2E 4E 6E
The
Netherlands
NORTH SEA
Britain
Norway
Belgium
Chicks and
moulting adults
penetrate deeper
southwards
Recent surveys
revealed higher
late summer auk
densities and
lower chick
percentages
1987-88 July 18% chicks
2006 July 7% chicks
L8-P
L8-HL8-APE-L7-PB
L5-BL5-C
53.0N
53.5N
54.0N
3.0E 4.0E 5.0E
Zeekoet - Common Guillemot
101-1000
51-100
26-50
11-25
6-10
3-5
2
1
July 2006
53N
54N
3E 4E 5E 6E
Zeekoet
Vlieland
Texel
TerschellingAmeland
NCP
NCP
route
FRONT
30m
30m
juli 2006 survey
Friese Front, SC41
Common Guillemot
abundance (July)
even while nesting in Scotland
Chick rearing occurs in Dutch nurseries, off the Wadden Sea islands
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
2W 0 2E 4E 6E
The
Netherlands
NORTH SEA
Britain
Norway
Belgium
Kittiwakes breeding
in The Netherlands!
First confirmed breeding
2000
>2 colonies 2005
>6 colonies 2006
Camphuysen C.J. & F. de Vreeze 2005.
De Drieteenmeeuw Rissa tridactyla als
broedvogel in Nederland. Limosa 78(2):
65-74.
y = -0.0595x + 0.4309R² = 0.7321
y = -0.072x + 0.2164R² = 0.6418
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1975/76 1977/78 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 1991/92 1993/94 1995/96 1997/98 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10
Common Eider, 1975/76-2009/10
y = -0.0368x + 1.274R² = 0.5757
y = -0.048x + 1.1715R² = 0.7146
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1975/76 1977/78 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 1991/92 1993/94 1995/96 1997/98 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10
Common Guillemot, 1975/76-2009/10 Eidereend Somateria mollissima
Zeekoet Uria aalge
100%
50%
0%
100%
50%
0%
NoordzeeWaddenzee
Beached bird surveys
A long-term decline in oil-rates indicative of a decline in marine oil pollution
Atlantic Margin, Jul-Oct
Chili & Falklands,breeding, Nov-Apr
off N America, May-Aug
Grauwe PijlstormvogelPuffinus griseus
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Noordse Pijlstormvogel
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Grauwe Pijlstormvogel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Noordse Stormvogel
98.600 uren observatie
120.450 Noordse Stormvogel 27
7.600 Grauwe Pijl 84
4.405 Noordse Pijl 1
Informatie: Nederlandse Zeevogelgroep (Club van Zeetrekwaarnemers)www.trektellen.nl
Seawatching
0
5
10
15
20
25
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Duikers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Fuut
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Roodhalsfuut98.600 uren observatie
482.400 duikers 53
758.600 Fuut 84
9.025 Roodhalsfuten 1
Informatie: Nederlandse Zeevogelgroep (Club van Zeetrekwaarnemers)www.trektellen.nl
Seawatching
-16
-11
-6
-1
4
91
jan
-7
ja
n
8 ja
n -
14
ja
n
15
jan
-2
1 j
an
22
jan
-2
8 j
an
29
jan
-4
fe
b
5 f
eb
-1
1 f
eb
12
fe
b -
18
fe
b
19
fe
b -
25
fe
b
26
fe
b -
4 m
rt
5 m
rt -
11
mrt
12
mrt
-1
8 m
rt
19
mrt
-2
5 m
rt
26
mrt
-1
ap
r
2 a
pr
-8
ap
r
9 a
pr
-1
5 a
pr
16
ap
r -
22
ap
r
23
ap
r -
29
ap
r
30
ap
r -
6 m
ei
7 m
ei
-1
3 m
ei
14
me
i -
20
me
i
21
me
i -
27
me
i
28
me
i -
3 j
un
4 ju
n -
10
ju
n
11
jun
-1
7 ju
n
18
jun
-2
4 ju
n
25
jun
-1
ju
l
2 ju
l -
8 j
ul
9 ju
l -
15
ju
l
16
jul
-2
2 ju
l
23
jul
-2
9 ju
l
30
jul
-5
au
g
6 a
ug
-1
2 a
ug
13
au
g -
19
au
g
20
au
g -
26
au
g
27
au
g -
2 s
ep
3 s
ep
-9
se
p
10
se
p -
16
se
p
17
se
p -
23
se
p
24
se
p -
30
se
p
1 o
kt
-7
ok
t
8 o
kt
-1
4 o
kt
15
ok
t -
21
ok
t
22
ok
t -
28
ok
t
29
ok
t -
4 n
ov
5 n
ov
-1
1 n
ov
12
no
v -
18
no
v
19
no
v -
25
no
v
26
no
v -
2 d
ec
3 d
ec
-9
de
c
10
de
c -
16
de
c
17
de
c -
23
de
c
24
de
c -
31
de
c
Aantal Jan van Genten per waarnemingsuur
naar Noord
naar Zuid
juveniel (1 jaar)
onvolwassen (2-4 jaar)
volwassen (>5 jaar)
Seawatching
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
ESAS database observer effort in summer (km² surveyed)
50.00 +
25.00 - 49.99
10.00 - 24.99
5.00 - 9.99
0.01 - 4.99
E ffor t (km ²)
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
ESAS database observer effort in winter (km² surveyed)
50.00 +
25.00 - 49.99
10.00 - 24.99
5.00 - 9.99
0.01 - 4.99
E ffor t (km ²)
Waarnemingsinspanning ESAS database
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
Diver distribution in winter, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)
2.50 +
1.00 - 2.49
0.50 - 0.99
0.10 - 0.49
0.01 - 0.09
Blanco = geen
Dichtheid (n/km ²)
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
Little Auk distribution in winter, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)
2.50 +
1.00 - 2.49
0.50 - 0.99
0.10 - 0.49
0.01 - 0.09
Blanco = geen
Dichtheid (n/km ²)
Roodkeelduiker, winter Kleine Alk, winter
fronts
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
Guillemots in winter, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)
2.50 +
1.00 - 2.49
0.50 - 0.99
0.10 - 0.49
0.01 - 0.09
Blanco = geen
Dichtheid (n/km ²)
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
Guillemots in summer, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)
2.50 +
1.00 - 2.49
0.50 - 0.99
0.10 - 0.49
0.01 - 0.09
Blanco = geen
Dichtheid (n/km ²)
Zeekoet, zomer Zeekoet, winter
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
Razorbills in summer, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)
2.50 +
1.00 - 2.49
0.50 - 0.99
0.10 - 0.49
0.01 - 0.09
Blanco = geen
Dichtheid (n/km ²)
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
60N
5W 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E
Puffin in summer, n per km² (ESAS 4.1)
2.50 +
1.00 - 2.49
0.50 - 0.99
0.10 - 0.49
0.01 - 0.09
Blanco = geen
Dichtheid (n/km ²)
Papegaaiduiker, zomer Alk, zomer
North Sea cetaceans
White-beaked Dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostrisWitsnuitdolfijn
Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoenaBruinvis
Grijze Walvis
Blauwe Vinvis
Gewone Vinvis
Noordse Vinvis
Dwergvinvis
Bultrug
Potvis
Dwergpotvis
Narwal
Beloega
Dolfijn van Cuvier
Butskop
Spitssnuitdolfijn van Gray
Gewone Spitssnuitdolfijn
Spitssnuitdolfijn van De Blainville
Orka
Zwarte Zwaardwalvis
Griend
Snaveldolfijn
Tuimelaar
Gestreepte Dolfijn
Gewone Dolfijn
Witsnuitdolfijn
Witflankdolfijn
Grijze Dolfijn
Bruinvis
In Nederland aangetroffen walvisachtigen
Bultrug
Dwergvinvis
Camphuysen & Peet 2006. Walvissen en dolfijnen in de Noordzee.
OrkaGrijze Dolfijn
Griend
Dwergvinvis
Witsnuitdolfijn
Witflankdolfijn
Tuimelaar
Gewone Dolfijn
Bruinvis
Tekeningen Frits-Jan Maas
Land
<200m
200-600m
1000-3500m
DOGGER
Lowe P.R. 1913. Our common
sea-birds. Country life, C.
Scribner's sons London, New
York
Diepe
oceaan
Shelfzee
Noord-oost
Atlantische
Oceaan
Land
<200m
200-600m
1000-3500m
DOGGER
Lowe P.R. 1913. Our common
sea-birds. Country life, C.
Scribner's sons London, New
York
Butskop
spitssnuitdolfijnen
Potvis
diep-duikers
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Butskop (12)
spitssnuitdolfijnen (21)
Potvis (20)
Land
<200m
200-600m
1000-3500m
DOGGER
Lowe P.R. 1913. Our common
sea-birds. Country life, C.
Scribner's sons London, New
York
Gewone Vinvis
Noordse Vinvis
Dwergvinvis
vinvissen
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Dwergvinvis (28)
Noordse Vinvis (3)
Gewone Vinvis (16)
Land
<200m
200-600m
1000-3500m
DOGGER
Lowe P.R. 1913. Our common
sea-birds. Country life, C.
Scribner's sons London, New
York
Orka
Wereldverspreiding
Griend
Gematigd, shelfranden
“Blackfish”
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Griend (14)
Orka (22)
Land
<200m
200-600m
1000-3500m
DOGGER
Lowe P.R. 1913. Our common
sea-birds. Country life, C.
Scribner's sons London, New
York
Witsnuitdolfijn
Koud water
Gewone Dolfijn
Warm water
Witflankdolfijn
Gematigd
Tuimelaar
Lokaal, kust
dolfijnen
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Witflankdolfijn (11)
Witsnuitdolfijn (220)
Gewone Dolfijn (86)
Tuimelaar (391)
??
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Griend (14)
Orka (22)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Witflankdolfijn (11)
Witsnuitdolfijn (220)
Gewone Dolfijn (86)
Tuimelaar (391)
Griend (14)
Orka (22)
Butskop (12)
spitssnuitdolfijnen (21)
Potvis (20)
Dwergvinvis (28)
Noordse Vinvis (3)
Gewone Vinvis (16)
Walvisstrandingen in Nederland
???
Southern North Sea
Observing coastal marine life: changing fortunes due to changing opportunities
Seawatchers
Ship-based
surveys
Beached bird surveys
Whale strandings data
1978-2006
< 1925-2006
1965-2006
1968-2006
Southern North Sea
Cetaceans
abundant
common
scarce
none
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
??
Harbour Porpoise
Bottlenose Dolphin
41% per annum
increase coastal
sightings
Reconstruction based on anecdotal
reports, systematic sightings and
strandings reports 1900-1005
Coastal population of Harbour Porpoise
Phocoena phocoena and Bottlenose Dolphin
Tursiops truncatus in The Netherlands
The Netherlands
Disappearance of spring spawning (Zuiderzee-) herring
Closure of Zuiderzee often mentioned to explain why dolphins and porpoises
disappeared collapse of local herring stock
Marsdiep herring fisheries (catch), 1933-1940 1
1933 10,700,000 kg
1934 14,800,000 kg
1935 12,500,000 kg
1936 15,100,000 kg
1937 7,400,000 kg
1938 1,200,000 kg 1939 10,000 kg
1Jaarberichten over de visserij, 1933-1939
Harbour Porpoises in Dutch coastal waters, 1970-2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
Num
ber
of
anim
als
report
ed
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Eff
ort
corr
ecte
d (
n p
er
hour)
Incid.
CvZ
CvZ (n per hour)
Southern North Sea
Abrupt changes in coastal marine life (1) return of the harbour porpoise
Camphuysen C.J. 2004. The return of the harbour
porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Dutch coastal
waters. Lutra 47(2): 113-122.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1915 1919 1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Tuimelaar
Witsnuitdolfijn
Southern North Sea
Changing fauna: dolphins
Documented strandings of Bottlenose Dolphins and White-beaked Dolphins in The
Netherlands, 1900-2005
Bottlenose Dolphin
White-beaked Dolphin
Camphuysen & Peet 2006. Walvissen in de
Zuidelijke Noordzee. Fonteijn Uitgeverij, Haarlem,
Stichting De Noordzee, Utrecht
Afsluitdijk
Southern North Sea
Changing fauna: dolphins
Sightings of large groups of Bottlenose
Dolphins after an absence of 45 years
in the Marsdiep area
ca. 100 12 August 2004
ca. 54 9 September 2004
Camphuysen & Peet 2006. Walvissen in de
Zuidelijke Noordzee. Fonteijn Uitgeverij, Haarlem,
Stichting De Noordzee, Utrecht
Southern North Sea
Abrupt changes in coastal marine life (2) large baleen whales, foraging pelagic seabirds
Meij S.E.T. van der & C.J. Camphuysen 2006. Distribution and diversity of whales and
dolphins (Cetacea) in the Southern North Sea: 1970-2005. Lutra 49(1).
Foto: Jan Wierda
Camphuysen C.J. 2007. Foraging humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Marsdiep area (Wadden Sea), May 2007 and a review of
sightings and strandings in the southern North Sea, 2003-2007. Lutra 50: 31-42.
Rachel Carson 1962. Silent Spring
Meadows H.D.et al. 1972. The Limits to Growth. A Report to The Club of Rome
Some 40 odd years ago
• “Silent Spring”
• Torrey Canyon oil spill
• Club of Rome report
(old farts always start looking back)
Koeman J.H. et al. 1969. Chlorinated Biphenyls in fish, mussels and birds from the River Rhine and the Netherlands Coastal Area. Nature 221 (5186): 1126-1128.
Philippona J. 1965. Tegenwoordig is het strand zonder sterns. Het Vogeljaar 13: 533-534.
Reijnders P.J.H. 1986. Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. Nature (London) 324: 456-457.
Some 40 odd years ago
• Chemical pollution greater rivers and
coastal zone
• Mass mortality of seabirds Wadden Sea
• Reductions in seal populations / fertility
• High levels of chronic oil pollution
• Cetaceans in Dutch coastal waters disappear
(old farts always start looking back)
Southern North Sea
Common Eiders, seals (Eidereend, zeehonden)
data Peter Reijnders (IMARES,
Texel), pers. comm.0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Harbour Seal
Grey Seal
calculated data based on hunting
statistics
end of premium
pesticides virus
virus
Common Eider Somateria mollissma
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1900 1906 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
2.5-5% per
annum
decline since
1990
pesticides
Harbour sea Phoca vitulina and Grey Seal Halichoerus grypus
*
*
* ( re-)colonisations
data Camphuysen 1996 & SOVON
Monitoring, Nijmegen
Common Eider
Somateria mollissima
Harbour & Grey
Seals
Phoca vitulina,
Halichoerus grypus
Southern North Sea
Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Zilvermeeuw & Kleine Mantelmeeuw)
Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1900 1906 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
Herring Gull Larus argentatus
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1900 1906 1912 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
*
* colonisation
data Spaans 1998 & SOVON
Monitoring, Nijmegen
data Spaans 1998 & SOVON
Monitoring, Nijmegen
Herring Gull
Larus argentatus
Lesser Black-b. Gull
Larus fuscus
egg-collecting, culls, poisoning
declining
resources
beamtrawler
introduction
declining
resources
conservation
conservation
Southern North Sea
Breeding birds: Sandwich Tern
Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Zeebrugge
Belgium
Stienen E.W.M. 2006. Living with gulls: trading off food and predation in the
Sandwich Tern Sterna sanvicensis. Ph-D. thesis Univ. Groningen, Groningen
The Netherlands & Belgium combined
*
* colonisation
data Stienen 2006
Changing fortunes
Sandwich Tern
Sterna
sandvicensis
feather
trade,
egging
protection
egg collecting
recovery
pesticides
1960s partial recovery
Southern North Sea
Breeding birds, marine mammals, population developments 20th century
< 1900 1900 1950 2000
Great Cormorant depressed depressed depressed abundant
Common Eider (1906) extinct colonising common
Mediterranean Gull (1980) colonising
Little Gull (1942) few few
Black-headed Gull common common common abundant
Common Gull (1908) extinct increasing abundant
Lesser Black-backed Gull (1932) increasing abundant
Herring Gull common common common abundant
Yellow-legged Gull (1985) colonising
Great Black-backed Gull (1994) colonising
Black-legged Kittiwake (2000) colonising
Gull-billed Tern few few extinct
Sandwich Tern common declining abundant common
Common Tern common declining abundant common
Arctic Tern common few few few
Little Tern common declining common common
Grey Seal (1980) extinct colonising
Harbour Porpoise common common declining increasing
Bottlenose Dolphin common? common? declining extinct
White-beaked Dolphin ? frequent
Common Dolphin ? frequent
51N
52N
53N
54N
55N
56N
57N
58N
59N
2W 0 2E 4E 6E
The
Netherlands
NORTH SEA
Britain
Norway
Belgium
With a country partly below sea
level, violent storms could cause
serious floodings.
Low-land people had always
been building dikes for safety
and to avoid property loss, but
some particularly heavy storms in
the 19th and 20th centuries
triggered the construction of a
dam closing the Zuiderzee
(1932) and a plan to dam the
entire estuarine area in the south
(1955-1990).
A changing landscape
Little Gull
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997
Num
ber
of bre
edin
g p
airs
elsewhere
Friesland
Lauwersmeer
Wadden Sea
Southern North Sea
Habitat change: Little Gull population trends
Lauwersmeer(reclamation)
habitat
deterioration
• vegetation
succession
• grazing
• Red Fox
Most nesting attempts of Little Gulls in The Netherlands
take place in highly dynamic areas, in particular where
the areas have just been altered by man.
Koks B.J. 1998. The Little Gull Larus minutus as breeding bird in
The Netherlands. Sula 12(4): 137-146.
Little Gull
Larus minutus
A changing landscape
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
A changing landscape,
changing opportunities
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
scattered inland colonies, persecuted
by fishermen and nature conservation
bodies
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
scattered inland colonies, new breeding
opportunities, some protection
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
scattered inland colonies, persecuted
by fishermen and nature conservation
bodies, lowest population ever
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
new breeding opportunities IJsselmeer
colonised, protection Naardermeer,
population recovery
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
rapid expansion IJsselmeer population,
Voorne colonised, population explosion
eutrophication IJsselmeer (rich feeding
in turbid waters)
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
rapid expansion IJsselmeer population,
Voorne colonised, population explosion
eutrophication IJsselmeer (rich feeding
in turbid waters)
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
distribution shift IJsselmeer population,
Wadden Sea and coast colonised,
population growth slowed down
IJsselmeer cleaner and poorer; a shift
to the north and to the coast
Morris's British Birds 1891
Scanned by www.BirdCheck.co.uk
Southern North Sea
Great Cormorant, establishing a “marine” population, utilising a neglegted habitat
Eerden M.R. van et al. 1998. Long-term changes in wetland area and composition in the Netherlands affecting
the carrying capacity for wintering water birds. Ph.D.-thesis University of Groningen, Groningen.
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis
A changing landscape,
changing attitudes, changing
opportunities
breeding
population
non-breeding
birds
51.8N
52.0N
52.2N
52.4N
52.6N
52.8N
53.0N
53.2N
53.4N
53.6N
53.8N
3.0E 3.5E 4.0E 4.5E 5.0E 5.5E
Lesser Black-backed Gull GPS time spent
100 +10 - 1005 - 102 - 51 - 20.1- 1None
P r esence (h)
51.8N
52.0N
52.2N
52.4N
52.6N
52.8N
53.0N
53.2N
53.4N
53.6N
53.8N
3.0E 3.5E 4.0E 4.5E 5.0E 5.5E
Herring Gull GPS time spent
100 +10 - 1005 - 102 - 51 - 20.1- 1None
P r esence (h)
2008-2013 2013Foraging distribution (h) during breeding
LBBG HG
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