Deakin Research Online This is the published version: Surujlan, J. and Nguyen, S. 2009-09, Sources of stress in South African soccer coaches, African journal for physical, health education, recreation and dance, Supplement, pp. 113-124. Available from Deakin Research Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30021789 Reproduced with the kind permission of the copyright owner. Copyright : 2009, AFAHPER-SD

iftJcrzrr j()tQ''fJ{R f..m- Pkysir;(Jf, Hearth £(i;cr}Ji(m, Kecr?Qtion am Dance (AJPHEJJD)? §,ei;lember 2(]09 {Supplemenll pr. J)J -124.

Sonrces of stress in Sooth .African soc.cer coaches

J. SURUJL.AL J AND S. NGU'fEN2

!Fac:uUy iJ/ Afanag.eml!llt &i'!.m:eJ, Vm.r/. Ul1iv~J7Jy of Technology. Vanrkr/)tUpark, &mIn. Afrko.,.­!&Jroo! af M{HJOgeJn£ID ana Af(lJ"/.efing Fa...~ft}' of 87M/ness cmd 1.aw, ~a*m .[inn.'i'r.'i'hJ~ ltlff'-ri(xxi, A r~tr.a.UQ; E-m(Jil: l;Qbs@.l'Iil.ac.::a

It haS beea [Joted t112.:1. c.;::.::.cltes. face a oumber (If citarle:nges. inrstratiollS., corrliicts and t-ens:iaox, . mNt (If whklt 1rdllS]at'i! ir'lHt perceiv~ slJ"~~ Wi1b. die r~nUy of SoLJ1.h A..Erica in~Cl thoe mteJ1l..<1rioo a I 5JKInmg iJro'J a, litlk: i s ~ ffi'l.Jt about Srn.Jth. AfiXan C/X:ICh es and what ~ pe;::ifi.::: stres'iCS 1BC?' ~~~. Thus~ the presmt stud}' used a roiJced-metboo approach in l:'ApL(}fing_ilil: peK:eptioOOlS Df stress 9CTl(JQg Sooth: African-soCcer I!lJac1tes... More .specifically, 12 South African ~r.ooch.es lIfCl'i: iJJteIviev.-.;x\ fusln:g. semi-structured int-er.'i~ gtlides} rm 1beir perceptiortS Df 'WUJ(".eS of S"tr-fS'S. Furthernlclf~; 1 i 2: soccer- coa.cltes {at the prO'o·in.;iaL Jew] and. f1~ghf7) were ilp!lroachoo Co comp']f[~ a. 32-mm qll-e.roc,.'lDalre em. th.~ SDllI'Ce'i -of stress. I-elaIed 10 1:beir job a..o;;

-roaeJJes. ConCent a.msLysis ..... as usEd to .e't"2iLua.!e tlJe quaJitaril,re data '",biJe 1iJe d~tivoe data. .anaJ:r'S~ ..... as OJIDp]eted usiBg ~ S1afu'litaJ Package for Social Sc.reoces (SPSS - ~I)n. t6). The. reliability was Je5te-ti fur the sources of stre.s::; (a= _B J 'I) fo(]f' the 32 item::;. The sourct:tS of sl:ro::s.5 ~perienced by t1Je; ~';:5 were C"o'.aiuated.. 'The resofls revc:ale:t. me three main themes re1aJ:ed. to S{KJ{'()CS of ;s~ss. VI.'(:fe .Resmuct; bsws, Exlrrnal ~SW'e and lntenJw Capa.clry. CornplemenLiIJg tlJe:'iC resul!l.s, 1fl~ :to.p ilhree SOlltCQ of .stress f-oomil through the de.5c:ri.p6'!o'e

~-tics w:::re la.ck of re:: ow 1:eS, fi:rture b.acklog acd games wner-e the ~e is entiead. wh.ik: the lowest tltree scnrrces of stress \'io'ere pori[[~ m~~re.nce" physical 2Sia1.Ll1::s fuJm player.s. .and ~g a ~~a}'er_ SpedfLC academic aod practl3CaJ irnpUcaOOns of tlte study the resulrs were dis I! l1'iSed,

Iotroo.udioD

Sport e.oacbing cau be rev..'a.!'din.g as ;.vel] as eX1remeLy demanding and frII-cmaling (HjaJ~ K-cntfa, HllSsmenan & Gu.stafsSfi~ 200T). Tills may be a p~atlS-ible reason for the high rumover of soccer roaches in South Afri-ca (SurujlaI,:o Singh & HoUander, 2005). -Coac.hes ill the higher l-eague.s in South. Africa an:: likely to be more Yis.ible (0 the general pub]k and under '-he ~rntiny (If the media 1han coac;hes in the ]m~rei' le.ague~ su.;::-h as regional and school leagues.

According to merlica1 researchers (DeuL"'Che Presse Agenee,l- 1998), footb.alL coaches are living dangerously. They experienc-e the results of pelJ'Jl1tD.ent stress -of watching their te.ams from the sidelines, were ailments such as stomacn ulrers~ metabolic disorders and a. \.,.-eakening J1f the body's immune systeITL Hughes {l999} describes the coach at a illip OOmpetitioIl as one ~-no is possibly aging before his. time and driving up his blood pressure beyond the Je.yels oftolerance.

114 Sur~ilal and iVguyen

Socc.er coaches ';y{Irk ~ontinul}usly under emu:tifinal1y-char,geli 's1tuatlOns (Hja]am et al~ 201)7)] -wUe:rc fan and player emDt[ons as wEI] as opplJI.5itiDn coac:E. and player emotions run high as a result of their expec"tat[OM of the. xnatch~ team member.s and thel .. O'Wll perfocmance_ in addlti{]n~ they are ecmstalltI Y l,yurking in a dose relationship with their p1 ayers, v.m-ch 13 considered lin extremely lutense a:l1d dernand=ng rdanoilsrup (JI)WeU & CrockerUt, 2oo3)~ SEd their managem::m~ 'i;'i,weh may also lx!: demanding and ta.xjng~

Coo.c·hes face major challenges in preparing their athleteE tu achieve ~ak fitness az:t.d maintai:ung that n'oes'S] plamiilg for competitions, and maintaining ~ healthy balan.-ce behveen family life and career. Fa~lure tG a.chle-;!e any of these may reswt ie 5,tre=;ss_ SiDce Selye's I}riguH)[ t;:oncept no( stress in the 1930s.., which describes ~s as the boody" 5 no:n~5pec[fic response to demands. p]acoo on it (VinerJ 1999), stress has evo1ved (uf:o OiJ:e: fuat acknowledges not on~y the pby$flllL}gjca.~ c.hange but now is wDsider.ed ;a maillfe-station o.f situational factors, where stress is defined as the gap OODn:oon the peroeived demands of a si-tuati{JD and the perceived ab[ht~es to clJpe 'With and adapt to m{J&e demands {Lazarus & folk.malJ~ 1984; Smith, 1986}_ Examples nf stressnTS indude perronal aM env-rr(lmnen1al scmces, and jo b~rela:ted stresson: can include both personal (for example~ expectat[o-DS ()f .self, private needs) a.."Jd envln:mrmmtal {for ~xample" job demands" conflicting roles, ]eisure '1.5_ wmk time} (Ke1J~( & GiU~ 199'3; Voealey, Udry~ Zimmerman & SLlI[day~ 1992:. This (s further extendro to 1'eseareh address.lug dispositional faders that I:ontribute t{J stress perceptions (that j;s~ situat:orw.1 ... e{}gcitive~ lnirapeT.SonaJ) (Sm~ 1986t wrnc·h are bey.CJDd the soope of the present study.

There are mar~y SOUICes of stress. for S{]ccer c-oa.;::hes. These include, inter alia. differences in cuUtrreJ fixture b.ack1og:o pre.ss.ure hy lll8l'lagemen~ :ie·rutiny -of !he medi~ reft:lremg decislons) fan \md spectator behaviour and vioiatiODS of CQntracts. The multifaceted roles of cuaches are .a:~S[) a sOllICe {If slress_ Coaches may be vie1rl'OO by management as perfO.rmers, admiIListrator.s~ planrJer.s~

motlwto(lfSJ :findraise~ travei planners.- public re1a.tions ClJns.ullan~ negotiatu~ counselloiS a:tt11eadcrs (Hja1am et al. 201}1; Surujla1~ 20M).

Soccer roaches. are frequently 00 the receJving end [Iof .severe crnici!im from management, fans and] ill a lesse:r extenf;, from players themseh'es, They are {Jften blamed unfairly for the setbacks sufR::red by their teams. A coach m.a.y bave conb.dellce in his/her ability to s\loCCf:ed but may be fmaV,m-e of how the athlete would take !o bm/her_ The fact that the coach is aware that s.lhe c.ame-s the hopes -of milli{]ns: (}f ~upportE:(s is also a sotl\:ce of pres...-.mre for the eoac·h. There is also stress: assDCia~f:d "\\'ith their sGmetimes chaotic li:estyle~ W"hieh include tra'i.rel, being av,o--ay fi-o.:rl family and .fiirndS:t lung and und~fined 'wo-rk hours, ruld limHed leisure time_ CJacbes have boen. fuuud tn be increasingly stressed in tOOl1: jobs

Sources of ~Jress in. &uJh AJ1-rcon soccer cooch?s 115

(EskaU!lzl ~ 2(109) due fo longer working hOllis, increased res{K1nsibilitles and less pay.

Soccer authorities somei..imes 19rmr-e the fact mat a caa-ch may C;llmc: :Ii"om a different culturaJ ba.ckgr{\und and may require tittle to adjnst 10 the country. the f.ans~ me m.edi~ .:is \\'ClJ as the players. FOT foreign C{J3Ch-eS, Janguage may also be a 'barrier ilia( r.:ontribut~s to meir jJreRSUIe.

In many instances, fixtille backJog ~s as a result Qf te:a.m..S belng successfuL in many different competitions. Consequently ~ teams are ;cfurced" to play maJ1Y games \vJ1.hin a short space Df time. IhES may result in physi-cai injury! as we] t as both physical and mentaf fatigue of players. Tbis ~itably C(lntrlbutes to deteriorated pennnnance f<Jf which tbe coach is bEamed in mo-st instanr::es- V.'ork overlood ami lac·k of reurru:d have been associated Mth coach burnfl-ut (V eaJej'~ Udry~ Zirnmenmw & Soljday ~ 199'2)~ In the South Afriean Premier Soccer Leaooue. eo~he8 of leading teams lashed. out .at "fixture rongestian, c-itin.g that it is totaUy unprofessional that club.s face ~ ] 3 h IDonth seas(}u as the backlog spirals o-ut of cl1n'frol (1\.fatshe" 20116)-

The success of teams is normally measured :in tenns of its wi.nJlass record. In addition to this;, the. silve~1ITe that teams \rfln is an inilicatiDn of thelr success.. eo.nseqllent1y~ many coaches push their teams to wDming as m.any games as poss.ible. S~tators.~ and fans' expxfations increase ~ith each match tha~ a team ,,<IDs. \Vomes. about relegatiilD. or Joss of job mt-rease the stress levels [a (::{laches (Deutsche Presse Agence~ 1998). Taylor) Daniel~ Leidland Burke (1991}) found that burnout among aff"[cials Vkras most related to fear ilf faHiog. As a le$\JJt, if a team .starts l{)S)ng, fans tum on the c.{]ach calling: for hls&er removal.

Polit.ical interferen-IX: or interference truro manauemeot em.lId eontrib\rt.e tu' the ......

pressure experienced by a coo£:h. South .Africau national soccer cotn::h: Carlos Parre~ QOC.e commented that he did no£ int-erfere in Pll-urics, describing file situation as Et being '~(tne thing to talk ab()ut a WIJDght, t;llt aDother thing ill be ill the an:na facing the buU~~ {Ebed, 20G8). There have been irutan«':s in South African soecer JPl.TI.ere cOfilches: with <I.i1Ie.;rcot :reputations v,-ere affQrded different treatment alth(mgb. they preached the .sam-e: thing. An exampte .o-fthis Vt'aS when Carios Parreinl:, a former national coac1\ told South .Africans not ta WU(1'}' aoout anythiagdse but the 201() Socrer World CUpTM and nobody c()mpl~ yet the former ~..[1acb) Stuart Baxter ~ was popularly labelled as pubEc enemy number one ior Jlli3Jdng the same statement (11.amabolo~ 2008). 'fh.ere have idS{! been m::;·tances of membe·rs of management in.terfering with wac·bes on the bench, a practice that i5 trnacc.eptab-le in Othel couniries. rt was the opwan of Walter Rautma.nn. former Black Leopards. F onthail Club coo.c~ that the biggest p[fiblem that coaches far:e is interference from team tJ\\I1)eTS tMats.he~ 2{)03). It lS alleged that Steve KOillphela left Rangers FODtball Club bet:a.use of interference from the

Juttnagew.ent in.his team seI~cti.{}~ and .the fact that members (If man~eu.-ent \Vete fr.e.quently s;jtting alongslde him On the ben-c:h (Ivfstshe) 2(l(l)). Ted DumIQuI

a ~"'ell-travelled former Kaizec Chiefs cooch .. commented th&t Gne oould net expect a bigbly-CJ.L3lificd c:oach to withstand the pre3sur-e of cO!ll::hillg a team that .has a.rustory of interference from supporters and officiaLs. ()-1sebe, 2003).

The Arsenal. COit::h, Arsene Wenger, oommeDted that a~] he: wants is a good football game. It i~ bDWever~ a shame that the 'press makes a war if something happens. He is 0:- the DpiniDn that the press has it re.spon.sjb~lity to ~~ thir.gs before the game. Vihen coaches are badly tre~ted by the m.edia and crowds. the confi-d.cncc and rr.orale of dedicated players suffer (Lcrw.a.n., 2005) rElsultrn& in some llstan<;.e3, in diminished penormance_ As (.();:]ches are {:DiI.StanHy under public 5emtiny ~ tJ-.;.ey haive to be guarrled .regarding hm.v they treat the-ir players in public. Expenem:ed c.{Jache.s seldom criticise their pLayers in pub1k because they are a,.\'are ilia! this msy cause pS)'c.hcl{Jgical datrulge. to them (peters, 2{J08l The media tends to ;'<;crld firel to the fue'~. A team might 'I).oin a tlJournament but the medja will stil! c{JrnpJam tiut the style of the team was not artistic enollg~ imaginative or attackiDg enougb.

Referees .rtU:ly also be the smm;:e of pressure that rxtaches face. Ndibi (2005) commenteG that llere appeared to be favouritism and intimidation of eoaches with regard to the big R.amS in the Prem.jer Soccer Le-.a.gue. So-me referee.s are TI{lt

bald enough to taKe decis.ions against big dubs but find it e~")' to rule agairut smaJl teams. TIlis led to mistakes being made by referees and ref-erees' decjsiDllS being influenced by fims arld Sper:tatOIS_ These decisions ultimately impact on the results of the 1eams against which they are < pitched'. The em.d result i.s that C{Jaches o()f these teams have to beaT the: hrunt of those decisions in most instances.

Suruj lal (1Q04) fofJillld that aItflough. the majority of coo-cbes have em'ploym~nt COfltracts~ these contracts we(e DOt blndmg :v.-ith th.t! spilrt organisations, res:u1ting in coaches not being secure in their jobs. He foun,:]" that many conrra-cts seemed -.,.Vere one-sided - favouring the employer. Carlos Quciroz, former South A.fi.i.can nat1cm.al s-o.;cer ooac~ commented that the terms: fif his COntract were brazenly abused and that he 'I, .... -as aware of Dther c.(laches wh{l bad to endure similar treatment {Lerman,. 2{105}.

Perceptions of Stress

The smm:es of stress: in soccer dest:ribed in the pree«ling paragraphs share the rommo-n lIDderlying elements of perceived imbalao:e betwe>ro demands ami resources. Stress is e-fl-1D1Ilonly understood as experienced in situations where pemeptlons of deIJJ.a1.ds (competitive dem.aud) ex-ceed the capacity or c.apabiliues (control) of the IDffividuaJ to address tl:R: demands {or vi-ce versa \"\I!tere there is

Source.S Dfstress in &l~th African. soccer ('ooche.s 1 t7

an 'under-load' 0 reSA:mr-c:es ex~ demand) i),1-c:Grath: 197~; LazarJ..l!i & FQlkrruul: 198-4~ Burton & Rae.dek-e: 2008). The percr:ption md tlltimate appraisa; {of demands, resDurces availab!e~ thE: natuIe and likelibood nf poterltial consequence-s if demands Rot met and person~ meaning of CODsequences) play critical ro~es ill the subsequen~ stress elo.:.perienced (Smith~ 1986). Stress and appraisaJ have been modelled fOr ~xperlel)ces in the workplace (for example., Job-Demaods-CnTItroJ-Support) (Karasek, 1979; Parkes, 199'1) and in sport {for ~ple_. Sm.th: & 198.6 Athletic Burnout), ... vhkb have been used to support the U1lfierstanding of str-ess in coaching. U nderstand,ng 1he type and unique sources of sfress is important, as stress has been associated .....nth many important cmt come s that can affect c.(Jaching (fOT example~ difierent forms of slIain affecling~ 1ndlvidu:als.' v..-ell-being and job satlsfaction) (Muhonen & Torke~S{Jl1;:o

2'004 ).

Problem statemen1 There is a dear 1a.{;k of understanding on oow cbange ill &mili Afric.an ~occer­Wts irupa-cted C.(Jaches. The results (If this study v.-ifj address the dearth .of research and provi-de prelimjnary light on "'i\rba[ are source-s of stress;! as percejved by South 1\.frjcan soc:cef coaches. The findings. v.."ill :provide kn[}w1edge to managers to better sen'[ce tbeJf vaJued staiI. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is 10 pre:sc·nt qualitative and quantitative data on sOllices of s.tress in South African S~r coaching.

To i3£·hleve the Ie3earch aims. a mixed-method approach using qualitative. and quantitative research ruetlJods was used. GrreneJ Caracelli and Graham f' 98-9) fQuod the mixed method approae.b was beneficial for the p1lIj)05eS of initiation (discovering contrndi.etioru). expansion (att.a:injng a. deeper and brooder­understanding), complementarity {examin1ng overlapping parts of a ph~nomeoon) and development (1L~ results from One method to inform the use of a second mefuod).

In-depili intendev..'s were conducted Vtith ooccer roa-che.s VtilO coacbed at pro;.olliclaJ level and higher. A combination of .convenience and snov.o-ball sampling was U!ied to rocruit parudpilrlts for the study. Sernr-struetmed que.stions \';'ere posed to coaches by ~ fie]ctwork.e£ spxifically trained for Utis purpose. The. infOTIll.a.t1on sought from the jnterviews. included experience~ soo.rces of stress. iamily attirude W\I .. anI..s coaching aM response to stressful situations. The responses of the participnnts were- tra.JJ..s.cribed during the interview. SOID.Iller iilld SlJmmeT~ s (] 991) ~lIfE .... "\.ag used for content ceding which comprise.s three hroad stages (and sub-stages.): {l) identify the therneslc-GmmaR l~-ueE in text and

lIS S~rujl(Jl an.:iNgtFJ'i!l!

develop -categories so- f1aey can be .scored, -which means that themes v..-ere developed from the intervie\v tra.nscripts. Dot .a priori; (2) conduct a oount (If the categories to ge1 an idea ()f .how much and which ones are relativelY important~ and (3) interpre1 the themes in relation to the research question. Through thi.s iru:l£:~crive data analysis~ the main sources eaf s.tress were eategonsed into the foJ [o~-ing main themes: Resource Issues~ EX1eIMI Pressure and lnternal Capadty_ These qualitative NSults ale also paired "iV1tb the quantitative frndings., which were ~.flllec(ed 'iia the: {(IUuwillg methDd.

Quantitative:. Data Collection

For the quantitative data collectloD, 112 professiunal soc-eer coaches wh(J coached at p:rm.-incia:1 level and highc.r were requested to 'Complete a questionnaire on c.{)acmng j ()b-related stress. Respondellts Vlcre s.pecifically asked to <:fimplere a mrn-part survey .... 'Vith 13 items in Section A, and 91 items 1n ·SectiDn B. There. were tv..-o open.e:aded ques.tiolli at the end of Section B. In the questionnalre~ 32 items sped£caUy requested inf:umation (Jon the sources of stress. The ques60nnaire ~ras adapted from a study {{]ndllcten by Wolfson. ana Neave (2{)07} and WliS designed fnr ;soccer coaches to wiled demographic data and perceptions relatmg to stre:ss. lnfOI11UJ.tion regarding ge:nder~ age, years of ex.pericm:e as a C(lac~ t)'pe ()f employm-ent. academe: qua]ific.ations~ cooc.rnng qualifications: income lev-el, pe[Celllage of time spent eoachlng and the gef.ld~ 1:x::ing roached was specifically obtained.. A. trained fieldworker was used t{) administer the IlLJestiunnaire to the particlpants (ae.ross different stadia and cJubhouses) \Yho were· infmmed through a covering letter that their partidpatioll '''''rLS vohmtary, their responses: would be confidential and their parucipation wouM remam ancnymOll5. Respondents either completed the questionnaire prior to or after training sessions or matc:bes; some completed it m 1heir O)\"n time and returned it to the I?SCi.lfChers.

Moreover, coo:che::i were req~"1ed to re~p::lflr! to question.s related to sources of stress experienced. Of those -coaches. appro~.hed (IF 112), &8 percent (n = 88, 19%) cDmpleted rJ::.e questionnaire.

Using the Statistical. Packilge for SOclal Scienc-es (SPSS - v.er.sion 16), the reHabiHty was tested for the SOUIC.eS. of stress in Scmili African wccer. A CrQnbac.h alpha of 0.817 (a.= JH7) for the 32 items was recorrle:d. This exceeded the recommended Cronbach alpha e-oeffident of 0.7 recommended hy Nuunally {l918). Furth~cre) the analysis proV]ded i3l1 ove:r.rie:w of the South African c.(la-ch -demographic profiJe (IF gS) (at the prrndncial l.evel and higher) (see Sample section and Tahle l)~ and produced infon:n.ation related to SOlm::es C):f stress. As reflected in Table J] appriJ~.ately 86 percent of the sample were maies {IF 16) with the :remaining 14 percent represented by female wacbes. (IF 12). Further! E1.3 perceot Df the -coaches were IDw}lved -wjth male soc.cer

Smrr:ces of stress ill Sa~th African soccer C(J[Jc1te!j 119

playeI'S:: 14Jl percent c{]~cbe.d female s()CI:el! ("earns iffld 3A percent coached bclft ma]e and female soo:.c.er p~ayer.s. The respoIlde.o1s~ ages ranged from 20-56+ yc.ars~ \vim the highest represented group (mode) bektg within the 3-6--40 year.:; of age bracl::et (34_]~~ n = 30)_ Details related ~ years of so.:cer r.:OJlcl.ing ~~-perienceJ type llf ernpk~j'm~ :academ1G qUalificafioJ1s., coacitil1g qualifiC"atiC)ns~ and inc[Jme kv-els -of,;:.o;iC.hes are Jisted in Table 1.

Res1lits

Demllgr.:apllic inf{t-rm.atiDlI Catg!pries FreqllCo9' ff) Pe:ru:ntBge (%(I 0-.5 4- 45 6--] 0 J6 40.9 1 ]-15 ]2 36A 16-10 11 l') •

-..)

2 IF- 5 ),7

L~'io'el 1 27 30.1 Lt'rd2 4:1 S1.3 L........-e13 9 lO~2 l'o. ... :ml! 4 4Lj

01Jw:r ] J..4 pi!JJIl ;m.;.:n t -4 45 Conl!"act .83- 94.3 :?'art-time ~ LJ i\1anicu tatum 26 29_:] C mill cale ],4 Ja_-li Djploma 21 21.9 Degree -6 6~S

HigIJer de~ (M Clr D) (I {)

Gmer ) 1.1 Les;:; ~ R 4D 000 :n 36.4 R4{H}{I1) - R -60000 :ui 29.5 R6DOO1- R ad 000 R. 9. t R g[) (}(II ~ R 100 (lOG 14 15.9 R 100 00 I ~ R 120 000 1 1.1 R 120 OOl- R 140 (01) '1 g

}"f.:.re 1ban R 14(1 (JOO 0 0

The qualitative fuemes mdud.;;: those: issues related [Q resollfUe;.S (Resour-ce

I.ssues)~ specificaHy, where the- re5fltIJC-e5 needed (0 meet the .demands of

coocnjng ar.e not met; lssues il'dated to preSSlire from managemen~ mffi3a and

fans (External Pressure} an~ ]ast[y~ tho.se related toO stress stemming Hom

inrematly focused issues (Internal Capacfiy). Table 2 illlJstrn1es that most o-fme wuoces {If stress sl:em from issues related to resource matteJ"S wifu 'he majQrity attribu.ted to p~ayer :prohJcrns {n = l(1~ 195~"O),and the· 1east number rep<lrted as

arising from wtemal c.apacity lssues, spedf1.caUy preparation (n = 2; 3.2%).

The quantitati\'e results (Table 3) yielded the fd](1v..iug IesuHs related tG the

SOLIrOeS of stress; "}.v:ith the top three sources of 5:tr~s ~ing lack of resources U'ld

= 3.80; SD = 506), fixture· hac.klog (1f.1 = 3_14; SD = .557) and games v..--bere the outcome jg critk:al (M = 3.62~ SD = .7J6). The Jow-est three ~OLrrC.eS of stress

wete political interference (It.1= ].88; SD = .991), physical assauJts from players

(M= 1.97; SD = .809) and substituting a player ( ... \1= 2.10_~ SD= .78.8).

Theme- :an.d SI.liJ... Ebemes Res[)llrCE 15:SU[!S;

P1a)'ers

Facilffics and equiprneru Umpires

Total E:rti:rDal P~W'of: Managemm.i

Fi:dIlreiGa.""D es Job SeC"Jrity Total Iotemal Capacity: PRpmatioo Acb[~",·eme.nt

Total

Discussion

f(O/o)

IE f2:95)

B (B.l)

4 (6.5)

3O-{49.i)

12 (t9.6)

5 {9:J} .s {IlJ} 25 {4(t9)

2 (3.2) <'I {6.S)

{j (9.8)

.... ill-disc:ipliDed p1a.yers"'; <·bad Deha .... iDJ of pta:;'ers all ;m.d {',ff tb e fi .aLd.'" "'Lad:: of:f&tilities",\ ;'poor fu::ilities"~ 1Llackof train.ing equipment. '" "'matd] officials do llot in~l La~'s.{Ioftl1e g.ame weli"; "bad Jefer-ees.'"'"

""bad tre atme:n. t from rn 3llage.rm Dt' '; ''p oor com.mu.rricatio Ii vr"jl:b. mjJDagemen~I~; ... ..tishoeest). trnrn m:8Dagemf!T1t.'~ "'too mrmy fi:.rture?; ""'tofKt many gam"'..s.~! "'bn:k of job security." ; "sffiJ.rt cootrac .... •

":Jack of JlrevaratiDJI:'; ·'preparing forimportal!lt garnes..." "'.a[v.-:ay.s. being blamed fur JXKIr :result.c;-'; hi dcm't achieve my play.""'

As. mentioned earlier... although coaching can be rewarding, it e.an :also be an extrenl.e:Ly dema:::J.ding .and frustrating profe.ssiun (lIjalam et al.~ 2007). V.~ith

South Africa's 8--.entry cmto the international 8p(lrtlng stage, the dynamir:s and

expcc.tauans (e.g.. from medj~ [3m-: managemeDt) ofSouthAfiican coaChES have cban...~ and ba:re been posited as the maitl explanation f(lr the noticeable high

turnover [)f socr;~r roaches ill South Africa afre-r 1nd~pendence (SurujlaL Singh & Hol1an.der, 2005).

Sources of 1!tre.ss jn XIJ~{h 4frrcan soccer coaches 121

TriD1e 3. fll:l\u~nCes" ~-re!'t~. ~ :;nd~d ~ic>r.!; -u[HllntS cf~

SeriAl Rt~p-mts~ M SD r-io1.a.1 ~'fi[d]y Somt· .. ..-llIId ~rn~y Jo;a. ;ill ff%.) f(%) 'C ..... l

I~%)

L l.3t:L: tJ r.R:S rr:::r;: ~ un O.S~ L (L.I) I {J.l} J3[I:U} J:; (BJ) 2. f!:.;wre~:t ].='.6 374 056 8-{0) j (.1.7) 13 (j.:l.8) "HI (7)oj) 3. r~5"Q,~ ~ Dlti:-«:"..e is u-i".kd. (<:.!!. a ~ ~~

~.'.:'- 0:72 l{Ll) 9"{J n."!) 12 li3.6~ 651).5) I~ .leroy c-c re:.e.£3.liOIl mm:h.)

-l. Itoor- rt::re:rt>:in.g Je.::irio-..5 35l R87 6 {oS. 8) .:I (4.5) ]::! (33.6) 66 (7j) :i C[Jn'7,c1!l ... ~iollS ]51 G.9J 7{~j -4 (.:1..5) '1 (10.2) ti8 (77.3J Ii C rii t: c; m IRr::o m2C.3 p:;:lf 0 l 3j6 0.62 o {a) 6-{6.&> 27(3111~ 55 (.:)1.:5) 7- G:lIf1!S y'.il) d in bad. 'Al:lllxr condt:i oms. lO;:-_;:I IU1:. 3. (H) 9 (lC.,!) 13 \14.J:i) 6-3("11.6) R M:llnUining fu:: T~' ~l:1 0: fitrll::~~ .. 353 0.61 I} (0) 5 (j.i') j.~ (.1l.2) ~2 (59. n 9. Set hcin..!l' .lhl~ !Do ~ r..:i ~"Y. gJ;m cs HZ D.E..1 6 (Ui) L (l.J) 22 (2i) :59 (:lTJ 10_ ~ol.;:c:rcw6; :UI} D.gs< :5 (:5.7) LO :i..j"(JI}.7) 45(52.3)

(1t.~)

11 ~i.ng "Poithan ~~ .. ~ f1J~:n 330 0.05.S II (I}) 5' (LO.l} 44 (31]) 3S (:;·;'.3) 12. ?eq:~c ... 410 (m."(eS': dco:isk'i".s ..... "hr:n=k:!o. 3.ll lUll :l {:l.7) j(.t?) ~ 1 (.:I~.(j~ J7 (~l)

doo'L ~ the:: hv.-s: of"1h'= ~ 13_ Lad.:: a [ro:rognrti 00 b ~ ~ 31.1) 0.6& L(U) ill 47 (S]A) 30 (31.4)

(IVI) I-i-_ Ve~ <ISSlu}" .. i:rj m~ 1IT!ipeL-tIkE> 3.l9 OJ!~ 4 (4.5) [:5(L7) 1.9 (~3) ~D (0.5) LS_ COf"fg:lo!I i liD n ao.f J eamJSl j' ~ OJ ach:! 5 3J~ O.g] 4 {4.5) ~4 ~1.p6 . .:I) 38 (::'..1.2)

(15..!:) loIi Hasin~ Ii! 'had: e...mJ::: 3.n 1151 l{U) !i (5.7) ffi(6L2) :ncm LJ'_ ~amaclJ 3.(1$' Il.Xi I} (OJ 1. (2.3) ~l~6A) l[J (1l4) H':. Ml.i ntzfui nE C OTi':cnlm!:i oc, d::ri ~ j!, 3.03 0..5] o {O) m -::'J (13.9) I;; (J4.3)

stP:rnJI:U~ g;mc (I ].4) 11} . Cril i Wnt Ii:nm :f::!.ru ::1."95- 1}.56 :20-~) .!t'll) 67 (re.. I) I] (1:U) 20. ~~if1i.; ill"IlmJ)..-qt:;r,l: d«:i:."iln lkIl :r'llU 1alo: 2.YJ 0.59 2{13) ~(t &I en.?) I::: (1J.6) ~ ... ~~.!: (I JA)

21- CIHlllic:: ~'J('f;:n coo;:.h i ng aJd co:: u;«..iroa 2.St5 1l..5S 1 {LI) ~l {OS [13.9) l[J (HAl Ekun..r.d3 ( J]'.6)

2~. Moo ill Lnlr....6ons i:u1iJ yu.:r btrl ily 1ire 1:5'-1 UlS 7 (g) )0 11 (Uti) 39(~ J) (3-U)

21 ~b:liiL r=tiu:os to::.~::ur~ dur-~ 2.~ OJj] t(U) ]";I :;~ (055.9) 1.1 (13.6) :I gr.:t.: ( 1'9.3)

24. Re:;.n rnarKfu":g. 20 pi ;>""r-rr 2.9 0.7(1 :'i (~_7) H f.(s (6.1.2) 11: (13.6) ( 11.5)

25. w..s ib le dis m&aJ :t&.l O."KI j (5.11) HiL"iI) 5!.- (05.5.9) 1[1 (1 H) 2-6. ~n\5 ""ttt rr1>O" ;:B:lci:= ~:I1 flS& 3l1~) 13 63 11Ui~ ~ 945}

(:;:(1..:'-1 21_ Coofl;C: kJvie,: n c o.aclI i rt§; wd f.. .. 11i Iy f S{lCiil 25l 1113 2{l3) 49 17 (11}. 1) I (J (11.4)

drouJuI.;; (55.J) 28. v~ IbW ab"::se. 'from p l1y-::rs 1.1'1 fl.. 91 TIf!;.) 41 1l112.5) D(14.B)

(47_J) 29. C" uJtutaJ barn--I:i 2.H 0.95 'ti JS 3:5 [J1) LO 01i.4)

(2j.4) (4-.1.2) :m. So.:.lb-tituting a pi s:~r 1.l0 (J.N 20 42 lJ 1."1& I) 3 CiA)

(!.l..J) (-U])

3L Pi:)'3i..a ~ frO:::'I1I~";'!fS Lv.; I}.SJ 25 46 1l(U6) '{S.T] (~4) (523)

~"l' =. Pcli.G:::aJ frr1 ull::tlJ:O: L~ n.w ]3 ~ S(S_TJ 11 (12.5) ~-iJ- 'l) ~M.6'J

With [i[f]e knowledge of Scmfh African coaches and COJLChing. tlJgelber ,o;rith an increasing acitnowJedge-ment [J.f the potential impa-ct (If stress on co-aching out-c;o-mes. (fo-r eXllUtplel mental and physical wel1being, job saf1sfactl.on> etc..), the

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:=:: !;D ~ !;D 0';: m :=: tV 1=1 M

J:J~ '&.liujM{~d Nguyen

-- '-- --, t- :t-","Ai'--rlual~[atLve1y and quanhtativdy explored tile potential SQUfCt!S 01' p~seIJ. s ,~" ~ttess among thE coacues_

Ft fl.ere 'IN-ere Pn'O' .rrulj [If si.reams of ob!lI;,.';f'!.'atll):1s_ Fjrs~ there v,.-e~ clear djf{cte,PCITIcie"J bCl\'Vet!Il e;';iJcri(!nc~ and th-c k\rel of ~1I:£clt CG3chi:ng wa.s de.mIDldt::d. The :fu;;t thal mo:;t S('Juth African SI.}OC.~[ ~'(Jacha Vio'e(C ymmg, had lim.ifca c('Iachmg experit!Dc":'1 hdd the mimmuru qli21iIiL.:ati(llTh to coacb and were on (.[}ntrac.ts implies tllat mos.t roccer ~oac hes wudd experience instability .and Im·\' Job ~t!ctJri.ty _ 'L11ese inoongrll.e:o.c.i~ have he,(-.n :noted h)r many researchers as oomrihutl!lg to the imbal3lnce between demands and -capac itr

, whjcb Jeatl to rhe 'perceptiotl~ oi stress a.nd fKItentiil.Uy negat~vc (~utCjmes (for example, hUJ:m,uL job di')sansfactiofl) (Smith, 19R6~ .-\nshe1, 2001~ FjaJm c1 al'3 2iJ01; Burton & Raerh~k, 200S). This is fu.r"'iller confirmed from me resultr.; of the. present srudy, which noted lhat the .ma.jOI smm:::e of stre~ ~..amE from Resmtrce 1~Sfle5 (Table 2) and ~1ack of resrmrces' (M =-3,80; SD = .5ft6) (Tahllt. 3). The second set of obscrvat30ns came from the fact tEtat roost of l]]1;. sources of Sl:re.ss ~'ere from the coochc:.s· e};.~maI enviroruneut (R..esource hSfse:; and Exlenml Pre.r:s1J.re} (n = 55; 90%). l11is alludes tel the cClficep( I)f lne1LS of ca-ntrol \-\'ht.'=I"t: indh·iduals who beHcve they C .. 'Ui c{1n(roI reinfor"emr::at..;; rbnmgh the:r behavil1LLf are said to have an lnternall{lcus [)f control) while th{J8e ' ..... 'hn attribLtc c-ont.ro] of remfor-c:ements t.o extern.al factors {for eX~3mpjeJ lll~k~ faJ.e) are Doted as havmg external (OCu.'"i of control tLu, Wu 6::: Cooper) 1999)

lrnplicafion.-r,· fi,,· fvwre research ood crmdnsion

Ihe aoovc ohs~rvation5 Jea.:.i to some potentiaJ futtrre re:search are.a.s. Til address the fm:it obscrva1J.dll, aD In'l.'c,rugati[Jon ()( the spe>Cific dispositionaj and cognitive­

factors that affe.cl certain types of stress th::rt ~re IDe:st impactfuJ, should be cxp[oroo rhis v.ill as..;;i5.t m valJ.uating the understanding (If hDw factors L~uGh as

g~"TIdcr of Gooch. years of 1!x:P'~ricn·ce. ;:md IDlbalanc.e: c.an im.pact ("In percei\·ed :::;tn.:~ and Us respectiy~ outcomes. A fi.rrther ~mpirical eAploratinn (J[ IDeLLS .of ~omn}l a& part O:F stress perception \\'{}I]]d he va.J::.Jable in mldcr5tanding i1s

i.tilluen'Ce_ l.\oforeovt:r, usmg muJlf,.'aTtaLe statlSt:I.C.i~1 analyses ~o evaluate the levt:~s of impat;t that \'uiuu::; jar:tors (for example) level of coacb..ulg, edur:atioD_} bave on ~ rc..;i vea s(rt.;S!'i~ coping !:!ty]es and management should be considered (fo(" t:'xample, Kclly. 1994; Kai.ssisidis-RooafulOs, Anshel &. Porter, 1997). (Treater

understandmg Df .stress in South African c'(}~Khes will pro-vide better

lmdersUll1ding (If stress management ami ~Itlmatd)' the managerial lssoes to ~ddI(,:'-;S m hopes of increasing prcnlu.c:tn'i.ty and ~i·IiCL.:t.:::-;S. rate among South

A..:frican soccer coaches

Smu·t.:es 0)" stres.!i m Suuth Afi lean .wccer cauches 123

Ailshel M H (200 l J. QUillliA.'iii'i~ 'falidatloo of ;:. moJeI ror coping with 2:(;!ltG 51F.::!>S In spNt Jmlnla/ qf Sptirr BC~I9l.'r{j.u. '24. 223-2·16

BUJt(lD~ V_ &. R::!.;]d~b. r D_ {lOO8) Sport }J!.oydwf4)GY fur CtJl1dre.~ Chamj:tl'lig7L, 1]. Human Kin..:tics

Deuts-:::IL-e P'n!sse Ap;elJl:.c (l 998}. Socc-cr CXJa.clii!lg dl.!lIkne.tl;.a] 1:0 bL"'dl~Jb_ b't1p I/WW ..... ·.11~dJanc:xpr..-;;s C{}"iIJ"ie.'d:JilyI~5'!}802nltl'(J3951X11~ btmL ArrL"-';SOO on 2{J;.}9rOl112

Eberi. N_ l2Dl}8}. T.h.c n.'i"ll l~il.SLlns tJeflJJttl Pnne1rd' s e:-.i. Cape nrr.-!?s, W(-dm~5dil)r> April 23, p_ 1.5_

I!skana..d .. G. (21W). SKJelm~s Go a..'ik ·;:;.oocb: 'ilITSS and long h~lurs. 111e: ,'.'.1.1.1' 1'o-N. Tmu::.~ jl[tpJ)"l.Q(1)· fl}filnc.s.C-fflU~g5UfuJJ~ge IJrmJ'l"res AerL::!'ed (1) 2009,'1)3JD2.

Greene, J.C . C::.:racW1i, V_J & GraJl3:Jll. W.!-. (l989) Tu .... ·ard a clH':u:eptu1l.1 f,rlm-cwork for mixed method ":'r· .. ll1JaIiOOl-di::"I~. Erlli::!7[umal [;\v.:r!uaIion and Pu1ir:;l Ar..!l{I<':iJS. 1 j (3),2-'; S _?,·t

r-~;;JI:-Jm, ::-r_ Kl:!ona, G _ H,,1';;S!llI:![)iln 'P &. (jiu~1alli(][] H (1(1(11) lIurnO\lL allloog t::htt: Si.JI:::.cer

-coacltt::s... J.1..r!Umrl oj Sport Behavffi~". h~tp.,c.·'A"""""· Ecccs.sm,hbr"dfj'.oomk:orns2>1w«)w.::€,_JJ_JI16-. A{;cc.s.sro 011 J(JO~i(]]"'U2_

Hugh~. it. (1999) W.cwld Soc~j whr -cOaclL<;.:6 pLllL at ~1ril]~_ In,,,ynatirm.:ri Herald TrrbmJt? WedJl';::s-:iay~ O~!OM 27 llttpil,'Io'Vt'Vio ilit.comlartn;ll:!-s/l 9991l 0!111.:;occ-.;r 2 L 0pbp. A1;.C:(S..<;en rm 211lJ1Jl(]llI2_

Jov.'>i::tt. S_ .'s: CrOl:kerlll, L M (2003.) Olympic Illedalis.ts pt.upccLive of the athl~e-Vl,la.cl! n:::l:ruonsbjp P_~-c/r(J{oID' ol}ipor1. (nJd i-:lt'..ro!:L'ie, ~, J.13-331

Kais.sidh-RtXiafinus, A, Albhd= M Ii & Porte! A (l~97). Pr;:::r;sollal and slruatlClllnl fact.ars. that p.redlct coping s[rd1l!g~:!s I~)T ~U!tr:: sUess amolJJ,; baskl1h. .. !ll nfeJ-ees .JOUJ"TII'J{ (If spon S{.'~rnce.'1, J ,i. 421-43(j.

Karrlsct;:. R ."'- (1919) Job demilJ_lli- I job <ioGLs.JUD latitude ond menl:.!!l 5lJLlin lmpilcatJoru. fur job rede';;I~. Arimmrstram'L s.:. if7JC~ (}rwrtEr'/y, 14, 285-3.D&

Kelty, B C. (1994) A model of ~tress and oomout in coUe~]ate coacn.t:!£. FJlI;!.L.;s (.f g'im~kr and bOlo(! ~tf Sf! ilS DIl.. Rt:J.c:~c.f1 QJ{ar~H'Jy jm- Krff"cisr' IJn.i ~«(, 6j~ I), 48 59.

Kdl:,..'. B.C & Gilt D L (199J L ... '!.n n.mJmatLoo Dr ~"sitmtio~i'I! va:ri.3bl~s" Stl'eS:S arJ1'll<;li...a1s And iJl.lD.lDIlIL In c:olieg1:at:c tcacoec-(:! lci.clles. R./Ui.earclr QUafleTIyfflr E-;;eFl.::?sl! and ~i;orl.., 64fl}, 94 llJ;L

l..crmao. S. (2 00 '=i). Que-.I.fW: slams SA . taoali<cs-. Pl't'.J.oriiZ {ltTi!lI<'S, September [4, p. 14

Lu., J. , Wu. H. & C-EXIpcr. C L 01)99) P-ero:::LVOO WDrk _~in""::is iJ!\d lOt:l1!:i of wn1ro]; a oo,lI~bi.ced quan.1jtativc an.:.! qmtlita.ti ... ,c approacb. Resea.r.:;h and ,()rac.y.ce l'J Hrtnunf Res(llUce M.17nag(!me.J?f~

7(1), t-J.S.

124 SUffljlal and NgI/JN~n

~Bllolo-> M- ~200g}. World Oup -c.Qacil CarEes untoucnab]e Cope Argm:, WcdocsD:a}" January

3'l, II. w.

Matsbe., N. {2(}{J3). JOI)C in 60 d1i)"3.: life (If a PSL coaclL 11re SIcr, QttiMJer 23, p. la.

l'tfatshe, N. {2(J06). 31JCS look to ease .fi.\rere ba-;klag. The. Star, October 2.4 .. p. 24.

McGrath. I.E. {I9J'O}. &ci!2~ mrd Ps)'cJmlogkal FacJars in S(n5~. Ft. Wor1b TX: HDl;;;' Reincltart & \yj[]stoo.

M3.ek, D. (2003). Code of -conduct is r:eeded. say'£' Dmniln.l. :The S[ar~ Octaoer 23, p. :HI.

MulLoOell, T. & To;:JO;~lsor1l, E. (2D{14). Work ]OCLlS of convoL :and :its n:lafirmslrip La health and job satisfact:E[}n from a gender perspective. Stress and Healrh, 28. 11-18.

Ndilij, K. (lODi). ~'HEy}lok Ref;, Y()Ul:ost 11S the ,game .. ..,'. l1JE SEar, 'Nr ..... e:m"boa ] 5. p. 22.

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. Park e-s I K. R. (199'1). i.oclE Df c.oatrol as ~ rnoo«:rainr: All. ~:cplaoa.tiQ[] mr addilf\;..-::: \'erscs iniler1lQ§'r-e Dndin~ m the dernand-.:iiscretion mooet of work stress'! British ifJtmral of P:!>"}:y:h(Jf0J}', 82 .. 291-Jl2.

Perers. C. (2COS). S'\ .so~r coacB----S onder pressure.. DaUy}t'ews, Frida}" F-ebruary 22. p. 1:8.

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SurujLaf, J. {2(04). Huown iesaur~S marmgl!mer~t of profuiSLOOaJ SpD11 coaches io South Amca, Unpult]i5bed DoctDraJ Disse.rtat:iol1, 'o~1.KJrg: RamI Afrikaans lr"ni"·I![5ny.

SurujLai, J., Srngil.I<C. & H~llander: W. J, (200.5). A ODlDprebcm-i'i.'-e mtal:ys~ of !he jDb sec!fTrty of £.O!Jches irl ${};;J!:h, Africa South AfrJc.fJ1l.JIJlU1'N:1JfiJr &seorclr jn Spifft. Pkysrcal £:mcatrmJ and Re-C"TI?'atiGn~ 2t(2}, ])5- H {t.

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Vln.er. R.. {1 9 9 9). Ptrtting stre ~ in life:: Hans: S el ye afld the mak Lf1 g Q-f s1:re.ss Iii eQf'Y. S rJC. ia1 StrJdiez oJ&ience,19(J} 39"] -4 ~i).

\VO!fWll. S. & New,·e. N. (2 (]O7). Copmg undcr Pre.'iSlJ["fl: Ca~it.ive 51:mteg.i~ for 1t1air1tail1A~ coofidcn-:;e among soccer referee;. Jmmra{ qfSpm1.Brdr(Nimo-, ]{l, 132-247,