Death and GrievingDeath and Grieving

Everyone goes through death. It is Everyone goes through death. It is the only “rite of passage” that is the only “rite of passage” that is guaranteed to every single person.guaranteed to every single person.

It is impossible to 100% know exactly It is impossible to 100% know exactly what happens after death, so what happens after death, so cultures all around the world cultures all around the world continue to practice ceremonies and continue to practice ceremonies and rituals, despite changes in scientific rituals, despite changes in scientific and religious knowledge.and religious knowledge.

Starting YoungStarting Young

Death can be difficult to deal with.Death can be difficult to deal with. When we are children, parents often When we are children, parents often

try to educate us by exposing us to try to educate us by exposing us to death of some kind or another.death of some kind or another.

Timothy, my Siamese Fighting Timothy, my Siamese Fighting FishFish

This is a BetaThis is a Beta

My first pet My first pet (sort of).(sort of).

Anthropology’s focusAnthropology’s focus

Since the earliest times, cultures Since the earliest times, cultures have practiced certain rituals dealing have practiced certain rituals dealing with death.with death.

The dead were buried The dead were buried with items that people with items that people believed were needed believed were needed to get to the after life. to get to the after life. This included food, This included food, weapons, and other weapons, and other equipment.equipment.

Ancient Greeks and Ancient Greeks and Romans placed coins on Romans placed coins on the dead body’s eyes or the dead body’s eyes or in its mouth to “pay the in its mouth to “pay the boatman” that carried boatman” that carried the soul across the river the soul across the river into the spiritual world.into the spiritual world.

AfterlifeAfterlife

Different cultures and religions have all Different cultures and religions have all sorts of views on what the afterlife is and sorts of views on what the afterlife is and how you get there. how you get there.

““Afterlife” means an existance after death; Afterlife” means an existance after death; that when you die, your soul lives on while that when you die, your soul lives on while your body withers away on earth.your body withers away on earth.

““Reincarnation” means the belief that the Reincarnation” means the belief that the soul is born again in a different being. soul is born again in a different being. Sometimes another human, but usually in Sometimes another human, but usually in a being below or above what you were a being below or above what you were when you were alive.when you were alive.

The big three religions that believe in The big three religions that believe in an afterlife are Islam, Chrisitanity, and an afterlife are Islam, Chrisitanity, and Judaism.Judaism.

Religions that believe in reincarnation Religions that believe in reincarnation are Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and are Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism a bit.Buddhism a bit.

Your new being (after being Your new being (after being reincarnated) depended on how you reincarnated) depended on how you lived your life.lived your life.

Funeral CustomsFuneral Customs

Because death is the most important of Because death is the most important of passages, means that every society have passages, means that every society have some sort of ritual for death.some sort of ritual for death.

There is always some sort of preparation of There is always some sort of preparation of the body. It is shaved, cleaned, or the body. It is shaved, cleaned, or mummified.mummified.

It is usually either inhumed or cremated.It is usually either inhumed or cremated. There is usually a ceremony of some kind, There is usually a ceremony of some kind,

both to allow the living the mourn and both to allow the living the mourn and grieve, and to celebrate the life of the dead.grieve, and to celebrate the life of the dead.

Funeral CustomsFuneral Customs Feasts and gatherings. (Started to pay tribute to Feasts and gatherings. (Started to pay tribute to

the gods).the gods). Wakes (Keeping watch over the dead).Wakes (Keeping watch over the dead). Lighting of candles (fighting spirits).Lighting of candles (fighting spirits). Flowers (gain favour with the deceased’s spirit).Flowers (gain favour with the deceased’s spirit). Music (more spirits).Music (more spirits). Clothes (Both for the dead and the grieving).Clothes (Both for the dead and the grieving). Rifles (literally fighting away spirits).Rifles (literally fighting away spirits). Bells (More spirits, didn’t like the noise).Bells (More spirits, didn’t like the noise). Holy water (protect body from demons).Holy water (protect body from demons). Covering the face/mouth/nose (Spirit can’t escape Covering the face/mouth/nose (Spirit can’t escape

from the openings).from the openings).

Grief CycleGrief Cycle

ShockShock

Denial Denial

Anger Anger

MourningMourning

RecoveryRecovery

Why are we afraid of death?Why are we afraid of death?

Extending LifeExtending Life

CryonicsCryonics Keeping a bodyKeeping a body

alive after a alive after a person dies inperson dies inthe hope thatthe hope thatscience will onescience will oneday be able today be able tobring the bodybring the bodyback to life.back to life.

Bodies are frozen, blood is replaced with Bodies are frozen, blood is replaced with an antifreeze liquid.an antifreeze liquid.

Medicine in 2020Medicine in 2020

Medicine in 2020Medicine in 2020

Cancer is no longer the death-sentence Cancer is no longer the death-sentence that it was.that it was.

Medicine has historically been finding Medicine has historically been finding outside agents that fight problems.outside agents that fight problems.

New medicine is genetic.New medicine is genetic. It is about finding ways to shut off switches It is about finding ways to shut off switches

in our bodies that allow problems.in our bodies that allow problems. Keyhole surgeryKeyhole surgery ROBOTIC surgery.ROBOTIC surgery.

Integrating technology into the body.Integrating technology into the body.-Microchips-Microchips-Software that monitors systems,-Software that monitors systems,-Pacemakers-Pacemakers

Social Structures and Social Structures and InstitutionsInstitutions

UNIT 2UNIT 2

Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions

Social Scientists have found that all Social Scientists have found that all societies have developed at least five societies have developed at least five basic basic social institutionssocial institutions..

FamiliesFamilies

Help society’s Help society’s members replace members replace themselves.themselves.

Provide protection Provide protection for the next for the next generation.generation.

Socialize the Socialize the youngyoung

Economic InstitutionsEconomic Institutions

Help society’s Help society’s members meet their members meet their physical needs.physical needs.

Range from the basic Range from the basic hunting/gathering hunting/gathering groups to giant multi-groups to giant multi-national corporationsnational corporations

Include farms, banks, Include farms, banks, businesses, etc.businesses, etc.

Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions

Assist members Assist members in group decision in group decision making.making.

Empower Empower individualsindividuals

Require that all Require that all members agree members agree to the decisions to the decisions made.made.

Educational InstitutionsEducational Institutions

Organize the way Organize the way society passes society passes on its culture, on its culture, knowledge, and knowledge, and values from one values from one generation to generation to another.another.

Religious InstitutionsReligious Institutions

Help people find an Help people find an ultimate purpose in ultimate purpose in their livestheir lives

Aid in developing Aid in developing the spiritual side of the spiritual side of societysociety

Provide guidelines Provide guidelines for personal for personal behaviour and behaviour and social interaction.social interaction.

Anthropological ViewAnthropological View

Until about 10,000 years ago we survived Until about 10,000 years ago we survived by by foragingforaging..-Hunting-Hunting-Gathering-Gathering

Still groups today that do this, and are Still groups today that do this, and are studied a lot.studied a lot.

They are smaller groups, mobile, and They are smaller groups, mobile, and usually related.usually related.

Very Very egalitarianegalitarian. No real distinction on . No real distinction on wealth.wealth.

FAMILY WAS EVERYTHINGFAMILY WAS EVERYTHING

Agricultural SocietiesAgricultural Societies

Beginning around 10,000 BC, humanity Beginning around 10,000 BC, humanity became less mobile when we started to became less mobile when we started to grow our own food.grow our own food.

We could grow more and more (more than We could grow more and more (more than we needed). we needed).

This led people to gather where the food This led people to gather where the food was grown, and villages turned into towns, was grown, and villages turned into towns, which turned into cities. These larger which turned into cities. These larger groups required more complicated groups required more complicated institutions.institutions.

Industrial SocietiesIndustrial Societies

When cities and nations became When cities and nations became industrialized, the need for more and industrialized, the need for more and more complicated institutions arose.more complicated institutions arose.

Social Social InstitutionInstitution

Basic Need ServedBasic Need Served Groups/Organizations Groups/Organizations Within ItWithin It

Members’ RolesMembers’ Roles Values and Norms UpheldValues and Norms Upheld

FamilyFamily -Regulate reproduction-Regulate reproduction

-Socialize, nurture children-Socialize, nurture childrenRelativesRelatives Daughter, son, father, Daughter, son, father,

mother, aunt, uncle, mother, aunt, uncle, cousin, grandparentscousin, grandparents

-Ensure sexual fidelity-Ensure sexual fidelity

-Develop skills-Develop skills

-Provide for family-Provide for family

-Offer emotional support-Offer emotional support

-Respect parents-Respect parents

ReligionReligion Help meet universal spiritual Help meet universal spiritual needneed

Churches, temples, Churches, temples, mosques,synagogues, mosques,synagogues, congregationscongregations

Religious leaders, Religious leaders, worshipperworshipper

-Read holy scriptures-Read holy scriptures

-Attend services-Attend services

-Contribute money-Contribute money

LawLaw Maintain social orderMaintain social order Police, courts, jailsPolice, courts, jails Police officer, lawyer, Police officer, lawyer, judge, guardjudge, guard

-Ensure that a person is innocent -Ensure that a person is innocent until proven guiltyuntil proven guilty

-Provide a fair trial-Provide a fair trial

-Make sure the punishment fits -Make sure the punishment fits the crimethe crime

PoliticsPolitics Make major decisions for Make major decisions for societysociety

Parliament, cabinet, Parliament, cabinet, political partiespolitical parties

Prime Minister, member Prime Minister, member of Parliament, cabinet of Parliament, cabinet ministerminister

-Ensure voting rights, democratic -Ensure voting rights, democratic rule, respect for minoritiesrule, respect for minorities

EconomicsEconomics Produce and distribute goods Produce and distribute goods and servicesand services

Banks, corporations, small Banks, corporations, small businesses, farmsbusinesses, farms

Employee, worker, Employee, worker, manager, ownermanager, owner

-Ensure efficiency, hard work, -Ensure efficiency, hard work, customer satisfactioncustomer satisfaction

-Provide a profit motive-Provide a profit motive

EducationEducation -Transmit knowledge, skills to -Transmit knowledge, skills to next generationnext generation

-Socialize students-Socialize students

Schools, colleges, Schools, colleges, universitiesuniversities

Student, teacher, Student, teacher, principal, professorprincipal, professor

-Expect students to get good -Expect students to get good grades, do homework and grades, do homework and assignments, respect assignments, respect teacher/professorteacher/professor

MedicineMedicine Prevent disease, healPrevent disease, heal Ministries of health, OHIP, Ministries of health, OHIP, health clinics, doctors and health clinics, doctors and nurses, associationsnurses, associations

Health official, doctor, Health official, doctor, nurse, pharmacist, nurse, pharmacist, hospital workerhospital worker

-Observe the Hippocratic Oath-Observe the Hippocratic Oath

-Preserve life-Preserve life

-Follow medical advice-Follow medical advice

MilitaryMilitary -Protect nation-Protect nation

-Maintain foreign -Maintain foreign peacekeepingpeacekeeping

-Provide disaster relief-Provide disaster relief

Armed forces, defence Armed forces, defence departmentdepartment

Soldier, sailor, pilotSoldier, sailor, pilot -Instil patriotism, obedience, -Instil patriotism, obedience, honourhonour

-Risk lives-Risk lives

-Help others during domestic -Help others during domestic disasters of foreign peacekeepingdisasters of foreign peacekeeping

Which of these are more important to:

-A child

-A teenager

-A person entering the work force

-A retired person

-A disabled person

-An unemployed person