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men, who understand so far their employers’will to deliver thecattle alive that they leave out hardly any species of crueltyin order, as they suppose, to stimulate flagging vitality.Disease is quickly bred and spreads from one animal toanother, and the deadly havoc wrought by storms in somecases almost obliterates the profits of a journey. Noinsured cattle may be killed, no matter how badly injured.Unless they die by so-called natural causation the insuranceis invalid. So, many a poor beast hopelessly ill or injured,lingers out for days a living death. Yet it is not all

cruelty. There are lighter shades in the picture-attempts,largely futile as yet, at kindness. Fodder of the best is

available, but this, too, is often useless for its purpose. Itis cast among the crowded animals and trampled under’foot in the mire of the pen. Fresh air is admitted when

possible by opening the hatches and by the ready device ofa canvas funnel. Ventilation, however, leaves much to bedesired. Altogether, the sea passage of a marketable oxas now provided for comes as near to courting disaster as itwell can. From no point of view can it be regarded as a- satisfactory arrangement. Unless by exceptional favour ofthe weather, it is almost as wasteful as it is barbarous,and on this ground alone one might expect to see

come movement in the direction of reform. The chiefobstacle to such a course is that of expense. It wouldmot pay, we are told, to provide some form of stall.accommodation for cattle. Perhaps not, but there is roomfor the inquiry whether, in view of the present great risk ofloss, any outlay under this head would not repay itself in’the end. The employment of specially constructed boatswould appear to be only rational in the case of a traffic sopeculiar in its characters. It will be generally admittedthat, even as matters now stand, much needless loss andsuffering might be prevented by taking measures to ensurethe soundness of cattle at embarkation, the merciful ter-

mination of incurable illness, and the prevention of over-crowding, bad ventilation, and wanton cruelty on the part- or drovers.

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DIPHTHERIA AT CHEAM COMMON.

THE outbreak of diphtheria at Cheam Common has un-lortunately gone on increasing. In the locality attackedsome 40 out of a total of 120 houses have been attacked andmine deaths have already occurred.

FOREIGN UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

Berne.-Dr. Kronecker has been reappointed to the Chair- of Physiology for a period of six years.

Clausenburg -Dr. Ludwig T6bli has been appointed Pro-fessor of Pharmacology.

Jena.-Professor Stintzing will take over charge of theMedical Clinic in consequence of the illness of ProfessorjRossbach.

St. Petersburg (Medical Acadenay).-Extraordinary Pro-cessors Slavianski, Lebedeff, Tarnovsky, Pavloff, andBatalin have been raised to the rank of Ordinary Professors.

TVürzburg -Dr. Schenk of Bonn has been appointedAssistant in the Physiological Institute in succession to

Dr. Schonlein, who has accepted the Professorship of

’Physiology in the University of St. Jago, Chile.

DEATHS OF EMINENT FOREIGN MEDICAL MEN.

THE deaths of the following distinguished members ofthe medical profession abroad have been announced:-Dr. J. H. Proscli, a well-known practitioner in Leipsic, andjoint author of an encyclopaedia for medical practitioners,at the age of seventy-three.— Professor von Nussbaum, themninent surgeon of Munich.-Dr. N. Tarnescu, formerlyProfessor of Surgery in the Medical Faculty of Bucharest.-

Dr. don José Montero lilios, of the Spanish Council ofPublic Instruction, and formerly rector of the Universitiesof Santiago and Havana,.—Dr. Dahl, director of theMedical Association at Christiania, who presided at theInternational Temperance Congress recently held there.

AT recent meetings of the Colleges of Physicians andSurgeons and the Apothecaries’ Hall it has been decided toaccept the certificates of Cooke’s School of Anatomy andPhysiology as guarantees of attendance on the subject ofOperative Surgery, as the London and Cambridge Univer-sities and the War Office have done now for some years.This information may be interesting to students, who notinfrequently have a dillicalty in obtaining this certificate.

THE Brown Lectures for 1890 will be delivered by Pro.fessor Victor Horsley, F. R. S., in the theatre of the Univer.sity of London on Friday, Nov. 14th, 21st, and 28th, andDec. 5dl and 12th, at 5 P.M., the subject being on "TheArrangement of the Central Nervous System and the

Pathological Conditions produced by Compression."

MR. WALTER HEAPE, M,A., of Trinity College, Cam-bridge, has been elected to the Balfour studentship, of theannual value of f200, tenable for three years. The studentis required to devote himself to original research in biology,especially animal morphology.

MR. VICTOR HORSLEY, F.R.S., has been elected by themanagers of the Royal Institution, Fullerian Professor of

Physio’o(, Ily for three years.

MR. G. A. AVR.IGIIT of Manchester has been elected a

Corresponding Member of the American Orthopaedic Asso.ciation.

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WE learn that last week Dr. Murdoch Cameron added afifth successful case to his list of Caesarean sections.

THE ITALIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

THE third annual meeting of this Association was held onOct. 20th in Rome, in the Aula Magna of the University.More than two hundred physicians were present, besides theheads of the various cliniques throughout the peninsula.A noteworthy feature, moreover, was the large attendanceof students from other Universities, the several railwaycompanies having liberally reduced their fares ad hoc, so asto minimise the expense of transit from the remoter citiesto the capital.The President, Dr. Guido Baccelli, opened the proceed-

ings in an effective speech, in the course of which he saidthat the highest aim of rational medicine, clinically con-sidered, is diagnosis, because exact diagnosis is the "con-dition precedent" of cure. The perfecting of diagnosis-the pivot on which our medical studies revolve-is the mostuseful, and ought to be the most prized, of our conquests.

" Never forget, gentlemen," he continued, "that, besidesthe equipment you owe to your special experience, there isalso the equipment you can gain, by historic study, fromthe past. Even at this hour Morgagni can be read withprofit, and, turning over those pages of condensed wisdom,you will alight on doctrine which might easily pass for theexclusive product of modern research. So convinced am Iof this that on the façade of the Clinica Medica, now on thepoint of completion in our magnificent Policlinico, I havecaused to be placed the sculptured likeness of that mightypioneer. The causes of disease and the direction they takehaving duly been determined, the next step of supreme im-portance is that of finding the appropriate remedy. Thistruth has to-day its most impressive illustration in the