December 2001 North American Native Orchid Journal

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NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL _ ________________________________

Volume 7 December

Number 4 2001

a quarterly devoted to the orchids of North Americapublished by the

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

IN THIS ISSUE: IN MEMORIUM: PHILIP E. KEENAN ……………………………….and more



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The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is a publication devoted to promoting interest and

knowledge of the native orchids of North America. Alimited number of the print version of each issue of the Journal are available upon request and electronic versions are available to all interested persons orinstitutions free of charge. The Journal welcomes articleof any nature that deal with native or introduced orchidsthat are found growing wild in North America, primarily north of Mexico, although articles of general interestconcerning Mexican species will welcome.

Requests for either print or electronic copies should besent to the editor:Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL34481 or via email at [email protected].



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NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE

ORCHID JOURNAL Volume 7 DecemberNumber 4 2001

CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR 255

A TRIBUTE TO PHILIP E. KEENAN,1928-2001

Ronald A. Coleman & Paul Martin Brown 256

REMINISCENCES OF PHIL KEENANShirley Curtis & Sally Puth

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ORCHID PUBLICATIONS OFPHILIP E. KEENAN

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A REPORT ON THE EFFORTS TO SAVE TWO RARE NORTH AMERICANNATIVE TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS

Scott L. Stewart 269



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Publication Notes:

279Flora of North America

Volume 26Wild Orchids of Florida

The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientificarticles may be subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for

both accuracy and scientific content. Volume 7, number 4, pages 255-281; issued January 25, 2002.Copyright 2002 by the North American Native Orchid Alliance, Inc .

Cover: Phil Keenan with Platanthera xkeenanii in Newfoundland.



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NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

This is the most difficult journal to assemble inthe history of the publication. On August 31, 2001 PhilKeenan, one of the original founding members of theNorth American Native Orchid Alliance died fromcomplications of Lou Gehrig’s Disease. Altered from

what was originally planned for this issue, it is devotedprimarily to Phil with several tributes and aretrospective listing of his publications. It also includesa major paper from the September 2001 orchid

conference held in Maine only a few days following Phil’s death.

Paul Martin Brown editor



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A TRIBUTE TO PHILIP E. KEENAN,1928-2001

Ronald A. Coleman & Paul Martin Brown

On August 31, 2001 the native orchids of North America mourned an eloquent spokesman when Philip

E. Keenan lost his battle with Lou Gehrig's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Phil is familiar to many through his frequent articles in the American Orchid Society Bulletin/Orchids , each resplendent with his superbphotographs, many of which graced the covers. Othersknew him from his excellent book, Wild Orchids Across

North America (Timber Press, 1998), which is alsopacked with pristine color plates of native orchids. Oneof his earliest publications was the delightful pamphlet

A Complete Guide to Maine's Orchids (DeLorme 1986).

Many of us branched into the study of wild orchidsas an outgrowth of our hobby raising horticulturalorchids at a windowsill or in a greenhouse. Phil did notraise orchids, but came to cherish the native species as aspecial niche in his greater passion for all of nature. He

was equally adept in the study of birds, and sprinkled his writing and conversations with quotes from his hero,Henry David Thoreau.



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Some of our fondest experiences in the field were with Phil. It was a delight to participate first hand in hispassion as he shared freely of his knowledge and art. Henever went anywhere whether along a stream or down amountain slope without a heavy tripod and packs of camera gear and lots of film. His photos captured thebeauty of the orchids he loved so much, an in thatbeauty is the essence of Phil.

In 1992 Philip named a beautiful and unusualform of the three birds orchis, Triphora trianthophora forma albidoflava , with pristine white flowers and ayellow crest. He was particularly interested in the genusTriphora and especially in the three birds orchid. Hemonitored a population in New Hampshire for many

years. In 1993 Paul Martin Brown named Platanthera xkeenanii in Philip's honor. This is the hybrid betweenthe large purple fringed orchis, P. grandiflora and thegreen fringed orchis, P. lacera . Although plants are scarceand often well scattered, on a trip Philip and Paul took

with several friends to Newfoundland in 1997, severalexcellent sites were found for the hybrid.

Philip was a founding member of the North American Native Orchid Alliance, and an editorialconsultant for the North American Native Orchid Journal as

well as a frequent contributor. He was also active innumerous local and national conservation organizations.His final book, Birds Across North America , from TimberPress, is scheduled for publication in December 2001.Philip had an opportunity to see the page proofs justtwo weeks before his death. Plans are underway for amemorial scholarship to be established in Philip's name



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to be awarded annually to a student of North Americannative orchids. We shall all miss him dearly.

This tribute was written for Orchids , the magazine of the American Orchid Society and appeared in a somewhat different

form in the December 2001 issue.



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REMINISCENCES OF PHIL KEENAN

Shirley Curtis & Sally Puth

Our first important encounter with Phil was June13, 1984 at his slide show Wildflowers and Shrubs of Odiorne State Park. We came because of our interest in

wildflowers and an acquaintance with Philip Keenan asconservationist and nature photographer. Little did weknow that was the beginning of what would be a

passionate interest in wild orchids and a great friendship with Phil. We soon realized that no matter the subjectof Phil’s slide presentations there would always be asection on orchids and birds, reflecting his deepknowledge of both.

This show included some beautiful slides of Arethusa, Arethusa bulbosa . At that time we had beenphotographing wildflowers, but soon would learn that

all wildflowers were not the same. Orchids werespecial! After the show we talked with Phil, whogenerously shared directions to a site for Arethusa. Twodays later we found and photographed them, and fromthat time we were hooked on wild orchids.

One of our first field expeditions was to a localsite for yellow lady’s-slippers, Cypripedium parviflorum



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var. pubescens , uncommon in our area. Phil told us tofollow EXACTLY in his footsteps, and of course wedid, with reverence for the expert. We photographed,and Phil gave us help and instruction, from holding areflector for us to cautioning us about trampling nearby

vegetation. Respect for the environment was an integralelement of Phil’s studies. He tried to leave every site ashe found it.

Being shown an orchid was not the same asdiscovering any ourselves. With interest piqued, wesigned up for a New England Wild Flower Society course on Orchids of New England with Paul MartinBrown in 1987. After 12 field trips throughout New

England, we became slightly more than novices. Webegan to go into the field with Phil locally and into Vermont and Maine.

In June of 1986 Phil took us to a site in Milton,New Hampshire where one Hooker’s orchis,Platanthera hookeri , comes up every year. Some years thedeer eat it, so you have to wait another year to see it inbloom. This just happened to be one of those years. He

had searched all around and never found any otherplants. He told us this was a great site for downyrattlesnake plantain, Goodyera pubescens , s o in August

we went there to photograph it. We usually brought ourlunch and would sit in the woods to eat our sandwiches.

We looked down by our feet and saw we had almoststepped on a group of four plants of small whorled

pogonia, Isotria medeoloides , in fruit. This was an exciting



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find for us, and a site that we’ve monitored every yearsince.

On a lovely day in early June 1990 we wereheaded to Strafford, Vermont to a new site to see thesmallest of the Cypripediums, ram’s-head lady’s-slipper, Cypripedium arietinum. Our directions seemedsimple enough. After getting off the Interstate, driveinto a small town, go to the commons, turn right, passthree red barns, to a rough dirt road on the left called

Tater Valley Road. If we had a problem ask at the smallstore. Well, there are a lot of red barns in Vermont. Weturned off from the circle, passed several barns but noroad called Tater Valley. At what little store were we to

ask? Vermont has many wonderful dirt roads forexploring, and back then not many of them had namesigns. We stopped at a house for directions, but they had never heard of it. We went back to the circle andtook the next road, even though the gas gauge wasalmost on empty. Phil was sure we’d find gas, so weheaded into the wilderness. Finally we saw a house upahead but outside there were 8 motorcycles and mendrinking beer. We locked the doors and drove on.

We’ve laughed about this day many times.

Phil called Paul that night to get better directions.Next day we headed back up and we found the site

without much trouble. There were 150 plants in fullbloom, even had one plant with double flowers. Nearby were a few plants of showy orchis. Galearis spectabilis ,

with very dark lips, early coral root, Corallorhiza trifida ,and two plants of Hooker’s orchid in bud all in this



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small area. A few years later we walked further up thisold logging road to yellow lady’s-slipper heaven, wheremore than 500 large yellow lady’s-slippers, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens , bloom.

On a trip to Manitoba for western prairiefringed orchids, Platanthera praeclara , in 1998, Phil,Shirley, and her husband Cory, saw some really beautifulgroups of orchids across a wet roadside ditch. Phil wasso excited he just charged right through it. When he gotback into the truck we noticed this horrible smell, andfound that he had gotten black muck all over his boots.Phil said he didn’t smell anything, but we banished hisboots to back of the truck.

In Evans Notch, Maine we were scouring astreambed for broad-lipped twayblade, Listera convallarioides , when Sally plunged into the muck kneedeep. It took both Phil and Shirley to extricate her.Perhaps muck is an integral part of orchid hunting. Atleast we got good photographs.

On an Oregon field trip (1995) it was a thrill to seethousands of California lady’s-slippers, Cypripedium

californicum , massed along a stream. Though Phil wasusually the one most outwardly restrained he was soexcited that day he was almost sick. In truth it WAS likea bit of heaven, and a special pleasure to share with afriend.

The spotted lady’s-slippers, Cypripedium guttatum and C. yatabeanum , on Kodiak Island, Alaska, was a



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lifetime dream for Phil, and made for another landmark orchid memory. The first attempt at landing on thatfog-encased island resulted in a dramatic, heart stopping last minute swoop up over the mountain, then back tothe mainland. On the second try we made it safely (hearts only moderately pounding) and began severaldays reveling in the Kodiak orchid, Dactylorhiza aristata

var. kodiakensis , lady’s-slippers (both C. yatabeanum andC. guttatum ), purple and yellow forms of the heart-leaved twayblade, Listera cordata ), various Platanthera species, as well as chocolate lilies Fritillaria camschatcensis ,shooting stars. Dodecatheon sp., and awesome islandscenery.

Every August for over 25 years Phil repeatedly drove90 minutes to Squam Lake to photograph and study thethree-birds orchid, Triphora trianthophora . Phil saidblooming is spread out over about 30 days, with threemajor bloom days, three moderate bloom days, andthree or four days with a few scattered individuals open.In 1990 he first invited us to go with him. Tuesday morning we headed to Squam Lake, only to find thesetiny little flowers in tight green buds. He was sure they

would be open in two days, so Thursday we went back

up. Now they were tight white buds, so of course wehad to go again the next day, when they were plump

white buds. Saturday, Aug. 14th we were rewarded witha spectacular sight, the “big bloom”. It was a beautifulsunny day, with over 20,000 flowers open. We havenever seen it like this since. There have been some niceflowering years but nothing like 1990.



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One of our most recent trips was an expeditionto Pittsburg, New Hampshire in August 2000. Though

we started out under threatening skies the sun emergedand the temperature soared. Negotiating a sweltering swamp we were treated to hundreds of small purplefringed orchids, Platanthera psycodes , adequately rewarded for all the sweat. During the two days wefound at least 15 sites of purples both P. psycodes and P.

grandiflora as well as a spectacular group of raggedfringed orchids, P. lacera . An overnight in Pittsburg at a“rustic” motel was not Phil’s preferred accommodationbut we all had fun and it gave him a taste of the“boonies”. Our only disappointment was not seeing even one of Pittsburg’s famous moose.

Over the years the three of us have explored andscouted for orchids all around New England andthroughout the US and Canada, sometimes together andsometimes separately. We’ve had many hours of driving to sites in New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, andConnecticut, talking all the time, trekking into woodsand swamps in search of Phil’s favorite, the pink lady’s-slipper, Cypripedium acaule , groaning over thestiffness of lying on our stomachs photographing a tiny

Calypso or twayblade, sharing sandwiches, sometimesdriving the three hours home with disappointment at noblooms.

Each year we have had several slide shows withjust the three of us. Every flower or photographictechnique has been up for discussion in detail - moredetail than anyone else could endure. When we included



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spouses we would only show our best slides and fewerof them.

Knowing Phil was a joy. As teacher,photographer, botanist, talker, listener and friend hemade it all fun and interesting. His slides werebeautiful, reflecting well his love of orchids, his writing informative and vividly descriptive. We all lost a greatcontributor, but the memories will endure.

Shirley Curtis , Rollinsford, [email protected] Puth , Dover, NH [email protected]



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ORCHID PUBLICATIONS OFPHILIP E. KEENAN

1986. Field Guide to the Orchids of Maine . DeLorme.Freeport, Maine

1986. New Stations for Platanthera flava and Triphora trianthophora and other observations. Rhodora 88:409-412.

1986. Wild orchids in New England. American Orchid Society Bulletin 55(7): 696-699.

1987. The bloom sequence of wild orchids in New England. American Orchid Society Bulletin 56(10):1059-1061.

1988. Calypso bulbosa: hider of the north . American Orchid Society Bulletin 57(4): 375-377.

1988. Progress report on Isotria medeoloides . American

Orchid Society Bulletin 57(6): 624-626.1989. Butterflies of the orchid world. American Orchid Society Bulletin 58(8): 767-771.

1989. The wonderful world of Cypripedium . American Orchid Society Bulletin 58(5): 450-455.

1990. Documentation of the longevity of Goodyera pubescens leaves and update on Triphora



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trianthophora in New Hampshire. Rhodora 92:126-128.

1990. The big little green orchids. American Orchid Society Bulletin 59(3): 228-233.

1990. The pigtails of the orchid world. American Orchid Society Bulletin 59(7): 683-687.

1991. The American orchises. American Orchid Society Bulletin 60(6): 536-538.

1991. The mighty pogonias. American Orchid Society Bulletin 60(4): 338-341.

1992. A new form of Triphora trianthophora (Swartz)Rydberg and part three of observationson the ecology of Triphora trianthophora (Orchidaceae) in New Hampshire. Rhodora 94:

38-42.1992. Grass-pinks. American Orchid Society Bulletin 61(4):343-347.

1993. Thoreau's orchids. American Orchid Society Bulletin 62(4): 363-371.

1994. Pretty in pink. American Orchid Society Bulletin 63(3):250-255.

1994. The coral-roots. American Orchid Society Bulletin 63(5): 512-517.

1995. California ladies. American Orchid Society Bulletin

64(3): 234-239.1995. Diversity in Cypripedium acaule. North American

Native Orchid Journal 1(3): 201-210.1996. Further observations on Triphora trianthophora -

Part 4. North American Native Orchid Journal 2(3):196-209

1997. The L & M's. 3(4): 368-3761998. Orchids in Alaska. Orchids . 67(6): 600-605.



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1998. 3rd Annual North American Native OrchidConference field trips, July 10 & 11, 1998. North

American Native Orchid Journal 4(3): 285-288.1998. Wild Orchids Across North America: a botanical

travelogue . Timber Press, Portland.1999. Home on the prairie. Orchids . 68(4): 358-361.2000. A short history of the genus Cypripedium . North

American Native Orchid Journal 6(1): 29-42.



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A REPORT ON THE EFFORTS TO SAVE TWO RARE NORTH AMERICAN

NATIVE TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS,PLATANTHERA LEUCOPHAEA

(NUTTALL) LINDLEY ANDSPIRANTHES BREVILABRIS LINDLEY 1

Scott Stewart

Over the past 100 years, native orchid habitats inpopulated areas ( e.g., Illinois and Florida) have beendestroyed by development ( e.g. conversion to farmlandand construction) (Bowles, 1983; 1999). This hasprompted efforts in conservation and preservation by naturalists, and recently, many commercial developers.For any of these efforts to be successful, one mustunderstand the biotic components ( e.g., vascular plants,pollinators, fungi, algae, etc.) of these habitats and their

ecological interactions.

One crucial component involves the interactionof plants with soil fungi (mycorrhizae). Mycorrhizalfungi are associated with the roots of the majority (>90%) of vascular plants in a mutual symbiosis. While

1Presented at the North American Native Orchid Conference September,

2001 in Springvale, Maine.



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orchids form mycorrhizal associations, they utilize theirmycorrhizal fungi as an energy source in a uniqueparasitic manner, and depend on such fungi to initiateand sustain their life cycles in nature. Therefore,orchids have the ability to acquire nutrition throughboth photosynthesis and the parasitism of theirmycorrhizal fungi (=mycotrophy) (Clements, 1989;Rasmussen, 1995), but have become dependant uponthe fungal symbiont in the process. This parasiticorchid-fungus relationship means that an understanding of the orchid life cycle and nutritional needs are of priority when attempting either conservation of orchidhabitat or a restoration of the habitat.

To successfully restore any orchid habitat, theestablishment of the critical mycorrhizal symbiont in thesoil is of first importance—without this piece of thepuzzle, transplanted orchids would not likely survive ina reconstructed habitat. One technique to facilitate thisprocess involves growing orchids in the laboratory withmycorrhizal fungi (=symbiotic seed germination).Symbiotic seed germination insures that the mycorrhizalfungus is transferred with the orchid seedling from thelaboratory to the field (Zettler, 1997a). This technique

conceivably promotes the orchid’s survival in a naturalhabitat and enables established plants to spawnseedlings (Zettler, 1997b). Currently, habitat restorationefforts are underway throughout North America, butfew, if any orchids, have been introduced into theseareas.



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Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley

About three years ago, Dr. Lawrence Zettlercontacted me about beginning undergraduate researchon native orchids. At this time, was an English major atIllinois College planning to attend law school—andmost certainly could not have picked an orchid flowerout from a rose. I knew nothing about the symbiotictechnique or the work Dr. Zettler was planning toconduct on the eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea . Nevertheless, Dr. Zettler felt inclined toinclude me in this study. It is only now, more than

three years later, that I understand the enchanting mystery of native orchids.

My first experiment with this orchid was, inretrospect, quite simple in design. I was given twomycorrhizal fungus cultures, seeds of Platanthera leucophaea from two populations in Illinois, and told tosow the seeds using the symbiotic technique describedby Dixon (1987). To this point, I had only read aboutthis procedure from publications provided by Dr.

Zettler. Basically, 25-300 seeds were placed on thesurface of a 1 x 4 cm filter paper strip in a 9 cmdiameter Perti plate containing 20 mL modified oatsmedium and the fungal inoculum (Zettler and Hofer,1998).

For months I anxiously checked my Petri plates,but nothing happened. I would leave the lab each



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Friday afternoon frustrated and upset because the seedsof this Federally threatened orchid were failing togerminate under my watch. Any excitement I hadpreviously had about conducting this research wasquickly shadowed as I watched those precious seedsbeing overrun by the fungus that was supposed to bring them life. My first experiment was a failure, but Dr.Zettler and I did learn much about the difficulty ingerminating this orchid.

For the next 8 months Dr. Zettler and I triedeverything we could think of in an effort to germinatePlatanthera leucophaea . For our next experiment weattempted a scarification procedure with the seeds.

Scarification is simply the washing of seeds in a strong disinfectant solution such as bleach and ethanol in aneffort to remove any seed coat components that may inhibit germination. As luck may have it, this procedure

worked, but our optimism quickly faded as thegerminated seeds halted development. While thescarification procedure appeared to work, some key tothis species remained just off in the distance. As withour first experiment, the scarification experiment was astep in the right direction, but still remained a failure.

Working on a suggestion from Marlin Bowles of the Morton Arboretum, Dr. Zettler and I next tried acold/moist stratification procedure on our seeds of theeastern prairie fringed orchid. Stratification is thesoaking of seeds in sterile water for an extended periodof time at 6oC. In theory, this cold and moist treatment“fools” the orchid seed into a wintering mode in



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preparation for germination in the spring. At this point,I was ready to try anything in hopes of getting just oneleaf-bearing seedling of this orchid—that would be anachievement.

After about one month, some initial germination was evident, and in comparison to the initialgermination seen with the scarification experiment wehad taken a large step forward (scarification max.=4.3%;stratification max.=67.4%) (Zettler et al , 2001). Researchinto the symbiotic seed germination of the Platanthera leucophaea had reached, what I thought, was an easy downhill slide to obtaining green leaf-bearing seedlings.

As before, I was wrong in assuming this orchid wouldeasily reveal its secrets to anyone. After obtaining a

large number of seedlings, all the seedlings halteddevelopment and appeared to become dormant. WhatDr. Zettler and I discovered was that even after thecold/moist stratification and symbiotic germination, theeastern prairie fringed orchid required a secondary coldtreatment to the seedlings themselves.

This is where research into the symbiotic seedgermination of Platanthera leucophaea currently stands.Dr. Zettler and I are perfecting the secondary coldtreatment procedure, along with modifying components

of the germination procedure to maximize final percentgermination. Our hope is to, within one year, have leaf-bearing seedlings at a stage where they can betransplanted into experimental restoration habitats. If successful, this technique could then be applied on alarger scale to all historical Platanthera leucophaea restoration habitats.



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Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley

During my struggle with the symbioticgermination of the eastern prairie fringed orchid, the

opportunity to work with Spiranthes brevilabris arose. Theteam assembled to work on the symbiotic germinationof this orchid included myself and Dr. Zettler, but alsoPaul Martin Brown and a fellow student, Jagila Minso.

As we approached this problem, our hopes were tosimply achieve germination of this Spiranthes . We hadno idea of the success we were about to encounter.

According to the most recent work on thisorchid, it appears restricted to a single population in

Levy, Co., Florida that consists of 152 plants. The purerarity of Spiranthes brevilabris makes it a perfect candidatefor symbiotic seed germination, and eventually restoration in historical sites throughout Florida.

Following the procedure outlined by Dixon(1987), and previously used with Platanthera leucophaea ,seeds of this Spiranthes were sown onto agar plates andinoculated with mycorrhizal fungus isolates. Besides theextreme rarity of this orchid, this symbiotic experiment

was unique in that two fungus isolates from two orchidgenera were used: one from Epidendrum magnoliae , anepiphyte, and one from S. brevilabris , a terrestrial. This

was not only the first attempt at the symbioticgermination of S. brevilabris , but also it was the firstexperiment to include mycorrhizal fungi from suchdifferent sources.



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While there were many parallels in the techniqueused in the symbiotic germination of S. brevilabris andPlatanthera leucophaea , the difficulty in achieving leaf-bearing seedlings of the Spiranthes seemed like a walk inthe park in comparison to the eastern prairie fringedorchid. Within 10 days after sowing seeds of theSpiranthes , germination was evident. What wasinteresting was that more seeds germinated in thepresence of the Epidendrum -derived fungus (49.8% to42.6%), but more seedlings developed elongated leavesin vitro in the presence of the Spiranthes -derived fungus(26.1% to 20.4%) (Minso et al , 2001).

Needless to say, I was floored at the sight of Petri

plates filled with hundreds of small, green leaves. Aftera rushed phone call to Dr. Zettler, during which I couldbarely speak in coherent sentences, final data wascollected from these seedlings. In all, over 200seedlings had germinated and initiated both mycotrophy and photosynthesis. It was decided that a number of these seedlings were to be immediately transplanted into6 sites in Florida and closely monitored fordevelopment. Very few native terrestrial orchids havebeen symbiotically germinated, let alone transplanted

into native habitats (Anderson, 1991, 1996; Clements et al , 1979, 1989; Zettler and McInnis, 1992).

This was indeed a momentous occasion foreveryone involved. At those 6 sites in Florida, over 152seedlings of Spiranthes brevilabris were transplanted, 100%survived up to 1 month in the field, and 16 initiatedanthesis in the first growing season (P. M. Brown, pers.



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comm.). Efforts continue at those sites to monitorseedling survival and development leading to flowering and seed set.

Despite the continuing destruction of many spectacular native orchid habitats, efforts are under way to collect, catalog and study these in-danger orchids.

The work that Dr. Zettler, myself, and theundergraduate orchid research team does is only onepiece of the solution to saving our native orchids. I feelassured that with the continued efforts of scientists suchas Dr. Zettler and Marlin Bowles, and native orchidenthusiasts everywhere that we can save many of ournative orchids and their habitats.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Jagila Minso (The Illinois College) andMarlin Bowles (The Morton Arboretum) for their assistance inthese experiments. Thanks are also extended to theadministration and the Department of Biology at The IllinoisCollege for their continued support of my efforts in researching our native orchids. Very special appreciation is extended to both

Dr. Lawrence Zettler and Paul Martin Brown, for without theirsupport and encouragement I would not be where I am today.

Literature Cited Anderson, A. B. 1991. Symbiotic and asymbiotic germination

and growth of Spiranthes magnicamporum (Orchidaceae).Lindleyana , 6(4):183-186.

----------. 1996. The reintroduction of Platanthera ciliaris inCanada. In : C. Allen (Ed.), Proceedings of the North



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American Native Terrestrial Orchid-Propagation andProduction Conference. National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., pp. 73-76.

Bowles, M. L. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchids Platanthera leucophaea and Cypripedium candidum . Nat. Areas J.,

3(4):1437.----------. 1999. Eastern prairie fringed orchid ( Platanthera leucophaea ) Federal recovery plan. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Clements, M. A. 1989. Orchid mycorrhizal associations.Lindleyana , 3:73-86.

----------, and R. K. Ellyard. 1979. The symbiotic germination of Australian terrestrial orchids. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull.,48:810-816.

----------, H. Muir, and P. J. Cribb. 1986. A preliminary report onthe symbiotic germination of European terrestrialorchids. Kew Bull., 41:437-445.

Dixon, K. 1987. Raising terrestrial orchids from seed. In : W. K.Harris (Ed.), Modern Orchid Growing for Pleasure and Profit .Orchid Club of S. Australia, Inc. Adelaide, S. Australia,pp. 47-100.

Minso, J., S. L. Stewart, L. W. Zettler, and P. M. Brown. 2001.Seed propagation and reintroduction of an endangeredorchid ( Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley) from Florida.Southeastern Bio., 48(2):167.

Zettler, L. W. and T. M. McInnis, Jr. 1992. Propagation of Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer, and endangeredterrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination.

Lindleyana , 7:154-161.----------. 1997. Orchid-fungal symbiosis and its value in

conservation. McIlvaniea , 13:40-45.---------- and C. J. Hofer. 1998. Propagation of the little club-

spur orchid ( Platanthera clavellata ) by symbiotic seedgermination, and its ecological implications. Env. Exper.Bot., 39(3):189-195.

----------, S. L. Stewart, M. L. Bowles, and K. A. Jacobs.Mycorrhizal fungi and cold-assisted symbiotic



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germination of the Federally threatened eastern prairiefringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley. Am. Midl. Nat., 145:168-175.

Rasmussen, H. N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids from Seed to Mycotrophic Plant , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.



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PUBLICATION NOTICES

New in the Flora of North America

Series!

Flora of North America Volume 26: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales

Edited by Flora of North America Editorial Committee

Generously illustrated with 112 line drawings, this volume

features some of the most spectacular and showy native andnaturalized species including orchids, lilies, irises, trilliums,hymenocallises, alliums, hostas, tulips, erythroniums, agaves, andyuccas. Plants representing eleven families following Cronquist'sclassification are in this work including Allium, the genuscontaining onions, garlic, and chives, and the Chicago native,Thismia americana. With 1,138 individual species distribution maps,this thorough volume boasts helpful identification keys,summaries of habitats and geographic ranges, distribution maps,pertinent synonymies, descriptions, chromosome numbers,phenological information, and other significant biologicalobservations for each species.

March 2002, 672 pp., 112 line drawings0-19-515208-5, $120.00

Oxford University PressDept. RAS198 Madison AvenueNew York, NY 10016Phone: 1-800-451-7556



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W I L D O R C H I D S O F F L O R I D A : W I T H

R E F E R E N C E S T O T H E A T L A N T I C A N D

G U L F C O A S T A L P L A I N S

UNIVERSITY PRESS OF FLORIDA January 2002 432 pages 6 X 9”Cloth: $50.00 ISBN: 0-8130-2438-2

Paper (Flexibind): $24.95 ISBN: 0-8130-2439-0· 117 species· 447 color photos· identification keys· distribution maps· tips on orchid hunting · notes on southeastern and Gulf coastal states

“W ild Orchids of Florida is intended to be used as a field guide, butit is actually a lot more than that. . . . With this work, the present



knowledge of the orchids of Florida has been brought to a highlevel of completeness for the beginning of the secondmillennium."--Carlyle A. Luer

In more than 100 years of orchid research in Florida, Wild Orchids

of Florida is the first field guide to be published for this orchid-rich state. Providing more than 400 color photos as well as linedrawings by Stan Folsom, distribution maps, and detaileddescriptions of each species, this guide should enable even thenovice to easily identify any of the orchids found growing in the wild.

Illustrated keys are provided to aid in identification. Each of the117 species and varieties has a full page of text, a line drawing,and distribution map with a facing page of full-colorphotographs. Species deemed as naturalized, escaped, or waifs arealso treated. A final chapter enabling the reader to use this book

in the nearby southeastern Coastal Plain states makes it an evenmore valuable resource.

Brown also resolves several sources of confusion regarding thenaming and location of plants. A chapter on synonyms andmisapplied names addresses the problem of multiple names for asingle species and is unique among field guides. A section on thechanging Florida county lines and their dates makes for a betterunderstanding of the geography of Florida. The book provides achecklist and list of current literature references along with across-reference for synonymic, new, and misapplied names keyed

on a page-by-page basis to Luer's 1972 Native Orchids of Florida .

Documents

December 2001 North American Native Orchid Journal