September 2000 North American Native Orchid Journal

8/8/2019 September 2000 North American Native Orchid Journal

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NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

____ __ ________________________________ Volume 6 SeptemberNumber 3 2000

a quarterly devoted to the orchids of North Americapublished by the

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE

* * * * * * *

* * * * * * * IN THIS ISSUE:

MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5th

ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE: Part 1.GOVENIA FLORIDANA (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEWSPECIES ENDEMIC TO SOUTHERN FLORIDA,U.S.A.PLATANTHERA XVOSSII FOUND IN RHODE ISLANDRARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGEREDORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA - Part 3.and more!


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NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 6 SeptemberNumber 3 2000

CONTENTS NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

159MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES

The Slow Empiricist 161

PROCEEDINGS OF THE5th ANNUAL NORTH AMERICANNATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE

PART 1.

A SUMMARY OF THE 5TH

ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCEPort Angeles, Washington

July 16-20, 2000Scott Stewart

171SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE

FEDERALLY-THREATENED EASTERN PRAIRIEFRINGED ORCHID, PLATANTHERA LEUCOPHAEA

(NUTTALL) LINDLEY, AND THREE HABENARIA SPECIES FROM FLORIDA

Scott Stewart 180ORCHIDS AT A RANGE LIMIT IN ARIZONA AND

NEW MEXICORonald A. Coleman

193 ABOUT SOME EUROPEAN GENERA

Dietrich & Ursula Rueckbrodt 201


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RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGEREDORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA - Part 3 Anne B. Wagner, Ken Wagner & Paul Martin Brown

216RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL

NOTES FROM FLORIDA 7.GOVENIA FLORIDANA (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW

SPECIES ENDEMIC TO SOUTHERN FLORIDA, U.S.A.Paul Martin Brown

230LOOKING FORWARD:

December 2000241

PLATANTHERA XVOSSII FOUND INRHODE ISLAND

242PRE-PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENT

NATIVE ORCHIDS OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

by Stanley A. Bentley 243

2001 RENEWAL NOTICE244

PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENTNATIVE ORCHIDS OF OREGON

246Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom

Color Plates:Plate 1, p. 247 Govenia floridana Plate 2, p. 248 Platanthera xvossii , Piperia unalascensis - white & yellow form,Platanthera chorisiana

The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientificarticles may be subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for

both accuracy and scientific content. Volume 6, number 3, pages 159-248; issued September 20, 2000.

Copyright 2000 by the North American Native Orchid Alliance, Inc .Cover: Cypripedium acaule by Stan Folsom


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NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

Although a cool and somewhat rainy summercovered many parts of the continent this year wecertainly had ideal weather for the conference inOlympic National Park. Fifty-four members andfriends attended and a full report is in this issue. One of the most noticeable difference between this conferenceand others was the articulate and educated discussion

that followed each presentation.Plans for the 2001 conference are undergoing a

change at this time because of a conflict. Originally scheduled for Charlotte, North Carolina with field tipsto the Green Swamp near Wilmington, NC on May 12-15, a conflict has arisen with another native plantconference that same weekend in that region.Unfortunately the conference center we were using isnot available for another date in May so I am making

alternate arrangements for the 6 th North AmericanNative Orchid Conference to be held in northern New England September 6-9, 2001. Full details will appear inthe December Journal.

A number of thank yous are in order at this time.In regard to the 5 th Annual North American NativeOrchid Conference: to Cathy Murray for all of her pre-


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conference work and assisting with the arrangements, toDennis Maleug for coordinating the field trips, to Larry Zettler for moderating the conference (so I could really enjoy it!) and a number of others who helped in moving tables and chairs, covering sales etc. And not to forgetall of our speakers!

A very special thank you goes to Ed Greenwoodfor all of his patient help in assisting me in preparing thepublication of Govenia floridana .

Lastly, there are only two color pages in this issuebecause additional suitable color was not submitted toaccompany the articles in this issue.

Paul Martin Brown, editorPO Box 772121Ocala, FL 34477-2121352/861-2565PO Box 759

Acton, ME 04001-0759207/636-3719(late May - Sept.)[email protected]


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Empiricist : MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES

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MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES

The Slow Empiricist

In looking back over the last five years, Iremember that each North American Native Orchid

Alliance conference was a different experience. Theconferences were set up so that the latest informationthat was being compiled and the various areas of expertise that were being pursued might be shared withthe membership. An important part of each conference

was the presentation of a document that honored anoted person in the field for their efforts in orchidstudies. An equally important part of each conference

was the field trips to see that particular area's orchidspecimens.

The first conference was held in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. The trip down to the site was fun because

we were able to explore new territory along the way forthe northern slender ladies-tresses, Spiranthes lacera .Nothing breaks up a long road trip like a littlebotanizing. We also were on the lookout for any otherspecies that we might happen across.

Carlow College was gracious to offer us space tohold the lecture presentations at its facilities when the


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original meeting place grew too small to accommodateall those who planned to attend. Sister Mary Joy Hayward, who was in charge of the of the biology department at the college, acted a liason and arrangedthe meeting space at the college. She was also an avidbotanist and attended all the lectures and wasenthusiastic about the entire procedure.

It was very hot in Pittsburgh that week andmercifully the conference meeting room was air-conditioned. There were many speakers at theconference and each presented an interesting lectureabout their area of expertise. There was also a roundtable discussion with all the participants joining in the

talk.I am refraining from discussing the topics in

detail because there are notes on the entire conferencein the September 1996 (vol. 2. #3) Journal. That wouldbe redundant to go over those events so I am simply relating some of my special memories of eachconference. What really stands out in my mind, whichtends to be visually oriented, are the orchids that weencountered on the field trips, planned and unplanned,

so I intend to concentrate on that area of my experiences. I remember seeing some of the lovely orchids that grow in that area of the United States. As Istated we looked for Spiranthes on the way to theconference. I always find exploring to be exciting,especially when it pays off in discovery. We weresuccessful. We found several sites for the Spiranthes lacera in Pennsylvania on our way to the conference.


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I also remember seeing the lovely stands of the purple fringeless orchis, Platanthera peramoena , in thedamp ditches of rural Pennsylvania. This orchid is quitemagnificent in size and color as opposed to the tinier,harder to spot Spiranthes . But to my mind each has adefinite charm, you just have to get up close and benddown a lot to enjoy the littler species.

We also had a chance to explore an area nearState College, Pennsylvania, which had an interesting Listera in the park. Our Pomeranians enjoyed seeing anidentical cousin being walked along the roadside at theentrance to the park. It also gave me a chance to visit

my old alma mater, The Pennsylvania State University, which is located in State College.

An interesting by-product of the conference wasthat it made us aware of the terrain and topography of this area. Several years later we returned to the area in aquest for Case's ladies-tresses, Spiranthes casei and theoval ladies-tresses, S . ovalis . We found quite a few sitesfor the S . casei but we had a rough time locating S . ovalis even though we had specific directions and were in the

right location. I remember spending a great deal of timeand effort trying to locate S. ovalis on a hillside in a ruralpart of Pennsylvania. We spent most of an afternoonthere and had no success. We went back the nextmorning and finally located the ellusive plants. Of course, once we found one we began to spot more.


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The second conference was held in what Ithought was a very unlikely spot and time. We were inthe Tucson area of Arizona in the middle of August. Iexpected it to be hot and unbearable and nearly decidednot to attend. I'm glad that I decided otherwise. We metfor the lectures in a modern hotel convention facility that also provided easy access to food and our rooms.No problem with the heat and blazing sun there!

Chuck Sheviak presented his findings on theyellow-flowered Cypripediums and received a citationfrom the Alliance as outstanding orchidist of the year.But again the field trips were the significant memory I

want to impart to you because this is from my

perspective as an amateur enthusiast. You can readabout the conference in much more detail in theSeptember 1997, vol. 3 #3 Journal.

We went up into the Huachuca & ChiricahuaMountains for our exploration. The weather was cooland spring-like when we got up in elevation. I lovedlooking at the other spring wildflowers that wereblooming along the trail. We saw a large blue flower thatlooked like a Batchelor Button but I was informed it

was a Mexican native. There were lovely lupines andIndian paintbrushes perched along the edges. There

were also lilies in bloom as well. They made a long journey to the area where the adder's-mouths, Malaxis sp. , were in bloom more than enjoyable. I did marvel atthe stamina of some of the older participants and theirenthusiasm as they literally sailed up the mountainsides.


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The third conference was held at Lake Itasca inMinnesota. I remember this place because we stayed ina rustic resort area that is run by the Park Service. Thefacility was set up so that we could have the lecturepresentations near our rooms and there was a dining hall in the area as well. The lectures and proceedings canbe found in the September 1998, vol. 4, no. 3 Journal.

One of the highlights of the field trips was seeing 3 adder's-mouths side by side, Malaxis unifolia, M.brachypoda , and M. paludosa.They were all growing nearby each other in a mossy, damp, open conifer

woods. It gave everyone a good chance to compare thespecies differences. I enjoy walking in spongy,

sphagnum mosses avoiding the obviously wet sections while I am exploring. Because I don't photograph, Ihave more time to roam and I usually find a number of interesting specimens.

Another fond memory was standing in theprairies of Manitoba amid all the western prairiefringed orchis, Platanthera praeclara . It is certainly acommanding orchid for its large size and is crowned

with lovely fringed, white blossoms poking up above

the prairie grasses. One forgets the heat and unrelenting sun in such a presence as these.

An interesting sidelight, after the conferenceclosed and we got home, we heard that a tornado hadgone through the Park area and actually damaged partof the dining hall where we had taken our meals.


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Although I might like to see a tornado close hand, I'mglad that I wasn't around for that one.

The fourth conference took place in Tampa,Florida. I was not able to attend the lecture section of the conference but you can find all the notes about it inthe June 1999, vol. 5, # 2 Journal. I remember insteadhow we searched for the orchids in the weeks beforethe conference opened. That winter had beenparticularly dry and the timing for the orchids to bloom

was affected by the drought. I worried that there wouldnot be anything worth looking at because everything seemed to be out of bloom or blooming earlier thanexpected or not even showing in the few weeks before

the scheduled conference. The orchids were smaller and fewer but there

were enough material for everyone to experience themin all their glory. The most indelible memory was of over 50 participants engulfing our yard photographing the clamshell orchid, Prosthechea cochleata and roaming over to a neighbor's house to see all the spring ladiestresses, Spiranthes vernalis that were blooming in theirlawn. Oak Run, the complex where we live, has begun a

campaign to eradicate such poor lawns much to ourchagrin.

The last conference I attended was this pastsummer in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. This

was a conference where the audience joined into thepost lecture discussions and I think many learned agreat deal. I certainly did about how people are learning


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to isolate mycorhiza and germinate and grow orchidsfrom seed. Scott Stewart gave a simple and illuminating talk about the processes that made the procedures muchmore understandable.

Of course the orchids were everywhere in thatarea. You only had to locate a likely spot of which there

were many and start looking. There were severalthousand western coralroots,Corallorhiza mertensiana , inbloom in shades of magenta, pale yellow and white. Aninteresting offshoot was when we went to lead thegroup there, we missed the spot and ended up going tothe top of the Deer Park road, which is a long steepclimb up to about 5,600 feet. The views were

magnificent. The reason we went so far was that there was no really safe place to turn around a long convoy of automobiles and campers except at the top.

We also found an unusual Piperia candida that wasclearly creamy yellow and white. It may have been dueto age or it may just have been a slight color variationbut it was beautiful to see.

On our way to the ferry to take us back to the

Seattle area after the conference was over we stopped atthe Diamond Point Road area where Mark Larocqueand some of the others had found a lot of Piperias . Wefound an interesting area in the industrial park that wasfull of the Pacific northwestern race of Spiranthes romanzoffiana . This race is larger and very showy,especially in the quantities that there were along thedamp roadside ditches. The differences may be the


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result of growing in close proximity to the water. Oneplant had more bracts and no open flowers. Its flowerportion was like the bract form of the Dactylorhiza wesaw in Alaska.

The Olympic Peninsula conference took us for ajourney from Maine to Washington State through partsof Canada. Of course we traveled with our orchidloving dogs, the same Pomeranians mentioned earlier.By traveling by automobile we were able to take thedogs as well as seeing the entire northern roadwaysacross the United States and parts of Canada. It wassomething that we wanted to do and but for theconference would probably never have attempted to do.

Another factor was that friends of ours, the Castors, were going to travel from Connecticut to theconference. They inspired us to attempt the trip.

I will close with a list of all the orchids and wildlife we saw on this trip. The ones with the asterisks we saw in the Olympics, the others, on the trip to orfrom Washington.

*Platanthera stricta

*Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys , and var.albiflora * Platanthera aquilonis *Platanthera creamy green hybrid*Piperia elegans *Piperia unalascensis *Piperia transversa *Piperia candida


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*Piperia elongata *Corallorhiza mertensiana *Corallorhiza maculata *Corallorhiza striata *Listera cordata var. nephrophylla *Listera cordata var. cordata red and green forms *Listera caurina Spiranthes porrifolia *Spiranthes romanzoffiana Spiranthes romanzoffiana Pacific Northwest coastalrace Listera borealis * A creamy yellow & white Piperia Epipactis helleborine

*Epipactis gigantea *Goodyera oblongifolia Cypripedium montanum Platanthera obtusata Platanthera orbiculata Calypso bulbosa in fruit Platanthera chorisiana (Lake Elizabeth)

We also saw *black tailed deer, and a*nutria in the Olympic Parks and on the way there or

back we saw a herd of American bison, a town of prairiedogs, a family of mountain goats, elderly ones, parentsand grandchildren feeding by the roadside, prong-horned antelope also by the roadside, a coyote, a fox, ayellow headed blackbird, a red shafted flicker, inland

white pelicans with black wingtips, evening grosbeaks, American bald eagles, LeConte's sparrow, a lesserprairie chicken, and a variety of hawks. We also saw


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hundreds of butterflies and moths, large swarms of horse flies on the upper reaches of the mountains and apollinator that a spider had captured on a Piperia unalascensis .

Each conference brings its own memories butthe one in the Olympics probably will be very hard totop.

The Slow Empiricist


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A SUMMARY OF THE 5TH ANNUALNORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID

CONFERENCEPort Angeles, Washington

July 16-20, 2000

Scott Stewart

Port Angeles, Washington, was the perfect setting for the 5 th Annual North American Native Orchid Conference .Nestled between the Pacific Ocean and beautifulOlympic National Park, the city provided an idealbackdrop for the mixing both orchid hobbyists andprofessionals. This coming together of amateurs andprofessionals was the emphasis of Lawrence Zettlersopening remarks. He stressed, that as a scientist, hesees the need for amateur orchid enthusiasts and

professional orchid researchers to work together topreserve our orchids and their habitats.

Following a brief opening to the conference, PaulMartin Brown presented a collage titled Orchids

Throughout North America. The presentation wastruly a potpourri of orchids from across North America,demonstrating the diversity present in our native

Stewart : SUMMARY OF 5TH CONFERENCE


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orchids. Along the trip, Paul brought back somememories of past conferences and showed the audienceof about 54 people many beautiful specimens, ranging from the almost common to the very rare.

After a short break in the action, I presented AnUpdate on the Symbiotic Germination of the Federally-threatened Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley, and Notes on theGermination of Three Habenaria Species from Florida.

This presentation was aimed at simplifying the technicalprocess used by orchid researchers to propagate andcultivate orchids from seed in the laboratory. Todemonstrate this process, I gave a summary of current

studies at The Illinois College, which are directed atpropagating four native North American orchids using the symbiotic technique. In addition to explaining theprocess used, I explored mycorrhizal fungi and theiruses in symbiotic germination.

The next presentation was by Cliff Pelchat, whospoke about Spiranthes parksii in Texas. Cliff presented abrief historical overview of the Post Oak Savanna,

where S. parksii is commonly found and a description of

the orchids habitat, naturally disturbed drainage areas.He also discussed the limited distribution of S. parksii throughout 12 counties in Texas. Cliff then concludedhis talk with the morphology of the orchid, pointing outthat S. parksii is leafless when flowering and is vegetativeotherwise. An engineer by trade, Cliff has beeninterested in native orchids for about seven years. Henow lives in Houston, Texas, but is originally from



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since 1996 and is currently president of the ManitobaOrchid Society.

The last speaker for the first day of the 2000conference was Ron Coleman, presenting Arizona andNew Mexico: Crossroads for Native Orchids, where heshowed several beautiful slides demonstrating the

variety of orchids throughout Arizona and New Mexico.He also discussed the unique range limits for themajority of these orchids: Mexico to the south and theRocky Mountains to the north. This presentationcovered common and endangered orchids, with anemphasis on differentiating between color forms formany native orchids in these two states. Ron has been

studying wild orchids for nearly 30 years and is currently associated with the University of Arizona as a Visiting Scholar. He is also the author of The Wild Orchids of California , and most recently, The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico, which is scheduled to be publishedsoon.

The second day of the North American Native Orchid Conference began with a presentation by KathleenDonham, A Wasp, a Fly, and a Rare Orchid: The

Unlikely Relationship: Cypripedium fasciculatum . Thistalk presented the current findings of a pollinator study being conducted on C. fasciculatum in conjunction withCarol Ferguson of South Oregon University. Kathleendiscussed the teams efforts at defining the pollinatorfor this orchid and efforts to develop a phonologicalsystem for flower development. Their efforts to find apollinator of C. fasciculatum have to the discovery that a



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parasitic wasp (obligate parasite on a fungus gnat) is theprobable pollinator of this orchid. Further study of thispollinator and efforts to relate flower development andinsect activity are ongoing. Kathleen, who has a strong entomology background, is the volunteer researchassistant under the direction of Dr. Carol Ferguson.

Next, Dietrich and Ursula Rueckbrodt presented,European Orchids With an Overview of the GenusOphrys , the Bee Orchids. The highlight of thispresentation was certainly the genus Ophrys , but the 10other genera covered in the talk were just as amazing.Besides Ophrys , Ursula discussed the genera Orchis ,Dacrylorhiza , Barlia , Himantoglossum , Comperia , Nigritella ,

Epipogium , Neottia , Cephalanthera , and Serapias . Along with adequate background on each photographicspecimen, habitat descriptions and distribution ranges

were provided. This was certainly an all-encompassing presentation on the European genera of orchids.Dietrich and Ursula have been interested in the nativeorchids of Europe, especially Germany, since 1962.

The two have described one new species from Turkey and rediscovered several lost species, and continue totravel the world photographing terrestrial orchids.

The last official presentation was from Joe Liggioon The Genus Hexalectris in North America Texas.

Joes presentation discussed the general habitat, thedistribution, and some possible pollinators for thisgenus. Most captivating was the strange beauty of thisparasitic orchid genus and its variation between somerestricted and non-restricted species within the genus



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Hexalectris . Joe has his M.S. in environmental biology and, with Ann Orto Liggio is the author of The Wild Orchids of Texas , which was sold and autographed at theconference.

Upon the conclusion of the invited speakerspresentations, Dennis Malueg gave a memberspresentation on the orchids of the Great Lakes region.His slide show was a mix of native terrestrial orchidsfrom across the Great Lakes region, both rare and fairly common. The highlight of Dennis presentation wascertainly his wonderful photographs of the orchids.

Lawrence Zettler was awarded the Conservation

and Education Award for his work with native orchidsand his willingness to share the information gainedthrough his work with the public. Lawrence is an

Assistant Professor at The Illinois College in Jacksonville, IL. He has worked at propagating nativeterrestrial orchids for the past 11 years.

Field Trips

The field trips accompanying this yearsconference gave attending members the opportunity tosee the strange beauty of the Olympic National Parksorchids. One trip included a jaunt to a beautiful sub-alpine prairie for a unique array of northwest

wildflowers including an interesting alpine onion ( Allium flagelatum .) and several species of the beautiful Indian



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Paintbrush ( Castilleja spp.) and Corallorhiza mertensiana (including a striking white and yellow form!).

Another field trip to Hurricane Ridge in theOlympic National Park demonstrated the effects of

weather exposure on orchids. Here we saw severalPiperia unalascensis , all dwarfed by their alpine exposure.

Along the road to Hurricane Ridge were several speciesof Corallorhiza and ditches full of Platanthera species andlower down Piperia candida and P. elongata as well as moreP. unalascensis .

The full day trip to Sol Duc Hot Springs, EastBeach, and Elwha Road offered a multitude of native

orchids. At Sol Duc we encountered the beautifulListera caurina and Corallorhiza mertensiana along with thebreathtaking Sol Duc Falls. East Beach presented theinteresting Epipactis gigantea , while a cleared wood lotalong Elwha Road contained several species of Corallorhiza , Piperia , Platanthera , and Goodyera .

Topping off this years conference was a field tripto wonderful Lake Elizabeth. This interesting glacier-fed 5-acre lake is surrounded by thriving marshes where

the Platanthera aquilonis/dilatata complex grows. Anothertreat of this field trip was seeing the surprisingly diminutive Platanthera chorisiana growing sparsely in thishabitat. A few Listera species and other Platanthera species were spread along the trail leading to the marshy areas.



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Acknowledgements I am grateful to Paul Martin Brown for allowing me toparticipate in the conference. I also thank Lawrence Zettler (The IllinoisCollege) and Michelle Stewart for their helpful critiques.

Scott Stewart is a senior undergraduate student at The Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL, majoring in biology and chemistry. He has been interested

in native orchids and their mycorrhizae for two years and plans to attend graduate school in botany or mycology to continue work on North American native orchids.



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Platanthera chorisiana seen at Lake Elizabeth field trip on July

20, 2000



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SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF

THE FEDERALY THREATENEDEASTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHID,PLATANTHERA LEUCOPHAEA

(NUTTALL) LINDLEY, AND THREEHABENARIA SPECIES FROM FLORIDA

Scott Stewart

In recent years, orchid habitats in populated

states, such as Illinois and Florida, have been destroyedby development (Bowles, 1983; 1999). This hasprompted efforts in habitat restoration by conservationists, and more recently, commercialdevelopers have been required by law. For any of theseefforts to be successful, one must understand the bioticcomponents (e.g., vascular plants, pollinators, fungi,algae, etc.) of the habitats and their ecologicalinteractions.

One component involves the interaction of plants with soil fungi (mycorrhizae). Mycorrhizal fungiare associated with the roots of the more than 90% of

vascular plants in a mutual symbiosis. When orchidsform mycorrhizal associations, they consume theirmycorrhizal fungi as a food source in a parasitic manner

Stewart : SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION


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symbiotic technique and even less about orchids ingeneral-in fact, I was an English major wanting toattend law school at the time-but Dr. Zettler feltinclined to include me in this study. Now, more than ayear later, we have successfully germinated seeds of thespecies and are currently refining the technique used toobtain leaf-bearing seedlings.

My first experiment with this orchid was, inretrospect, very simple. I was given two mycorrhizalfungus cultures, seeds of Platanthera leucophaea from twosmall populations in northern Illinois, and told to sow the seeds using the symbiotic technique described by Dixon (1987). Briefly, 25-300 seeds were placed on the

surface of a 1 x 4 cm filter paper strip (Whatman No.4) with a wire inoculation loop, in a 9 cm diameter Petriplate containing 20 ml modified oats medium: 2.5 g rolled oats, 7.0 g agar per liter of DI water (Zettler andHofer, 1998). For months, nothing happened. I wouldleave the lab each day completely frustrated because theseeds of this Federally threatened orchid were failed togerminate. Any excitement I had about conducting undergraduate research or working with P. leucophaea quickly passed as the fungus cultures I used for the

experiment overran the seeds, killing them in theprocess. Experiment number one was a failure, but wedid learn a great deal from our shortcomings.



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Fig. 1Platanthera leucophaea

eastern prairie fringed orchis



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Almost as soon as my first experiment with Platanthera leucophaea was complete, I was planning the secondphase of the experiment-I was detennined at this point.For the second experiment, Dr. Zettler allowed me toplan and conduct the procedure on my own. This was ahuge step for me, since I still had very little researchexperience. The second experiment was designedaround the idea that P. Iellcophaea seeds needed aphysical stripping of the seed coat (=scarification).Seeds of the eastern prairie fringed orchid were to besoaked in a surface sterilization mixture containing absolute ethanol: 5.25% NaOCI (Chlorox~: DI water(1:1:1 v/v/v) for three different scarification times of 30 min., 1 hr., and 2 hrs. These varying times were to

strip either the seed coat and/or the lipid layer off theseeds, ideally increasing the percent of seed germination.Once again, the seeds were sown using the symbiotictechnique outlined by Dixon (1987) and allowed toincubate for several months. After three months of checking for gennination and seeing nothing,gennination of P. Iellcophaea was finally achieved.However, this excitement faded as well as I began tocollect gennination data and calculate percentgennination for the experiment; the gennination

numbers were very low compared to other Platanthera species and not what we had desired. As Dr. Zettler andI realized that there must be another method to increasethe percent gennination of this orchid, phase three of the P. Iellcophaea project was underway.

Phase three of this project was to incorporate atechnique suggested to us by Marlin Bowles and Karel



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Jacobs of The Morton Arboretum. This techniquecalled for seeds of Platanthera leucophaea to be soaked in

vials containing sterile DI water at 6 + 2 C indarkness for an extended period of time(=stratification). This procedure "fools" the seeds into a

wintering mode, which is believed to help increasegermination following this wintering time. As before,seeds were sown using the symbiotic method andallowed to incubate in darkness. After one month, somepreliminary germination was evident, and every day afterthe one month that I checked the Petri plates, moredevelopment was evident. Once data collection wascomplete and I had calculated the final germinationpercentages, a drastic increase in germination rates

became obvious (scarification max. =4.3%; stratificationmax. =67.4%). A seemingly reliable method of P.leucophaea symbiotic seed germination had been found. Aproblem existed though; while the germinationpercentages for the scarification experiment wereconsistently low, the percentages for stratification were

variable (high = 67.4%; 10w=O.Oo/0). A consistentmethod of symbiotic germination was desirable order toobtain leaf-bearing seedlings. This is where the P.leucophaea project currently stands.

Now that we know that prolonged exposure toboth moisture and cold prompts germination in P.leucophaea,efforts are being directed at refining the cold/moist stratification method in hopes of raising thepercent germination. If these attempts are successful,

we anticipate that leaf-bearing seedlings will be moved



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from in vitrolaboratory conditions to ex vitropreservedor restored prairie habitats.

Habenaria repens Nuttall, H. macroceratitis (Willdenow) Luer, H. quinqueseta (Michaux) A.Eaton

While working with Platanthera leucophaea,I wasalso presented with an opportunity to work with asecond related genus became available. Paul MartinBrown contacted Dr. Zettler about collecting rootsamples for mycorrhizal fungi isolation and seeds fromthe genus Habenaria native to Florida. Dr. Zettler saw this as an opportunity to not only expand the range of

the ongoing orchid research into subtropical and aquaticorchids, but also as a chance for me to work with aleading authority on Florida orchids. Of course, Iquickly accepted the offer to travel to Florida toconduct fieldwork with Paul Martin Brown, armed withthe knowledge I had gained from working with P.leucophaea.

The emphasis of this study was to incorporate asmany Florida native Habenaria species as possible. Three

seed sources were chosen from the four collected whileI was in Florida: Habenaria repens,H. macroceratitis and H.quinqueseta.Dr. Zettler and I both felt that H. repens should be a focus of this study; not only is this orchidone of the only North American aquatic orchids, but itsnative habitat, the Florida wetlands, are facing thecontinued threat of destruction for commercial gain.



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Four unique mycorrhizal fungal isolates were alsoincorporated into this study. All four cultures wereisolated from the root-like organs of native Floridaorchids, three terrestrial (H. quinqueseta,H. macroceratitis and Spiranthes brevilabris)and one epiphytic (Epidendrum conopseum). These fungi were used in conjunction withthe three seed sources using the standard symbiotic seedgermination technique described previously.

Throughout working with these Habenaria, Dr.Zettler continued to inform me that Florida orchids

were like nothing I had seen to this point. Compared tonorthern orchids, the Florida orchids should grow like

weeds. Of course, having only experience with the

temperate northern orchids, I doubted this could betrue and began planning phase two of the Habenaria study in preparation for the failure of the firstexperiment. My planning of phase two for this study

was quickly halted, however. After only three weeks of incubation, germination of all three species hadoccurred. Germination after three weeks in any orchid isnot uncommon, but unlike my previous attempts withP. leucophaea,these Habenaria species had very highgermination percentages after the three-week incubation

period. Not only were the high numbers impressive, butalso so was the rapid development to the leafbearing stage. These Florida orchids were like nothing I hadseen at that point.



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All three species (Habenaria repens,H. macroceratitis,H. quinqueseta)had germinated to some extent, but what

was most astounding was the rapid development of H.repens seedlings (Fig. 2). Habenaria macroceratitis and H.quinqueseta had germinated at a maximum 50.8% and18.10/0, respectively. While these percentages are good,outweighing any P. leucophaea germination percentage by far, the most impressive aspect of this study was thegermination, development, and establishment on soil of 72 apparently mycotrophic, aquatic H. repens seedlings ex vitro in the Biology Department greenhouse. If thisgrowth continues, we expect these seedlings to flowertheir first year.

I had experienced germinating orchids before with P. leucophaea,but I had yet to achieve leaf-bearing seedlings. I enjoyed watching these H. repens seedsgerminate with fungi, develop to leaf-bearing seedlingsin vitroand then survive in the greenhouse ex vitro(Fig.3). Besides the accomplishment of moving theseseedlings outside a sterile environment, the route thatproduced these seedlings warrants attention. While thestudy utilized two fungal isolates from the genusHabenaria,along with two from other orchids, the leaf-

bearing seedlings of H. repens were not achieved using either isolate from the Habenaria. Two isolates, onefrom Spiranthes brevilabris and one from Epidendrum conopseum,established these seedlings on soil at very rapid rate (83 days). This surprised both Dr. Zettler andmyself; mycorrhizal fungi from one terrestrial and oneepiphyte had germinated and developed an aquaticorchid in 83 days.



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This symbiotic seed germination study demonstrated several points. This is the first report of the germination of any Florida Habenaria and of a nativeNorth American aquatic orchid using symbiotictechniques. As with P. leucophaea,several other terrestrialorchids, and now the genus Habenaria native to Florida,symbiotic seed germination further demonstrates itsusefulness as a practical means of terrestrial orchidpropagation. The symbiotic germination of H. repens

with two fungal isolates from S. brevilabris and E.conopseum demonstrates non-specificity for mycorrhizaein this species. This ability to utilize a broad range of mycorrhizal symbionts could explain the widegeographical distribution of H. repens. Finally, the

information gained from this study can conceivably beused in conservation, preservation, and restorationefforts in wetland orchid habitats.

While our native orchids across the country facecontinuing threats from habitat destruction efforts areunderway to protect and restore the existing habitats.One key to this effort is the understanding of the orchidlife cycle and the role that mycorrhizal fungi play during seed germination and seedling development. With this

knowledge, some of our beautiful native orchids may benot only saved and protected, but also introduced intorestored habitats for future generations to enjoy.

Acknowledgements



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I am grateful to Paul Martin Brown (University of Florida) forallowing me to conduct fieldwork with him, and Marlin Bowles and Karel Jacobs (The Morton Arboretum) for supplying seedsof Platanthera leucophaea and helpful suggestions. Thanks areextended to Hillary Hudgens and Jagila Minso (The Illinois

College) for technical assistance during both studies, to Dr.Elizabeth Rellinger (The Illinois College) and Michelle Stewartfor their helpful critiques of this paper, and to Dr. LawrenceZettler (The Illinois College) for his editorial comments and hismotivation. Kind thanks are extended to The Illinois Collegeadministration and Dr. Elaine Chapman (The Illinois CollegeBiology Department) for financial assistance and support.

References Anderson, A. B. 1991. Symbiotic and asymbiotic germination and

growth of Spiranthes magnicamporum (Orchidaceae).Li ndl e yana,6(4): 183-186.

_____. 1996. The reintroduction of Platanthera cilia ri s in Canada. In: C. Allen (Ed.), Proceedings of the North AmericanNative Terr estrial Orchid-Propagation and Production Conference National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., pp.73-76.

Arditti, J. 1966. Orchids. Scientific American, 214: 70-78. Bowles,M. L. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchidsPlatanthera leucophaea and Cypri pedium candidum. Nat. Areas J., 3(4): 1437.

_____. 1999. Eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea)Federal recovery plan. Dept. of the Interior,u. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Clements, M. A. 1989. Orchid mycorrhizal associations.Li ndleyana,3: 73-86.

_____ , and R. K Ellyard. 1979. The symbiotic germination of Australian terrestrial orchids. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 48: 810-816.

_____, H. Muir, and P. J. Cribb. 1986. A preliminary report onthe symbiotic germination of European terrestrialorchids. Kew Bull.,41: 437-445.



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Dixon, K 1987. Raising terrestrial orchids from seed. In: W. K Harris (Ed.), Modem Orchid Growing for Pleasure and Profit. Orchid Club of S. Australia, Inc. Adelaide, S.

Australia, pp. 47-100.Rasmussen, H. N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids From Seed to

Mycotrophic Plant, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, U.K Zettler, L. W. and T. M. McInnis, Jr. 1992. Propagation of

Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer, and endangeredterrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination.L indleyana 7: 154-161.

_____. 1997a. Orchid-fungal symbiosis and its value in conservation. Mc I l v ani e a 13: 40-45.1997b. Terrestrial orchid conservation by symbioticseed germination: Techniques and perspectives. Selbyana.18(2): 188-194.

_____. and C. J. Hofer. 1998. Propagation of the little clubspur orchid (Platanthera clavellata)by symbiotic seedgermination, and its ecological implications. Env. Exper.Bot.,39(3): 189-195.



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ORCHIDS AT A RANGE LIMIT IN

ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICORonald A. Coleman

The orchid flora in the southwestern UnitedStates is amazingly diverse. Arizona boasts of twenty-sixnaturally occurring orchids in thirteen genera, and New Mexico has twenty-eight species in thirteen genera.Most species are in both states, but the combinedorchid flora consists of 35 species in fourteen genera.

Arizona has seven species and one genus not in New Mexico, and New Mexico has eight species and onegenus not in Arizona.

The southwestern states of Arizona and New Mexico are known for their spectacular beauty and the

variety of their landscapes. The Grand Canyon andCarlsbad Caverns are here, as are the northern end of the Sonoran Desert, and the southern terminus of theRocky Mountains. Less known, but equally impressive isthe floral diversity of the southwest. This regioninterests students of North American native orchidsbecause of its confluence of habitats and its rare andunusual plants. Think of Arizona and New Mexico as agreat floral crossroad, with major influences converging from north and south. The northern influence comes

via the Rocky Mountains. Even though the Rocky

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Mountains end in New Mexico, their floral signatureextends into Arizona. A distribution map of some of our native orchids would show them in the extremenorthern parts of the United States and in Canada,flowing south along the Rocky Mountains, and fanning out from the southern terminus of the Rocky Mountains into adjacent parts of New Mexico and

Arizona.

Equally important for our orchid flora and theproximity of Mexico and the abundance of plants moretypical of the Mexican Sierra Madres and regions of Mexico even farther south. Because part of our flora iscommon with adjacent Mexico, we have several orchids

that occur in Arizona, New Mexico, and a small cornerof Texas, but nowhere else in the United States.

Although the major influences on our orchid floraare from the north and south, to a lesser extent theCalifornia floristic province and the eastern UnitedStates are represented here. Most of our orchids aremore common elsewhere, but Arizona has oneendemic orchid, and one near endemic, known only from the Four Corners Region.

Because this region is somewhat of an orchidmelting pot, of the thirty-five native orchids, twenty-nine, or an amazing eighty-three percent, including the one endemic, are at a limit of their range, asshown in Table 1. Nine are at their northern limit,



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fir, pine and aspen forest, often within sight of melting snow banks. The flowers are so dainty that even along

well traveled trails they are overlooked by most hikers.

Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens,the large yellow ladys-slipper, is at its southwestern limit here.Fewer than 50 plants remain in Arizona, but it is farmore plentiful in New Mexico. The yellow ladys slipperhas the largest flower of our wild orchids. At nearly 4inches, the flower alone is larger than the entire plant of some of its more diminutive brethren.

The frog orchid, Coeloglossum viride,is at its western limit in the White Mountains of Arizona, but

occurs in many places in New Mexico. Coeloglossum viride is the orchid with the fewest known occurrences in Arizona, and may be only an occasional visitor. It hasthe strange habit of blooming, and then disappearing for several years. Each of the thirty or more flowers onthe stem is a delight, with shades of green, yellow, andpink. It takes a leap of imagination, but if you try, youcan visualize a frog in the flower, with the lip forming its out-stretched legs, and the rest of the flower theother body parts.

Several of the orchids that reach their northernlimits in Arizona are very dependent on our summermonsoon rainy season. They dont even appear aboveground until after the summer rains begin. Most of these monsoon orchids are known in the United Statesonly from Arizona and New Mexico and a few isolatedspots in Texas.



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The largest of the monsoon orchids isStenorrhynchos michuacanum , named for the Mexican Stateof Michoacan where it was first discovered. Within a

week or so of the first summer rains, several broadshiny leaves will appear at the drip line of the junipers asthe orchids emerge from dormancy. As the rainy seasonmatures, perhaps one out of every twenty plants willsend up a flower spike. When the rains end, the leavesfade and wither away, but the few flower spikes thatsurvive foraging by deer and predation by insectscontinue to grow until early fall. Then, nearly totally camouflaged by the drying grasses that surround it, S.michuacanum opens its tubular flowers. Each of the ten to

twenty flowers is green with green stripes, and nearly one-half inch across.

The monsoon orchids include four members inthe genus Malaxis , and all of them reach their northernlimits in Arizona or New Mexico. Within the UnitedStates, three of these Malaxis are also in either Texas orNew Mexico, but M. corymbosa , the Madrean addersmouth, grows only in Arizona. This tiny plant, whichgrows in damp places along streams and in mossy

outcrops on canyon and hillsides, is one of the belly orchids. To see the flower in detail you must beprepared to plop down on your belly and use a handlens. The entire plant fits within the outline of a singleflower of the yellow ladys slipper, and each of the thirty or more flowers arrayed in an umbrella-like spray is only about 3/16 long. The other three Malaxis here are M.soulei, M. tenuis and M. porphyrea.



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Another of the belly orchids is the intriguing Schiedeella arizonica,formally calledS. parasitica , the fallenladies'-tresses. This is one of the first orchids of spring. In late April to early May a slender leaflessflower spike, barely 4 tall emerges from the pine litter.

The absence of leaves led the discovers to assume theorchid was a parasite, living off some other plant. Many years later botanists realized that the orchid did produceleaves, but they did not appear until the start of themonsoons, and withered in the late fall. The creamy

white flowers, highlighted with hints of rose, have a redspot in the center of the lip.

Hexalectris means something like six crests, inreference to the raised ridges running down the centerof the lip. All four Hexalectris in this region are at a rangelimit here. Two of our Hexalectris are very rare, not only in Arizona, but also across their entire range. TheTexas purple spike, H. warnockii , has been found inonly a few isolated oak lined canyon bottoms in three of

Arizonas southeastern mountain ranges. It is also foundin Texas and Mexico, but Arizona is its northwesternlimit. A frail, purple stem emerges from the oak litter

duff about two weeks after the monsoons start, and thebuds open from mid-August to early September. Thebract protecting each of the four or five flowers is thesame shade of purple as the stem, and so are the sepalsand petals. The lip is mostly white except for seven

wavy yellow ridges that terminate in a large purple dot atthe tip.



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Hexalectris revoluta grows in the same habitat as H.warnockii , but the two have never been found together in

Arizona. It also grows in Texas and Mexico, and is at its western limit here. Hexalectris revoluta is a recent additionto Arizonas flora. The first plants were not discoveredhere until the 1980s, and it was not correctly identifieduntil the late 1990s. The flower is instantly recognizablebecause of the revolute nature of the sepals and petals.

The tips curl backwards more than 360 degrees,forming a complete circle.

Hexalectris nitida is at its northwestern range limitin southern New Mexico, where it has been observedonly once. Both H. spicata var. spicata and H. spicata var.

arizonica are at their western limits here.Platanthera zothecina , the alcove orchid, occurs

only in the states of the four corners region, and reachesits southern limit in Arizona. Platanthera zothecina wasonly recently described, and its total distribution is notknown; it has not yet been documented in New Mexicofor example, although it has been found in Arizona,Colorado, and Utah. Its most distinctive feature is thelength of its spur-like nectary in relationship to the

length of the lip. The spur is more than one and one-half times as long as the lip, and its length suggestspollination by a moth or butterfly. Platanthera

purpurascens, P. huronensis and P. aquilonis are at theirsouthern limits here, and P. limosa and P. brevifolia are atnorthern limits.



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Spiranthes delitescens,the lone orchid endemic to Arizona, is listed as a Federally endangered plant.Known as the Canelo ladies tresses , it occurs only in fourlocations in Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties. It lives inpermanently wet meadows or cienegas, an ecologicalniche rapidly disappearing from the southwest. Likemany terrestrial orchids, S. delitescens is a fickle bloomer,

with hundreds blooming one year, and only a handfulthe next.

Habitat requirements and distribution patterns suggestseveral other orchids may eventually be added to theflora of Arizona and New Mexico, because their rangelimits are relatively close. Platanthera dilatata should belooked for in northern Arizona and New Mexico insuitable habitats near the Colorado, Utah and Nevadaborders. Spiranthes diluvialis is in Utah, and may havefollowed waterways into northern Arizona. Platanthera obtusata grows in Colorado within ten miles of New Mexico, and should be sought at high elevations in thenorthern part of the state. The beautiful Dichromanthus cinnabarinus grows in the Chisos Mountains of west

Texas, and identical habitat exists in Arizona and New Mexico. Any of these orchids would be a delightfuladdition to this part of the southwest, and would be at arange limit in these states.Note: Some of this material was excerpted from the Authors The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico, now in press.

Ronald A. Coleman , 11520 E. Calle Del Valle, Tucson, AZ [email protected]



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ABOUT SOME EUROPEAN GENERA

Dietrich & Ursula Rueckbrodt

Dear friends of native orchids, I am glad to talk to you about European native orchids. Many thanks toPaul Martin Brown, that this is possible today. When

we, my husband and I, came to North America for thefirst time, we were surprised to see so many orchidspecies and also some orchid genera, which were new tous. I think it would be the same, if you will come to

Europe. So I have selected only some characteristicgenera with their characteristic species.North AmericaComparing North America and EuropeNorth America with about 25 million km 2 and 240million inhabitants.

Europe Europe with about 10 million km 2 and 567 million

inhabitantsNorth America is covering 2 times the area of Europebut has less then the half of the people of Europe. Bothmaps are showing the continents in the same scale.

Now to the native orchids of Europe. The orchidfamily got its name from the genus Orchis , and I begin


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with this genus. Orchis is a Greek word and meanstesticle because of the 2 ovoid tubers.Orchis militaris L.

The type specimen of the genus Orchis is Orchis militaris -

so I am showing you this species first. Orchis militaris means Military Orchid. Both sepals and petals areforming a helmet - therefore the name. It occurs inMiddle Europe in calcareous grasslands. The plant isabout 25-45 cm high. There are 3-6 broad lanceolateleaves near the base. The lip looks a little like a person

with arms and legs. The helmet is greyish pink withpurple veins inside. The lip is white in the middle withreddish tufts of hair, the ends of the lobes are light todeep pink, the inflorescence with 10-40 flowers. Theflowers are opening from bottom to top. Flowering season is April in the South to June in the North.

Orchis simia L AM. Very closely related to the Military Orchid is theMonkey Orchid - Orchis simia . It is a little bit smaller andthe terminal flowers open first - from top to bottom.

The sepals are long-acuminate and the lobes of the lipare linear and narrower than the ones of the Military Orchid. The flowering period of both species is the

same - April to June.Orchis purpurea HUDS.

The Lady Orchis - Orchis purpurea is the tallest species of this group. It can grow up to 80 cm (about 32 inches).

The flowers are forming a dense inflorescence. Thehelmets are brownish purple outside. The lip is whitishor pale rose with tufts of reddish purple papillae, the


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in the western part of the Mediterranean area; theHeroic Butterfly Orchid with stripes of dots on the lip.Orchis langei K. R ICHTER Dactylorhiza praetermissa (DRUCE) SO In the past both species belong to the genus Orchis .

They have some different characteristics and there areno hybrids proved by science. Orchis has smallmembranous bracts, as you see on the left andundivided ovoid tubers; Dactylorhiza - on the right - haslarger herbaceous bracts and divided tubers. At aninternational congress So - professor in Hungary -proposed to put these plants to the genus Dactylorchis ,but shortly after this he made many new combinationsin Dactylorhiza .

Dactylorhiza baltica (K LINGE) ORLOVA Here the comparison of the tubers: undivided ovoid inthe genus Orchis , divided in the genus Dactylorhiza. Thelatter comes from the Greek wordsfinger (dachtilo) root (risa)On the right you see Dactylorhiza baltica, a nice groupin the Baltic state of Estonia.Dactylorhiza elata (POIR .) SO

Dactylorhiza ericetorum (LINTON ) A VER . The genus Dactylorhiza is a very difficult and confusing genus. In addition the different species hybridize very easily. In some meadows it is difficult to find aspecimen of the pure species - nearly all plants arehybrids. Here are 2 extremes: Dactylorhiza elata , the TallMarsh Orchid. The other a very tiny plant from westernIreland near the coast: Dactylorhiza ericetorum , the Heath


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Spotted Orchid with only 4 cm in height, less than 2inches.Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) SO

This is the Spotted Orchid from Scandinavia

right: the spike from a plant from Germany.Dactylorhiza purpurella (STEPH .) SO Dactylorhiza coccinea (PUGSL.) A VER . Now 2 different species from Ireland:

The Northern Marsh Orchid with rich reddish-purpleflowers and the Dune Early Marsh Orchid with brick-red flowers.

Dactylorhiza foliosa (V ERM.) SO) On the small island of Madeira in the Atlantic Oceanthere is Dactylorhiza foliosa . It is a very beautiful species.In the garden of the ranger station about 800 m (2600feet) over sea-level we took the photo on the left. Thephoto on the right shows the spike of a single plant.

Dactylorhiza praetermissa (DRUCE) SO These 2 photos we have taken in Great Britain inSouthern Wales. This species is called the SouthernMarsh Orchid, that means southern Great Britain.Dactylorhiza cordigera (FRIES) SO

The Heart-Shaped Orchid grows in Greece and Yugoslavia. The leaves are broad with dark spots, the lipis very broad heart-shaped.

Dactylorhiza romana (SEBAST.) SO Within the genus Dactylorhiza there is an interesting group of species that occur in 2 various colors - inyellow and in red - both growing together. This is the


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Roman Orchid, named after the Roman state. The leftphoto we made in Sicily the large island in southernItaly. The right photo shows a plant in Turkey.Sometimes such intermediate flowers appear in apopulation.Barlia metlesicsiana TESCHNER Beside the 2 genera Orchis and Dactylorhiza there aresome genera that are closely related to them. To thegenus Barlia belong only 2 species. Here I show youBarlia metlesicsiana . This very colorful species is only known from the Canary island Tenerife. The other isBarlia robertiana and not so colorful, but it is wide spreadin the Mediterranean area. Both are very robust plants

with a dense spike. The lip is distinctly 3-lobed and thelateral lobes are crinkled at their outer edges.Himantoglossum caprinum (BIEB.) SPRENG.

The genus Himantoglossum has very characteristicflowers. Sepals and petals are forming a hood, the lip is3-lobed with a very elongated middle lobe that isdivided at its end. The English name is Lizard Orchid.

The Latin name comes from the Greek words ( hiemas ) =strap and the Greek word ( glossa ) = tongue.

Himantoglossum formosum (STEV .) K OCH This Himantoglossum is the Beautiful Lizard Orchid. TheLatin word formosus means beautiful. This species is very rare. It is only known from the southeastern part of theCaucasus. Until 1994 no photo of this species existed orhad been published. Finally in 1994 we rediscovered thisspecies in Azerbaidjan

Comperia comperiana (STEV .) A SCHERS. &GRAEB.


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Comperia is a monotypic genus. The flowers are one of the important characteristics of this orchid of theeastern part of the Mediterranean area. It cannot beconfused with any other Mediterranean orchid. Thesepals are fused into a hood, only their tips are free. Thelip is 3-lobed and the middle lobe is split into 2 very long segments up to 8 cm or more, (more than 3inches).

Nigritella nigra (L.) R CHB. fil. Now we are going from the Mediterranean area to themountainous region of Europe. Nigritella means LittleBlack. This species mostly has a black-red sphericalspike. Sometimes the color changes to red or yellowish-red. The flowers are not resupinated, so the lip pointsupward. At its base the lip is more or less constricted.Nigritella stiriaca (R ECH.) TEPPN.&K LEIN Nigritella archiducis-joannis TEPPN .&K LEIN Here are 2 more different species of this genus.On the former the flowers are opened with a darkerbase becoming lighter at the top; on the latter theflowers are not opened. This is an apomictic species,and most species of this genus are apomictic. The aboveplants are growing in Austria.Nigritella runei [TEPPN .&K LEIN]Nigritella lithopolitanica R AVNIK

Nigritella runei with a very characteristic color grows inSweden, also an apomictic one.

Nigritella lithopolitanica is a very nice plant. In bud theflowers are pink and becoming nearly white when fully opened.


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rubra is widespread in Europe, but Cephalanthera kurdica only grows in southern Turkey, northern Iraq andnorthwestern Iran. Cephalanthera kurdica has a long many-flowered spike and only some short green leaves.

Serapias cordigera L.Serapis, the Egyptian god of fertility gave the name tothis genus and the ancient physician of Greek called anorchid Serapis . The plants look very strange. All sepalsand petals are forming a helmet. The flowers arecrowded at the top of the stem. The lip is divided in anepichil and a hypochil, which looks like a tongue. Thisspecies is found in southern Europe from Spain, Italy,Greece to only a few points in southwestern Turkey.Serapias neglecta DE NOT.

Another species of this genus is Serapias neglecta . It isusually a smaller plant, the flowers are lighter and thebracts are longer than these of Serapias cordigera . Thisspecies occurs in large colonies, but its distribution isrestricted to southern France, northern Italy, Corsica,Sardinia and southwestern Yugoslavia. It grows usually near the coast.Ophrys Now the last genus of European orchids I will show you. It is one of the most interesting and most strangeones of the family of Orchidaceae. The map shows thedistribution of the genus. In Scandinavia there is foundonly one species. The greatest number of species and

varieties is found around the Mediterranean lands.Ophrys flowers are spectacular in close-up, but they areremarkably easy to overlook. At the right hand side you


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see our friend standing in a population of Ophrys plants. All the dark dots are Ophrys flowers.Ophrys insectifera L. Ophrys insectifera , in Great Britain called Fly Orchid, is

the type species of the genus Ophrys . This Ophrys speciesis widespread in Europe, also in the northern parts:Great Britain and Ireland, Norway and Sweden, throughthe Baltic States to Russia.

The members of the genus Ophrys are clearly separated from the other orchids of Europe. The nameOphrys was created by Plinus the Elder, who has written37 books with the title Naturalis historia (NaturalHistory). The name Ophrys means eyebrow, due to thebrown color of the lip. Mostly the lips look insect-like,not only to us but also to the males of insects, whichthink there is sitting a female of its species, and so it

wants to marry it. So the pollination happens.Ophrys lutea C AV .Ophrys ariadnae H. F. P AULUS Now 2 flowers of other Ophrys species: the Yellow Bee-orchid and a form of the Cretan Bee-orchid. Betweenthese 2 flowers there is a fundamental difference inpollination.Ophrys lutea C AV .Ophrys ariadnae H. F. P AULUS On the Yellow Bee-orchid the pollinator is sitting onthe lip with its back to the ovary and to the column. Thepolliniums will be fixed at the back of the insect. In this


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way the pollination happens at all species of the groupof Yellow Bee-orchid and the group of Dull Ophrys.On the lip at the right-hand side the insect is sitting withthe head to the ovary and to the column. So thepolliniums will be fixed at the head of the insect. At theback you see the copulation instrument of the insectgroping to the appendage. Each Ophrys species has itsown species of pollinator. The flowers produce a scentlike the females of this species. Also hairs, humps andbumps on the lip are essential as a stimulus.Ophrys attaviria R UECKBRODT& WENKER Ophrys phaseliana D. & U. R UECKBRODT Here are 2 other different species of the group of DullOphrys . We have discovered and described them. They are late flowering species. The left one we discovered onthe Greek island of Rhodes, the right one insouthwestern Turkey. The flowering season is end of

April to beginning of May. Other species of this groupare blooming already in January, some other in February or March. They are blooming just at the time when theirpollinator insects are coming out.Ophrys omegaifera H. FLEISCHM.Ophrys atlantica MUNBY

Two more species of this group.Left: Ophrys omegaifera from the eastern Mediterraneanregion from Greece and southern Turkey. The flowersare relatively large with about 1 inch in length. Thisspecies has its name from the Greek letter Omega,the last in the Greek alphabet.


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Ophrys atlantica from the western Mediterranean regionfrom northwestern Africa and southern Spain.Ophrys blitoperthoa H. F. P AULUS & C.G ACK Ophrys iricolor DESF.

This Yellow Bee-orchid is still stranger than the others -the pollinator is a beetle and not a bee. At the right yousee Ophrys iricolor , the Blue-colored or the Iris-coloredOphrys . The lip is about 1 inch long and its backside ismostly reddish.

Ophrys speculum LINK Ophrys regis-ferdinandii (R ENZ) BUTTLER

An other very strange looking bee-orchid is the mirrororchid, because the blue middle of the lip seems to be

a mirror. This mirror is surrounded with long purplebrown hairs. Very close related is Ophrys regis-ferdinandii ,so called in honor to King Ferdinad 1st of Bulgaria. Thesides of the lip are rolled vertically. The sepals are green

with brown strips. The petals are dark purple brown velvety and often curved backward.

Ophrys holoserica (BURM.) W. GREUTER Ophrys apifera HUDS.

These 2 species are looking very similar: at the left the

late spider-orchid Ophrys holoserica and at the right thebee-orchid Ophrys apifera . Both live in middle Europe,but they are rare. The flower at the left-hand side has anappendage, that is pointing forward. This plant needs aninsect for pollination. At the right-hand side theappendage is pointing backward. Only very, very seldomthe pollination will happen by an insect. In most casesthe pollinium is curving out of the bursicle and curving


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down to the stigmatic surface. So this species ispollinating itself.Ophrys bombyliflora LINK Ophrys schulzei BORNM. & H. FLEISCHM.

These 2 bee-orchids have nearly globose lips. At the left you see the Bumble Bee-orchid Ophrys bombyliflora . It is one of the smallest Ophrys specie inflower-shape and plant size. The lip is three-lobed andthe side-lobes are strongly deflected. The species at theright got is name in honor to the German botanist MaxSchulze and is called Ophrys schulzei . It is found from theeastern Mediterranean region to southwestern Iran.

Ophrys ferrum-equinum DESF.Ophrys aveyronensis (J. J. WOOD) DELFORGE Here you see 2 beautiful looking species: Ophrys ferrum- equinum - the Horse-shoe Orchid - growing from Greeceto western Turkey. The lip is velvety-purple with ahorse-shoe-like speculum. On the right you see Ophrys aveyronensis from southern France in the region of

Aveyron.

Ophrys cilicica SCHLTR .Ophrys reinholdii H. FLEISCHM.

The eastern part of the Mediterranean region seems tobe the center of evolution of the genus Ophrys . These 2species are growing in this region. Ophrys cilicica wasdescribed by SCHLECHTER in 1923 from a single driedplant. For a long time nobody knew, where this species

was growing and how it looks. Finally in 1972 we foundthese plants in southeastern Turkey. As no specialist


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could tell us what it might be, so we described it asOphrys kurdica . Some years later it was identified asOphrys cilicica . So we did not find a new species but haveonly rediscovered an old one.

At the right-hand side the species was named in honorto the medical practitioner Mr. Reinhold as Ophrys reinholdii . The colors of the sepals vary from pink, to

whitish-green or greenish-purple. The lip is three-lobed,the lateral lobes are strongly deflected. The color is

velvety dark blackish-purple with 2 white spots or whitesurrounded spots.

Ophrys tenthredinifera WILLD.

At the end of our talk we will show you one of the mostbeautiful and interesting species, Ophrys tenthredinifera orthe Sawfly Orchid. It is a great experience to find such anice group of plants. Every flower is a work of art of nature. The sepals are pink to white, just as the petals.

The lip is yellow to brown or to green colored. Themargins are very hairy, especially above the apicalappendage. There is a tuft of rather long hairs.

This was a short introduction in European andMediterranean orchids. We think it was interesting to

you, perhaps it was very strange. We hope that you arenot too confused and perhaps you are interested to seesome of these orchids by yourselves.

DIETRICH & URSULA RUECKBRODT EUROPARING 22 D-68623 LAMPERTHEIM [email protected]


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Wagner, Wagner & Brown : RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGEDORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA

Part 3. Ohio - Wyoming

217

complete list of cross-reference for the names will begiven as well as a summary by species. If a given speciesis not listed for a given state or province it means thatthe status has not been determined - and that for any

number of reasons. When available, the status withinthe state or province is given. Although abbreviationsare not always consistent the following usually arereliable: (may be preceded by a S for state)E = Endangered S1

T = Threatened S2R=Rare S3SC= Special Concern S3X= extirpatedH = historicalU = unknownFor precise definitions and current status readers areencouraged to contact the sources listed for each stateand province.

OHIOPatricia JonesData Services AdministratorDivision of Natural Areas & PreservesOhio Department of Natural Resources(614) [email protected]

Arethusa bulbosa - ECalopogon tuberosus - T


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Coeloglossum viride - ECorallorhiza maculata - PCorallorhiza trifida - ECorallorhiza wisteriana - T

Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum - ECypripedium calceolus var. pubescens -PCypripedium candidum - TCypripedium reginae - TGoodyera tesselata - X Hexalectris spicata - TIsotria medeoloides - E, FTListera cordata - X

Malaxis unifolia - PPlatanthera blephariglottis - EPlatanthera ciliaris - TPlatanthera flava - PPlatanthera grandiflora - X Platanthera hookeri - X Platanthera hyperborea - X Platanthera leucophaea - T, F TPlatanthera orbiculata - PPlatanthera psycodes - EPogonia ophioglossoides - T

Spiranthes lucida - PSpiranthes magnicamporum - PSpiranthes ovalis - PSpiranthes romanzoffiana - TTriphora trianthophora - T


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OKLAHOMA Platanthera leucophaea FTPlatanthera praeclara FTNO STATE-LISTED SPECIES

OREGONCypripedium fasciculatum - List 1 (rare, threatened orendangered throughout range)Cypripedium parviflorum - List 2-ex (no current recordsfrom Oregon)Listera borealis - List 2 (threatened or endangered inOregon but more common or stable elsewhere)Platanthera obtusata - List 2Cypripedium californicum - Watch ListCypripedium montanum - Watch ListCorallorhiza wisteriana - Review List

PENNSYLVANIA Steve Grund

Western Pennsylvania Conservancy/Pennsylvania Natural Diversity InventoryWesternOffice

209 Fourth AvePittsburgh, PA [email protected]

Aplectrum hyemale r Arethusa bulbosa eCoeloglossum viride tu


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Corallorhiza wisteriana tuCypripedium candidum xCypripedium parviflorum eCypripedium pubescens n

Cypripedium reginae tGoodyera repens nGoodyera tesselata tuIsotria medeoloides eListera australis eListera cordata eListera smallii e

Malaxis brachypoda tu Malaxis bayardii rPlatanthera blephariglottis nPlatanthera ciliaris tuPlatanthera cristata xPlatanthera dilatata ePlatanthera hookeri tuPlatanthera hyperborea ePlatanthera leucophaea xPlatanthera peramoena tuSpiranthes casei eSpiranthes lucida n

Spiranthes magnicamporum xSpiranthes ovalis eSpiranthes romanzoffiana eSpiranthes tuberosa tuSpiranthes vernalis eTipularia discolor rTriphora trianthophora e


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RHODE ISLAND Arethusa bulbosa SE

Calopogon tuberosus C

Coeloglossum viride var. virescens STCorallorhiza maculata CCorallorhiza odontorhiza STCorallorhiza trifida CCypripedium calceolus var. pubescens STCypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum STOrchis spectablis SEIsotria medeoloides FTLiparis liliifolia STLiparis loeselii STListera cordata SH

Malaxis unifolia SEPlatanthera blephariglottis STPlatanthera ciliaris SEPlatanthera flava var. herbiola SEPlatanthera hookeri SEPlatanthera hyperborea STPlatanthera orbiculata STPlatanthera orbiculata var. macrophylla ST

Platanthera psycodes CSpiranthes lucida SHSpiranthes tuberosa SESpiranthes vernalis C


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SOUTH CAROLINA Extracted from list_sc.html in SC folderLast Update: 5/25/96Name: Katherine Boyle, SCHP

Arethusa bulbosa rcCalopogon barbatus scCypripedium pubescens scEpidendrum conopseum scGalearis spectabilis scHabenaria quinqueseta scIsotria medeoloides ftLiparis liliifolia scListera australis scListera smallii scPlatanthera integra scPlatanthera integrilabia c2Platanthera lacera scPlatanthera peramoena rcPonthieva racemosa scPteroglossaspis ecristata c2Spiranthes laciniata scSpiranthes longilabris sc

Triphora trianthophora sc

SOUTH DAKOTA Extracted from rareplants.htm in SD folderCalypso bulbosa S3


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Corallorrhiza odontorhiza S1Corallorrhiza trifida SUCypripedium calceolus SUCypripedium candidum S1

Epipactis gigantea S1Liparis loeselii SUListera convallarioides S1Platanthera dilatata S2Platanthera orbiculata S1Platanthera praeclara SH LTSpiranthes cernua S2Spiranthes magnicamporum SUSpiranthes vernalis S2None have STATE ENDANGERED or

THREATENED status.

TENNESSEEExtracted from Plantlist.doc downloaded from web28 APR 1998Coeloglossum viride var. virescens ECorallorhiza maculata TCypripedium acaule E-CE

Cypripedium kentuckiense ECypripedium reginae EIsotria medeoloides LT ELiparis loeselii EListera australis EListera smallii TPlatanthera flava var flava S


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Listera cordata Lysiella obtusata S1Platanthera hyberborea var. gracilis S2Platanthera sparsiflora var.ensifolia S3

Platanthera stricta S3Platanthera zothecina S2Spiranthes diluvialis S1 LT

VIRGINIA Extracted from plantXX.htm files inVA folder

Arethusa bulbosa s1Calopogon pallidus shCalopogon tuberosus s2Cleistes bifaria s1Cleistes divaricata s1Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis

s1Cypripedium candidum s1Cypripedium kentuckiense s1Cypripedium reginae s1Isotria medeoloides s2 FTLiparis loeselii s2

Platanthera blephariglottis var conspicua s1Platanthera grandiflora s1Platanthera leucophaea s1 FTPlatanthera peramoena s2Spiranthes lucida s1Spiranthes magnicamporum s1


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Spiranthes ochroleuca s1Triphora trianthophora s1

VERMONT Aplectrum hyemale T Arethusa bulbosa TCalypso bulbosa TCorallorhiza odontorhiza TCypripedium arietinum TIsotria medeoloides E FTIsotria verticillata TLiparis liliifolia TListera auriculata EListera australis E

Malaxis brachypoda TPlatanthera flava TPlatanthera hookeri TTriphora trianthophora T

WASHNGTON John Gamon, Acting Manager / Botanist

Washington Natural Heritage ProgramDepartment of Natural ResourcesPO Box 47016Olympia, WA 98504-7016(360) 902-1661

Cephalanthera austiniae W


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Cypripedium fasciculatum T Cypripedium montanum W Cypripedium parviflorum EEpipactis gigantea S

Liparis loeselii EListera borealis SPlatanthera chorisiana T Platanthera obtusata SPlatanthera orbiculata W Platanthera sparsiflora SSpiranthes diluvialis E FTSpiranthes porrifolia S

WEST VIRGINIA Extracted from plants.html downloaded from web.

Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus S2Cleistes bifaria S1Coeloglossum viride var. virescens S2Corallorrhiza trifida S1Corallorrhiza wisteriana S2Cypripedium reginae S1

Hexalectris spicata S1Liparis loeselii S2Listera cordata var. cordata S2Listera smallii S2

Malaxis bayardii S1Platanthera psycodes S1Pogonia ophioglossoides S2


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Spiranthes lucida SUSpiranthes tuberosa S1Spiranthes vernalis S1Triphora trianthophora S2

WISCONSINFrom Wisc NHP Working List (Wisc_list10.htm infolder)

Arethusa bulbosa SCCalypso bulbosa TCorallorrhiza odontorhiza SCCypripedium arietinum TCypripedium candidum TCypripedium parviflorum SCCypripedium reginae SCGoodyera oblongifolia SCListera auriculata EListera convallarioides T

Malaxis brachypoda SCPlatanthera dilatata SCPlatanthera flava var herbiola TPlatanthera hookeri SC

Platanthera leucophaea LT ENDPlatanthera orbiculata SCSpiranthes ovalis var erostellata SCTriphora trianthophora SC

WYOMING


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www.uwyo.edu/wyndd Walt Fertig WYNDD botanist

[Extracted from Wyoming Rare Plant ReferenceList(wyolist.htm) in Wyo Folder]

Amerorchis rotundifolia S1Cypripedium fasciculatum S2Cypripedium montanum S1Epipactis gigantea S1Spiranthes diluvialis S1 FT


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Figure 1.Govenia floridana

Florida goveniaphotograph by C. A. Luer,

Miami-Dade County, Florida November 1961

Brown : RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTESFROM FLORIDA 7.

Govenia floridana


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RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONALNOTES FROM FLORIDA 7.

GOVENIA FLORIDANA

(ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW SPECIESENDEMIC TO SOUTHERN FLORIDA,

U.S.A.

Paul Martin Brown

Plants from the genus Govenia were discovered in1957 by Dr. Frank C. Craighead in a dense hammock inEverglades National Park. With the literature availableat that time they were identified as Govenia utriculata (Swartz) Lindley (Correll, 1947; Greenwood, 1991).

When Carlyle A. Luer (1972) was preparing hisexhaustive work on the native orchids of Florida henoted that the Florida plants differed from typical G.utriculata in two critical characters: the petals werespotted rather than barred and the sheath was angularrather than inflated (Fig. 4). Nonetheless, Lueraddressed the plants as G. utriculata and includedphotographs he took from the Craighead site as well asthose of plants from the Bahamas and mixed them inboth his photos and description. 1 The destruction of native habitat by Hurricanes Donna in 1960 andeventually Andrew in 1991 resulted in both habitat

1 Luer (1972) plate 74, p. 245. nos. 1 & 2 = Govenia floridana ; nos. 3 & 4 =G. utriculata .

Brown : RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTESFROM FLORIDA 7.

Govenia flor

Documents

September 2000 North American Native Orchid Journal