Decolonization Decolonization or Independence Independence Movements in Asia, Africa, & the Movements in Asia, Africa, & the

Middle EastMiddle East

1920s – 1980s1920s – 1980s

OverviewOverview

By the mid-20By the mid-20thth century, many colonies in century, many colonies in Africa, Asia & the Middle East had “freed” Africa, Asia & the Middle East had “freed” themselves from European dominance.themselves from European dominance.

DecolonizationDecolonization is the term is the term historians have used to describe historians have used to describe

this processthis process

WHY?:WHY?: Causes of Decolonization Causes of Decolonization

What forces led to the end of European colonial empires?What forces led to the end of European colonial empires?

Education & information acquired by Asians & Education & information acquired by Asians & Africans.Africans.““Lessons” on equality, democracy, revolution, government, Lessons” on equality, democracy, revolution, government,

natural rights, etc. caused people to take action for freedom.natural rights, etc. caused people to take action for freedom. World WarsWorld Wars

Asians and Africans questioned European “progress”Asians and Africans questioned European “progress”

The winners of both wars talked of freedom . . . Some acted on The winners of both wars talked of freedom . . . Some acted on it.it.

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Decolonization: HOWDecolonization: HOWThe many differing African & Asian groups used a The many differing African & Asian groups used a

variety of elements in their efforts to gain variety of elements in their efforts to gain independence. Some of these include . . .independence. Some of these include . . .

NationalismNationalism Military force / violenceMilitary force / violence Mass demonstrationsMass demonstrations Economic boycottsEconomic boycotts Government representation & democratic processesGovernment representation & democratic processes Indigenous religious beliefs & symbolsIndigenous religious beliefs & symbols The wealth & power of the African and Asian middle The wealth & power of the African and Asian middle

& upper class.& upper class.

Colonial Repercussions of the WWIIColonial Repercussions of the WWII Some defeated powers forced to give up colonies.Some defeated powers forced to give up colonies.

North Africa was able to exploit German occupation North Africa was able to exploit German occupation of France to build institutions of self-government.of France to build institutions of self-government.

Economically, Britain, Belgium & Netherlands Economically, Britain, Belgium & Netherlands devastated by war, difficult to re-establish colonial devastated by war, difficult to re-establish colonial rule.rule.

War’s principal victors – U.S., U.S.S.R. & China – War’s principal victors – U.S., U.S.S.R. & China – follow anti-imperialist stances.follow anti-imperialist stances.

UN (post WW2) provides a forum for decolonization UN (post WW2) provides a forum for decolonization process.process.

India (1947) & Ghana (1957) sponsor anti-imperial India (1947) & Ghana (1957) sponsor anti-imperial movements.movements.

EFFECTSEFFECTS of Decolonization of Decolonization

Were mixedWere mixed

Problems remainedProblems remainedEconomic DependencyEconomic DependencyLittle industrializationLittle industrializationPovertyPovertyTribal, racial, religious differencesTribal, racial, religious differences

Decolonization in Decolonization in

INDIAINDIA

Mohandas ‘Mahatma’ GandhiMohandas ‘Mahatma’ Gandhi

Passed Passed EnglishEnglish bar - lawyer for Indian merchants in bar - lawyer for Indian merchants in South Africa.South Africa.

Gandhi’s answer to a spiritual theory of social action Gandhi’s answer to a spiritual theory of social action – Satyagraha - “soul force”. A tactic using nonviolent – Satyagraha - “soul force”. A tactic using nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience.resistance or civil disobedience.

A ‘Revolution’ in Indian politicsA ‘Revolution’ in Indian politics

Gandhi’s Satyagraha -Gandhi’s Satyagraha -

““What do you think? Wherein in What do you think? Wherein in courage required – in blowing others courage required – in blowing others to pieces from behind a cannon, or to pieces from behind a cannon, or with a smiling face to approach a with a smiling face to approach a cannon and be blown to cannon and be blown to pieces?...Believe me that a man pieces?...Believe me that a man devoid of courage and manhood can devoid of courage and manhood can never be a passive resister.”never be a passive resister.”

Gandhi in IndiaGandhi in India

1915: back in India - Dressed in traditional clothing- 1915: back in India - Dressed in traditional clothing- crisscrossed India on third-class trains listening to crisscrossed India on third-class trains listening to common people to understand their plight.common people to understand their plight.

Urged a boycott of British goods, jobs & honors.Urged a boycott of British goods, jobs & honors.

The British Back DownThe British Back Down

1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated 1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated with him as an equal.with him as an equal.

1935 - Indian got a new constitution.1935 - Indian got a new constitution. 1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil 1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil

disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.

The Muslim LeagueThe Muslim League

Led by Led by Muhammad Ali JinnahMuhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) (1876-1948) Feared Hindu domination of an independent India Feared Hindu domination of an independent India

ruled by ruled by Congress PartyCongress Party.. Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a

nationalist issue.nationalist issue. In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference

that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims separate homelandsseparate homelands – Gandhi appalled “victory of – Gandhi appalled “victory of hate over love”hate over love”

Independence But PartitionIndependence But Partition

Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1946 led to a delay.1946 led to a delay.

In the end...In the end...

India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979) India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979) proposed proposed partitionpartition. Both sides agreed.. Both sides agreed.

One fifthOne fifth of humanity gained independence on of humanity gained independence on August 14August 14thth 1947. 1947.

Indian Independence Aug 15 1947Indian Independence Aug 15 1947

The Tragedy of PartitionThe Tragedy of Partition

Massacres and mass expulsions.Massacres and mass expulsions. 100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees 100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see

nothing but rivers of death.”nothing but rivers of death.” Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a

Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu persecution of Muslims.Hindu persecution of Muslims.

RefugeesRefugees

Modern IndiaModern India Largest democracy in the worldLargest democracy in the world Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister for the next 17 Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister for the next 17

yearsyears Democracy, Unity, & Economic ModernizationDemocracy, Unity, & Economic Modernization

Challenges:Challenges: Kashmir= years of conflict that continues todayKashmir= years of conflict that continues today Cold War alignment= NON Alignment MovementCold War alignment= NON Alignment Movement Industrialization= slow but comingIndustrialization= slow but coming Social and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progressSocial and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress

Caste systemCaste systemEconomicEconomicWomen’s rightsWomen’s rights

KashmirKashmir

Border both India & PakistanBorder both India & PakistanHindu leader with large Muslim populationsHindu leader with large Muslim populations1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India 1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India fighting cont.’d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by fighting cont.’d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by India. Pakistan 2/3 by India. 1962- China seized part of Kashmir1962- China seized part of Kashmir1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought againToday: tensions continue and flare up intermittentlyToday: tensions continue and flare up intermittently

Nehru’s Family RulesNehru’s Family Rules 1964 Nehru dies1964 Nehru dies Congress Party left with no strong leaderCongress Party left with no strong leader 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister

(Nehru’s daughter)(Nehru’s daughter)1980 re-elected1980 re-elected (after a short period out of office)(after a short period out of office)

Increased food/grain productionIncreased food/grain production

Faced a threat from Sikh extremist agitating for an Faced a threat from Sikh extremist agitating for an independent stateindependent state

1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations

2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her 1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with 1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with

corruptioncorruption1991 killed by a bomb while campaigning near Madra1991 killed by a bomb while campaigning near Madra

Indira Gandhi AssassinatedIndira Gandhi Assassinated

Pakistan Pakistan (1947)(1947) & Sri Lanka & Sri Lanka (1948)(1948)

PakistanPakistan 47’ Divided E/W; Separated by India47’ Divided E/W; Separated by India Ethnically/culturally different; same Ethnically/culturally different; same

religionreligion 1971- W. Pakistan became 1971- W. Pakistan became

independent Bangladeshindependent Bangladesh After 1958 Pakistan went through a After 1958 Pakistan went through a

series of military coups series of military coups Ali Bhutto lead after the civil warAli Bhutto lead after the civil war

77’ Gen. Zia removed him 77’ Gen. Zia removed him

Bhutto later executed for corruptionBhutto later executed for corruption

Gen. Zia dies in a plane crashGen. Zia dies in a plane crash

Benazir Bhutto elected 2 ‘XsBenazir Bhutto elected 2 ‘Xs

96’ removed from office after period 96’ removed from office after period of disorderof disorder

More military coup ensuedMore military coup ensued

Benazir Bhutto ran again in 07’ she Benazir Bhutto ran again in 07’ she was assassinatedwas assassinated

Sri LankaSri Lanka ¾ = 16 mill Buddhists¾ = 16 mill Buddhists 1/5 = Tamils (Hindu)1/5 = Tamils (Hindu) Tamil militants want a Tamil militants want a

separate nationseparate nation 83’ India tried 83’ India tried

unsuccessfully to help unsuccessfully to help disarm the Tamils to disarm the Tamils to end the violence.end the violence.

May 2009 Tamil May 2009 Tamil “Tigers” leader killed, “Tigers” leader killed, they lose, civil war they lose, civil war over!?over!?

Both suffer from Both suffer from religious & ethicreligious & ethic conflicts conflicts

Summary: Summary: Decolonization in IndiaDecolonization in India

Nationalist protests & revolutionary activities led to Nationalist protests & revolutionary activities led to repression by British officials in the 19repression by British officials in the 19 thth & 20 & 20thth c. c.

Gandhi launches a nationalists movement against Gandhi launches a nationalists movement against British rule using civil disobedienceBritish rule using civil disobedience

World Wars & broken promises by the British led to World Wars & broken promises by the British led to a greater desire for Independence as Hindu-Muslim a greater desire for Independence as Hindu-Muslim splits became more pronounced.splits became more pronounced.

1947 – India was granted independence by the 1947 – India was granted independence by the British.British.

Partition of India & E. & W. Pakistan “resolved” the Partition of India & E. & W. Pakistan “resolved” the religious conflictsreligious conflicts

Period of Political turmoil followedPeriod of Political turmoil followed

Trends (general similarities):Trends (general similarities):What trends did you notice with these countries What trends did you notice with these countries

and the Decolonization process?and the Decolonization process?IndiaIndia

Economic: lack of industrializationEconomic: lack of industrialization

Political: Political: ?s of who will rule; how will they rule=conflict?s of who will rule; how will they rule=conflictSocial: Ethnic/religious conflictsSocial: Ethnic/religious conflicts

MuslimMuslim Hindu (incl. Tamil)Hindu (incl. Tamil) SikhSikh

Look for such trends in the problems facing decolonizing countriesLook for such trends in the problems facing decolonizing countries EconomicEconomic Political Political SocialSocial

SingaporeSingapore

Colonization in AfricaColonization in Africa

Europeans had divided up the continentEuropeans had divided up the continent Exploited the resourcesExploited the resources Left the region unprepared (no Left the region unprepared (no

experience) to rule themselvesexperience) to rule themselvesIn addition, …In addition, … Borders imposed by the Europeans Borders imposed by the Europeans

caused many problems caused many problems (Berlin Conference (Berlin Conference of 1884)of 1884)Separated similar culturesSeparated similar culturesEnclosed traditional enemiesEnclosed traditional enemies

IndependenceIndependence

Two major methods in Africa:Two major methods in Africa:Negotiated IndependenceNegotiated Independence: Long or short : Long or short

term deal between European power term deal between European power and African colonyand African colony

Incomplete DecolonizationIncomplete Decolonization: White settler : White settler minority population given political minority population given political power over black majoritypower over black majority

The Road to IndependenceThe Road to Independence Interwar years: an educated middle class Interwar years: an educated middle class

began to developbegan to developWent to US for collegeWent to US for collegeInfluenced by American Culture (Harlem Renaissance, Influenced by American Culture (Harlem Renaissance,

Black activist & leaders)Black activist & leaders) Pan African Congresses 1919/1921Pan African Congresses 1919/1921 Negritude MovementNegritude Movement began in among began in among

French speaking Africans/lead by Leopold French speaking Africans/lead by Leopold SenghorSenghorCelebrated African culture, heritage, & valuesCelebrated African culture, heritage, & values

WWII African soldiers fought along side WWII African soldiers fought along side EuropeansEuropeansBecame unwilling to accept colonial dominationBecame unwilling to accept colonial dominationEuropeans began to ? The cost of mainitaining the Europeans began to ? The cost of mainitaining the

coloniescolonies

Decolonization in Africa:Decolonization in Africa: Post WWII Europeans were ready to decolonizePost WWII Europeans were ready to decolonize

When? British wanted to Prepare the colonies When? British wanted to Prepare the colonies for self rule for self rule

How? Allowed more Africans to be elected to How? Allowed more Africans to be elected to the legislative Councilthe legislative CouncilAfricans wanted elected, not nominated rep.sAfricans wanted elected, not nominated rep.s

Where? Gold Coast firstWhere? Gold Coast firstKwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah (US ed. & Former teacher) began (US ed. & Former teacher) began Non violent protest for elected rep.sNon violent protest for elected rep.s

Strikes, boycottsStrikes, boycotts When? Succeeded in getting INDEPENDENCE in When? Succeeded in getting INDEPENDENCE in

19571957Renamed: Ghana Renamed: Ghana (1(1stst African lead country to joint the British African lead country to joint the British Commonwealth)Commonwealth)

Nkrumah became first Prime MinisterNkrumah became first Prime Minister

Independent Ghana Independent Ghana 3:45-8.423:45-8.42

Nkrumah = 1Nkrumah = 1stst Prime Minister & then President for life Prime Minister & then President for lifePushed thru expensive development plans & econ. Projects Pushed thru expensive development plans & econ. Projects

Roads, schools, healthcare facilitiesRoads, schools, healthcare facilitiesThese $$$ projects quickly crippled the country & STRENGTHED his oppositionThese $$$ projects quickly crippled the country & STRENGTHED his opposition

Influenced by Marcus Garvey (separatist who wanted Africa for Africans)Influenced by Marcus Garvey (separatist who wanted Africa for Africans) Helped organize Pan African meetings in 1945 & 53.Helped organize Pan African meetings in 1945 & 53. 1963 he influenced the development of the (OAU) Organization of African 1963 he influenced the development of the (OAU) Organization of African

Unity Unity Criticized for spending too much times on Pan African efforts & neglecting Criticized for spending too much times on Pan African efforts & neglecting

economic problemseconomic problems 1966 while he was in China the Ghana army & police seized power1966 while he was in China the Ghana army & police seized power 1966-Present: 1966-Present:

has gone back & forth btwn military & civililand gov’t.s & it continues to has gone back & forth btwn military & civililand gov’t.s & it continues to struggle for economic stability. struggle for economic stability. 1979 an Air Force pilot Jerry Rawlings seized power & again in 1981. 1979 an Air Force pilot Jerry Rawlings seized power & again in 1981. 2000 the first open election was held2000 the first open election was held

Ghana.asf

DecolonizationDecolonization

Independent Independent KenyaKenya

British settlers controlled prime farmland in North & fiercely British settlers controlled prime farmland in North & fiercely resisted Decolonization thereresisted Decolonization there

Forced to accept Independence due to:Forced to accept Independence due to:the strong, popular leadership of Nationalist Jomo Kenyatta (Kikuyu the strong, popular leadership of Nationalist Jomo Kenyatta (Kikuyu

educated in London) &educated in London) &The rise of the Mau Mau secret society made up of mostly Kikuyu farmers The rise of the Mau Mau secret society made up of mostly Kikuyu farmers

forced out by British farmersforced out by British farmersMau Mau’s aim: frighten the white farmers into leavingMau Mau’s aim: frighten the white farmers into leaving

Kenyatta was not a Mau Mau but he did not oppose them eitherKenyatta was not a Mau Mau but he did not oppose them either

1963 Independence was granted but only after 10,000 Kenyans & 1963 Independence was granted but only after 10,000 Kenyans & 100 whites were killed100 whites were killed

Jomo Kenyatta became PresidentJomo Kenyatta became PresidentWorked to unite the various ethnic /language groupsWorked to unite the various ethnic /language groupsNairobi (capital) grew into a major business centerNairobi (capital) grew into a major business center

•1978 Kenyatta died 1978 Kenyatta died •Succeeded by Daniel arap MoiSucceeded by Daniel arap Moi

•Faced more & more opposition to ONE Party Faced more & more opposition to ONE Party RuleRule

•University strikes and protests = DEATHS for some University strikes and protests = DEATHS for some students & put pressure on Moi to move more toward students & put pressure on Moi to move more toward DemocracyDemocracy•1990s economy suffered / ethnic conflict cont.d / 1990s economy suffered / ethnic conflict cont.d / charges of corruption toward Moi’s govtcharges of corruption toward Moi’s govt

•2007-08: evidence of election corruption and ethnic 2007-08: evidence of election corruption and ethnic violence blackened the electionviolence blackened the election

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo

Most Exploited African ColonyMost Exploited African ColonyRuthlessly plundered for Ruthlessly plundered for

resources (rubber & copper), resources (rubber & copper), slave labor, drained wealthslave labor, drained wealth

No social services & no No social services & no preparation preparation

History History congocongo ( (Zaire).asfZaire).asf Independent Independent Congo Congo :56-1:49; 1:49-2:39:56-1:49; 1:49-2:39

1960- granted independence1960- granted independence Renamed Zaire 1967-95Renamed Zaire 1967-95

Tumultuous processTumultuous process Internal conflict & Outside Internal conflict & Outside (UN & USSR)(UN & USSR) intervention intervention

Patrice LumumbaPatrice Lumumba 1 1stst prime minister prime minister Ruled a divided country (He controlled the North)Ruled a divided country (He controlled the North)

In the SE (Mineral rich Katanga region / copper)In the SE (Mineral rich Katanga region / copper)

Moise TshombeMoise Tshombe declared SE independent of the rest declared SE independent of the restTshombe backed by Belgian mining co.Tshombe backed by Belgian mining co.

Lumumba 1Lumumba 1stst asked UN for help against Tshombe, then he turned asked UN for help against Tshombe, then he turned to the USSRto the USSR

Colonel Colonel MobutuMobutu (first working for Lumumba) led a military coup (first working for Lumumba) led a military coup to over throw Lumumba & turned him over to Tshombeto over throw Lumumba & turned him over to TshombeLumumba was murdered shortly afterLumumba was murdered shortly after

Tshombe ruled briefly until 1965 whenTshombe ruled briefly until 1965 whenMobutu overthru him & seized power in a bloodless coup Mobutu overthru him & seized power in a bloodless coup

MobutuMobutu Ruled 32 yrsRuled 32 yrs Used a combo of force, 1 party rule & bribesUsed a combo of force, 1 party rule & bribes Zaire’s mineral wealth & natural resources Zaire’s mineral wealth & natural resources

made it 1 of the made it 1 of the richestrichest in Africa in Africa Under Mobutu it became Under Mobutu it became 1 of the 1 of the poorestpoorest He is believed to have looted the country for billions He is believed to have looted the country for billions Mobutu resisted many attempted rebellions & ethnic clashesMobutu resisted many attempted rebellions & ethnic clashes 1997 Laurent Kabila took over after a 7 month long civil war1997 Laurent Kabila took over after a 7 month long civil war

Banned all political parties Banned all political parties Promised transition to democracy & election by 1999Promised transition to democracy & election by 1999

Never HappenedNever Happened Country is in Country is in constant state of rebellionconstant state of rebellion

Pre-WWIPre-WWI

DecolonizationDecolonization

Algeria ColonizationAlgeria Colonization

France was the primary colonizer in North AfricaFrance was the primary colonizer in North Africa Population:Population:

1 million french colonists / 9 million Arab & Berber Muslims1 million french colonists / 9 million Arab & Berber Muslims Colonists were unwilling to leave w/o a fightColonists were unwilling to leave w/o a fight

France attempted assimilation but not a realityFrance attempted assimilation but not a reality

Independents AlgeriaIndependents Algeria

1945- French troops fired on Algerian nationalist who were 1945- French troops fired on Algerian nationalist who were demonstrating--killing thousands of Muslims & 100s of Europeansdemonstrating--killing thousands of Muslims & 100s of Europeans

1954 -Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) moved to fight for 1954 -Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) moved to fight for independenceindependenceFLN used guerrilla tactics at home but diplomacy (talk) internationallyFLN used guerrilla tactics at home but diplomacy (talk) internationally

French sent ½ million troops to stop themFrench sent ½ million troops to stop them Both sides committed atrocitiesBoth sides committed atrocities European settlers began calling for De Gaulle to return as European settlers began calling for De Gaulle to return as

president in France to restore order in the coloniespresident in France to restore order in the colonies

De Gaulle & AlgeriaDe Gaulle & Algeria 1958- De Gaulle returned to power1958- De Gaulle returned to power

He concluded that Algeria count not be held by forceHe concluded that Algeria count not be held by forceFrance let go of most of its African possessionsFrance let go of most of its African possessions

1962- a referendum set up the conditions for independence1962- a referendum set up the conditions for independenceTransfer of power plannedTransfer of power plannedMarch -750,000 settlers fled AlgeriaMarch -750,000 settlers fled Algeria

July 1962 = Independence July 1962 = Independence Ahmed Ben Bella (FLN leader, imprisoned by French) became Ahmed Ben Bella (FLN leader, imprisoned by French) became

prime minister & then Presidentprime minister & then PresidentReestablished orderReestablished orderBegan land reforsBegan land reforsDeveloped new plans for educationDeveloped new plans for education

1965- he was overthrown by his Chief of Staff!1965- he was overthrown by his Chief of Staff!

Secular & Religious Conflict over PowerSecular & Religious Conflict over Power

1965-1988- attempt to modernize & industrialize 1965-1988- attempt to modernize & industrialize were undermined when were undermined when

world oil prices plunged (1985-86)world oil prices plunged (1985-86)Unemployment & broken promises lead to an Islamic Unemployment & broken promises lead to an Islamic revivalrevival

Riots in 1988 against the secular govt occurredRiots in 1988 against the secular govt occurredIslamic Salvation Front (FIS) won in 1990 & 91 electionsIslamic Salvation Front (FIS) won in 1990 & 91 electionsRuling govt refused the election resultsRuling govt refused the election resultsCivil WarCivil War broke out Islamic militants vs govt broke out Islamic militants vs govt

The War continues of & on today The War continues of & on today & the international community is working on an agreement& the international community is working on an agreement

DecolonizationDecolonization

AngolaAngola

Portugal = 1Portugal = 1stst to imperialize Africa; and the last to leave to imperialize Africa; and the last to leave Made no preparation to assist their colonies into Made no preparation to assist their colonies into

independenceindependenceNo education; health facilities & little commerceNo education; health facilities & little commerce

However, some Angolans did gain an education & they However, some Angolans did gain an education & they heard about other African countries gaining heard about other African countries gaining independence & became inspiredindependence & became inspired

Independent Independent AngolaAngola

1960s- 3 Revolutionaries Groups emerged.1960s- 3 Revolutionaries Groups emerged. Each supported by different foreign powersEach supported by different foreign powersPortugal sent 50,000 troops to down the rebellionsPortugal sent 50,000 troops to down the rebellions$$$$$ costing ½ of Portugal total nation budget $$$$$$$$ costing ½ of Portugal total nation budget $$$Discontent WITHIN Portugal over colonial wars led to the military toppling Discontent WITHIN Portugal over colonial wars led to the military toppling

the govt. there!the govt. there!

1975- Portuguese withdrew from Angola w/out formally 1975- Portuguese withdrew from Angola w/out formally handing power over to any one grouphanding power over to any one group

Lack pf preparation for independence was made worse Lack pf preparation for independence was made worse when a Communist (MPLA) group seized of power nextwhen a Communist (MPLA) group seized of power next

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) took control of the capital & declared itself the rightful took control of the capital & declared itself the rightful governmentgovernment

Civil War in AngolaCivil War in AngolaMPLA got help from Cuba & the USSRMPLA got help from Cuba & the USSRFNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) got help from FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) got help from

Zaire and the US [they faded away]Zaire and the US [they faded away]The MPLA was also opposed by UNITA (National Union for the The MPLA was also opposed by UNITA (National Union for the

Total Independence of Angola) who got help from So. Africa & Total Independence of Angola) who got help from So. Africa & the USthe US

1988- the US with consent from the USSR pressed for a settlement 1988- the US with consent from the USSR pressed for a settlement among the MPLA, UNITA, So. So. Africa & Cuba among the MPLA, UNITA, So. So. Africa & Cuba

1989 a Cease fire went into effect1989 a Cease fire went into effect 1995 the parties began discussion about representation of 1995 the parties began discussion about representation of EACHEACH

group in the govt.group in the govt. Negotiations broke down and a long bloody cifil war continues Negotiations broke down and a long bloody cifil war continues

today. Multiple elections have been planned & then postponed. today. Multiple elections have been planned & then postponed. Including one in Jan. of 2010Including one in Jan. of 2010

Results of DecolonizationResults of Decolonization

Elites gained powerElites gained power Initial political parties reflected ethnic, regional, Initial political parties reflected ethnic, regional,

or religious groupsor religious groups Power was often gained by corrupt African Power was often gained by corrupt African

“strongmen” (dictators) who ignored the social “strongmen” (dictators) who ignored the social needs of peopleneeds of people

Economic dependency continued.Economic dependency continued. Political turmoil and instability continuedPolitical turmoil and instability continued

Conflict in the Middle EastConflict in the Middle East

Pre-WWI: Middle EastPre-WWI: Middle East

PalestinePalestine

Increased Jewish immigrationIncreased Jewish immigration

Requests for a Jewish Homeland Requests for a Jewish Homeland (Zionism)(Zionism)

Increased tension btwn Jews & Increased tension btwn Jews & Palestinians (Arabs) as Jewish population Palestinians (Arabs) as Jewish population continued to growcontinued to grow

British & FrenchBritish & French WHEEL & DEAL WHEEL & DEAL

HOW French & Britain WILL HOW French & Britain WILL DIVIDE UP the Middle East DIVIDE UP the Middle East AFTER WWIAFTER WWIWHAT ABOUT WHAT ABOUT INDEPENDENCE?INDEPENDENCE?

RUSSIA TO BE CONSULTED?RUSSIA TO BE CONSULTED?AFTER 1917 - WILL NOT AFTER 1917 - WILL NOT WORK WITH BOLSHEVIKS WORK WITH BOLSHEVIKS (Communists)(Communists)

END OF WWIEND OF WWI

Arab regions expect British to Arab regions expect British to hold to wordhold to wordAnd grant IndependenceAnd grant Independence

USSR angry supports Middle USSR angry supports Middle East - MISTRUST!East - MISTRUST!

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

League of Nations attempts a solution: League of Nations attempts a solution:

Mandate SystemMandate System UK, France administer (oversee) regions until UK, France administer (oversee) regions until

they’re “Ready” for independencethey’re “Ready” for independence How is this different from a colony?How is this different from a colony?

Mandate Mandate SystemSystem

Mandate SystemMandate System

UK- Mandates of:UK- Mandates of:

Persia (Iraq)Persia (Iraq)Install puppet kingInstall puppet kingEstablish 75-year-long oil concessionEstablish 75-year-long oil concession

Middle East Between World WarsMiddle East Between World Wars

Post-WWII Middle EastPost-WWII Middle East

Israel/PalestineIsrael/Palestine Before WWI: Jews asked that a Jewish nation be carved out of the Before WWI: Jews asked that a Jewish nation be carved out of the

territory inhabited by the Palestinians under the territory inhabited by the Palestinians under the MandateMandate of the British of the British During WWI During WWI Britain feared the loss of support Britain feared the loss of support

from both sidesfrom both sidesBalfour AgreementBalfour Agreement written (1917) written (1917)

Seemed to make promises to both sidesSeemed to make promises to both sidesEnglish needed the support of both during WWIIEnglish needed the support of both during WWII

The terms were The terms were unworkableunworkable b/c they could not live together b/c they could not live together

RESULT cameRESULT came after WWII: British can’t resolve after WWII: British can’t resolve the issue so they refer it to the “newly the issue so they refer it to the “newly formed “UNformed “UN

Partition Partition Plan of Plan of 19371937

1947: UN 1947: UN Solution: Solution: Partition of Palestine

WHY:International sympathy for the Jews because of the Holocaust & support for the Jews desire for a Jewish homeland

Israel Becomes a State: May 14, 1948Israel Becomes a State: May 14, 1948 Palestinians feared the increasing # of Jews would result in hardshipsPalestinians feared the increasing # of Jews would result in hardships

1920: 20 Arab Palestinian to 1 Jew / 1947: 2 to 11920: 20 Arab Palestinian to 1 Jew / 1947: 2 to 1

Post- WWII Britain was weary of failed solution for the problem & Post- WWII Britain was weary of failed solution for the problem & deferred deferred to the UNto the UNUN recommendation: UN recommendation:

PARTIITION of Palestine into a Palestinian state & a PARTIITION of Palestine into a Palestinian state & a Jewish StateJewish State

Palestine = 66% of the Pop. & got 45% of the Palestine = 66% of the Pop. & got 45% of the land / land / Jews = 34% of the Pop. & got 55%Jews = 34% of the Pop. & got 55%

Jerusalem was to be an international city owned Jerusalem was to be an international city owned by neither.by neither.

All Arab nations voted against this & All Arab nations voted against this & Palestine Palestine rejected it completelyrejected it completely

The Jews welcomed the decisionThe Jews welcomed the decision

Country of Israel declared by United Nations, Country of Israel declared by United Nations, 19481948

? of Palestinian rights, boundaries & access to things like water & farmland went undetermined? of Palestinian rights, boundaries & access to things like water & farmland went undetermined

UN UN Partition Plan, Partition Plan,

19471947

Effect: Effect: Full Scale Arab Full Scale Arab

Israeli war!-Israeli war!-Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,

Lebanon, Saudi Lebanon, Saudi Arabia & SyriaArabia & Syria invaded invaded IsraelIsrael

1st of many Arab-Israeli Wars (56, 67, 73, 2006) . This ended w/in months in Israel’s Victory. Israel had strong US support

Arab Israeli War Arab Israeli War 1947-481947-48

Palestinian state never came to bePalestinian state never came to be 1948-49: Israel seized half the land 1948-49: Israel seized half the land

set aside for the UN planned set aside for the UN planned Palestinian state in the 1Palestinian state in the 1stst Arab Arab Israeli War Israeli War (Gaza Strip taken by Israel & Jordan took the (Gaza Strip taken by Israel & Jordan took the West Bank)West Bank)Palestinians fled out of Jewish controlled Palestinians fled out of Jewish controlled areas into UN refugee campsareas into UN refugee camps

1956 Second Arab-Israeli War:1956 Second Arab-Israeli War:Suez CrisisSuez Crisis

Egypt seized the Suez Canal from French & Egypt seized the Suez Canal from French & British businessesBritish businessesPres. Nasser (Egypt) was angry b/c the US & Britain stopped financial Pres. Nasser (Egypt) was angry b/c the US & Britain stopped financial support for the building of the Aswan Damsupport for the building of the Aswan Dam

British & French made an agreement with IsraelBritish & French made an agreement with IsraelMilitary air support if Israel marched on the Canal – they did & took itMilitary air support if Israel marched on the Canal – they did & took itEgypt lost the canal, BUT…Egypt lost the canal, BUT…

Pressure from the international Pressure from the international community (incl. US/USSR) forced Israel community (incl. US/USSR) forced Israel & the European Allies to withdraw & & the European Allies to withdraw & leave Egypt in charge of the canalleave Egypt in charge of the canal

1967: Six- Day War1967: Six- Day WarTensions Grew:Tensions Grew:

By early 1967, Pres. Nasser & his Arab By early 1967, Pres. Nasser & his Arab allies, helped by USSR tanks & aircraft, allies, helped by USSR tanks & aircraft, moved to close off the Gulf of Aqabamoved to close off the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel’s (Israel’s outlet to the Red Sea)outlet to the Red Sea)

Threatened, Israel attacked airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, & SyriaThreatened, Israel attacked airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, & Syria Safe from air attacks, Israeli ground forces struck FAST on 3- FrontsSafe from air attacks, Israeli ground forces struck FAST on 3- Fronts War ended in 6 days. Israel lost 800 troops Arabs lost > 15,000War ended in 6 days. Israel lost 800 troops Arabs lost > 15,000 ResultsResults: Israel militarily occupied & then : Israel militarily occupied & then

annexed the old city of Jerusalem, the Sinai annexed the old city of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights & the West Bank.Peninsula, the Golan Heights & the West Bank. (providing a buffer btwn Israel & the Arab states)(providing a buffer btwn Israel & the Arab states)Palestinians living in the newly occupied Jerusalem were offered citizenship Palestinians living in the newly occupied Jerusalem were offered citizenship in Israel or Jordan (most chose Jordanian) in Israel or Jordan (most chose Jordanian) Palestinians living in the other occupied areas were NOT offered Palestinians living in the other occupied areas were NOT offered citizenship & became statelesscitizenship & became stateless

1973 Yom Kippur War1973 Yom Kippur War

Egypt’s new Pres. Anwar Sadat, planned a Egypt’s new Pres. Anwar Sadat, planned a joint Arab attack on the holiest Jewish holidayjoint Arab attack on the holiest Jewish holiday

Surprised! Israel incurred heavy casualties & lost some of the Surprised! Israel incurred heavy casualties & lost some of the territory lost in 1967territory lost in 1967

Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir launched a Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir launched a counter attack & regained most of the lost counter attack & regained most of the lost territory.territory.

An “uneasy” TRUCE (NOT a Peace Treaty) An “uneasy” TRUCE (NOT a Peace Treaty) was agreed to after several weeks of fightingwas agreed to after several weeks of fighting

Land for Peace!Land for Peace! 1977: 4 yrs following the Yom Kippur War, 1977: 4 yrs following the Yom Kippur War, Anwar Sadat offered Anwar Sadat offered

Peace for Land!Peace for Land!

NONO ARAB COUNTRY HAD EVER RECONGNIZED ISRAEL’S RIGHT TO ARAB COUNTRY HAD EVER RECONGNIZED ISRAEL’S RIGHT TO EXIST!!EXIST!!

Terms of PeaceTerms of Peace: Israel would have to recognize the rights of Palesinians & : Israel would have to recognize the rights of Palesinians & withdraw from territory seized in 1967 from Egypt, Jordan & Syriawithdraw from territory seized in 1967 from Egypt, Jordan & Syria

1978: US Pres. 1978: US Pres. Carter invited Sadat & Israeli prime Carter invited Sadat & Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to Camp David to minister Menachem Begin to Camp David to discuss an agreementdiscuss an agreement

13 days of talks lead to 13 days of talks lead to THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDSTHE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: : Egypt recognizing Israel as a state & Israel Egypt recognizing Israel as a state & Israel

agreed agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Ending 30 years of Ending 30 years of hostilities btwn the 2 countries hostilities btwn the 2 countries Sadat was assassinated later Sadat was assassinated later (1981 Muslim extremists

enraged by his peace agreement shot him down)

The Palestinian SideThe Palestinian Side Israel was unwilling to give up territories seized for security & began building Israel was unwilling to give up territories seized for security & began building

settlements on the West Bank & Gaza Stripsettlements on the West Bank & Gaza Strip Palestinians living in Israel resented Israeli rulePalestinians living in Israel resented Israeli rule The The PLOPLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) & its leader, (Palestinian Liberation Organization) & its leader, Yasir ArafatYasir Arafat

attracted many angry Palestiniansattracted many angry Palestinians1970s & 80s military wing of the PLO conducted many armed struggles against 1970s & 80s military wing of the PLO conducted many armed struggles against IsraelIsrael

Israel took a hard line against themIsrael took a hard line against themBombing suspected bases in Palestinian townsBombing suspected bases in Palestinian towns1982: Israel’s army invaded Lebanon looking for PLO strongholds1982: Israel’s army invaded Lebanon looking for PLO strongholds

Israel became involved in Lebanon’s civil war & were forced to withdrawIsrael became involved in Lebanon’s civil war & were forced to withdraw 1987- 1990s: Palestinians began to express their frustration in a widespread 1987- 1990s: Palestinians began to express their frustration in a widespread

campaign of civil disobedience (boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on soldiers campaign of civil disobedience (boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on soldiers & rock throwing by teens) called the & rock throwing by teens) called the intifada intifada (uprising)(uprising)

Intifada continued with little progress toward an end BUT… Intifada continued with little progress toward an end BUT… Public opinionPublic opinion began to swing away from the Israelisbegan to swing away from the Israelis

This ongoing conflict over occupied territories led This ongoing conflict over occupied territories led to Peace Talksto Peace Talks

1991 Israel & Palestinian delegates agreed to meet for peace talks1991 Israel & Palestinian delegates agreed to meet for peace talks

Peace Talk:Peace Talk: The Declaration of Principles The Declaration of Principles

1993: secret talks in Oslo, Norway = a surprise agreement btwn 1993: secret talks in Oslo, Norway = a surprise agreement btwn Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin & Yasir ArafatIsraeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin & Yasir Arafat

The Declaration of PrinciplesThe Declaration of Principles Negotiated to grant the Negotiated to grant the Palestinians self–rule in the Palestinians self–rule in the

Gaza Strip & the West BankGaza Strip & the West Bank 1995: 1995: Rabin was assassinatedRabin was assassinated by a right-wing Jewish by a right-wing Jewish

extremist who opposed concessions to Palestineextremist who opposed concessions to Palestine Benjamin Netanyahu succeeded Rabin & opposed the Peace Plan Benjamin Netanyahu succeeded Rabin & opposed the Peace Plan

but he did make efforts to honor itbut he did make efforts to honor it 1997: he met with Arafat to work out plans fr a partial Israeli 1997: he met with Arafat to work out plans fr a partial Israeli

withdrawal; from Hebron on the West Bank.withdrawal; from Hebron on the West Bank. 1999: Barak became prime minister & supported the peace plan1999: Barak became prime minister & supported the peace plan

2000s2000s 2001- Ariel Sharon became leader & moved away from withdrawal2001- Ariel Sharon became leader & moved away from withdrawal

2004- Hamas wins election in Palestine (international community 2004- Hamas wins election in Palestine (international community doesn’t acknowledge them)doesn’t acknowledge them)

2006- Hamas kidnapped Israeli soldiers & Israel retaliated with air 2006- Hamas kidnapped Israeli soldiers & Israel retaliated with air strikesstrikes

2008-09- Hamas bombed Israel from the Gaza Strip & Israel retaliated 2008-09- Hamas bombed Israel from the Gaza Strip & Israel retaliated with war & blockadeswith war & blockades

Today: Netanyahu is prime minister again & he supports settlement vs. Today: Netanyahu is prime minister again & he supports settlement vs. withdrawalwithdrawal

Israel Israel TodayToday