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The Journal Of Trauma October 1981 Degloving Injuries of the Extremities and Torso KENNETH A. KUDSK, M.D., GEORGE F. SHELDON, M.D., AND ROBERT L. WALTON, M.D. 0022-5282/81/2110-0835802.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA Copyright ©1981 by The Williams & Wilkins Co Printed in U.S.A. Degloving injuries of the extremities and torso occur with relative frequency and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The common aim of all surgical approaches is to reestablish skin coverage over the injured area, but therapies differ in both technique and results. This survey evaluates the management and results of 21 patients sustaining degloving injury of at least 2/3 the circumference of the torso or an extremity. Initial surgical techniques which employ application of the skin as a full- or split- thickness graft were contrasted with those in which salvage of the entire flap with its subcutaneous tissue was attempted. The results suggest that immediate use of the degloved skin as a full-or split-thickness skin graft gives the most satisfactory coverage to the denuded areas. Other important features in management include frequent observation and immobilization of the extremity postoperatively, and use of mesh grafts when necessary to cover large areas. Recent emphasis on the blood supply of the skin underscores the importance of its circulation as the determinant of flap survival. Daily observation until the flap becomes fixed is mandatory. Primary reattachment of the full- or split-thickness flap by suture or use of compression dressings without grafting is unsuccessful and should be abandoned as an acceptable approach to this problem. Volume 21, No 10 Degloving Injuri 1

Degloving Injuries of the Extremities and Torso

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Page 1: Degloving Injuries of the Extremities and Torso

The Journal Of Trauma October 1981

Degloving Injuries of the Extremities and Torso

KENNETH A. KUDSK, M.D., GEORGE F. SHELDON, M.D., AND ROBERT L. WALTON,

M.D.

0022-5282/81/2110-0835802.00/0

THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA

Copyright ©1981 by The Williams & Wilkins Co

Printed in U.S.A.

Degloving injuries of the extremities and torso occur with relative frequency

and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The common aim of all

surgical approaches is to reestablish skin coverage over the injured area, but

therapies differ in both technique and results. This survey evaluates the

management and results of 21 patients sustaining degloving injury of at least 2/3

the circumference of the torso or an extremity. Initial surgical techniques which

employ application of the skin as a full- or split-thickness graft were contrasted with

those in which salvage of the entire flap with its subcutaneous tissue was

attempted.

The results suggest that immediate use of the degloved skin as a full-or split-

thickness skin graft gives the most satisfactory coverage to the denuded areas.

Other important features in management include frequent observation and

immobilization of the extremity postoperatively, and use of mesh grafts when

necessary to cover large areas. Recent emphasis on the blood supply of the skin

underscores the importance of its circulation as the determinant of flap survival.

Daily observation until the flap becomes fixed is mandatory. Primary

reattachment of the full- or split-thickness flap by suture or use of compression

dressings without grafting is unsuccessful and should be abandoned as an

acceptable approach to this problem.

Degloving injuries result from the application of a tangential force to the skin

surface with resultant separation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the

relatively rigid underlying muscle and fascia. Commonly, the skin with variable

amounts of subcutaneous tissue is found tenuously attached with compromise of its

circulation. The spectrum of injury encompasses simple skin flap elevations to the

circumferential avulsion of integument from an entire extremity.

Degloving injuries were common when wringer washing machines were in

use. 'Wringer arm,' previously described by MacCollum (6) and characterized by

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others (2), was primarily an injury of infants and children, and involved severe

crushing and avulsion of the soft tissues of the upper extremity. Fractures were

infrequent. With the introduction of automatic appliances, the frequency of

degloving injuries of the upper extremities diminished. Today, those injuries usually

involve the lower extremities and are more commonly associated with fractures and

other injuries. They usually result from entrapment of a lower extremity between

the spinning tire of an automobile and a fixed surface.

Standard management of degloving injuries of the lower extremity falls into

two basic categories. The first includes simple reattachment of the composite

avulsed segment with the expectation that it will survive. The second category

involves removal of the avulsed segment and coverage of the wound with a skin

graft. The latter technique may employ harvesting of the skin graft from the avulsed

segment (either split or full thickness), or coverage with skin from another donor

site.

From the Department of Surgery and Trauma Center, University of California

Service at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California. This work was

supported by U.S. Army Grant DADA 1772-C-2030, N.I.H. Trauma Grant GM 18470,

and NIH Trauma Fellow- ship Grant GMO 7032.

Presented at the Fortieth Annual Session of the American Association for the

Surgery of Trauma, 18-20 September 1980, Phoenix, Arizona.

Address for reprints: George F. Sheldon, M.D., U.C. Surgical Office, Ward 3A,

San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This report includes 21 patients, aged 7 to 78 years, who sustained severe

soft-tissue injuries with circumferential degloving (Table I). For inclusion in the

analysis, traumatic separation of skin and subcutaneous tissue of at least two-thirds

the circumference of the involved limb was required. The series includes all patients

treated at San Francisco General Hospital from 1971 to 1980. Hand and scrotal

injuries were excluded from analysis.

TABLE ISummary of cases

Patient No. Age (yrs)

Length of Hospitaliza-tion (days)

Extent of Degloving

1 7 71 100% circumferential: knee to mid-calf

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The Journal Of Trauma October 1981

2 15 25 Bilateral: 75% left from mid back to left upper calf; 50% right buttock laterally to upper medial thigh

3 17 17 75% circumferential: suprapatella to mid calf4 18 59 75% circumferential: anIde to patella5 18 119 100% circumferential: knee to ankle6 24 56 70% circumferential: upper medial left flank, anteriorly to right anterior

superior iliac spine7 24 81+ 85% circumferential: patella to groin and buttock8 28 19 65% circumferential: anlde to toes9 32 32 90% circumferential: ankle to mid metatarsal

10 33 42 70% circumferential: inguinal ligament to calf11 34 94 75% circumferential: lower abdominal wall to knees12 37 7 (died) 85% circumferential: anus to right buttock and anteriorly to medial thigh13 38 27 75% circumferential: patella to mid calf14 41 — 100% circumferential: elbow to wrist15 44 12 75% circumferential: anlde to mid metatarsal16 55 65 100% circumferential: left upper thigh to ankle17 58 38 75% circumferential: 2 inches above ankle to toes18 59 21 100% circumferential: midcalf to anlde19 60 2 (died) 70% circumferential: knee to left lower quadrant20 66 141 90% circumferential: patella to ankle21 78 28 100% circumferential: ankle to toes

Several characteristic patterns of injury were recognized. Fourteen patients

suffered degloving injury by entrapment between a moving vehicle (i.e., wheel and

fixed surface); six additional patients were thrown across a fixed surface, e.g., a

pavement. One patient suffered a degloving injury as rescuers extracted him from

beneath a trailer while his leg was entrapped beneath its base. Seventeen of the 21

patients were involved in motor-vehicle accidents; 11 of the patients were

pedestrians Two patients died, at 2 and 7 days after injury; cause of death was

related to associated injuries which included closed head injury, renal failure, and

pulmonary embolus.

Most degloving injuries occurring today involve the lower extremities (Fig. 1,

Table II). In all but two patients in this series, the lower extremity was involved. In

five patients, the degloved tissue was limited to the foot and ankle, and in six

patients to the thigh. The tibia and cadf regions were avulsed in an additional seven

patients. One patient had a near total loss of the skin of the entire lower extremity

from the inguinal ligament to the ankle, including avulsion of the Achilles tendon.

Ten patients sustained a near total circumferential lower extremity tissue loss.

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FIG. 1. Location of injuries: Shaded areas indicate sites of degloving injuries. The

frequency of associated fractures closely parallels the areas of degloving.

TABLE II

Associated injuries

Skeletal: 18/21 patients

1). Involving degloved limb

Single fractures 6

Multiple fractures 9

2). Sites-Number of patients with fractures listed

Femur 8

Bilateral 1

Tibia and/or fibula 12

Pelvis 8

Rib 3

Foot 5

Olecranon 1

Lumbar spine 1

Infra-abdominal. 4/21

Negative exploration 1

Fecal diversion for perineal laceration 2

Retroperitoneal hematoma 3

Urethral injury 1

Splenectomy 2

Lacerated vena cava 1

Lacerated small bowel 1

Lacerated liver 1

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C.N.S.-Closed head injuries: 2/21

Vascular—Femoral arterial occlusion 2/21

The modern degloving injury, as opposed to the wrin-ger injury of the past, is

commonly associated with other injuries. Eighteen of the 21 patients had multiple

frac-tures, most commonly of the pelvis and lower extremities. In 50% of the

patients, multiple fractures were present in the degloved limb, and an additional

25% of patients sustained single fractures in the injured extremity. In most cases,

the fractures clustered around the knee (Fig. 1).

Two patients had associated compromise of the arte-rial blood supply to the

lower extremity, in one instance due to thrombosis of the common femoral artery,

and in another, secondary to injury of the femoral artery in the adductor canal. In

both cases, operative repair of the artery produced a favorable result.

Although degloving injuries are catastrophic, other injuries were more life-

threatening in 14 of the 21 patients. In seven patients, laparotomy was performed

with significant intra-abdominal findings in four. Colostomy was performed in two

patients to divert the fecal stream from a massively degloved lower extremity and

perineum. A variety of other injuries, including lacerations of the liver, small

intestine, and inferior vena cava, occurred in one patient with torso degloving.

Closed head injury resulted in fatality in one of the two patients who ulti-mately

died.

The morbidity of degloving injury is related to the length of time for recovery

of the soft-tissue injury as well as to underlying injuries. In this series, patients

averaged 68 days of hospitalization, and received a mean of 13.9 units of blood

during the first 36 hours.

TREATMENT

As in all serious injuries, resuscitation from shock, control of bleeding,

splinting of fractures, and mainte-nance of sterile techniques are the initial

priorities. All patients in this series had optimal emergency room man-agement. The

management of the near circumferential flap was done by several different methods

(Table III). For purposes of discussion, the patients can be divided into two groups.

The first group was comprised of nine patients in whom the circumferential flap was

converted into a graft by virtue of removal of subcutaneous fat and then reapplied

over the debrided muscle. The second group involved 12 patients with

circumferential degloving injury in whom the skin and subcutaneous tissue were

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reduced to normal position with the expectation that adherence of the

subcutaneous tissue would successfully maintain skin coverage.

TABLE III

Management of degloved skin in surviving patients

Patient No. Result (% loss) InfectionA. Loose primary closure (with or without drains)

13510111216

1007070506570

100

XX

XX

B. Packed open619

80100

C. Reduced, loose dressing4918

95100100

D. Defatted—Full-thickness graft78151720

10095

10010095

E. Flap used as split-thickness graft2131421

100959595

Reduction And closure of degloyed skin and subcuta-neous tissue was

attempted in seven patients. In every patient, 50% or more of the flap became

necrotic within several days, mandating further debridement and skin gl grafting

from other donor sites, and four of the seven wounds became frankly infected.

Wounds treated by packing or loose approximation resulted in equally poor results.

Five patients had immediate defatting of the entire flap with covering of the

skin over the debrided muscle as a full-thickness skin graft. Staples or sutures were

used to hold the graft in place. Coverage was near complete in all cases, and a

better than 90% take of the graft occurred in all five patients. In four additional

patients, the exten-sive circumferential skin flaps were removed, converted to split-

thickness skin grafts and reapplied, with or with-out meshing. This method was

universally successful, and resulted in greater than 90% adherence. In all cases in

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which the subcutaneous fat was removed and used as a full- or split-thickness skin

graft, only one infection developed.

Amputation of the involved extremity was eventually required in five

patients. Two patients had been success-fully treated with split-thickness grafts of

the degloved skin, and three with composite-thickness flaps. The three patients with

composite-thickness flaps developed near complete necrosis of the skin. In the

latter group, am-putations were performed at 31, 18, and 6 days, respec-tively.

Patients who had grafting procedures had suc-cessful grafting; amputation was

done for reasons other than skin loss and infection.

DISCUSSION

Different methods of management of extensive deglov-ing injuries have

resulted in a spectrum of recommended methods. In 1955, Prendiville and Lewis (9)

condemned the use of avulsed skin for immediate wound coverage, citing

nonviability of the skin and nonsuitability of the graft bed for graft acceptance. They

recommended use of fresh donor grafts at 5 to 7 days after injury. Most current

teaching is that the fresh wound is indeed a good bed for reception of donor tissue.

Appropriate management, however, requires optimal debridement of bruised or

devascularized tissue, or the graft is doomed to failure (1, 3, 4, 11).

Primary replacement of the degloved flap and stabilization by compression

dressings is not recommended. Moreover, the skin contains a rich vascular plexus in

the dermis, which is dependent upon blood flow from vessels that pierce the

underlying muscles and course through the deep fascial planes to enter the

subcutaneous tissue. When shearing forces separate the integument along fascial

planes and avulse the subcutaneous tissue these segmental vessels are interrupted,

leaving the skin dependent on blood flow that comes through the dermal plexus in

random fashion. Blood flow from the dermal plexus is usually markedly decreased in

distally based flaps, and some necrosis is inevitable if the flap elevation is

extensive. The initial appearance of the avulsed segment may suggest adequate

blood flow. This initial appearance, however, can be deceptive in terms of ultimate

outcome and will frequently lead the surgeon to assume that compressing the flap

onto the underlying muscle and fascia will result in its survival.

The presence or absence of dermal circulation is the key to flap survival and

ultimate coverage. In those situations where flap death is certain, one should

consider salvaging the involved skin as a graft. It is pointless to discard potentially

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useful segments of skin and then cover the wound with grafts from the uninjured

extremity.

Viability of the avulsed skin flap is difficult to determine clinically. Although

various methods have been described for ascertaining viability of flaps, their

efficacy in extensive degloving injuries remains unclear. Fluorescein has been of

value in evaluating burn wounds and in patients with peripheral vascular disease (5,

10). Intravenous dye (fluorescein) administration is also used in assessing skin and

muscle flap viability (7, 8). Fixation of the dye to the perfused tissues and

examination for fluorescence has generally been regarded as a reliable indicator of

flap viability. In the acute stages, however, perfusion of the dermal plexus may be

altered because of arteriovenous shunting. Nutritive blood flow, critical to skin

viability, is thus difficult to determine and may not be correctly represented by the

fluorescein dye test. In the present series, little experience with the fluorescein

technique was obtained, and for that reason a definite statement as to its place in

the management of degloving injuries cannot be made.

The treatment of patients following resuscitation involves tetanus prophylaxis

and management of associ-ated injuries. Debridement of underlying damaged mus-

cle or tendons is absolutely necessary. In some cases fasciotomy may be necessary

to prevent compartment syndrome (Table IV).

TABLE IV

Guidelines for management of degloved skin

A. Assess viability of flap

B. Debride necrotic or mangled tissues

C. Use nonviable areas of flap as full- or split-thickness skin grafts

D. Provide immobilization for graft and fractures

E. Daily observation

F. No antibiotics for isolated degloving injury

Once resuscitation is complete, the extent of the de-gloved skin must be

determined There is usually an area of skin breakage through which the operator's

hand can be placed to determine the extent of the degloving injury. If such is not

present, an incision should be made in the skin and a subcutaneous area entered in

order to determine the extent of the degloved area. The optimal method of

management is to outline the area of avulsed skin with a marking pencil and use a

dermatome to remove the skin from that area (Fig. 2). The rest of the skin and

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subcutaneous tissue is then debrided from the muscle site. Underlying injured

muscle is debrided and hemostasis obtained. Once this is completed, the harvested

skin can be reapplied to the wound, using staples for fixation. If further deep

debridement is expected, grafts can be refrigerated and used to supplement the

initial grafting procedure. In most cases, a high percent-age of take will result in

coverage of the area from the initial procedure. It is recognized that this method

removes subcutaneous fat and produces a suboptimal cosmetic result. However, in

patients with multiple injuries it is best to sacrifice immediate cosmetic results for

the benefits of skin coverage. In many cases, these patients' injuries behave like a

third-degree thermal burn.

FIG. 2. Method of harvesting skin graft from avulsed flap.

Following application of the graft, the extremity is immobilized.

Immobilization may be accomplished by placing a Steinmann pin through the femur

and suspend-ing the leg in traction. Daily observation until the graft becomes fixed

is important. Hematomas and seromas will often occur, although they will be less of

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The Journal Of Trauma October 1981

a problem if the skin is meshed, as opposed to applying the grafts as sheets.

Antiobiotics are of questionable importance unless frank infection is present.

Acknowledgment

The drawings were prepared by Wayne Emery.

DISCUSSION

DR. ELVIN G. Zoox (Division of Plastic Surgery, SIU School of Medicine,

Springfield, IL 62702): [Slide] McGronther and Sully presented 54 avulsion injuries

this year in the British Journal of Plastic Surgery. They found that in degloving

injuries of the lower extremity that included the knee, children frequently had

shortening of the extremity. They found that mesh grafts were cosmetically poor.

Twenty-two of 24 patients had secondary procedures, interestingly enough, for

contracture and skin breakdown. The skin breakdowns were not in areas of trauma

but in areas of poor primary healing.

Fluorescein sodium 15 mgm/kg can be used. I would like to caution you that

although it fluoresces well in a test tube or syringe, it takes experience to learn

what tissue will survive and what will not.

In 1965 Kernahan and in 1966 Ketchum showed that arterial injury was the

primary vascular problem in flap avulsions of soft tissue. McGregor in 1970

recommended amputation of all fingers with ring avulsion injuries with the

exception of the thumb. [Slide] We know now that the skin and soft tissue on the

body surface is a series of musculocutaneous flaps and axial pattern flaps, with

areas of random pattern flaps between them. [Slide] It is important, when new

techniques are refined and developed, that we apply these to problem patients.

Doctor O'Brien has done this by avulsing the soft tissue from rabbit extremities.

[Slide] He shows that by reanastomosing the artery and vein in noncrushed

circumferential leg flaps in rabbits you can save many of these flaps. [Slide] When it

is crushed you can save fewer. [Slide] When there is avulsion and crush very few

can be saved. [ Slide] I would like to challenge you that when you get a ring

avulsion and you can use a microscope and can get a result such as this, maybe we

can do this with a piece of tissue that is avulsed from the lower extremity of the

body.

DR. WILLIAM C. QUINBY (275 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114): I rise this

morning to ask about the preservation of wound integrity by allografts in burns. I

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have great admiration for the fact that wounds of this nature were so successfully

debrided in the second group of nine patients who had so much graft. I know

banking of skin graft is not done everyvvhere. I would ask if you considered

allografting for temporary closure of this type of wound, since there is plenty of

deep tissue trauma that goes with the injury that might affect the success of

grafting if debridement was not complete.

DR. KENNETH A. KUDSK (Closing): In these situations we don't necessarily

always get 100% coverage, so the use of banked skin may be very valuable in

covering the rest of the denuded area.

As far as using microvascular techniques in these patients is concerned, I

think at dines the underlying crush that commonly accompanies this injury may

make them very difficult to per-form. We will have to wait and see as more data are

accumu-lated.

REFERENCES

1. Corps, B. V. M., Littlewood, M.: Full thickness skin replacement after traumatic

avulsion. Br. J. Plast. Surg., 19: 229-233,1966.

2. Franz, J. L., Root, H. D.: Upper extremity wringer injury. Vase. Surg., 9: 302-

307,1975.

3. Kalisman, M., Wexler, M. R., Yeschua, R., et al.: Treatment of extensive avulsions

of skin and subcutaneous tissues. J. Derma-toL Surg. OncoL, 4: 322-327,1978.

4. Keagy, R. D., Head, J. R., Kroft, A. E.: Severe avulsion injury of the lower

extremity skin JA MA , 206: 1567-1568,1968.

5. Lund, F.: Fluorescein angiography of the skin in diagnosis, prognosis and

evaluation of therapy in peripheral arterial disease. BibL Anat. (16, pt2): 257-

262,1977.

6. MacCollum, D. W.: Wringer arm. N. EngL J. Med., 218: 549,1938.

7. McCraw, J. B., Meyers, B., Shanklin, K. D.: The value of fluorescein in predicting

the viability of arterialized flaps. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 60: 709-710,1977.

8. Potts, A. M.: Low incidence of reactions during fluorescein angiog-raphy. J.A.M.A.,

227: 1448,1974.

9. Prendiville, J. B., Lewis, E.: The pneumatic tyre torsion avulsion injury. Br. J.

Surg., 42: 582,1955.

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10.Stolar, L. J., Randolph, J. G.: Evaluation of ischemic bowel viability with a

fluorescent technique. J. Pediat. Surg., 13: 221-225,1978.

11.Wynn-Williams, D.: The treatment of traumatic avulsion of skin of the

extremities. Physiotherapy, 56: 88-90, 1970.

Degloving Cedera dari ekstremitas dan TorsoKENNETH A. KUDSK, MD, GEORGE F. SHELDON, MD, DAN ROBERT L. WALTON, MD0022-5282/81/2110-0835802.00/0THE JURNAL TRAUMAHak Cipta © 1981 oleh The Williams & Wilkins CoDicetak di U.S.A.

Degloving cedera pada ekstremitas dan batang tubuh terjadi dengan frekuensi relatif dan berkaitan dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Tujuan umum dari semua pendekatan bedah untuk membangun kembali cakupan kulit di atas daerah luka, tapi terapi berbeda di kedua teknik dan hasil. Survei ini mengevaluasi manajemen dan hasil dari 21 pasien yang mengalami cedera degloving minimal 2/3 lingkar batang tubuh atau ekstremitas. Teknik bedah awal yang menggunakan aplikasi kulit sebagai cangkok penuh atau split-ketebalan dibandingkan dengan mereka di mana penyelamatan dari flap seluruh dengan jaringan subkutan yang dicoba.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan langsung dari kulit degloved sebagai cangkok penuh atau split-ketebalan kulit memberikan cakupan yang paling memuaskan bagi daerah gundul. Fitur penting lainnya dalam manajemen meliputi observasi sering dan imobilisasi ekstremitas pasca operasi, dan penggunaan cangkok jala bila diperlukan untuk menutupi area yang luas. Penekanan terakhir pada pasokan darah kulit menggarisbawahi pentingnya peredarannya sebagai penentu kelangsungan hidup flap.Pengamatan setiap hari sampai flap menjadi tetap adalah wajib. Reattachment Primer flap penuh atau split-ketebalan dengan jahitan atau penggunaan dressing kompresi tanpa okulasi tidak berhasil dan harus ditinggalkan sebagai pendekatan dapat diterima untuk masalah ini.Degloving hasil luka dari penerapan gaya tangensial ke permukaan kulit dengan ransum yang dihasilkan ¬ Sepa dari kulit dan jaringan subkutan dari otot yang mendasari relatif kaku dan fasia. Umumnya, kulit dengan jumlah variabel jaringan subkutan ditemukan tenuously melekat dengan kompromi yang lation ¬ Circu. Spektrum cedera meliputi elevasi kulit penutup sederhana untuk avulsion keliling integu ¬ ment dari ekstremitas keseluruhan.Degloving cedera yang umum ketika pemeras mencuci ¬ ing mesin yang digunakan. 'Lengan pemeras, "dijelaskan sebelumnya oleh MacCollum (6) dan ditandai oleh orang lain (2), terutama cedera bayi dan anak-anak, dan terlibat menghancurkan parah dan avulsi jaringan lunak dari ekstremitas atas. Fraktur yang jarang terjadi. Dengan diperkenalkannya peralatan otomatis, frekuensi cedera degloving dari ekstremitas atas berkurang. Hari ini, orang-orang luka biasanya melibatkan extremi rendah ¬ hubungan dan lebih sering dikaitkan dengan patah tulang dan cedera lainnya. Mereka biasanya hasil dari jeratan dari tungkai bawah antara ban berputar dari sebuah mobil dan permukaan tetap.Manajemen Standar degloving cedera ekstremitas bawah jatuh ke dalam dua kategori dasar. Yang pertama mencakup reattachment sederhana segmen avulsi komposit dengan harapan bahwa itu akan bertahan. Kategori kedua melibatkan penghapusan segmen avulsi dan cakupan luka

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dengan cangkok kulit. Teknik yang terakhir dapat menggunakan panen dari cangkok kulit dari segmen avulsi (ketebalan baik split atau penuh), atau cakupan dengan kulit dari situs lain donor.Dari Departemen Bedah dan Trauma Center, University of California di San Francisco Layanan General Hospital, San Francisco, California. Karya ini didukung oleh US Army Hibah DADA 17 ¬ 72-C-2030, NIH Trauma Hibah GM 18470, dan NIH Trauma Fellow-kapal Hibah GMO 7032.Disampaikan pada Sidang Tahunan Fortieth dari tion ¬ Amerika Associa untuk Bedah Trauma, 18-20 September 1980, Phoenix, Arizona.Alamat untuk cetak ulang: George F. Sheldon, MD, UC Bedah Kantor, Ward 3A, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110.

BAHAN DAN METODELaporan ini meliputi 21 pasien, berusia 7 sampai 78 tahun, yang menderita parah cedera jaringan lunak dengan circumfer ¬ degloving sajalah (Tabel I). Untuk dimasukkan dalam pemisahan, analisis trauma kulit dan jaringan subkutan minimal dua pertiga lingkar ekstremitas yang terlibat diperlukan. Seri ini mencakup semua pasien dirawat di San Francisco General Hospital 1971-1980. Cedera tangan dan skrotum dikeluarkan dari analisis.TABEL IRingkasan kasusPasien Usia No (thn) Panjang Hospitalization (hari) Tingkat Degloving1 7 71 100 melingkar%: lutut untuk pertengahan betis2 15 25 Bilateral: 75% dari pertengahan kiri kembali ke betis kiri atas, 50% benar pantat lateral ke medial paha bagian atas3 17 17 75% melingkar: suprapatella ke pertengahan betis4 18 59 75% melingkar: anIde untuk patela5 18 119 100% melingkar: lutut ke mata kaki6 24 56 70% melingkar: sayap kiri atas medial, anterior spina iliaka anterior superior kanan7 24 81 + 85% melingkar: patela ke pangkal paha dan pantat8 28 19 65% melingkar: anlde ke jari kaki9 32 32 90% melingkar: pergelangan kaki untuk metatarsal mid10 33 42 70% melingkar: ligamentum inguinalis ke betis11 34 94 75% melingkar: dinding perut lebih rendah untuk lutut12 37 7 (meninggal) 85% melingkar: anus ke pantat kanan dan anterior paha medial13 38 27 75% melingkar: patela ke pertengahan betis14 41 - 100% melingkar: siku ke pergelangan tangan15 44 12 75 melingkar%: anlde ke metatarsal mid16 55 65 100% melingkar: paha kiri atas untuk pergelangan kaki17 58 38 75% melingkar: 2 inci di atas pergelangan kaki ke jari kaki18 59 21 100% melingkar: betis untuk anlde19 60 2 (meninggal) 70% melingkar: lutut ke kuadran kiri bawahPatela sampai mata kaki: 20 66 141 90 melingkar%21 78 28 100% melingkar: pergelangan kaki ke jari kaki

Pola karakteristik Beberapa cedera yang Lat ¬ nized. Empat belas pasien mengalami cedera degloving oleh jeratan antara kendaraan yang bergerak (yaitu, roda dan permukaan tetap), enam pasien tambahan dilemparkan di permukaan tetap, misalnya, trotoar. Satu pasien menderita

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cedera degloving sebagai penyelamat diekstraksi dia dari bawah trailer saat kakinya terperangkap di bawah basisnya. Tujuh belas dari 21 pasien yang terlibat dalam kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor, 11 dari pasien adalah pejalan kaki Dua pasien meninggal, pada 2 dan 7 hari setelah cedera, penyebab kematian terkait dengan cedera terkait yang termasuk cedera kepala tertutup, gagal ginjal, dan pulmonary embolus .Sebagian besar cedera degloving terjadi saat ini melibatkan ekstremitas bawah (Gambar 1, Tabel II). Dalam semua kecuali dua pasien di seri ini, ekstremitas bawah terlibat. Pada lima pasien, jaringan degloved terbatas pada kaki dan pergelangan kaki, dan pada enam pasien ke paha. Daerah tibia dan CADF yang mengalami avulsi dalam tujuh pasien tambahan. Satu pasien memiliki total kerugian dekat kulit ekstremitas bawah seluruh dari ligamentum inguinalis ke pergelangan kaki, termasuk avulsi tendon Achilles. Sepuluh pasien menderita kerugian ekstremitas total dekat melingkar rendah jaringan. Gambar. 1. Lokasi cedera: Berbayang daerah menandakan lokasi cedera degloving. Frekuensi patah tulang terkait erat sejajar dengan bidang degloving.TABEL IIAssociated lukaSkeletal: 18/21 pasien1). Melibatkan tungkai deglovedSatu patah tulang 6Beberapa fraktur 92). Situs-Jumlah penderita patah tulang terdaftarFemur 8Bilateral 1Tibia dan / atau fibula 12Pelvis 8Rib 3Kaki 5Olecranon 1Lumbar tulang belakang 1Infra-perut. 4/21Negatif eksplorasi 1Tinja pengalihan untuk laserasi perineum 2Retroperitoneal hematoma 3Uretra cedera 1Splenektomi 2Terkoyak vena cava 1Terkoyak kecil usus 1Terkoyak hati 1C.N.S.-Tertutup kepala luka: 2/21Vascular-femoralis arteri oklusi 2/21Cedera degloving modern, yang bertentangan dengan cedera wrin-ger masa lalu, umumnya terkait dengan cedera lainnya. Delapan belas dari 21 pasien memiliki beberapa frac-membangun struktur, paling sering dari pelvis dan ekstremitas bawah. Pada 50% dari pasien, patah tulang multiple hadir di tungkai degloved, dan 25% tambahan pasien menderita patah tulang tunggal di ekstremitas terluka. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, patah tulang berkerumun di sekitar lutut (Gambar

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1).Dua pasien telah dikaitkan kompromi suplai darah arte-rial ke ekstremitas bawah, dalam satu contoh akibat trombosis dari arteri femoralis, dan di lain, sekunder untuk cedera arteri femoralis di kanal adduktor. Dalam kedua kasus, perbaikan operasi arteri menghasilkan hasil yang menguntungkan.Meskipun cedera yang degloving bencana, cedera lain yang lebih mengancam jiwa di 14 dari 21 pasien. Dalam tujuh pasien, laparotomi dilakukan dengan signifikan intra-abdominal temuan dalam empat. Kolostomi dilakukan dalam dua pasien untuk mengalihkan aliran kotoran dari tungkai bawah massal degloved dan perineum. Berbagai cedera lainnya, termasuk laserasi hati, usus kecil, dan vena cava inferior, terjadi pada satu pasien dengan tubuh degloving. Cedera kepala tertutup menimbulkan kematian pada salah satu dari dua pasien yang ulti-kira meninggal.Morbiditas degloving cedera berhubungan dengan lamanya waktu untuk pemulihan dari cedera jaringan lunak serta cedera yang mendasari. Dalam seri ini, pasien rata-rata 68 hari rawat inap, dan menerima rata-rata 13,9 unit darah selama 36 jam pertama.PENGOBATANSeperti dalam semua cedera serius, resusitasi dari shock, kontrol perdarahan, splinting fraktur, dan mainte-nance teknik steril adalah prioritas awal. Semua pasien dalam seri ini memiliki ruang gawat darurat yang optimal manusia pengelolaan. Manajemen flap melingkar dekat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode yang berbeda (Tabel III). Untuk tujuan diskusi, pasien dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama terdiri dari sembilan pasien yang flap melingkar diubah menjadi graft berdasarkan penghapusan lemak subkutan dan kemudian diterapkan kembali di otot debridement. Kelompok kedua melibatkan 12 pasien dengan cedera degloving melingkar yang di dalamnya kulit dan jaringan subkutan berkurang ke posisi normal dengan harapan bahwa kepatuhan dari jaringan subkutan berhasil akan mempertahankan cakupan kulit.TABEL IIIManajemen kulit degloved dalam hidup pasienPasien Hasil Nomor (% loss) InfeksiA. penutupan primer longgar (dengan atau tanpa saluran air)135101112161007070506570100 XX

XX

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B. Dikemas terbuka61980100C. Mengurangi, longgar ganti491895100100D. lemaknya-Full-ketebalan graft78151720 1009510010095E. Flap digunakan sebagai split-ketebalan graft2131421 100959595

Pengurangan Dan penutupan kulit degloyed dan subcuta-neous jaringan dicoba di tujuh pasien. Pada setiap pasien, 50% atau lebih dari flap menjadi nekrotik dalam beberapa hari, mandat debridement lebih lanjut dan gl pencangkokan kulit dari situs donor lainnya, dan empat dari tujuh luka menjadi terinfeksi terus terang. Luka diobati dengan pendekatan kemasan atau longgar menghasilkan hasil sama miskin.Lima pasien mengalami defatting segera tutup seluruh dengan menutupi kulit di atas otot debridement sebagai cangkok kulit full-thickness. Staples atau jahitan yang digunakan untuk menahan graft di tempat. Cakupan sudah dekat lengkap dalam semua kasus, dan 90% lebih baik daripada mengambil dari korupsi terjadi di semua lima pasien. Dalam empat pasien tambahan, exten-komprehensif flaps kulit melingkar telah dihapus, diubah menjadi split-ketebalan cangkok kulit dan diterapkan kembali, dengan atau dengan-out meshing. Metode ini adalah universal sukses, dan menghasilkan lebih dari 90% kepatuhan. Dalam semua kasus di mana lemak subkutan telah dihapus dan digunakan sebagai cangkok penuh atau split-ketebalan kulit, hanya satu infeksi berkembang.Amputasi ekstremitas yang terlibat akhirnya diperlukan dalam lima pasien. Dua pasien telah

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berhasil diobati dengan penuh-split-ketebalan cangkok kulit degloved, dan tiga dengan komposit-ketebalan flaps. Tiga pasien dengan komposit-ketebalan flaps dikembangkan dekat nekrosis lengkap kulit. Pada kelompok kedua, pagi-putations dilakukan pada tanggal 31, 18, dan 6 hari, masing-masing. Pasien yang telah mencangkok prosedur telah SUC-cessful mencangkok, amputasi dilakukan untuk alasan lain selain hilangnya kulit dan infeksi.PEMBAHASANMetode yang berbeda dari manajemen yang luas deglov-ing cedera telah menghasilkan spektrum metode yang direkomendasikan. Pada tahun 1955, Prendiville dan Lewis (9) mengutuk penggunaan kulit avulsi untuk cakupan luka langsung, mengutip nonviability dari kulit dan nonsuitability dari tempat tidur graft untuk penerimaan korupsi. Mereka direkomendasikan penggunaan cangkok donor segar pada 5 sampai 7 hari setelah cedera. Pengajaran yang paling saat ini adalah bahwa luka segar memang tempat tidur yang baik untuk penerimaan jaringan donor. Sesuai mengelola ¬ an, bagaimanapun, memerlukan debridement optimal memar atau jaringan devascularized, atau korupsi akan gagal (1, 3, 4, 11).Penggantian Primer flap degloved dan stabili lisasi ¬ oleh dressing kompresi tidak dianjurkan. Selain itu, kulit mengandung pembuluh darah pleksus kaya dermis, yang tergantung pada aliran darah dari pembuluh yang menembus otot yang mendasari dan tentu saja melalui pesawat fasia dalam untuk memasuki jaringan subkutan. Ketika pasukan geser memisahkan integumen sepanjang pesawat fasia dan avulse jaringan subkutan pembuluh segmental terganggu, meninggalkan kulit de ¬ tergantung pada aliran darah yang datang melalui pleksus dermal dalam mode acak. Aliran darah dari pleksus dermal biasanya menurun tajam dalam flaps distal berbasis, dan nekrosis beberapa tidak bisa dihindari jika elevasi tutup luas. Penampilan awal ¬ seg avulsi ment mungkin menyarankan aliran darah yang memadai. Ini pearance ap awal ¬, bagaimanapun, bisa menipu dalam hal hasil akhir dan sering akan memimpin ahli bedah untuk mengasumsikan bahwa mengompresi flap ke otot yang mendasari dan fasia akan menghasilkan kelangsungan hidupnya.Ada atau tidak adanya sirkulasi kulit adalah kunci untuk kelangsungan hidup dan mengepakkan cakupan utama. Dalam situasi di mana kematian penutup yang pasti, kita harus mempertimbangkan menyelamatkan kulit yang terlibat sebagai graft. Hal ini gunanya untuk membuang segmen berguna potensial dari kulit dan kemudian menutupi luka dengan cangkokan dari extrem terluka ¬ ity.Kelangsungan hidup flap kulit avulsi sulit untuk mencegah tambang ¬ klinis. Meskipun berbagai metode telah dijelaskan untuk memastikan kelangsungan hidup flaps, keberhasilan mereka dalam cedera degloving luas masih belum jelas. Fluores ¬ cein telah nilai dalam mengevaluasi luka bakar dan pada pasien dengan penyakit pembuluh darah perifer (5, 10). Intra vena ¬ dye (fluorescein) administrasi juga digunakan dalam menilai kulit dan otot viabilitas penutup (7, 8). Fiksasi dari pewarna untuk jaringan perfusi dan pemeriksaan untuk fluoresensi secara umum telah dianggap sebagai indikator yang dapat diandalkan viabilitas flap. Pada tahap akut, bagaimanapun, perfusi dari pleksus dermal dapat diubah karena shunting arteriovenous. Aliran darah bergizi, penting untuk kelangsungan kulit, dengan demikian sulit untuk menentukan dan mungkin tidak benar diwakili oleh uji dye fluorescein. Dalam serial ini, sedikit pengalaman dengan teknik fluorescein diperoleh, dan untuk alasan itu pernyataan yang pasti untuk tempatnya dalam pengelolaan cedera degloving tidak dapat dibuat.Pengobatan pasien setelah resusitasi di ¬ volves profilaksis tetanus dan pengelolaan cedera diasosiasikan diciptakan. Debridemen mendasari rusak mus ¬ cle atau tendon mutlak diperlukan. Dalam beberapa kasus fasciotomy mungkin diperlukan untuk mencegah sindrom kompartemen

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(Tabel IV).TABEL IVPedoman untuk manajemen kulit deglovedA. Menilai kelayakan flapB. debride nekrotik atau hancur jaringanC. Gunakan daerah nonviable flap sebagai cangkokan kulit penuh atau split-ketebalanD. Menyediakan imobilisasi karena korupsi dan patah tulangE. Harian observasiF. Tidak ada antibiotik untuk cedera degloving terisolasiSetelah resusitasi selesai, sejauh mana kulit de-bersarung harus ditentukan Biasanya ada daerah kerusakan kulit melalui mana tangan operator dapat ditempatkan untuk menentukan luasnya cedera degloving. Jika seperti tidak hadir, sayatan harus dibuat di kulit dan area subkutan dimasukkan dalam rangka untuk mencegah tambang ¬ luasnya wilayah degloved. Metode yang optimal dari manajemen adalah untuk menguraikan daerah kulit avulsi dengan pensil menandai dan menggunakan dermatom untuk menghapus kulit dari daerah itu (Gambar 2). Sisa dari kulit dan jaringan subkutan kemudian debridement dari situs otot. Otot cedera mendasari debridement dan hemostasis diperoleh. Setelah ini selesai, kulit dipanen dapat diterapkan kembali pada luka, menggunakan staples untuk fiksasi. Jika debridement yang mendalam lebih lanjut diharapkan, cangkok dapat didinginkan dan digunakan untuk melengkapi prosedur pencangkokan awal. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, persen usia tinggi take akan menghasilkan cakupan wilayah dari prosedur awal. Hal ini diakui bahwa metode ini menghilangkan lemak subkutan dan menghasilkan hasil kosmetik suboptimal. Namun, pada pasien dengan beberapa luka-luka yang terbaik adalah untuk mengorbankan hasil kosmetik langsung untuk manfaat dari cakupan kulit. Dalam banyak kasus, luka pasien 'berperilaku seperti luka bakar tingkat tiga termal. Gambar. 2. Metode panen cangkok kulit dari penutup avulsi.Setelah penerapan korupsi, ekstremitas yang bergerak. Imobilisasi dapat dicapai dengan menempatkan pin Steinmann melalui tulang paha dan menangguhkan-ing kaki dalam traksi. Pengamatan setiap hari sampai korupsi menjadi tetap penting. Hematoma dan seromas akan sering terjadi, meskipun mereka akan kurang dari masalah jika kulit menyatu, sebagai lawan menerapkan cangkokan sebagai lembar. Antiobiotics sangat penting dipertanyakan kecuali infeksi frank hadir.

PengakuanGambar-gambar yang disiapkan oleh Wayne Emery.PEMBAHASANDR. ELVIN G. Zoox (Divisi Bedah Plastik, SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702): [Slide] McGronther dan Sully disajikan 54 cedera avulsi tahun ini dalam British Journal of Plastic Surgery. Mereka menemukan bahwa dalam degloving cedera ekstremitas bawah yang termasuk lutut, anak-anak sering mengalami pemendekan ekstremitas. Mereka menemukan bahwa cangkok jala adalah kosmetik miskin. Dua puluh dua dari 24 pasien memiliki prosedur sekunder, cukup menarik, untuk contracture dan kerusakan kulit. Para kerusakan kulit tidak di daerah trauma tetapi dalam bidang penyembuhan primer yang buruk.Fluorescein natrium 15 mgm / kg dapat digunakan. Saya ingin mengingatkan Anda bahwa meskipun berfluoresensi dengan baik dalam tabung reaksi atau jarum suntik, dibutuhkan pengalaman untuk mempelajari apa jaringan akan bertahan dan apa yang tidak akan.

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Pada tahun 1965 dan pada tahun 1966 Kernahan Ketchum menunjukkan bahwa cedera arteri adalah masalah vaskular utama dalam avulsions flap jaringan lunak. McGregor pada tahun 1970 amputasi disarankan semua jari dengan cedera avulsi cincin dengan pengecualian dari jempol. [Slide] Kita tahu sekarang bahwa jaringan kulit dan lembut pada permukaan tubuh adalah serangkaian flaps muskulokutaneus dan flaps pola aksial, dengan bidang flaps pola acak antara mereka. [Geser] Hal ini penting, ketika teknik baru disempurnakan dan dikembangkan, yang kita terapkan ini untuk pasien masalah. Dokter O'Brien telah melakukan ini dengan avulsing jaringan lunak dari kaki kelinci. [Slide] Ia menunjukkan bahwa dengan reanastomosing arteri dan vena di kaki noncrushed flaps melingkar pada kelinci Anda dapat menyimpan banyak dari flaps. [Slide] Ketika dihancurkan Anda dapat menyimpan lebih sedikit. [Slide] Ketika ada avulsion dan menghancurkan sangat sedikit dapat diselamatkan. [Slide] Saya ingin menantang Anda bahwa ketika Anda mendapatkan avulsion cincin dan Anda dapat menggunakan mikroskop dan bisa mendapatkan hasil seperti ini, mungkin kita bisa melakukan hal ini dengan sepotong jaringan yang mengalami avulsi dari ekstremitas bawah dari tubuh.DR. WILLIAM C. Quinby (275 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114): Aku bangkit pagi ini untuk bertanya tentang pelestarian integritas luka dengan luka bakar di allografts. Saya memiliki kekaguman besar untuk fakta bahwa luka alam ini begitu berhasil debridement pada kelompok kedua dari sembilan pasien yang memiliki begitu banyak korupsi. Saya tahu perbankan cangkok kulit tidak dilakukan everyvvhere. Saya akan bertanya apakah Anda dianggap allografting untuk penutupan sementara ini jenis luka, karena ada banyak trauma jaringan dalam yang terjadi dengan cedera yang mungkin mempengaruhi keberhasilan grafting jika debridement tidak lengkap.DR. KENNETH A. KUDSK (Penutup): Dalam situasi ini kita tidak harus selalu mendapatkan cakupan 100%, sehingga penggunaan kulit miring mungkin sangat berharga dalam meliputi seluruh daerah gundul.Sejauh menggunakan teknik mikrovaskuler pada pasien-pasien yang bersangkutan, saya pikir di dines himpitan mendasari yang biasanya menyertai cedera ini dapat membuat mereka sangat sulit untuk per-bentuk. Kita akan harus menunggu dan melihat sebagai data lebih banyak terkumpul lated.

REFERENSI1. Corps, BVM, Littlewood, M.: ketebalan pengganti kulit penuh setelah avulsion traumatis. Br. J. Plast. Surg, 19:. 229-233,1966.2. Franz, JL, Akar, HD: ekstremitas cedera pemeras atas. Vas. Surg, 9:. 302-307,1975.3. Kalisman, M., Wexler, MR, Yeschua, R., et al: Pengobatan avulsions luas jaringan kulit dan subkutan.. J. Derma-Tol Surg. Oncol, 4: 322-327,1978.4. Keagy, RD, Kepala, JR, Kroft, AE: avulsion cedera parah dari ekstremitas bawah kulit JA MA, 206: 1567-1568,1968.5. Lund, F.: Fluorescein angiography dari kulit dalam diagnosis, prognosis dan evaluasi terapi pada penyakit arteri perifer. Bibl Anat. (16, pt2): 257-262,1977.6. MacCollum, D. W.: pemeras lengan. N. Engl J. Med, 218:. 549,1938.7. McCraw, JB, Meyers, B., Shanklin, KD: Nilai fluorescein dalam memprediksi kelangsungan hidup flaps arterialized. Plast. Reconstr. Surg, 60:. 709-710,1977.8. Potts, AM: kejadian Rendah reaksi selama fluorescein angiog-raphy. J.A.M.A., 227: 1448,1974.9. Prendiville, JB, Lewis, E.: The ban pneumatik torsi cedera avulsi. Br. J. Surg, 42:. 582,1955.

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10. STOLAR, LJ, Randolph, JG: Evaluasi viabilitas usus iskemik dengan teknik neon. J. Pediat. Surg, 13:. 221-225,1978.11. Wynn-Williams, D.: The pengobatan avulsi trauma kulit dari ekstremitas. Fisioterapi, 56: 88-90, 1970.

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