DEIXIS IN THE MOVIE SCRIPT OF “DOCTOR STRANGE”

(A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS)

A THESIS

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Science of Hasanuddin University in

Partial Fulfillment of Requirement to Obtain Sarjana Degree in English

Department

BY

JUSRIAH FATIMA

F211 15 315

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCE

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2019

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah SWT The Most Beneficent and The Most Merciful.

All praises are to Allah SWT for all the blesses so that the writer can accomplish

this thesis. In addition, may peace and salutation be given to the prophet

Muhammad SAW who has taken all human being from the darkness to the

lightness.

The writer would like to express her genuine gratitudes to:

1. My dearest parents, Usman and Dewi Sukmawati, who support me to

complete this thesis and give motivation to get a better life in the future.

2. Dr. Ayub Khan, M.Si. as the first consultant and Drs. Simon Sitoto, M.A as

the second consultant, for their invaluable guidance, suggestion, and feedback

during the completion of this thesis.

3. Prof. Dr. Akin Duli, MA. as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, The

head and secretary of the English Department, Hasanuddin University Dr.

Abidin Pammu, M.A., Dipl. TESOL. And Sitti Sahreany, S.S., M.A. The

writer also express sincerely thanks to all lecturers and officers who have

guided the writer during the study in English Department.

4. My beloved sister, Minarti Usman, and my beloved brother, Ahmad

Zulfadhli who support me in every situation.

5. My lifetime friends, Rajiman, Wa Ode Novita Hirda, and Melly Amelia,

for these last 9 years spending time together. I know our path is different, but

it makes our friendship beautiful right?

vii

6. My Linguistics sisters, Astina Akkas and Intan Ayu Ramadhani. I am glad

for being in same destiny with you. You are my supporting system in my

study. Keep supporting each other guise.

7. All members of English Department Especially Batch 2015 (E-Lite ‟15) for

this latest years and your time to share with me about collage life.

8. My KKN team chapter 99 in Kecamatan Gantarangkeke, Banteng, especially

in Posko Tanah Loe, our moments were short but kneeing deep in my heart.

9. My ultimate love, EXO members (Kim Minseok, Kim Junmyeon, Zhang

Yixing, Byun Baekhyun, Park Chanyeol, Kim Jongdae, Do Kyungsoo, Kim

Jongin, Oh Sehun), who cheer and entertain my days over the past 7 years

indirectly. Like your words, let‟s love each other, forever.

The writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,

the writer is openly encouraged to any criticisms and suggestions for the

improvements in the next research. Finally, the writer hopes that this research can

be useful for education in general and for all of us in particular.

Makassar, 7th

May 2019

The Writer

Jusriah Fatima

NIM : F21115315

viii

ABSTRACT

JUSRIAH FATIMA. Deixis in the Movie Script of “Doctor Strange” (A

Pragmatic Analysis) (supervised by Ayub Khan and Simon Sitoto)

This study aims to explain the meaning of discourse deixis and social

deixis found in the movie script of Doctor strange, and describe the role of

context in determining the references of each deixis that is found in the movie.

In this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. After

finding the movie script, the writer marked the discourse deixis and social deixis

to be analyzed using the theory of Levinson.

The result of this research shows that there are 30 data of discourse deixis

and 30 data of social deixis. Generally, the discourse deixis refer to other

expression mention in some part of the discourse. The social deixis in this

research shows the social status among the speakers. The Ancient One is in the

highest status because she addressed by absolute authorized recipients deictic

word. The social status of the other speakers depends on the context when the

conversation happens. The referents of both discourse deixis and social deixis are

determined by the context where they are used.

Key terms: Pragmatics, Discourse Deixis, Social Deixis, Movie Script, Doctor

Strange

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ABSTRAK

JUSRIAH FATIMA. Deiksis dalam Naskah Film Doctor Strange

(Sebuah Analisis Pragmatik) (dibimbing oleh Ayub Khan dan Simon Sitoto).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan maksud dari deiksis wacana

dan deiksis sosial yang ditemukan dalam naskah film dan untuk mendeskripsikan

peranan konteks dalam menentukan referensi dari setiap deiksis yang ditemukan.

Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskripsi kualitatif.

Setelah mendapatkan skrip film, penulis menandai deiksis wacana dan deiksis

social untuk dianalisis menggunakan teori Levinson C.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ada 30 data deiksis wacana

dan 30 data deiksis sosial. Secara umum, deiksis wacana merujuk kepada

beberapa bagian dari wacana sebelumnya. Deiksis sosial dalam penelitian ini

menunjukan status sosial antara para pembicaranya. The Ancient One adalah yang

memiliki status sosial tertinggi karena ia dialamatkan dengan kata deictic

penerima yang diotoritasi mutlak. Sosial status dari pembicara yang lainnya

ditentukan berdasarkan konteks ketika pembicaraan berlangsung. Referensi dari

deiksis wacana dan deiksis sosial ini ditentukan oleh konteks ketika kata itu

dituturkan.

Kata Kunci: Pragmatik, Deiksis Wacana, Deiksis Sosial, Naskah Film, Doctor

Strange

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Types of person deixis ................................................................. 10

Table 4.1 Discourse deixis in Doctor Strange‟s movie script ...................... 23

Table 4.2 Social deixis in Doctor Strange‟s movie script ............................ 25

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LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix 1 Movie Script of Doctor Strange ............................................... 58

xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ............................................................................................................... i

LEGITIMACY .................................................................................................. ii

AGREEMENT ................................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION .............................................................................................. iv

APPROVAL ...................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... vi

ABSTRACK ................................................................................................... viii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ ix

LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................. x

LIST OF APPENDIX ...................................................................................... xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ....................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problems ............................................................................................ 2

1.3 Scope of Problems ............................................................................. 2

1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................... 3

1.5 Objectives of Study ........................................................................... 3

1.6 Significance of Study ........................................................................ 3

CHAPTER II THEORICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Previous Related Studies ................................................................... 5

2.2 Literature Review .............................................................................. 6

xiii

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 The Type of Research .................................................................... 18

3.2 Library Research ............................................................................ 18

3.3 Field Research ................................................................................ 18

3.3.1 Population and Sample .......................................................... 18

3.3.2 Research Instruments ............................................................ 19

3.3.3 Technique of Collecting Data ............................................... 20

3.3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data ............................................... 20

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Finding ........................................................................................... 21

4.2 Discussion ...................................................................................... 36

4.2.1 Discourse Deixis ................................................................... 37

4.2.2 Social Deixis ......................................................................... 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 56

5.2 Suggestion ..................................................................................... 56

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 57

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 59

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Language, in the context of communication, is often expressed in many

ways to make it more interesting like a movie. Watching movies is a great mode

of entertainment for almost every single individual that by far exists in the 21st

century. Movies of every genre action, adventure, romance, drama, fiction,

animation, comedy, etc., have been our favorite set of entertainments since a few

decades, which makes the movie and media industry one of the biggest industries

in this world.

Movie is one of some arts from the language creation that is loved by

many people in the world. It is because the conversations, gesture of the actors,

and points of the message in the movie appear more clearly to the people who

watch it. But in contrast, the movie script itself is different. People need to think

more to get all the messages of the conversation or the story in the movie script

like the speaker‟s attended, meaning of his utterance, the attitude of the speaker

when he talks to the addressee as referent honorific, the gesture that is used by the

speaker and addressee, etc.

In this research, the writer took the Doctor Strange movie as the object

because of two reasons. First, in the movie script, there are many deictic

expressions that can be analyzed. When a text contains many deictic expressions,

people who read the text have to think deepen to get the referent of every deictic

expression they found. Second, this movie is one of the best movie from Marvel

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Studio. As usual Marvel Studio produce superhero movie, so as the Doctor

Strange. This movie is special because of the effects. Marvel straight designed a

superhero origin, which felt like more a spiritual acid trip than anything else. The

magic looks absolutely beautiful, but at the same time it seems realistic, almost

believable. The nature of the visual effects gives the viewer a sense of total

immersion in the film. Doctor Strange basically took everything that was cool

about the inception and make it five times better. From the opening scene, the

viewer is strapped in and is held on the edge of their seats until the post credit

scenes roll around. Doctor Strange movie brings us to imagined world that could

make us feel amazed by it.

1.2 Problems

In this research, the writer takes the script of the as the object. In the

movie script, people need to think more to get all the messages of the

conversation or the story in the movie script like the speaker‟s attended, meaning

of his utterance, the attitude of the speaker when he talks to the addressee as

referent honorific, the gesture that is used by the speaker and addressee, etc.

Therefore, they cannot guess or interpret anything before they have any relevant

clue in information and without knowing about the context when the utterance is

uttered. It means they need a tool to get all the messages. In this case, pragmatics

is the best way to understand it, which includes the use of deixis. Deixis has five

types, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social

deixis.

3

1.3 Scope of problems

In this research, the writer limited her study in defining about the deixis as

a part of pragmatics in every utterance that the actors utter in the movie and the

role of context in determining the references of each deixis. There are two types of

deixis that writer wants to find in the movie script. They are discourse deixes and

social deixis.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the limitation of the problems, the writer determines the

formulation of the problems as follows:

1. What is the meaning carried out by discourse deixis and social deixis ?

2. What is the role of context in determining the references of each deixis ?

1.5 Objectives of Study

The objectives of study agree with statement of problem, such as :

1. To explain the meaning of discourse deixis and social deixis that is found in

the movie script of Doctor strange.

2. To describe the role of context in determining the references of each deixis

that is found in the movie.

4

1.6 Significance of Study

This research has been purposed in two significances:

1. Theoretical benefit

This research aims to give understanding about deixis in Doctor Strange

movie script. The study has purpose that the findings of the study will contribute

to the area of pragmatics. Especially, this research may help to avoid

misinterpretations of the speakers and addressee.

2. Practical benefit

a. It can be used by teachers as teaching material about pragmatics

especially deixis.

b. This study will be useful for readers in understanding the content of the

movie. It can help them to get deep knowledge of what the character

means by his utterance.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Previous Studies

There are some previous studies which related with this topic.

First is a research by Ferania (2013) entitled „An Analysis of Deixis in

Students‟ Writing of Recount Text of the Eighth B Grade of Smp N 1 Jepara in the

Academic Year 2012/2013‟. She used Levinson theory to analyze data. There are

five aspects of deixis that Levinson explained, such as, Person, Place, Time,

Social, and Discourse deixis. The result from twenty written recount text that she

analyze dare: person deixis (271 times), place deixis (196 times), time deixis (105

times), social deixis (98 times), and discourse deixis (33 times).

Second is a research by Ferya Dinata Rahmat Tulah (2015) entitled

„Deixis Used in SpongeBob Movie Series‟. This research is using a quantitative

descriptive method. The data analysis was done by using the theory of

pragmatics, especially deixis from Levinson Theory. The results show five kinds

of deixis were found, namely person deixis (first person, second person and third

person), place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. Person deixis

were the most fragment found in the Sponge Bob movie season.

Third is a thesis titled „Deixis types in President Barac Obama‟s speech in

Universitas Indonesia‟ by Novitayanti (2013). The result of this research, the

most frequent in this study occur in first person deixis “I” and “we” because the

purpose of the speaker is to build a connection between Indonesia and America.

6

The other study is a research by Jamjuri (2015) entitled „Social Deixis in

Elizabeth the Golden Age Movie Script‟. This research used qualitative method for

analyzing the data and using Levinson‟s social deixis theory to describe the use of

the social deixis in the movie. The research showed that there were two kinds of

social deixis used in Elizabeth the Golden Age movie script. Those were speakers

and referent of relational social deixis and authorized recipient of absolute social

deixis.

This research is different from the previous studies above because of the

object of the research and the type of the deixis that the writer wants to find. In

this research, writer takes Doctor Strange movie script as the object. This research

also uses the Levinson Theory to analyze the data.

2.2 Literature Review

In this sub-chapter, the writer will present some related theories that will

be used in analyzing the data.

2.2.1 Pragmatics

There are many definitions of pragmatics. It comes from some linguist.

Every linguist has his own concept and principal about pragmatics itself.

Pragmatics is a part of linguistics which is about communicating meaning

in context. So, it is a concerned with the meaning (Kreidler, 1998). According to

Cruse (2006), pragmatics is a study about aspects of meaning which are

dependent on context. Griffith (2006) also argued that pragmatics is concerned

with the use of tools in meaningful communication. According to Yule (1996: 3):

pragmatic is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by

speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Firstly,

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pragmatic is the study of the speaker meaning. Secondly, pragmatic is the

study of contextual meaning. Thirdly, pragmatic is the study of how more

gets communicated than is said. Lastly, pragmatic is the study of the

expression of relative distance.

From the explanation above, the writer can conclude that pragmatics is the

study of the relationship between language, meaning and context. The context

involves how the speakers produce the utterances and how the hearer interprets it.

2.2.1.1 Context

According to oxford dictionary, the meaning of context is the situation in

which something happens and that helps you understand it. Yule (1996) stated

that context is the physical environment in which a word is used. In addition,

context is a sentence or phrase in which a word appears in certain circumstance in

which an event happens in the use of language. So, many case of language cannot

be resolve without bringing elements of meaning that depend heavily on the

context.

According to Cruse (2006) context is an essential factor in the

interpretation of utterances and expressions. Further details of context are

categorized into (i) the context of situation (ii) the context of background and (iii)

the context of co-textual. Context of situation is a physical condition that comes

along with the occurrence of an interaction when the conversation took place (at

the moment of speaking).

From the explanation of the experts above, we can underlines that context

plays an important role in the interaction of meaning or message in a

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communication event. That is why almost no probably for to interpret the

language of text message, verbal or written without knowing how the contexts.

2.2.1.2 Deixis

According to Levinson (1983), essentially deixis concerns the ways in

which language encode feature of the context of utterance or speech event, and

thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the

analysis of that context of utterance. In addition, Yule (1996) state that diexis is a

technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterance.

It means „pointing‟ via language. Moreover, Saeed (2003: 182) stated that the

word deixis is borrowed from classical Greek deiknymi that the meaning is „to

show or point out‟.

Based on definition above, we can know that deixis is a way to refer

something in current time, place, and context of speaker and listener via utterance,

for example:

Raina was born in Makassar. She lived there for seven years.

1. The word „she‟ and „there‟ is deixis

2. „She‟ refers to Raina and „there‟ refers to Makassar.

When you notice strange object and ask, „what‟s that?‟ you are using

deitic expression (that). Deitic expression sometimes called indexical. According

to Grundy (2000), indexical means the role of context in helping to determine

reference. The functions are to indicate people via person deixis, spatial deixis,

and temporal deixis. In the Levinson theory, we should add discourse (or text) and

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social deixis. Actually social included in person deixis but in the Levinson theory

social deixis is discussed more details.

Types of Deixis

Every linguist has his/her own view and opinion about types of deixis.

There are several types of deixis as follows; person deixis, time deixis, place

deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. In this research, the discussion is

focused only on five parts of deixis based on Stephen C. Levinson theory, namely

person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.

1. Person deixis

According to Horn (2006) the grammatical category of person directly

reflects the different roles that individuals play in the speech event: speaker,

addressee, and other. Person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of

participants in the speech event in which the utterance in the question delivered.

Person deixis is related directly in the grammatical categories of person. The

speaker of spokesman can be different from the source of an utterance and the

recipient is different from the targets and the hearer of the bystanders is different

from the addressee or targets. The category first person is the grammaticalization

of the speaker‟s reference to himself, second person he encoding of the speaker‟s

reference to one or more addressees, and third person the encoding of reference to

personal and entities which are neither speakers nor addresses of the utterance in

question (Levinson, 1983). Yule (1996:10) states as follows ”Person deixisclearly

operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified by pronouns for first

10

person(„I‟), second person(„you‟), and third person („he‟,‟she‟,or‟it‟)”. Here are

some kinds of person deixis:

Table 2.1 Types of person deixis

English Singular Plural

1st person

2nd person

3rd person

I/me

You

He/him/, she/her, It

We/us

You

They/them

(Cruse, 2000: 320)

a. First Person Deixis

First person deixis is the grammatical of the speaker‟s reference to himself

(Levinson, 1983). Meanwhile, first person deixis is deictic reference that refers to

the speaker or both the speakers and reference grouped with the speaker and it is

expressed in a singular pronoun and a plural pronoun.

The singular pronoun are : I, Me, Myself, My, Mine

The plural pronouns are : We, Us, Ourselves, Our, Ours

For example;

I think this country needs good leader.

The word “I” in this utterance is referring to the speaker (A) and it is

expressed in a singular pronoun.

In addition, in many language, there are two first person „plural‟ pronouns,

corresponding to „We inclusive of addressee‟ and „We exclusive of addressee‟.

Inclusive means Speaker and addressee included, for example „let‟s go to see you

tomorrow (to some friends)‟ and Exclusive means speaker plus other(s),

excluding addressee, for example let‟s go to the cinema (to someone who has

captured the speaker and friends).

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Therefore, in many languages, there are two first person „plural‟ pronouns,

corresponding to „inclusive of addressee‟ and „exclusive of addressee‟ (Levinson,

1983).

b. Second Person Deixis

According to Levinson (1983) second person deixis is deictic reference to

a person identified addressee (you, your, yours, yourselves). In addition, Grundy

(2000) state that pronoun ‟you‟ has a much more general reference. The word you,

can be used both deictically, when the context is required to determine the

reference and none deictically, when the reference is general rather than to

particular identifiable persons.

„You‟ is also used in English in a much wider range of social content than

would be represented by a single second reference term in most other languages.

Furthermore, he states that sometimes „you‟ might be thought to pick up out the

addressee(s) and identify him/her/them as the referent. Consider the following

utterance; Teacher said to the students that:

You must study hard and read your book clearly.

“You” in this utterance is not only refer to the special student (addressee)

but also refer to the all students and it can be women and man.

c. Third Person Deixis

According to Levinson (1983) third person deixis is quite unlike first or

second person, in that it does not correspond to any specific participant-role in the

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speech event. Third person deixis identified addressee (he/his, she/her, and

they/them).

Third person is not direct participant in basic interaction (I - You), and

being an outsider is necessarily more distant. Third person are consequently distal

forms in person deixis. The using a third person form is one way of

communicating distance (and non familiarity). It can be done in English for an

ironic / humorous purpose. For example: when someone is busy in the kitchen,

and addressee who is being lazy, as in „would his highness like some coffee?‟ The

distance associated with third person form is used to make potential accusations

(for example, „you didn‟t clean up‟) less direct, as in „somebody didn‟t clean up

after himself‟, or to make a potentially personal issue like an impersonal one,

based on a general rule, as in „each person has to clean up after him or herself‟.

2. Place Deixis

According to Levinson (1983), place deixis (spatial deixis) is the

specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech event. Yule

(1996) states that in considering spatial deixis, however, it is important to

remember that location from the speaker‟s prespective can be fixed mentally as

well as physically. In addition Mayer (2009) states that the kind of deixis, known

as spatial or space deixsis, is also associated with the adverbs here and there and

some uses of prepositions such as in or on. There are though some pure place

deictic words, notably in English the adverbs here and there and demonstratives

pronoun this and that. The importance of location specification in general can be

13

gauged from the fact that they seem to be the basic ways of referring object, such

as:

- By describing or naming them on the one hand

- By locating them on the other hand

3. Time Deixis

Historically in English and other language, spatial preposition, such as in

and on in the previous example, developed temporal meanings over time, a

reflection of general trend for notions of time. Thus, prepositions such as in, on, at

and by in the phrases in the morning, on time, at noon, and by the evening can

now be markers of temporal, or time (Mayer, 2009). According to Mayer (2009)

temporal diexis is marked linguistically by both temporal adverbials (example

yesterday, tomorrow, in the morning) and tense markers (present and past) on

verbs. Time deixis concern the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to

the time at which the utterance was spoken or written message inscribed. The

basic for the system of reckoning and measuring time in most languages seem to

be natural and prominent styles of day and night, lunar months, seasons and year.

They can be used to locate event in absolute time or at least to some art of each

natural cycle designate as the beginning of that cycle. For example:

- Tomorrow is my birthday.

- I am very busy now.

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4. Discourse deixis

Discourse, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions with utterance to

refer to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (Levinson,

1983). Discourse deixis are the use of that and this. Discourse, or text, deixis

concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of

the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself). The use

of this can be used to refer to a forthcoming portion of the discourse. The use of

that can be used for a preceding portion. In conclusion, discourse deixis is

containing speakers‟ utterance in the speech event. Discourse deixis concerns the

use of deitic expression with in an utterance as form of orientation inside and

unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located. Some of deictic expression

for discourse deixis are but, therefore, so, well, instead of, however, actually and

so on.

Discourse deixis deals with the orientation in the text through the writer or

the speaker, the relation of the text passages to the current utterance either as a

head of time or past, forthcoming or simultaneous. It encodes reference to

portions of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located (Levinson,

1983:62). It means that discourse deixis is deictic reference to a portion of a

discourse relative to the speaker‟s current location in the discourse, such as:

above, below, last, previous, proceeding, next or following (usually used in texts)

and this, that, (usually used in utterances).

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In other words, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain

discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding

text.

5. Social deixis

Social deixis does not deal with three main components (person, place and

time) of the coordinate system of subjective orientation, but they show how

different social rankings and the participants of communication utter relationships

within society via language. Social deixis concerns the social information that is

encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity.

Levinson (1983) says that social deixis concerns the encoding of social

distinctions that are relative to participant-roles, particularly aspects of the social

relationship holding between speaker and addressee (s) or speaker and some

referent. Besides that, social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or

distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event.

Social deixis separated into two kinds relational and absolute social deixis.

Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social characteristic of

referent apart from any relative ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social

relationship between the speaker and addressee. For example: my husband,

teacher, cousin, mother, etc. Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually

expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the

ranking of the speaker and addressee. For examples: your highness, Mr. President,

your majesty, etc.

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Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so-called TV (tu/vous)

pronouns in many languages. According to Cruse (2000: 323),

“There are three basic possibilities involving two communicants A and B: (i)

A addresses B with tu, B addresses A with vous; (ii) A addresses B with

vous, B addresses A with tu; (iii) A and B both use the same form (either tu

or vous). The basic parameter here is social status: tu points downwards along

the scale of social status with the speaker's position as reference point, vous

points upwards, while symmetrical use signals social equality.”

From the explanation above, the writer concludes that social deixis is a

deictic expression used to distinct social status between the speakers. Tu and vous

pronouns usually by some such term as 'social distance': tu indicates intimacy,

vous indicates lack of intimacy, or distance.

2.2.1.3 Reference

After discussing about deixis in the previous explanations above, we noted

that the using of deictic words that refer to person, spatial and temporal was a

straightforward case. However, those words do not refer to anything.

According to Cruse (2006: 3), reference is the general term for identifying

the things in the world and deixis is the mechanism to achieve the reference. As

well as, Yule (1996: 17) claimed that reference indicates the ability of the speaker

or writer to enable the listener or reader identify something.

As Yule (1996: 17-18) has widely defined, the linguistics forms that also

involving the deictic expressions is called referring expressions. Some of them are

proper nouns (for example, "Shakespeare', 'Hawai), noun phrases which are

definite (for example, the author, 'the island') or indefinite ('a man, a woman'), and

pronouns (for example, 'he', 'her). Therefore, the referent of each expression can

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be identified that there is an assumption if the listener already knows the

information of referring expression. Otherwise, it does not occur successfully

when both of the speaker and listener do not have the same background as the

context of the referent. In particular, the role of inference is also necessary to

produce good reference. An inference is additional information used by the

listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant

(Yule. 2010: 132).

Finally, the writer concludes that there is a relation between deixis and

reference in pointing the origin of utterance. In short, the act of the speaker in

referring to something in utterance is called reference and the expression that is

used to refer to something in the utterance is known as deixis.