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A Comparative Survey of
DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Working Paper Series: No. 98
Jointly Published by
Support for Democracy in India ( 2005-2012)
Suhas Palshikar
Professor,
Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, India.
Asian Barometer
A Comparative Survey of Democracy, Governance and Development
Working Paper Series
Jointly Published by
Globalbarometer
The Asian Barometer (ABS) is an applied research program on public opinion on political values, democracy, and
governance around the region. The regional network encompasses research teams from thirteen East Asian political
systems (Japan, Mongolia, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia,
Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia), and five South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and
Nepal). Together, this regional survey network covers virtually all major political systems in the region, systems that
have experienced different trajectories of regime evolution and are currently at different stages of political transition.
The ABS Working Paper Series is intended to make research result within the ABS network available to the academic
community and other interested readers in preliminary form to encourage discussion and suggestions for revision before
final publication. Scholars in the ABS network also devote their work to the Series with the hope that a timely
dissemination of the findings of their surveys to the general public as well as the policy makers would help illuminate
the public discourse on democratic reform and good governance.
The topics covered in the Series range from country-specific assessment of values change and democratic development,
region-wide comparative analysis of citizen participation, popular orientation toward democracy and evaluation of
quality of governance, and discussion of survey methodology and data analysis strategies.
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Abstract
Support for democracy in India (2005-2013)
A first cut comparison of the findings from the second round of State of democracy study in
South Asia allows us to assess the changes and continuities in popular perceptions of democracy
in India. While democracy is reasonably well established both as a procedural phenomenon and
as an aspirational element in India’s politics, it remains to be monitored whether the popular
perceptions of democracy and support for democracy are stable or contingent on political
experiences.
This presentation makes the following main points:
Indians continue to see democracy more in terms of welfare provisioning than in terms of
formal procedures alone;
The idea of democracy is clearly more approved of than contending ideas of rule by army
or rule by religious leaders;
Side by side with support for democracy, there is some attraction for strong leaders and
expert rule;
Citizens are somewhat divided on whether the experience of democracy is satisfactory or
not and dissatisfaction with democracy has increased from 2005;
Satisfaction with democracy is linked to citizens’ perceptions about the current
government, country’s economic condition and one’s own economic condition;
The young, more educated and those with greater media exposure are more satisfied with
democracy;
People assess India’s democracy as middle order democracy on a scale of 1 to 10 and
hope that it will be more democratic in the future;
Less satisfaction with democracy notwithstanding, trust in key political institutions has
slightly increased from 2005.
Broadly, the presentation will try to locate citizens’ assessment in the context of past ten years of
Indian politics.
---Suhas Palshikar
Su
pp
ort
fo
r
De
mo
cra
cy
in
Ind
iaSU
HA
SP
ALS
HIK
AR
Intr
od
uc
tio
n t
o S
DSA
Ro
un
d II
So
uth
Asi
a s
tud
y a
s p
art
of
Asi
an
Ba
rom
ete
r;
First
Ro
un
d c
on
du
cte
d in
2004
-06
an
d r
ep
ort
pu
blis
he
d in
2008;
Se
co
nd
Ro
un
d t
o in
clu
de
Bh
uta
n
an
d M
ald
ive
s;
Fie
ld w
ork
co
mp
lete
d in
In
dia
,
Ne
pa
l a
nd
Sri L
an
ka
Wh
y t
his
Stu
dy
?.....
T
o f
ind
ou
t st
abil
ity
or
oth
erw
ise
in s
up
po
rt f
or
dem
ocr
acy
T
o H
elp i
n c
om
par
ativ
e as
sess
men
t o
f d
evel
op
men
t in
the
last
dec
ade-
----
as i
n c
ase
of
Nep
al, P
akis
tan a
nd
Sri
Lan
ka
C
ontr
ibute
to
glo
bal
deb
ates
ab
ou
t m
eanin
g a
nd
funct
ion
ing
of
dem
ocr
acy
an
d a
lso
ab
ou
t w
ays
to
asse
ssin
g d
emocr
acie
s.
The
me
s o
f SD
SA
II
1.
De
mo
cra
cy a
nd
Go
ve
rna
nc
e
3.
Se
rvic
e D
eliv
ery
th
rou
gh
Sta
tes
2.
Pe
rce
ptio
n o
n S
oc
io E
co
no
mic
Co
nd
itio
n
6.
Re
latio
ns
with
ne
igh
bo
urin
g c
ou
ntr
ies.
5.
Inte
rest
in
Po
litic
s &
Po
litic
al P
art
icip
atio
n o
f C
itiz
en
s
4.C
itiz
en
s’ S
ec
urity
Ab
ou
t th
e s
tud
y:
S
urv
ey w
as c
on
du
cted
in
22
sta
tes
in
Ind
ia w
ith
th
e h
elp
of
tran
slat
ion
s in
12
India
n l
ang
uag
es
T
ota
l num
ber
of
peo
ple
in
terv
iew
ed i
n t
he
surv
ey:-
60
43
( S
amp
le S
ize)
S
oci
al P
rofi
le:
Cate
go
ries
Su
rvey
(%)
Cen
sus
20
11(%
)
Wom
en47
48
Urb
an33
31
ST
69
SC
18
17
Musl
im14
13 (
Cen
sus
2001
)
Co
ntin
uity f
rom
20
05
….
B
roa
d-b
ase
d s
up
po
rt f
or
de
mo
cra
cy;
R
ep
rese
nta
tiv
e d
em
oc
rac
y a
s th
e
ac
ce
pte
d n
orm
;
W
elfa
re a
nd
de
ve
lop
me
nt
as
ke
y
co
nc
ern
s ra
the
r th
an
pro
ce
du
ral a
spe
cts
;
A
lon
g w
ith
su
pp
ort
fo
r d
em
oc
rac
y,
som
e
att
rac
tio
n f
or
less
de
mo
cra
tic
pra
ctic
es
Ind
ia:
Is t
he
re a
slid
e
do
wn
?
Su
pp
ort
fo
r d
em
oc
rac
y s
ligh
tly
do
wn
C
on
text
of
last
te
n y
ea
rs?
Is
su
pp
ort
fo
r d
em
oc
rac
y
co
ntin
ge
nt?
D
em
oc
rac
y a
s th
e id
ea
l
co
nc
ep
t/sy
ste
m a
nd
as
an
em
piric
al p
he
no
me
no
n (
Pa
kis
tan
2004)
Co
nte
nd
ing
co
nc
ep
tio
ns
of
de
mo
cra
cy
A
s b
asi
c p
rov
isio
ns
for
live
liho
od
: 32
pe
rce
nt
A
s p
olit
ica
l fre
ed
om
s to
pro
test
an
d p
art
icip
ate
: 3
2
pe
rce
nt
A
s so
cio
-ec
on
om
ic e
qu
alit
y: 23 p
erc
en
t
A
s fr
ee
ele
ctio
ns
to c
ho
ose
ru
lers
; 24
pe
rce
nt
Qu
est
ion
ask
ed
-M
an
y t
hin
gs
ma
y b
e d
esi
rab
le, b
ut
no
t a
ll o
f th
em
are
ess
en
tia
l c
ha
rac
terist
ics
of
de
mo
cra
cy. If y
ou
ha
ve
to
ch
oo
se o
nly
on
e
fro
m e
ac
h f
ou
r se
ts o
f st
ate
me
nts
th
at
I a
m g
oin
g t
o r
ea
d,
wh
ich
on
e
wo
uld
yo
u c
ho
ose
as
the
mo
st e
sse
ntia
l c
ha
rac
terist
ics
of
a
de
mo
cra
cy?
Less
Pre
fere
nc
e f
or
no
n-
de
mo
cra
tic
fo
rms
Ru
le b
y…
.A
pp
rov
e
Dis
ap
pro
ve
N
et
Ap
pro
va
l
Re
pre
sen
tativ
e
Go
ve
rnm
en
t
87
13
+ 7
4
Exp
ert
54
46
+8
Str
on
g le
ad
er
52
48
+4
Mili
tary
Ru
le39
61
-22
Re
ligio
us
lea
de
r27
73
-46
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
. C
ate
go
ry o
f ‘N
o R
esp
on
se’
is s
et
Syst
em
Mis
sin
g &
Ca
teg
orie
s o
f ‘
So
me
wh
at
& F
ully
’ h
av
e b
ee
n c
lub
be
d.
Qu
est
ion
Ask
ed
:-Th
ere
are
ma
ny w
ays
to g
ov
ern
a c
ou
ntr
y.
Wo
uld
yo
u
dis
ap
pro
ve
or
ap
pro
ve
of
the
th
ese
alte
rna
tiv
es?
Ed
uc
ate
d p
refe
r
De
mo
cra
cy m
ore 2
7
3839
525
5
63
020
40
60
80
no
n li
tera
te
No
fo
rma
l ed
uc
atio
n
up
to p
rim
ary
up
to m
atr
ic
se
co
nd
ary
ed
uc
atio
n
co
lleg
e a
nd
ab
ove
De
mo
cra
cy
is
alw
ay
s p
refe
rab
le t
o a
ny
oth
er
kin
d o
f g
ov
ern
me
nt
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
Pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Mo
re s
up
po
rt f
or
de
mo
cra
cy
am
on
g t
he
yo
un
g
54
47
46
43
40
010
20
30
40
50
60
Up
to
25 y
ea
rs
26 t
o 3
5 y
ea
rs
36 t
o 4
5 y
ea
rs
46 t
o 5
5 y
ea
rs
56 y
ea
rs a
nd
ab
ove
De
mo
cra
cy
is
alw
ay
s p
refe
rab
le t
o a
ny
oth
er
kin
d o
f g
ov
ern
me
nt
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
Pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
th
e F
un
ctio
nin
g o
f
De
mo
cra
cy
46
381
6
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy
Sa
tisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy
Dis
satisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy
CS/N
R
No
te:-
Al f
igu
res
in p
erc
en
tag
e.
Ca
teg
orie
s o
f ‘v
ery
sa
tisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘fa
irly
sa
tisf
ied
’ h
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm‘S
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
ca
teg
orie
s o
f ‘n
ot
ve
ry s
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
'no
t a
t a
l sa
tisf
ied
’ h
ave
be
en
me
rge
d t
og
eth
er
to f
orm
‘D
issa
tisf
ied
’.
Qu
est
ion
ask
ed
:-O
n t
he
wh
ole
, h
ow
sa
tisf
ied
or
dis
satisf
ied
are
yo
u
with
th
e w
ay d
em
oc
rac
y w
ork
s in
In
dia
? A
re y
ou
sa
tisf
ied
or
dis
satisf
ied
?
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy:
a C
om
pa
rativ
e P
ers
pe
ctiv
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sa
tisf
ied
with
de
mo
ca
rcy
Dia
satisf
ied
with
de
mo
ctr
ac
y
Ca
n't s
ay
46
38
16
55
15
30
SD
SA
2013
SD
SA
2005
Ca
teg
ori
es
of ‘n
ot
ve
ry s
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
'n
ot
at
al sa
tisf
ied
’ h
av
e b
ee
n
me
rge
d t
og
eth
er
to fo
rm ‘D
issa
tisf
ied
’.
Dis
satisf
ac
tio
n
D
issa
tisf
ac
tio
n h
as
gro
wn
an
d C
an
’t S
ay A
nsw
ers
ha
ve
de
clin
ed
A
re f
en
ce
sitte
rs m
ore
like
ly t
o b
e d
isg
run
tle
d ?
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy &
with
cu
rre
nt
go
ve
rnm
en
t
78
28
22
72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Sa
tisf
ied
with
Cu
rre
nt
Go
ve
rnm
en
t
Dis
satisf
ied
with
Cu
rre
nt
Go
ve
rnm
en
t
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy
Dis
satisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
p
erc
en
tag
e. C
ate
go
rie
s o
f ‘v
ery
sa
tisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘s
om
ew
ha
t sa
tisf
ied
’ b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm
Cu
rre
nt
Go
ve
rnm
en
t’ a
nd
c
ate
go
rie
s o
f ‘
som
ew
ha
t d
issa
tisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘ve
ry d
issa
tisf
ied
’ h
ave
be
en
me
rge
d t
o f
orm
‘d
issa
tisf
ied
’
‘Ca
n’t
sa
y a
nd
No
Re
spo
nse
’ is
syst
em
mis
sin
g.
Als
o th
e c
ate
go
rie
so
f “
ve
ry s
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘fa
irly
sa
tisf
ied
’ h
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm ‘sa
tisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy
’ a
nd
‘ n
ot
ve
ry s
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘n
ot
at
all s
atisf
ied
’ h
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
fo
rm ‘d
issa
tisf
ied
’
Qu
est
ion
ask
ed
:-H
ow
sa
tisf
ied
or
dis
satisf
ied
are
yo
u w
ith
th
e [
na
me
of
pre
sid
en
t,
rulin
g c
urr
en
t g
ov
ern
me
nt]
? A
re y
ou
sa
tisf
ied
or
dis
satisf
ied
. (P
rob
e
furt
he
r w
he
the
r v
ery
or
som
ew
ha
t).
Dis
satisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
Co
un
try’s
Ec
on
om
ic
co
nd
itio
n le
ad
s to
Dis
satisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy
67
58
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sa
tisf
ied
with
Co
un
try
's e
co
no
mic
co
nd
itio
n
Mo
de
rate
Dis
satisf
ied
with
Co
un
try
's e
co
no
mic
co
nd
itio
n
Sa
tisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
p
erc
en
tag
e. C
ate
go
rie
s o
f ‘v
ery
go
od
’ a
nd
‘g
oo
d’
ec
on
om
ic c
on
dit
ion
sh
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm
co
un
try
’s e
co
no
mic
co
nd
itio
ns’
an
d
ca
teg
orie
s o
f ‘B
ad
’a
nd
‘v
ery
ba
d’
ha
ve
be
en
me
rge
d t
og
eth
er
to f
orm
‘D
issa
tisf
ied
’a
nd
th
ose
wh
o s
aid
“so
so
“a
re in
mo
de
rate
ca
teg
ory
.“C
an
’t s
ay
an
d N
o R
esp
on
se” is
syst
em
mis
sin
g.
Als
o
the
ca
teg
orie
so
f “
ve
ry s
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘fa
irly
sa
tisf
ied
’ h
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm ‘
satisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy
’.
Qu
est
ion
Ask
ed
: H
ow
wo
uld
yo
u r
ate
th
e o
ve
rall
ec
on
om
ic c
on
ditio
n o
f o
ur
co
un
try t
od
ay?
Is
it G
oo
d, B
ad
or
so –
so. (I
n c
ase
of g
oo
d o
r b
ad
pro
be
fu
rth
er
wh
eth
er
Ve
ry g
oo
d o
r g
oo
d a
nd
if
ba
d t
he
n p
rob
e fu
rth
er
wh
eth
er
Ve
ry B
ad
or
ba
d)
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
de
mo
cra
cy a
nd
sa
tisf
ac
tio
n
with
ow
n e
co
no
mic
co
nd
itio
n
61
53
44
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
Sta
isfc
atio
n w
ith
ow
n
ec
on
imc
co
nd
itio
n
Mo
de
rate
Dis
satisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
ow
n e
co
no
mic
co
nd
itio
n
Sa
tisf
atie
d w
ith
de
mo
ca
rcy
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
p
erc
en
tag
e. C
ate
go
rie
s o
f ‘v
ery
go
od
’ a
nd
‘g
oo
d’
ec
on
om
ic c
on
dit
ion
sh
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm ‘Sa
tisf
ied
’ a
nd
c
ate
go
rie
s o
f ‘B
ad
’a
nd
‘v
ery
ba
d’
ha
ve
be
en
me
rge
d t
og
eth
er
to f
orm
‘D
issa
tisf
ied
’a
nd
th
ose
wh
o s
aid
“so
so
“a
re
in m
od
era
te c
ate
go
ry.
“C
an
’t s
ay
an
d N
o R
esp
on
se” is
syst
em
mis
sin
g.
Als
o
the
ca
teg
orie
so
f “
ve
ry s
atisf
ied
’ a
nd
‘fa
irly
sa
tisf
ied
’ h
av
e b
ee
n m
erg
ed
to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm ‘
satisf
ied
with
D
em
oc
rac
y’.
Qu
est
ion
ask
ed
:-A
s fo
r yo
ur
ow
n f
am
ily, h
ow
do
yo
u r
ate
th
e e
co
no
mic
situ
atio
n
of
yo
ur
fam
ily t
od
ay?
Is
it g
oo
d,
so-s
o,
ba
d. (I
n c
ase
of
go
od
or
ba
d p
rob
e
furt
he
r w
he
the
r V
ery
go
od
or
go
od
an
d if
ba
d t
he
n p
rob
e f
urt
he
r w
he
the
r V
ery
Ba
d o
r b
ad
)
Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy
inc
rea
ses
with
Me
dia
Exp
osu
re
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
No
Me
dia
Exp
osu
re
Low
Me
dia
Exp
osu
re
Me
diu
m
Me
dia
Exp
osu
re
Hig
h M
ed
ia
Exp
osu
re
53
53
53
64
30
54
71
72
SD
SA
2013
SD
SA
2005
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
p
erc
en
tag
e.
Fig
ure
are
on
ly f
or
Sa
tisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy.
Lev
el o
f Sa
tisf
ac
tio
n w
ith
De
mo
cra
cy
am
on
g R
elig
iou
s C
om
mu
nitie
s
53
53.554
54.555
55.556
Ma
jority
Min
ority
54
56
55
54
SD
SA
2013
SD
SA
2005
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
p
erc
en
tag
e.
Fig
ure
are
on
ly f
or
Sa
tisf
ied
with
De
mo
cra
cy.
Ra
nk o
f C
ou
ntr
y o
n D
em
oc
ratic
lad
de
r
Peo
ple
wer
e as
ked
to
pla
ce t
he
cou
ntr
y o
n t
he
lad
der
mo
vin
g
from
Hig
hly
Un
dem
ocr
atic
(1
) to
Hig
hly
Dem
ocr
atic
(1
0).
O
n a
n a
ver
age
peo
ple
ran
ked
India
at
num
ber
5 f
or
the
pre
sen
t
tim
e.
B
ut
for
the
pas
t, t
hey
pla
ced
In
dia
at 6
thP
lace
on
th
e la
dd
er o
f
Dem
ocr
acy.
S
ho
win
g o
pti
mis
m, th
ey s
aid t
hey
wo
uld
pla
ce I
nd
ian
Dem
ocr
acy a
t
7th
pla
ce o
n t
he
lad
der
.
Su
pp
ort
fo
r D
em
oc
rac
y: D
ec
line
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
SD
SA
2013
SD
SA
20
05
46
49
11
6
16
14
27
30
De
mo
cra
cy
is
pre
fera
ble
Dic
tato
rsh
ip is
pre
fera
ble
Ma
ke
s n
o d
iffe
ren
ce
No
op
inio
n
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
Pe
rce
nta
ge
.Q
ue
stio
n a
ske
d:-
Wh
ich
of
the
fo
llow
ing
sta
tem
en
ts c
om
es
clo
sest
to
yo
ur
ow
n o
pin
ion
?1
. D
em
oc
rac
y is
alw
ays
pre
fera
ble
to
an
y o
the
r kin
d o
f g
ov
ern
me
nt
2. U
nd
er
som
e c
irc
um
sta
nc
es,
an
au
tho
rita
ria
n g
ov
ern
me
nt
ca
n b
e p
refe
rab
le t
o a
de
mo
cra
tic
on
e
3. Fo
r p
eo
ple
like
me
, it d
oe
s n
ot
ma
tte
r w
he
the
r w
e h
av
e a
de
mo
cra
tic
or
a n
on
de
mo
cra
tic
re
gim
e
7. D
o n
ot
un
de
rsta
nd
th
e q
ue
stio
n 8
. D
.K./
Ca
n’t
sa
y 9
. N
o R
esp
on
se
Min
ori
ty c
om
pa
red
to
Ma
jori
ty p
refe
r
De
mo
cra
cy
mo
re
44
52
11
10
16
16
29
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ma
jority
Min
ority
De
mo
cra
cy is
alw
ays
pre
fera
ble
to
an
y o
the
r kin
d o
f g
ov
ern
me
nt
Un
de
r so
me
circ
um
sta
nc
es,
an
au
tho
rita
ria
n g
ove
rnm
en
t c
an
be
pre
fera
ble
to
a
de
mo
cra
tic
on
e
Fo
r p
eo
ple
like
me
, it d
oe
s n
ot
ma
tte
r w
he
the
r w
e h
av
e a
de
mo
cra
tic
or
a
no
nd
em
oc
ratic
re
gim
e
CS/N
R
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
Pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Hig
he
r th
e E
du
ca
tio
n L
ev
el H
igh
er
the
Su
pp
ort
fo
r D
em
oc
rac
y
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
27
38
39
52
55
63
69
611
16
16
16
21
19
17
16
11
Dem
ocr
acy
is
alw
ays
pre
fera
ble
to
any o
ther
kin
d o
f gover
nm
ent
Un
der
so
me
circ
um
stan
ces,
an
auth
ori
tari
an g
over
nm
ent
can b
e pre
fera
ble
to
a d
emocr
atic
on
e
For
peo
ple
lik
e m
e, i
t does
not
mat
ter
wh
ether
we
hav
e a
dem
ocr
atic
or
a n
ond
emocr
atic
reg
ime
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
Pe
rce
nta
ge
. R
est
is
Ca
n’t
Sa
y
Su
pp
ort
fo
r R
ep
rese
nta
tive
Go
ve
rnm
en
t h
as
De
cre
ase
d
52
39
54
27
87
44
24
82
23
94
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
SD
SA
2013
SD
SA
2005
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Su
pp
ort
fo
r R
ule
by
Re
pre
sen
tativ
e G
ov
ern
me
nt
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
87
91
90
90
86
82
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Su
pp
ort
fo
r R
ule
by R
elig
iou
s Le
ad
er
27
33
29
26
25
17
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
Su
pp
ort
fo
r M
ilita
ry R
ule
39
45
41
36
35
32
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Su
pp
ort
fo
r R
ule
by S
tro
ng
Le
ad
er
40
45
50
55
60
All
No
n-l
ite
rate
Ma
jori
ty
Yo
uth
Hig
hly
Ed
uc
ate
d
Min
ority
52
56
53
49
475
0
Su
pp
ort
fo
r R
ule
by E
xp
ert
s
45
50
55
60
All
Ma
jori
ty
Yo
uth
Hig
hly
Ed
uc
ate
d
Min
ori
ty
No
n-l
ite
rate
545
6
54
53
49
53
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Ma
xim
um
dis
tru
st in
loc
al
Go
ve
rnm
en
t
05
10
15
20
25
30
Pa
rlia
me
nt
Na
tio
na
l
Go
ve
rnm
en
t
Sta
te G
ov
ern
me
nts
Loc
al G
ov
ern
me
nts
21
25
27
29
No
Tru
st
No
te;
All
Fig
ure
s a
re in
pe
rce
nta
ge
Tru
st in
Sta
te A
pp
ara
tus
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
78
66
53
47
Tru
st in
SD
SA
2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
78
66
53
47
73
59
47
42
SD
SA
2013
SD
SA
2005
No
te:
All
Fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
.
Fig
ure
s a
re o
nly
fo
r Tr
ust
ca
teg
ory
.
No
te:-
All
fig
ure
s in
pe
rce
nta
ge
.
