Assessment for learning E-401Topic- Assessment tools -2nd

NIDHI CHAUHANAssistant Professor

Department of EducationS.S.V College

Hapur

Assessment tools

Interview

● The word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee.

● The interviewer asks questions to which the interviewee responds.

● Interview is an effective tool to collect information directly by face to face personal conversation with some specific purpose.

● An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers.

Types of Interview

Face-to-Face Interview● This can be a meeting between you and one

member of staff or even two members.

Group Interview● Several candidates are present at this type of

interview.

Structured Interview

● This is also known as a formal interview (like a job interview).

● The questions are asked in a set / standardized order and the interviewer will not deviate from the interview schedule.

● Structured interviews are fairly quick to conduct which means that many interviews can take place within a short amount of time.

Unstructured Interview● They are sometimes called informal

interviews.● Unstructured interviews are more flexible

as questions can be adapted and changed depending on the respondents’ answers.

● The interview can deviate from the interview schedule.

● This allows the respondent to talk in some depth, choosing their own words.

Questionnaire

● A questionnaire is a research tool that consists of a set of questions or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent.

● A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended questions and open-ended questions.

Characteristics of a Questionnaire● Questionnaires are very useful to collect

demographic information, personal opinions, facts, or attitudes from respondents.

● To collect qualitative data, the questionnaire should be exploratory.

● A questionnaire typically follows a structured flow of questions to increase the number of responses.

Types of Questionnaires

Structured Questionnaires● Structured questionnaires collect

quantitative data.● It is planned and designed to gather

precise information.● It also initiates a formal inquiry,

supplements data, checks previously accumulated data.

Unstructured Questionnaires

● Unstructured questionnaires collect qualitative data.

● They use a basic structure and some branching questions but nothing that limits the responses of a respondent.

● The questions are more open-ended to collect specific data from participants.

Anecdotal records ● A fundamental purpose of assessment

is to communicate what the child knows and is able to do.

● Teacher-generated, anecdotal records provide an insider’s perspective of the child’s educational experience.

● This perspective is vital to communication with the child and the child’s family about academic progress.

● Anecdotal records also facilitate assessment conversations as educational professionals describe their observations of student learning and consider ways to develop appropriate strategies to build on strengths and address academic needs.

● Anecdotal records are reports about the teacher informal observations about students.

● It will helps the teacher to collect details regarding student’s behaviours at different situations.

● It involves the informations about Children’s learning styles, behaviors & development.

● It also involves the informations about Children’s everyday routines, such as what they choose to do in center workshops; a particular writing topic in a journal or on a sheet of paper during independent writing time; the book they choose during independent reading time; and when they spend time with blocks, sand, painting, or other forms of creative expression.

Checklist ● checklist is a list of things to be checked or

done.● Checklist is a list that includes many or all

things of a certain kind.● The checklist is an important tool in

gathering facts for educational surveys, that is for checking of library, laboratory, game facilities, school building, textbooks etc.

● A checklist is a simple device consisting of a prepared list of items which are thought by the researcher to be relevant to the problem being studied.

● When we want to asses whether some traits are present or absent in the behavior of an individual, we can use check list method.

● A checklist is a selected list of words, phrases, or sentences following which an observer records a check ( ) to denote the presence or absence of whatever being observed.

● This consists of a number of statements on various traits of personality.

● The statement which applies to the individuals is checked.

● checklist are sometimes used in the form of a questionnaire. Which are completed by the respondent rather than by the observer.

● Thus responses to the checklist items are a matter of ‘fact’, not of ‘judgment’.

● There are various ways of writing and arranging the items in a checklist.

Example - 1● The form in which the observer or

respondent is asked to check all items found in a situation for example, put a tick mark (*) in the blank provided before each game played in your school. * Football * Hockey * Cricket * Volleyball * Basket ball

Example - 2

● The form in which questions with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ are asked to be encircled, underlined or checked in response to the item given. Eg. Does your university have a Teacher’s Union? Yes/No.

Example- 3

● The form in which items are positive statements and the respondent or observer is asked to put a tick mark ( ) in the space provided Eg. Our school has a student’s union.

Example- 4

● The form where items can best be put in sentences and the observer on respondent is asked to check, underline or encircle the appropriate word/words.Eg. The school organizes debates weekly, monthly, annually, irregularly etc.

Rating scale● In it qualities, interest, habits and attitudes

are measured on 3,5 or7 scale.● Rating means the judgment of one person

by another.● Rating is in essence directed observation.● Rating is a term applied to expression of

opinion or judgment regarding some situation, objects or character.

● The ratings are done by parents, teachers, a board of interviewers and judges and by the self as well.

● The scale should be clearly defined ie, We are rating at a three, four point scale.

● The directions of using the rating scales should be clear and comprehensive.

● Rating scale is one of the scaling techniques.

● Rating scale refers to a set of points which describe varying degrees of the dimension of an attribute being observed.

● It gives an idea of the personality of an individual as the observer judge the behavior of a person includes a limited number of aspects of a thing or of traits.

Example1.How good was the performance?

❖ Excellent❖ Very good❖ Good❖ Average❖ Poor

Types of Rating scalesAccording to Guilford (1954, P. 263) these techniques have given rise to five board categories of rating scale. 1.Numerical scale (Itemized rating scale) 2.Graphic scale 3. Standard scale 4. Rating by cumulative points5. Forced choice ratings.

Numerical Rating Scale● This is one of the simplest types of rating

scale.● The rather simply marks a number that

indicates the extent to which a characteristics or traits is present.

● The trait is presented a statement and values from 1to3, 1to5 or 1to7 are assigned to each trait that is rated.

Graphic Rating Scale● In this scale, a straight line is shown.

Vertically or horizontally.● The line is either segmented in units or

it is continuous.● Scale points with brief description may

be indicated along the line.● The meaning of the terms like ‘very

much’ and ‘some what’ may depend upon respondent’s frame of reference.

Standard rating scales● In standard scales a set of standards is

presented to the rater.● The standards are usually objects of

some kind to be rated with pre- established scale values.

● The man to man scale and portrait matching scale are other two forms that conform more or less to the principle of standards scales.

Rating by cumulative points

● Here the rates is asked to give the percentage of the group that prosses the trait on which the individual is rated

Forced Choice Ratings

● A forced choice scale is a rating scale that does not allow for an Undecided, Neutral, Don't know or No opinion response.

● Forced choice survey questions are usually written in the form of an agree/disagree statement or consist of statements where respondents select the one closest to their true feelings.

Advantages of rating scale

● Helpful in measuring specified outcomes or objectives of education.

● Helpful in supplementing other sources of understanding about the child.

● Helpful in writing reports to parents.● Helpful in filling out admission.● Helpful in finding out student’s needs.● Helpful to the students to rate himself