Description - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/43142/6/descriptions.pdf · without apophysis 4.7 x 8.9 µm each apophysis, rounded below into a distinct pouch spores

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Description: ZYGOMYCETES:

Absidia butleri Lendner

Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve 18 (1926)

Fig. No. 1

Colonies white floccose, aerial hypha growing to a height of 1.5-2 cm;

stolons branched with Sporangiophores, both occurring in groups of 1-5

Sporangiophores branched 115.5-165 µm long x 3.3-6 µm in diameter, with a

smooth diffluent wall, leaving a slight collarette. Columella oval slightly

constricted at the apophysis, with apophyses 19.8 µm long x 16.5 µm in width and

without apophysis 4.7 x 8.9 µm each apophysis, rounded below into a distinct

pouch spores oval or spherical to allantoid 3.3 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Coriander and Cumin samples from Dharwad Leg.

by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 1

The present description differs from the description given by Tandon,

(1968) in having sporangiophore width (diameter) up to 6.6 µm, spore size 3.3 µm

in diameter and shows septa below the sporangium.

Absidia lichtheinsmi Lendner

Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 19:106, (1903)

Fig. No. 2

Sporangiophores prostraight, branched in corymbs, forming white wolly

felt, terminating the corymbiform branching sporangia on longer or shorter

pedicels frequently, groups of branches carrying smaller sporangia occur below

the terminating corymb, sporangia erect, hyaline to pear shaped with

infundibulifarm apophyses becoming attenuate gradually to sporangiophore

average 29.7-33 µm largest 70 µm and smallest 10-20 µm wall of sporangia

colourless transparent, smooth different, leaving a basal colarette. Rugumini

(1956) found sympodial branching as again the corymbose of the type species; the

average size of the sporangia smaller, being 28-50 µm against 45-66 µm of the

type species, the aerial hyphae repeatedly and regularly branched 5-9 µm wide

with arching stolon and rhizoids sporangiophores erect at first but latter branching

profusely, branching may be opposite as unilateral with septum below the

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sporangium, Columellae hemispherical to globose 10-20 µm smooth or rarely with

short spines smoky grey to brown the colour spores spherical to subspherical or

rarely oval, brown in colour 33 µm length x 1.65-3.3 µm in width they have also

been reported to be colourless 2–3 µm in diameter or upto 4-6.5 µm long

chlamydospores and zygospores not found.

Habiatat: Isolated from Pepper, Cumin and Coriander samples from Dharwad Leg.

by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.2

The present description differs from the description given by Tandon, (1968) in

sporangial diameter 29.7-33 µm columellae 13.2 µm spores oval with 3.3 x 1.65-

3.3 µm in width.

Choanephora cucurbitarum Thaxter

Thaxter Rhodora 5:97-102 (1903)

Fig No.3

Colonies white to dirty grayish white, showing sporulation in concentric

zones; odour sweetish resempling that of tomato leaves sporangiophores arising

from the surface hyphae, unbrached gradually enlarging above, often bent or

circinate below sporangium; sporangium hyaline becoming darkened above with a

maximum diameter of 46.2-62.5 µm. sporangia spherical to slightly flattened in

larger once measuring upto 250 µm in diameter containing few to many

sporangiospores sporangial wall persistant coloured columellae pyriform to

globose upto 42.2-62.5 µm sporangiospores ovaoid to ellipsoid to almost

triangular 13.2 long x 6.6 µm in width, conidiophores upto 25 µm in diameter

ending in a primary vesicle from which secondary vesicles are produced on the

short stalks secondary vesicles bearing conidia, conidia brown ovid longitudinally

striate with a papilla at one end sligtly smaller than the sporangiospores,

chlamydospores globose to ellipsoid oblong in chains. Zygospore dark brown at

maturity, 50-90 µm in diameter with smooth wall.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cumin and Cardamom samples from Dharwad

Leg. By Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.3


(1968) in having larger sporangial diameter 46.2-62.5 µm many sporangial

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branches measures upto 250 µm in diameter and sporangiospores 13.2 µm length x

6.6 µm width.

Circinella simplex Tiegh.

Annls. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 61:92 Gilman P.25 (1957)

Fig. No.4

Colonies grow rapidly, white at first later becoming dark grey,

sporangiophores 0.5-3 mm in hight errect carrying number of sporangia alternate

with erect and curved pedicil, sterile branches absent branches brownish to black

in colour, sporangia small spherical brownish black with persistant walls measures

29.7x26.4 µm in an average 29.7 µm in diameter. Columella spherical or

companulate with smooth wall measures 9.9-16.5 µm in diameter;

sporangiospores globose 3.3 µm in diameter, sporangiospores first hyaline later

turns into grey colour zygospores not observed.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Coriander and Indian cassia samples from

Dharwad Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.4

The present description differs slighlt from description given by Nagamani et al.,

(2006) in sporangium diameter 29.7 µm.

Cunninghamella elegans Lendner

Bull. Herb. Boissier (sec.2) 5:250 (1907)

Fig. No.5

Turf white to silver in colour, filaments firm and interwoven measures 6.6

µm wide with abundant oil globules in hypha. Conidiophores erect with many

branches terminal vesicle 23.1 µm in diameter, spherical smooth lateral branches

are absent at the place of attachment to conidiophores swollen subterminal whorl

33 µm long vesicle 16.25 µm in diameter, intermediate whorl 24 µm long vesicle

spherical 14-16 µm in diameter, smooth basal whorl pyriform 14 µm wide x 26

µm long smooth branches of varying in lengths arising from the terminal head.

Vesicles spherical conidia ellipsoid 9.9 x 6.6 µm with finely echinulate membrane,

smaller conidia 9.9 x 6.6 µm.


by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.5

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having hyphal width 6.6 µm; terminal vesicle 23.1 µm in diameter, conidia

9.9x6.6 µm.

Genus Mucor Micheli

System Myc. 3:1842

Colonies fast growing, filling petridish in 3-5 days several cm in height.

White to yellow initially, becoming grey to dark grey with sporangial

development, mycelium present in and on the substratum with without Rhizoids

and stolons. sporangiophores forming thick turf they originates from mycelium,

they may be unbranched or racemously branched ended with sporangia on all the

branch ends, sporangia always erect on sympodial sporangiophores, sporangia

many spored spherical with cutinized wall.

Columellae large may be colorless, grayish are brownish wall persistence

rupturing at maturity often covered with calcium oxalate crystals sporangiospores

may be colorless or colored, spherical or ellipsoidal in shape with thin, smooth or

finely ornamented spore wall suspensors are equal without any outgrowth

gametangia straight, zygospores produced between compatible types in aerial

mycelium dark brown in colour with characteristic stillate warts, mostly

heterothallic chlamydospores terminal and intercalary in nature thay are colorless

and smooth in nature in all spores submerged hyphae may form yeast like cells

which are often called Oidia.

Artificial Key to the different species of Genus Mucor:

I. Sporangiospores mostly Bacilliform with dark granule at each end 3-5.5x1.2

µm……………………………………………..Mucor bacilliformis

II. Sporangiospores not Bacilliform otherwise

Sporangia less than 100 µm in diameter. ………………………………1.

1a. Sporangia, small 35-86 µm, olive brown to grey, grey brown in colour. Spores

dark brown in mass, elliptic to cylindrical in nature 2.4x4-8 µm -Mucor fragilis

1b. Sporangia up to 50 µm at 32.2-59.2 µm in diameter spores variously shaped

3x3.5 µm to 4-5x5-7 µm ………………………………Mucor javanicus

1c. Sporangia 50 µm (20-100 µm) in diameter, bright golden yellow usually

spores oval 4-5 µm long in 3.3 µm in width ………... Mucor rouxianus

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Sporangia more than 100 µm in diameter………………………..............2

2a. Sporangia more than 100 µm, Turf 2-20 mm high spores smaller 4-7 µm

long….. ...........................................................................Mucor fragalis

2b. Sporangia more than 100 µm, Spores elongate – longer than 5 µm Dioceieus

species…. ......................................................................Mucor hiemalis

2c. Sporangia more than 100 µm, Spores various oval and elongate to and in

equal number…........................................................... Mucor varians.

Mucor bacilliformis Hesselt

Mycologia 46:360 (1954)

Fig. No. 6

Colonies drab margin irregular upto 1.5 cm in hight. Reverse white to

cream in colour odour faint, sporangiophore unbranched, later sympodially

branched 4.95 µm in diameter, offen constricted just below the sporangium,

sporangial wall smooth sporangia 33 µm in diameter columellae globose to ovoid,

when ovoid usually larger hyaline coller poorly developed colummella 23x16.5

µm in average 15-17 µm and short once upto 16.6x25 µm sporangiospores

uniform in size and shape very small mostly bacillus like or elliptical to fusiform,

flattened on one side regularly dark granule at the each end usually 6.6x3.3 µm

giant cells in substrate filled with oil droplets intercalary upto 60 µm in diameter

chlamydospores intercalary thick walled having same diameter as that of

mycelium; zygospores globose brown to blakish brown in colour measure upto 32-

72 µm on diameter


leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.6

Present description differs from ther description given by Nagamani et al., (2006)

in having mycelia diamter 4.95 µm sporangium 33 µm in diameter and columella

23x16.5 µm sporangiospores 6.6x3.3 µm.

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Mucor fragalis Bainier

Ann.Sci. Nat. A (ser. 6)19: 200-216 (1884).

Fig. No.7

Turf grey to brown having variation in heights ranging from 2-15 mm

sporangiophore erect about 6.6 µm in diameter usually with sympodial branching

to helicoids in nature, sporangia yellowish grey in young stage in later stage olive

brown colour sporangia usually small measure about 42.9-52.8 µm in diameter

with slowly fragmenting. Columella globose to ovate smooth hyaline 23.1-29.7

µm in diameter with more are less marked collarette, spores dark brown in mass

elliptic to cylindrical in shape 6.6x4.95 µm zygospore numerous in winter and

spring black in colour usually spherical in shape measures upto 50 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cumin and Cardamom samples from Dharwad

Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.7


having spore size 63.69x4.95 µm in width.

Mucor hiemalis Wehmer

Annls. Mycol. 1:39 (1903)

Fig. No. 8

Colonies initially hyaline, later turns into buff rarely greyish yellow,

reverse pale yellow to dark grey in colour, sporangiophore sympodially branched

9.39 µm in diameter sporangium globose brownish yellow 42.9 µm in diameter,

sporangial wall smooth diffluent columellae globose to ovate hyaline rarely

yellowish 19.8 µm in diameter sporangiospores variously shaped oval, elliptical to

reniform hyaline diffluent elongate 6.6x3.3 µm chlamydospores terminal to

intercalary variable in shape zygospores 70-100 µm in diameter blackish brown

coloured with stellate spines (3.5-4 µm)

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cumin and Coriander samples samples from

Dharwad Leg. By Santoshkkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.8

The present description differs from the description given by Nagamani et al.,

(2006) lesser diameter of the sporangium 42.9 µm and lesser width of

sporangiospores 6.6x3.3 µm.

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Mucor javanicus Wehmer

Zbl. Bakt. II 6:353-365 (1900)

Fig. No. 9

Colonies white to dirty white, later becoming brown to yellowish brown 1-

2 cm in height. Sub aerial mycelium containing yellow globules sporangiophore

branched 12.5 µm in diameter, sporangia yellowish brown to black spherical many

spores upto 50 µm in diameter columella spherical to pryriform with collar upto

25 µm in diameter 37.5 µm in length, spores variously shaped globose to oval

3.3x3.3 µm chlamydospores usually in chains but occasionally single measures

13.7-17.2 µm in diameter, zygospores 50-60 µm in diameter dark in colour.

Habitat: Isolated from Cumin, Cardamom and Indian cassia samples from

Dharwad leg. By Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.9


having 12.5 µm mycelia diameter, columella length 37.5 µm sporangiospores

measures 3.3 µm in diameter.

Mucor rouxianus Wehmer

Zbl.bakt.II 6:353-365 (1900)

Fig No.10

Turf upto 4 mm in height white yellow or grey delicate loose thick walled

irregular cells may be formed in submerged mycelium sporangiophore weaky

sympodially branched sporangia bright yellow to golden yellow in colour, usually

measures 23.1-29.7 µm in diameter columella upto 9.9-16.5 µm globose or

flattened often with coloured membrane spores 3.3-4.95 x 3.3 µm,

chlamydospores black numerous on aerial mycelium upto 100 µm in diameter,

zygospore absent with abundant fat globules may develop in the mycelium shows

the oil globules inside deep yellow in colour.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Coriander samples from Dharwad Leg. by

Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.10

The present fungus agrees with the description given by Tandon, (1968) in all the

aspects.

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Mucor varians Povah

Bull Torery bot. club 44:287-310 (1917), Gilman p. 39 (1944)

Fig. No. 11

Colonies white at first later turns olive buff to brown in colour, turf

measures 1-3.5 cm in length, Sporangiophores with or profusely branched, twisted

or intertwined 6.6 µm in diameter sparangia globose or subglobose smooth at first

later turns into pale yellow or orange to dark gray with green shades sporangia 60-

80 µm in diameter wall diffluent columellae variable in shape subglobose oval

elliptical to hemispherical in nature. Columella 50 µm length x 37.5-50 µm in

width, sporangiospores not uniform in shape, varies from oval to oblong sub

elliptical measures 3.3 µm length x 3.3 µm in width zygospores not known.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Cardamom Samples from Dharwad Leg. by

Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 11

The present description differs from the description given by Nagmani et al.,

(2006) in having mycelial width 6.6 µm and spore length 3.3 µm.

Mycotypha indica Kirk & Benny

Multiciencias, Maya agosto, ano/vol 7 numero 2:176-180 (2007)

Fig. No. 12

Colonies grow rapidly colonies 4-6 cm in diameter turf mouse gray in

colour when young turn drab in age sparangiophores simple at first later may

branched usually erect 1.7 mm in height 12.5 µm in diameter pale in colour fertile

vesicles irregularly multiseptate, minutely rough wall sporangia ellipsoid to ovoid

in nature.

Fertile under variable in length ovoid to clavate or cylindrical in nature and

minutely roughened; 200-212 µm long x 25 µm in width without sporangium,

sporangiospores surrounds the cylindrical vesicle in one to two rows

sporangiospore spherical to oval in shape measure 3-3 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander and Cumin samples from Dharwad Leg. by


The present description differs from the description given by Kirk and Benny,

(2007) it’s having sparangiosphore length 1-2 mm x width 12.5 µm vesicle width

25 µm.

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Genus: Rhizopus Ehrenberg:

Colonies very fast growing 1-2 mm high pale grey to dark to redish brown

in colour forming hyaline aerial hypha and stolons pigmented, Rhizoids and

sporangiophores, apophysate calumellate many spored sporangia present

differentiated into stolons and nodes with rhizoids and sporangiophores is the

characteristic feature of Rhizopus.

Mycelium of two types submerged in the substratum and aerial forming

arching filaments or stolons anchor to the substratum from place to place which

form nodes rhizoids arise from nodes opposite to the sporangiophores and

implanted in the substratum; sporangiophores unbranched arise at the nodal

region singly or in groups of two or three or more. The tip of sporangiophore

enlarging into apophysis sporangia spherical, flattened at the base which at first

turning to black at maturity wall not cutinized uniformly encrusted entirely

different, without leaving a basal collarate, apophysate columellae hemispherical

or globose after spore liberation. The apophysis often collapses so the flattened

columella resembling the cap of an Agaricus sporangiospores round as oval

angular, colourless or colony bluish or brown, wall cutinized smooth or steriate

rarely spinulose zygospores naked formed in the substratum and on the stolons

suspensors straight very large and swollen without appendages.

Artificial Key to the different species of Genus Rhizopus

I. Aerial sterile mycelium absent: well marked difference in stolons,

sporangiospores and rhizoids, lateral sporangiophores

absent………………………………………….1

1a. Species heterothallic Sporangiophores usually 0-5 to 4 mm in height and 24-

42 µm in diameter spores oval to angular, grayish 14x11

µm…..................................................................Rhizopus nigricans

1aa. Species heterothallic sporangiophores mostly 900 µm hight x 17 µm thick

spores globose to oval, pale grey in colour 5.4-6.5 µm in

diameter.................................................... Rhizopus nigricans ver. minutus

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II. Aerial sterile mycelium present: difference in sporangiophore, stolons and

rhizoids less marked very frequent formations of lateral sporangiophores. With

big sporangia

IIA. Sporangiophores without swellings…………………........................2

2a. Sporangiophores without swellings Spores 5-7 µm long; columella 40-75 µm

high …. ……………………………………….. Rhizopus arehizus.

2b. Sporangiophores without swellings Spores 7-8 µm long columella 80-110 µm

high ……………………………………………Rhizopus oryzae

IIB. Sporangiophores with swellings………………...................................3

3a. Sporangiophores with swellings……….…. Rhizopus nodosus

Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer

Rabenhort’s Kryptogamentl1: abstr. 4 (1892)

Fig. No. 13.

Turf not attending much from the substrate stolons poorly developed not

forming nodes irregularly, rhizoids pale in colour developed at nodes bearing

sporangia or sometimes formed indeterminately. Sporangiophores often prostrate

rarely single farms umbels or corymbs on their stolons measures 0.5-2 mm in

length x 12.5 µm in width all branches ending in sporangia. Sporangia spherical

120-250 µm in diameters, Columella spherical, flattened in early stage some what

at maturity turns black, apophyses 62.5 µm in height 112.5 µm in width membrane

brown smooth spores round or oval or with obtuse angles greyish brown in colour

with striated walls measures 6.6 µm in length x 3.3.6.6 µm in width.




(1968) in having columella width 112.5 µm sporangiospores with 6.6 µm.

Rhizopus nigricans Eheenb

Nova Acta. Acad. Leop. 10: 198 (1820)

Fig. No. 14.

Stolons creeping recurving to the substratum in the form of arachnoid

hyphae which are rained up from the substrate and implanted at the nodes by

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rhizoids internodes extended upto 1-2 or even 3 cm sporangiophores usually in

groups of 3-10 sometimes only 3-5 measures 0.5 mm in heights and 18.75 µm in

width sometime 1.2 mm high and 16-20 µm in diameter (Rugmini 1956)

Apophysis broad curciform sporangia globose to hemispherical, 110-300 µm in

diameter, granular olivaceous. Columella prominent, hemispherical 62.5 µm in

height x 112.5 µm in diameter. Average diameter of Indian specimen 100 µm

spores are in chains, round or oval with greyish in colour 6.6 µm x 6.6 µm,

zygospore round 220 µm in diameter with brown or black colour.

Habitat: Isolated from Cumin and Cardamom samples from Dharwad Leg. by



(1968) in having columella 62.5 µm in height sporangiospores 6.6 µm in length x

6.6 µm in width.

Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb var. minutus Chaudhuri

Choudhari Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B2 137-54 (1935)

Fig. No. 15.

Colonies appears white at young stage later turns black to gray in colour,

turf 2 cm high stolons for spreading internodes first hyalines later turns brown

12.5 µm in thick sporangiophores mostly in clusters at 3.5 rarely single

unbranched about 900 µm high and 17 µm thick branched up to 62.5 µm in high x

12.5 µm diameter; sporangia almost long average diameter 200 µm first snow

white becoming black at maturity columella globose with smooth membrane

measures 87.5-112.5 µm in width x 50-75 µm in length spores irregularly globose

with blunt corned 8.25 µm – 9 µm in length x 6.6 in width.

Habitat: Isolated from Cumin, Cardamom, Indian cassia samples from Dharwad

Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 15


(1968) in having 12.5 µm wide stolon diameter sporangiophores 625 µm high x

12.5 µm width spores 8.25-9 µm in length x 6.6 µm in width.

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Rhizopus nodosus Namyslowski

Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovie (1906)

Fig. No. 16

The mycelium is cottony white when young tinted ochre yellow in later

stage. Mycelial branches ends in sporangia through sporangiophore,

sporangiophores 1.7 mm in high x 12.5 µm sporangia 100–200 µm in diameter

columella 50–100 µm in diameter spores 6.6 x 6.6 µm in length and width.

Sporangiophore originated from swollen end and usually they are in 3-5

sporangiophores in each group. Chlamydospores when present 16.32 µm in

diameter zygospores long 120-140 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Cardamom samples from Dharwad Leg. by


The present description fungus differs with descriptions given by Gilman, (2001)

having spore width.6.6 µm.

Rhizopus oryzae Went et Gerlings

Verh Akad. Wet. Amst 4 (1895)

Fig. No. 17

Colonies 1-3 cm high mycelium whitish in colour rhizoids brown yellow in

colour sporangiophores not straight often branched or with swellings sporangia

115-150 µm in diameter; columella spherical or cylindrical 100 µm length x 125

µm width in diameter. Spores variable in shape, 6.6 x 8.25 µm high grey or brown.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cumin and INDIAN cassia Samples from

Dharwad Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 17

The present fungus agrees with the descriptions given by Tandon, (1965)

Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex J. Schrot.

Krypt. Pl. Schlesien 3(2): 217 (1886)

Fig. No. 18.

Colonies growing up to 4.5 mm in high at first white later dark gray to

black vegetative hyphae non septate at first later becoming septate,

sporangiophores asepatate becoming septate at maturity stage shows racemose

branching sporangiophores 12.5 µm wide vesicles globose to ovoide primarily

vesicles 37.7 µm in diameter, vesicles white at first later changing to pale brown

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fertile over entire surface forming dark colored head upto 87.5 µm in diameter

merosporangia rod shaped containing 5-10 sporangiospores, sporangiospores

varying in shape, globose to ovoid hyaline smooth 3.3 µm in diameter, zygospores

globose dark brown with broad short, pointed projections 50-90 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cumin and Indian cassia samples Dharwad Leg.


The present fungus agrees with the descriptions given by Nagmani et al., (2006).

ASCOMYCETES

Genus Chaetomium Kunz ex fr.

Syst. Mycol. 3:253 (1829)

Perithecia superficial and translucent when young dark and orange at

maturity, sub globose bearing bristle like appendages around the ostiole. Forming

a buff as large as the perithecial body. Shape of bristles or appendages a highly

characteristic and is an important feature of taxonomic value for separation; asci

clevate, thin walled. Octosporous soon breaking down into ascospores lemon

shaped one celled olivaceous brown. The species are mostly saprophytic,

coprophilois. This is a very large genus with many species and wide geographical

distribution.

Being a very large genus it is sub-grouped into several smaller orbitatory

groups mainly based on similarities in terminal hairs and the branching pattern

(Ames, L.M., 1969 Monoge Chaetomaceae) (a) Terminal hairs with dichotomous

branching (b) terminal hairs with branching at right angles or nearly so (c)

terminal hairs shows coiling branches twisted and inter mingled with lateral or

other types of hairs, (d) Terminal hairs are coiled or branched (e) Terminal hairs

ending in several delicate flexuous branches (f) Terminal hairs acute with regular

patterns of branching at the tip are thick shoot irregularly branched and associated

with long unbranched hairs type (g) Terminal hair all straight slightly wavy or

slightly curved (h) Terminal hairs undulate to acute simple (i) Terminal hairs

coiled or contorted (j) Terminal hairs coiled contorted, unbranched but

intermingled with other types of hairs.

48 | P a g e

Artificial Key to the different species of Genus Chaetomium

I. Asci cylindrical, Asci Clavate or Asci Club shaped

IA.Asci cylindrical: Terminal hairs of two types: lateral hairs few:

Asci long cylindrical, Ascospores ellipsoid to almond

shaped........................................................Chaetomium mollicellum

IB. Asci Clavate…………………………………….1

1a. Asci Clavate, Perithical appendages setae form: setae with bulbous base

roughened, ascospores lemon shaped 7-10 µm x 5-7

µm............................................................ Chaetomium subterraneum.

IC.Asci club shaped ……………………………….2

2a. Asci Club shaped, Terminal hairs may be 1-3 coiled at the tip arcuate at the

base….3

3a. Asci Club shaped Perithecia black, 150-265 µm x 110-200 µm: ascospores

oval 4.6-6 x 3.8-4.6 µm; jumbo ascospores are present

...................................................................Chaetomium amberpetense.

3b. Terminal hairs straight below and spiral at apex, Ascospores above 9 µm

……………………………………………………………………….. 4.

4a. Ascospores above 9 µm, lemon shaped light to dark brown, 9-11 µm x 7-8 µm

terminal hairs with 8-15 coils of uniform diameter at the

tip…............................................................Chaetomium spirale.

4b. Ascospores up to 9 µm, terminal and lateral hairs coiled or long... 5.

5a. Terminal and lateral hairs highly flexuous spirally coiled, intending beyond

spore mass ascospores one celled smooth, light brown to olivaceous brown 7.6-9.5

µm x 3.8-5.7 µm …………………........... Chaetomium corophilum.

5b. Terminal hairs extremely long…………………………………………6.

6a. Terminal hairs extremely long tip blunt and rounded; ascospores olive brown

fusiform, 8-11 x 4-5 µm …………........... Chaetomium atrobrunneum.

49 | P a g e

Chaetomium amberpetense Rama Rao & Ram Reddy

Mycopathologia 24 (7): 114 (1964) Seth p. 35 (1970)

Fig. No. 19

Colonies growing very rapidly aerial mycelium loose cottony perithecia

appearing in abundance after seven days reverse colourless or pale creamy in

center, perithecia black subglobose to ovoid with an ostiole and pale basal rhizoids

237.5 µm length x 187.5 µm width; terminal hairs finely arcuate from the base

may be with one to three loose coils towards the top dark brown pale at the tip

coarsely roughened unbranched variable in length 132- 214.5 µm x 3.3 µm wide

lateral hairs straight gradually tapering to a rounded tip darker at lower region and

paler towards the apex sepate variable in length 112.5 µm x 3.3 µm wide asci club

shaped 18-28 µm x 4-10 µm containing 1-2 seriately arranged ascospores oval

rounded at one end with a pore at the pointed end dark brown in colour 3-3x4.95 x

3.3 µm Jumbo ascospores oval rounded at one end with a pale at the pointed end

dark brown in colour 3-3 x 4.95 x 3.3 µm jumbo ascospores not seen measure (i.e.

8.5 x 5-7 µm)

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cumin and Indian cassia samples from


The present description differs with description given by Nagmani et al.,

(2008) in having in the length of lateral hair 112.5 µm and Jambo ascospores are

not seen.

Chaetomium atrobrunneum Udagawa & Takada

Mycologia 41:441 (1949)

Fig. No. 20

Perithecia black gregarious, superficial, small covered profusely long

straight hairs subglobose to ovate 135 x 150 µm ostiolate, terminal hairs dark

brown straight extremely long, unbranched or rarely widely branched, sepate basal

cell swollen ending in a blunt rounded tip smooth 3.3 µm wide at base x length

396 µm lateral hairs dark brown straight, unbranched sepate, smooth to very

minutely rounded 3-4 µm wide upto 125 µm, asci are club shaped 8 spored

ascospores olive brown fusiform, biconvex, prominently apiculate at one or both

ends 6.6-9.9 x 6.6 µm

50 | P a g e

Habitat: Isolated from coriander and Cardamom Samples from Dharwad Leg. by


The present description differs with the description given by Nagmani et al.,

(2006) in having more in perithecial width 150 µm and having more the width of

ascospores 6.6 µm.

Chaetomium coprophilum Narendra & Rao

Nova Hedwigia 27 (3-4): 632 (1976)

Fig. No. 21

Colonies is agar media forming a thick greenish mat of perithecia dark

green to greenish gray in colour 250 x 250 µm upper flexuous hairy part upto 750

x 750 µm terminal and lateral hairs highly flexuous light green terminal hairs

unbranched spirally coiled extending beyond. The spore mass 3.3 µm width x 264

µm in length asci club shaped, unitunicate 26.6-34.2 x13.3-15.2 µm ascospores

one celled smooth light brown to olivaceous brown in colour 9.9 µm length x 6.6

µm width

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cumin and Indian cassia samples from Dharwad


The present description differs with the description given by Pande A.,

(2008) is having perithecial alma with flexuous hairs part more length upto 750

µm and width and also spore width slightly more 6.6 µm.

Chaetomium mollicellum Ames,

Monograph of the Chaetomiaceae (US Army Res. Dev.Ser.): 30 (1963)

Fig. No. 22.

Perithecia dark gray gregarious, translucent, globose to ovate 75 µm is

length x 87.5 µm in width fixed to the substratum by delicate rhizoids, rounded at

base densely covered with hairs: terminal hairs of two types one type straight at

the base forming look spirals at the apex like cork screw 3.3 µm wide occasionally

branched, dark brown, septate with thorny granules, second type long straight

undulate brown septate finely rounded 3-4 µm, lateral hairs few long pale brown

sepate tip timely pointed. Asci long cylindrical 8 spored ascospores brown when

mature they may be ellipsoid to almond shaped apiculate at one end and rounded

at the other end 6.6 µm x 6.6 µm

51 | P a g e



The present fungus description agrees with the description given by Nagmani, et

al., (2006)

Chaetomium spirale Zopf.

Nova acta Ksl. Leop. Carol. Deutschen Akadamiac dee Naturtoeschce 42(5):275

(1881)

Fig No. 23.

Perithecia dark brown to black scattered globose to subglobose, covered

densely with hairs 312.5 x 437.5 µm width ostiolate, terminal hairs straight and

dark brown below fading above with 8-15 coils of uniform diameter sepate

coarsely roughened wide at base ending in a rounded tip 3.3 µm at the tip; lateral

hairs straight dark brown below fading and tapering above 3.3 µm wide asci club

shaped 8 spored ascospores light to dark brown broadly ovate lemon shaped with

apiculate ends 8.25-9.9 µm x 6.6 µm.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Coriander and Indian cassia Sample from


The present description difference with the description green by Nagmani, et al.,

(2006) in having perithecial width 437.5 µm lesser in length and width of

ascospore 8.25 length x 6.6 µm width.

Chaetomium subterraneum Swift & Povah

Mycologia 21 (4): 210 (1929)

Fig No. 24.

Colonies greyish white then slate blue green becoming olive gray at

maturity recover deep olive mycelium at first hyaline later olivacous septate 2-4

µm in diameter aggregating in rope like strands to from which brown perithecia

aeric perithecia spherical when young becoming ovate are flask shaped 137.5 x

100 µm width setae uniformly covering the perithecia mostly, simple straight

alternate 6-9 septate dark brown 148.5 x 3.3 µm area clavate with short hyaline

stalk sporogenous portion 21-30 x 8.14 µm 8 spored uniseriate ascospores lemon

shaped dark olive containing droplets of refractive substance 9.9 x 6.6 µm

52 | P a g e


Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD 24

The present description differs with the description given by Nagmani et al.,

(2006) in having lesser in the perithecial length 137.5 µm.

Emericella nidulans Vuill.

Ruper and Fennell p. 495-499 (1965)

Fig. No. 25.

Cleistothecia abundant globose 250-317 µm in diameter, brown surrounded

by loosely arranged swollen thick walled cells (hull cells) hull cells globose, 23.1

µm in diameter, cleistothecia dark reddish with purple wall one celled thick

breaking down to leave ascospores free asci 7-10 µm diameter globose 8 spored

ascospore purplish red lenticular, with smooth walls measures 4.95 x 3.3-4.95 µm

with two platen equilateral crusts with sinous and entire margin.


by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD 25

The present description differs with description given by Raper & Fennell, (1965)

by having more hull cell diameter 23.1 µm (instead of 16-17 µm diameter).

MITOSPORIC FUNGI

Aegerita candida Pers.

Neues Magazin für die Botanik 1: 120 (1794)

Fig. No. 26

Sparodochia densely crowded, granular or hemispherical, white smooth

and glabrous, when young becoming flaky farinose later when the conidia are

produced, conidiophore short, arranged in clusters rather stout cylindrical, bent

conidia usually acrogenous ellipsoidal, pointed at the base hyaline 25–33 µm in

diameter

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cumin and Cardamom simples from Dharwad


The present description differs with description given by Subramanian, (1971) in

having more conidial diameter 25 µm – 33 µm (not 12-15µm).

53 | P a g e

Genus Alternaria – Nees ex fries

Nees, 1816/17 Das system p.72.

Fries– Syst.Mycol. 1:X/vi, 1821.

Conidiophores solitary or fasciculate, erect to somewhat decumbent, simple

or branched usually colored frequently of greater diameter than the hyphae,

straights or somewhat irregularly bent, with a single terminal scar as some times

lateral scar also often geniculate, continuing growth laterally or sub-terminally to

the scar never directly through the scar conidia typically obclavate, consisting of

an oval or irregularly oval spore body, rounded at base provided with a beak

which may be poorly developed, beak may be short, thick, hardly distinct from,

the spore body or elongated to a variable extent, simple as branched variable in

thickness tapering as filiform, often reaching up to as much as five times the

length of this spore body without longitudional walls and sometimes serving as a

conidiophores itself; with a basal scar, apex of the beak sometimes similarly

having a scar as swollen, borne in chains of up to 20 or more which may be

simple or branched or in chains of fewer individuals or singly in occasional

chains or 2-3, septa may be muriform with transverse, longitudinal and sometimes

oblique septa. The number of septa being variable and often a large portion of the

spaces possessing only transverse septa with the surface generally wrated or

echinulate or smooth sometimes showing secondary cells resulting in irregularly

shaped conidia and sometimes in the breaking up to the sporebody; germinating

by gum tubes from any cell.

Artificial Key to the different species of Genus Alternaria:

I. Conidia never more than 80 µm long (inclusive of beak)…….1

1a. Conidia 31.5-71x12-20 µm …………………. Alternaria amaranathi

1b. Conidia 8-60x6.24 µm …………………..… Alternaria citri

1c. Conidia 40-50x15-20 µm ……………....... Alternaria longipes

1d. Conidia 10.5-77x3.5-15 µm …………….... Alternaria palandui

II. Conidia often longer than 80 µm (inclusive of beak)………….2

54 | P a g e

2a. Fungus ubiquitous saprophytic or weak pathogens on a variety of plants

conidia 13.5-60x6-16.5 µm (sometimes total length of the spore 15-10

µm)…....................................................................... Alternaria tenmissima

2b. Fungus Pathogenic with a somewhat restricted host range – 3.

3a. Conidia 23-118.9x7-29.9 µm ……………...… Alternaria burnsii.

3b. Conidia 48-183 x 12-28 µm…………….......… Alternaria carthami

3c. Pathogenic on cyamopsio, capable of infecting a few often hosts conidia 112-

286 x12-19 µm..................................................... Alternaria cyamopsidis.

3d. Pathogenic on Ricinus, capable of infecting a few other Euphorbiaceae:

conidia 10-200x 87-38 µm…………………....... Alternaria ricini

3e. Pathogenic on Plants other than Solanaceae – 4.

4. Pathogenic on Gomphrena: conidia 52-216 x 11-20

µm..................................................................... Alternaria gomphernae

Altenaria amaranthi Van Hook

Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. p. 214 (1921)

Fig No. 27

Colonies minute punctiform black, conidiophore short septate slightly

nodulose towards apex conidia obclavate to long or subfusiform with 3-8 septa

(transverse septa) with 1.3 obligue or longitudinal septa measures 39.6 µm long x

6.6 µm width.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Coriander and Cardamom samples from Dharwad


The present description differs with description given by Subramanian,

(1971) in having more conidiophore length upto 89.1–100 µm (instead of 39.5-

81.5 µm) in Indian specimen.

Alternaria burnsii Uppar, Patel and Kamat

Indian J.agric. sci. 8:61 pl. 2 f 1-8 (1938)

Fig No. 28.

Mycelium septate, hyaline when young become olive in later stage

mycelium 3.3 µm in diameter. Conidiophores solitary erect sometimes branched

light olive septate somewhat regularly bent occasionally with a single scar

55 | P a g e

geniculate 82.5-99 x 3.3 µm conidia borne simply on the host but in chains 2-10 in

cultures obovate with rounded base tapering to the apex which may be drawn into

septate as non septate back, conidia with transverse, longitudinal and oblique

septa, transverse septa 1-9 worth 3-5 at septa olive brown in colour 42.9–52.8 x

9.9 µm (without beak) including back 52.8 x 9.9 µm



The present description agrees with the description given by Subramanian, (1971).

Alternaria carthami Chowdhury

J. Indian Bot. Soc. 23:59-65 f.1 (1944)

Fig No. 29

Vegetative hyphae septate sub hyaline narrow sparsely septate but at

maturity turns to dark colour conidiophores stout, erect, rigid, unbranched septate

slightly constructed at septa, brown to olivaceous in colour 3.3-6.6 µm in width

conidia light brown transluent murifarm farmed at the tip of the conidiophores

simple or in chains 3-11 celled with few longitudinal septa usually possessing a

beak conidia 39.6 x 9.9 µm, without the beak, beak very lightly brown near the

base and almost hyaline at the apex filiform 12-84 x 3.5 µm.



The present description differs with the description given by Subramanian (1971)

is having conidial width 9.9 µm.

Alternaria citri Ellis & Pierce

Pierce Bot. Gaz. 33:234-5 (1902)

Fig No. 30.

Colonies somewhat zonate gray olive brown to dull black, mycelium

branched septate hyaline at first becoming brownish and swollen 3.3 µm in

diameter, conidiophore simple or branched slender 3.3 µm wide olive brown

sepate with terminal and sometimes lateral scars, conidia produced singly or in

acropetal chains of 2-7 conidia, usually light to olive brown darkening with age

smooth to verucose variable in shape obclavate oval without beak or terminal or

lateral beak slightly constricted at septa muciform with 6-7 (monthly 2-4)

56 | P a g e

transverse and 0-6 (mostly 0-4) longitudinal septa variable in scale, 42.9 µm

including beak x 9.9 µm width beaks mostly 0.8 µm long blunt or round 0-3

septate hyaline are light brown with spore scar at apex. Spore chain simple or

branched arising near the apex of conidoiphore is directly from conidia.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cumin and Cardamom simple from Dharwad Leg.

by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD 30

The present description agrees with the description given by Subramanian, (1971).

Alternaria cyamopsidis Rangaswami & Venkatarao

Indian Phytopathology 10:23-4 (1957)

Fig. No. 31.

Mycelium hyaline to greyish brown 5.7 µm in diameter conidiophore

septate grayish olive coloured geniculate with prominent scars 66-99 x 3.3 µm,

conidia in straight chains of up to 4 light grayish olive obclevate to muriform with

6-11 septa depression along the septation smooth 66–122.1 x 13.2 µm breked

beaks hyaline to light olive coloured 50-140 x 4-6 µm.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander and Cardamom samples from Dharwad Leg. by


The present description differs with the description given by Subramanian, (1971)

in having more conidiophores length 99 µm (not 78 µm).

Alternaria gomphernae Togashi

Bull. Imp. Coll. Agri. Forestry (Marioka Japan) 9:1-16 (1926)

Fig No. 32.

Conidiophores Brown 4.95 µm wide, conidia elongated obclavate long

beaked muriform somewhat similar to those of Alternaria Pori with 5-10

transverse septa, sometimes with longitudinal septa also 52.8 x 13.2 µm.


Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD 32

The present description agrees with the descriptions given by Subramanian, (1971)

in all aspects.

57 | P a g e

Alternaria longipes Mason

Mycol. Pap. 2:19 (1928)

Fig. No.33

Conidiophores either erect or amphigenous, erect, septate to torulose 6.6–

89.1 µm long x 6.6 µm wide conidia obclavate mostly 5.6 septate muriform 46.2–

49.5 µm long x 13.2 – 16.5 µm wide produced in chains.



The present description differs with the description given by Subramanian, (1971)

is having more conidiophores width 89.1 x 6.6 but not (70 x 3.4 µm).

Alternaria palandui Ayyangar

Bull. Agric. Res. Inst. Para (India) 179:12, p1.2 f 1-4 (1928)

Fig. No. 34.

Hyphae hyaline are fuligenaceous 3.3 µm wide conidia produced from the

type of conidiophores singly are in chain muriform with 1-8 tranverse septa and a

few longitudinal septa (sometimes more) dark brown obclavate or elliptical

attenuate at apex to from a simple short or long beak 36.3–42.9 x 9.9 µm



The present description agrees with the description given by Subramanian, (1971)

in all aspects.

Alternaria ricini Hansford

Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 155:53 (1943)

Fig. No. 35.

Conidiophores solitary are in fascicles simple or branched olivaceous in

plain water lactophenol 82.5–22.1 µm long x 4.95 µm wide conidia catenate

obclavate variable in size beaked 33–49.5 µm long x 9.9 µm width with beak 10-

200 µm long olive dark typically muriform and provided with transverse and

longitudinal or oblique or transverse septa 5-12, longitudinal or oblique septa 0-2.



58 | P a g e


in all aspects.

Alternaria tenuissima Wiltshire

Trans. Brit. Myco. Soc. 18:138-41 (1993)

Fig. No. 36.

Hyphae hyaline to olive but septate 6.6 µm wide conidiophores olive buff

nearly 10 µm between septa conidiophore 99 µm long x 6.6 µm width usually

simple erect with 1-6 scars on the host single or funciculate conidia with 2-11

transverse septa 0-10 longitudinal or oblique septa slightly constricted at the septa

49.5–72.6 x 9.9 µm beak 1.5-45 µm long x 2-4.5 µm wide sometimes with 2-3

scars with 0-8 transverse septa total length of spore 15-100 µm forming longer

chains on agar media than natural media.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Cumin samples from Dharwad Leg. by


The present description differs with description given by Subramanian, (1971) in

having more hyphal width 6.6 µm (not 1-6 µm wide).

Genus Aspergillus Michelien Fries:

Syst. Mycol. 3:383 (1832)

Vegetative mycelium composed of septate branched hypae colorless to

bright in colour as in some cases slowly becoming brown in localized submerged

areas or forming brown crusts or sclerotia, conidiophores distinct arising from the

large thick walled foot cell, more or less erect each forming a head of conidia at

the tip. Conidiophores septate or non septate usually becoming broader above and

terminating in a globose or hemispherical or elliptical vesicle bearing numerous

phialides born directly on them or born on metulae which are produced on

vesicles either parallel or clustered in terminal groups or radiating from the entire

surface. Conidia phialedospores cut of successively from the tips of the phialides

by septa and forming unbranched chains arranged into radiate heads or

aggregated to form columnar masses. Conidia one celled globose, oval or

elliptical, variable in shape colour smooth or with marking on the wall; sclerotia

regularly produced by some strains occasionally formed by others and sometimes

59 | P a g e

absent. When present mostly globose to subglobose composed of thick walled

polyhydral cells.

Artificial Key to the different species of Genus Aspergillus

I. Sterigmata strictly uniseriate:

A. Cleistothecia present, conidial head radiate to columnar variable in shape.

a. Cleistothecia present ascospores with convex surface smooth………...1

1a. Cleistothecia present, Equatorial ridges lacking conidial heads large radiate to

loosely columnar.…........................................................ Aspergillus repens.

1b. Cleistothecia present, Equatorial ridges thin and flexuous

custlike……………………………………………… Aspergillus chevalieri

B. Cleistothecia present, ascospores with convex surface long……….2.

2a. Clestothecia present, Colonies predominantly

conidial....................................................................Aspergillus montevidensis.

C. Conidial heads comparatively large purplish or olive cleistothecia…………3

3a. Cleistothecia white to olive, lacking a definate wall..Aspergillus spinulosus.

D. Conidial heads radiate small, Clestothecia present ……..4.

4a. Conidiophores extremely variable 100-800 µm in length. Conidial heads

radiate small, Clestothecia present…………...Aspergillus kanagawaensis.

II. Sterigmata biseriate or uniseriate or with both condition in the same head.

A. Conidial head in shades or black…………………………….1.

1a. Sterigmata in two series, Heads raddish brown conidia mostly 4.0-4.5 µm in

diameter …………………………………...… Aspergillus awamori.

1b. Sterigmata in two series Heads persistently dark grayish brown to olive brown

conidia at maturity conspicuously spinulose 3.5 to 4.0 µm in

diameter............................................................Aspergillus heteromorphus.

B. Conidial heads white or cream coloured ……………………………………..2.

2a.Conidial head white to cream conidia to subglobose or elliptical 2.5 to 3.5 or

occasionally 4 µm……………………….... Aspergillus candidus.

C. Conidial heads typically indicate, yellow-green to deep olive brown shades…3.

3a. Sterigmata either single or double conidia conspicuosly echinate variable from

3.0 to 6.0 µm in diameter …………………...Aspergillus flavus.

60 | P a g e

3b.Sterigmata strictly uniseriate conidia globose coarsely echinulate 3-5 to 5-5 µm

in diameter ………………………………............ Aspergillus parasiticus.

D. Conidial head yellow brown to dull buff shades conidial head smaller single or

double of sterigmata………………………………………….4.

4a. Conidia mostly 5.5 to 6.5 µm coarsely echinulate… Aspergillus terricola.

4b. Conidial head smaller single or double stearigmata rarely double conidia

mostly 5.5 to 7.0 µm conspicuously……..Aspergillus turricola var indicum.

E. Conidial heads strictly globose:

sterigmata in a single series conidia born on long stalked heads 3.0 to 3.5 µm x 2.0

to 2.5 µm. ……………………………….....Aspergillus funiculosus

III. Steigmata Strictly biseriate:

A. Conidial head with definite green shades.

a. Conidial heads of one colour typically radiate conidiophores commonly not

exceeding 300 µm -400 µm……………………………..1.

1a. Conidiophores commonly not exceeding 300 µm -400 µm, Conidial heads of

one colour light yellow to orange yellow, conidia not exceeding 4.0 µm usually 3

µm in diameter…………….…....................Aspergillus versicolour.

1b. Conidiophores commonly not exceeding 300 µm -400 µm, conidial heads

variable in shape conidia not exceed 4.0 µm 2.2 to 2.8 in diameter

……................................................……. Aspergillus speluneus.

1c. Mature conidia exceeding 4.0 µm ……………………………2.

2a. Conidial heads dark yellow green conidia 3.5-4.5 µm in

diameter………………………............... Aspergillus caespitosus.

b. Conidial heads of two colours: green or white -3.

3a. Colonies producing cushion like over growth; conidia 3.0-3.5 µm in

diameter…………………………….….. Aspergillus microcysticus.

B. Conidial head in shades other than the green.

a. Conidiophores typically brown walled: vesicles variable in shape with crescent

vesicles.

1a.Hull cells typically present: scattered to farm irregular throughout the colony

not associated with pigmented mycelium …......… Aspergillus ustus.

61 | P a g e

1b.Hulls cells abundently produced farming conspicuous mass with brightly

pigmented yellow mycelium …...................................Aspergillus puniceus.

b.Conidial head in shades other than the green, Vesicles borne at a sharp angle to

the conidiophores …………………………………………………..2.

2a. Hull cells with elongate and variously twisted pattern Aspergillus deflectus.

C. Conidial heads in golden yellow, dull yellowish cream buff or ochraceous

shades-1.

1a.Sclerotia black at maturity vertically elongate 1 to 3 mm high conidia oval to

subglobose 2.5 to 4 µm by 2.0 to 3.5 µm ……….. Aspergillus alliaceus.

1b.Sclerotia pink vinaceous purple at maturity globose ovate to cylindrical:

conidia globose to subglobose 2.5 to 3.0 µm in diameter

……....................................................................... Aspergillus ochraceus.

1c.Sclerotia unknown Conidial heads punish buff conidia subglobose ovate or

elliptical 3.0- 4.0 µm by 2.5 -3.0 µm ……….…. Aspergillus petrakii.

Aspergillus alliaceus Thom & Church

Mycologia 51:411-413 to figs.1,2 (1959)

Fig. No. 37

Colonies growing rapidly 6.0-7.0 cm white basal felt with loosely floccose

aerial mycelium about 10 mm typically developing silvery gray to black sclerotia,

in concentric zones producing a limited number of straight conidiophores, radiate

conidial heads, no characteristic odour is produced, collecting in droplets non

sclerotia after evaporation leaving slight depressions or circular areas of different

colour conidial heads radiate splitting into compact divergent columns in age first

orange yellow later becoming dull golden yellow to cinnamom buff variable in

size 42.9-59.4 µm even smaller heads born on short conidiophores from aerial

mycelium conodiophores smooth smooth faintly yellow variable in size 0.2-0.3

mm x 3.3- 6.6 µm; vesicles globose thick walled variable in size 15-75 µm

sterigmata in two series primaries 7-13 x 3.5-5 µm, secondaries 8-10 x 1.5-2.2 µm

conidia smooth yellow oval to subglobose 3.3 µm in diameter, sclerotia ovate to

elliptical 500-700 µm in diameter.

62 | P a g e



The present description differs from the description given by Raper and Fennell,

(1977) in having lesser in size of conidial head i.e. 42.9- 59.4 µm (instead of

100µm).

Aspergillus ambiguous Sappa.

Boll.Wt. Acta Botan. Uni. Torino 2(2):254-256 plate 2 fig 3-4 (1955)

Fig. No. 38.

Colonies attaining a diameter of 2-3 cm white to buff in colour with small

pale amber droplets in reverse yellow massive shades, conidial heads white small

loosely columnar conidial chain diverge terminally 33-56 µm in diameter,

conidiophores smooth walled colourless to faintly yellowish 132-135 x 6.6 µm,

vesicles 9-9–13.2 µm in diameter straight in two series primaries 5.5-7.5 x 2.5-3.0

µm, secondaries 5.0-6.0 x 2.0-2.5 µm, conidia globose smooth mostly 3.3- 4.95

µm in diameter.



The present description differs from the description given by Raper and

Fennell, (1977) in having more conidiophores length 1.5– 3.5 x 6.6 µm (instead of

50-100 x 3.5-5.4 µm) even larger vesicle diameter 9.9–13.2 (instead of 5.0 to 7.0

µm) and larger the spore size 3.3-4.95 µm but in diameter (not 2.0-2.5 µm) is

diameter.

Aspergillus awamori Nakazawa

Inst. Govt. Research farmosa Rept. No. 4 (1915)

Fig. No. 39

Colonies bearing abundant conidial structures conidial surface somewhat

irregular variable in length having sporulating greenish brown to chocolate brown

even hyaline to reddish brown in colour exudates lacking or limited in amount of

odour faint conidial heads globose loosely radiate variable in size 86.5-12.5 µm in

diameter, conidiophores thick walled variable in length 1.7 mm in length x 12.5

µm wide, vesicles globose 50–75 µm in diameter sterigmata in two series but in

small heads developing only one primaries 10-20 x 4.5–7.0 µm, secondaries 5.5 –

63 | P a g e

10 x 3.0-4.0 µm conidia globose to subglobose 3.3 µm in diameter with coarse

echinulations.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cardamom and Indian cassia samples from

Dharwad Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.39

The present description differs from the description given by Raper a Fennell,

(1977) in having slightly lesser in the conidial diameter 3.3 µm (instead of 5.5-6.0

µm).

Aspergillus caespitopsis Raper &Thom

Mycologia 36(6):563-565. Fig 3 (1944)

Fig. No. 40.

Colonies varying markedly upon different media mycelium submerged and

tough producing numerous dark green hemispherical to loosely columnar heads

with ovoid to elliptical hull cells odour none. Conidial heads dull yellow green to

empire green radiate to loosely columnar 49.5-56.1 µm in diameter, conidiophores

straight slightly sinuous 198-326 x 3.3-4.95 µm in diameter, vesicles slightly

elongated the upper hemisphere loosely covered by sterigmata sterigmata in two

series primaries 6.5-8.5 x 3.5-5.0 µm secondaries 6.5-8 x 3.0-4.5 µm conidia

globose to spinulose mostly 3.3 µm hull cells abundant thick walled irregularly

globose ranging from 12-18 µm globose cells 12-15 x 25-30 µm elongated cells.


Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 40.

The present description differs from the description given by Raper &

Fennell (1977) in having smaller in conidial head diameter 49.5-56.1 µm (instead

of 75-125 µm) and slights less in the diameter of the conidia 3-3 µm (instead of

3.5-4.5 µm).

Aspergillus candidus Link,

Thom and Church the Aspergilli p. 157 (1926)

Fig. No. 41.

Colonies slow growing reaching diameter upto 1.5-3.0 cm vegetative

mycelium largely submerged basal mycelium pale yellow to faintly pink. Conidial

heads white to cream globose later forms loose divergent columns large heads

200-300 µm in diameter small heads 39.6 (less than 100 µm) in diameter

64 | P a g e

conidiophore length varying in size 264 µm long x 6.6 µm in diameter septate

occasionally slightly yellow in age vesicles globose to subglobose 13.2-16.5 µm in

diameter typically fertile over the whole surface but smaller vesicles often

breaking a limited number of primary sterigmata appearing almost penicillate

sterigmata occasionally uniseriate in young heads typically two series in larger

heads primaries 5.0-8.0 µm x 2.5-3.5 µm secondaries 8.0x2.0 µm conidia globose

or subglobose most strains elliptical 3.3 µm in diameter sclerotia first white

quickly becoming reddish purple black.


by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 41.

The present description agrees with the descriptions given by Raper and Fennell,

(1977) is all aspects.

Aspergillus chevalieri Thom and Church.

The Aspergilli pp 110-112 (1926)

Fig. No. 42

Colonies with abundant conidial heads in gray-green shades distributed

evenly over the whole surface or limited localized areas, abundant yellow

cleistothecia enmeshed in orange red hyphae reverse shades orange red to brown

conidial heads abundant radiate from divergent conidial chains mostly 112.5 µm;

conidiophores 812.5 µm, vesicle 37 µm in diameter sterigmata in a single series

closely packed 5-7 x 3.0-3.5 µm conidia ovate to elliptical often flattened

spinulose 3.3-4.95 µm in diameter.


Dharwad Leg. by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 42.


(1977) in having slight lesser in the diameter of conidial head 112.5 µm (instead of

125 µm).

Aspergillus deflectus Fennell and Raper

Mycologia 47:83-84 (1955)

Fig. No. 43

Colonies attaining a diameter of 1.5-2.0 cm mycelium slightly zonate

radially furrowed conidial structures abundantly produced; central area of colour

65 | P a g e

mouse gray in colour exudates fairy abundant conidial heads evenly distributed

mostly 33 µm in diameter, conidiophores some what sinnous 115.5 x 4.95 µm

smooth walled; vesicles rounded to flask shaped 5-5-6.5 µm diameter, sterigmata

in two series primaries 4.5-5.5 x 28.3-3.0 µm, secondaries 4.5-5.5 x 1.8-2.2 µm,

conidia globose to subglobose 3.3 µm in diameter.




(1977) in having larger conidial head less 33 µm, instead of 30 µm slight larger

the conidiophore diameter 4.95 µm, (instead of 3.5 µm).

Aspergillus flavus Link

in observation p. 16 (1809) species plantarum VI p. 66 (1824)

Fig. No. 44

Colonies upto 3-7 cm in diameter conidial heads in yellow or yellowish

colour dark yellowish green or light clay green finally becoming deep grape green

to jade green in age, reverse commonly unclosed odour absent, sclerotia produced

in many strains conidial heads typically radiate 82.5-9.9 µm, conidiophores 627

µm length x 9.9 µm width vesicles elongated when young later becoming

subglobose 39.6 µm in diameter sterigmata on normal vesicles either uniseriate or

biseriate with the two condition rarely occurring in the same head measures 6.0-

14.0 x 3.0-5.5 µm conidia typically globose to subglobose conspicuously

achinulate 3.3 to 4.95 µm in diameter.



The present description agrees with the description given by Raper and Fennell,

(1977) in all aspects.

Aspergillus funiculosus Smith

Trans.of the Brit. Myco. Soc. 39 (1): 111 (1956)

Fig. No. 45

Colonies bright green or yellow green shades or cotton yellow to olive,

conidial head olive buff odour mouldy conidial head variable 56.1 µm,

conidiophores uncoloured faintly coloured vesicle 16.5 µm, sterigmata uniseriate

66 | P a g e

5.0-9.9 x 2.0-2.1 µm, conidia variable from elliptical faintly coloured 2.47- 3.3 µm

in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Cardamom and Indian cassia samples from Dharwad Leg.



(1977) in all aspects.

Aspergillus heteromorphus Batista & Maia

Anais Soc. Bio. pernambuco 15(1):200-201 (1957)

Fig. No. 46

Colonies growing upto 3 cm surface appearing close textured and velvety

form short stalked, conidial heads in shades of olive or buffy olive slowly is

becoming dark brownish black exudates conspicuous in age, odour slight

somewhat unpleasant odour; conidial heads globose to loosely radiate small 50-

100 µm in diameter. Conidiophores smooth uncolored 57.5 x 6.25-12.5µm

vesicles globose to subglobose up to 30-50 µm in diameter, sterigmata in two

series primaries 10.15 x 6.5-8.0 µm, secondaries 4.5-6.5 x 2.5-3.5 µm, conidia

globose smooth to echinulate and from 3.3 µm in diameter.



The present description differs from the description given by Raper & Fennell,

(1977) in having larger conidiophores length 57.5 µm x width upto 12.5 µm,

(instead of 500 x 4.5-6.5 µm).

Aspergillus kanagawaensis Nehira

J. Japan Botany 26(4): 109-110 (1951)

Fig No. 47

Colonies growing very thin upto 3-4 cm reverse dull orange to tawny olive,

exudate lacking with either strong odour conidial heads loosely radiate with

divergent chain 29.7-33 µm. Conidiophores usually variable in length 280 x 6.6

µm in diameter with smooth wall vesicles globose ranges from 5-15 µm in

diameter sterigmata uniseriate 5.0-7.5 x 2.0–3.0 µm, conidia globose 3.3 µm

lightly colored smooth; slightly regular from adherent fragments.

67 | P a g e

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cardamom and Indian cassia Samples from


The present description agrees with the description given by Raper & Fennell,

(1977) in all the aspects.

Aspergillus microcysticus Sappa

Allionia 2 (2): 251 (1955)

Fig. No. 48

Colonies upto 2.0-25 cm in diameter compact venture with velvety

appearance, first white later turns into dull yellow to gray-green to pale yellow

with amber colour, exudates reverse dull yellow brown with aromatic odour.

Conidial heads loosely columnar 33 µm in diameter conidiophores erect 26.4 x 6.6

µm with smooth wall vesicle small subhemispherical 6.0-8.0 µm in diameter,

sterigmata in two series primaries 5.0-7.0 x 2.5-3.0 µm; secondaries 5.0-6.0 µm x

2.0-2.5 µm conidia globose greenish mass 3.3 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cumin and Cardamom Samples from Dharwad



(1977) in having more diameter of conidiospores 6.6 µm, (instead of 3.0-4.8 µm).

Aspergillus montevidensis Talice and Mackinnon

Compto Rend. Soc. Biol. 108: 1007-1009 (1931)

Fig. No. 49

Colonies first bluish green later turns into yellowish colour reverse yellow

green shades conidial heads abundant 59.4-69.3 µm, conidiophores 350-396 µm in

length, vesicles 20-33 µm occasionally larger or smaller in diameter sterigmata in

one series 6.7 x 30-35 µm conidia rounded variable subglolose ovate to elliptical

6.6 µm in diameter, cleistothecia abundant variable in size with relatively few asci

with ascospores commonly 75-100 µm in diameter 10-12 µm ascospores 4.8-5.2 x

3.6-4.0 µm.



The present description differs from the description given by Raper &

Fennell, (1977) in having higher conidiophore length 396 µm (instead of 350 µm)

68 | P a g e

slightly large vesicle diameter upto 33 µm (but not upto 20 µm) and large conidial

diameter 6-6 (instead of 3.0 – 5.0 µm 3-4 µm).

Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm

Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pilzgattung Aspergillus: 66 (1877)

Fig. No. 50

Colonies dull orange producing often crowded conidial structures that gives

the colour its characteristic appearance colour near, light Ochraceous buff reverse

variously pigmented yellowish to brown conidial head globose 82.5–99 µm,

conidiophores commonly 759 x 9.9 µm sterigmata in two series with primaries 15-

20 x 5-6 µm, secondaries 7-11 x 2.0-3.3 µm, conidia globose to subglobose 3.3-

4.95 µm in diameter, sclerotia white to pale pink irregular 1 mm in diameter.




(1977) in having slight lesser in the conidiophore length 759 x 9.9 µm (instead of

upto 1 mm) and higher in the conidial diameter 4.95 (instead of 3.5 µm).

Aspergillus parasiticus Speare

Bull. Div. Pathol. Physiol., Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc. Exp. Sta.: 38 (1912)

Fig. No. 51

Colonies well growing and attaining a diameter of 2.5-4.0 cm conidial

heads which vary in colour bright yellow to wax yellow shades. Conidial heads

consistently and loosely radiate 33-40 µm in diameter conidiophores variable from

200–237 µm with wall colourless smooth vesicles 13.2-16.5 µm in diameter,

sterigmata in one series 7-9 x 3.0-4.0 µm closely packed over the vascular surface

conidia globose coarsely echinulate 3.3 µm in diameter no sclerothecia or

cleistothecia are reported.


Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 51.


(1977) in having less in the vesicle diameter 16.5µm (but not 20.35 µm) and less

in the conidial length 3.3 µm (instead of 3.5-5.5µm).

69 | P a g e

Aspergillus petrakii Voros

Sydowia Ann. Mycol. series II Beihette pp. 62-63 (1957)

Fig. No. 52

Colonies attaining a diameter of 3.0-3.5 cm wrinkled somewhat zonate,

conidial heads first pale ochraceous buff to pinkish buff, reverse pale yellow to

pinkish shades exudates fairly abundant in numerous droplets, odour lacking

conidial heads born from the substrate globose to loosely radiate 6.6 µm in

diameter, each head becoming tassel or broom shaped upto 132 µm long,

conidiophores ranging from 297-396 x 9.9 µm in diameter wall thick pale yellow;

vesicles subglobose to elongate fertile over the entire surface 16.5 µm in diameter

sterigmata in two series primaries short varying upto 12.9 µm, mostly 5-10 x 3.0-

4.0 µm, secondaries mostly 5.0-7.0 x 2.5-3.5 µm mostly 2.0-4.5 µm in diameter,

conidia subglobose 4.95-6.6 µm in diameter delicately roughned sclerotia not

observed.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cardamom and Indian cassia samples from



(1977) in having slight larger is the conidial diameter 6.6 µm (instead of 2.5µm to

4.0 µm).

Aspergillus puniceus Kwon & Fenell

The Genus Aspergillus: 547 (1965)

Fig. No. 53

Colonies attaining a diameter of 4.0-5.0 cm first creamy than yellow later

appearing pinkish orange, production of abundant droplets of exudates near wine

red and slight mushrooms odour reverse yellow to reddish brown conidial heads

variable in size ranging from 26.4-66 µm in diameter, conidiophores 231 x 3.3 -

4.95 µm, vesicle globose to elliptical 8.0-15 µm sterigmata in two series primaries

4.5-5.5 µm x 3.5-4.0 µm secondaries ranging from 5.0-6.0 x 2.5-3.0 µm, conidia

globose somewhat roughened 3.3 µm in diameter yellowish grey hull cells

crescent shaped or irregularly twisted aggregated into conspicuous yellow masses.



70 | P a g e

The present description differs from the description green by Raper and Fennell,

(1977) in having slight less in average diameter of conidial head 66 µm (instead of

90 µm).

Aspergillus repens De Bary

Michelia 2 (8): 577 (1882)

Fig. No. 54

Colonies showing compact felt, developing heads older areas green to

greenish gray reverse shades deep maroon, abundant conidial heads radiate to very

loosely columnar varying in diameter from 87.5 -125 µm, conidiophores mostly

colourless 1000-1275 µm vesicle area 40-50 µm in diameter occasionally

branched sterigmata in one series 7-10 x 3.5-4.5 µm conidia ovate to subglolose to

globose spinulose 3.3-4.125 µm, cleistothecia very abundant yellow spherical to

subspherical mostly 75-100 µm.




(1977) is having slight larger in the conidiophore length 12.75µm (instead of 1000

µm) and shows 50 µm diameter vesicles (instead in 40 µm).

Aspergillus speluneus Raper & Fennell.

Raper & Fennell 457 (1965)

Fig. No. 55

Colonies very sparsely growing reaching a diameter of 3.0-3.5 cm in 2

weeks conidial heads variable in from and size, tending to be loosely columnar

splitting into divergent chain upto 200 µm in length, conidiophore120-198 x 3.3

µm, vesicles 7-10 µm in diameter sterigmata in two series primaries 4.0-5.5 x 2.5-

3.0 µm secondaries 5.5-7.5 x 2.0-2.25 µm, conidia typically globose to echinulate

3.3-4.125 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Indian cassia samples from Dharwad Leg. by



(1965) in having slight larger conidial diameter 4.125 µm (instead of 2.2-2.8 µm).

71 | P a g e

Aspergillus spinulosus Warcup

The Genus Aspergillus: 204 (1965)

Fig. No. 56

Colonies rapidly growing, bearing olive conidial heads reverse brownish

black shades, exudates limited clear to pale amber conidial head small loosely

radiate 87.5-100 µm in diameter, conidiophores smooth or somewhat roughened

highly pigmented 412.5 x 6.25 µm vesicles small globose to subglobose 10-24

µm; sterigmata in single series 8-11 x 3.0-3.5 µm conidia coloured 3.3-4.95 µm in

diameter, cleistothecia globose 100-200 µm in diameter.



The present description differs from the descriptions given by Raper & Fennell,

(1977) in having slight larger in the conidial diameter 4.95 (instead of 3.5 µm).

Aspergillus tericola var. indicus N. Comb.

Mycologia 54: 403-406 (1962)

Fig. No. 57

Colonies rapidly growing and broadly spreading floccose reverse pale

yellow, exudates limited conidial heads radiate 36.3-49.5 µm in diameter,

conidiophores 330 µm in diameter with colourless walls vesicles globose to

subglobose 9.12 µm in diameter, sterigmata mostly in one series 8.4-9.8 x 5.0-7.0

µm conidia globose 3.3-4.1 µm in diameter with conspicuously echinulate at

maturity.





Aspergillus terricola Marchal

Rev. Mycol. 15: 101-103 (1893)

Fig. No. 58

Colonies spreading rapidly first white later becoming olive in colour,

conidial heads showing points brown to warm sepia reverse pale yellow, odour not

marked conidial heads variable to size 49.5 µm in diameter, conidiophores 264

72 | P a g e

µm in length x 6.6 µm in diameter; vesicles subglobose to hemispherical 13.2-19.8

µm in diameter, sterigmata in either double or single series 7.13 x 4.7 µm

uniseriate sterigmata, conidial elliptical to pyriform variable in size ranging from

4.95 -6.6 µm brownish yellow coarsely echinulate sclerotia not produced.





Aspergillus ustus Thom & Church

The Aspergillii p. 152 (1926)

Fig. No. 59

Colonies spreading broadly more or less felted or floccose to dark to olive

gray shades reverse shades of yellow, orange to dark brown in age. Odour not

prominent conidial head irregularly hemispherical variable in size 42.9 µm,

conidiophores 400-495 x 3.3 µm vesicles 7.0-15 µm merely flask shaped

sterigmata in two reverse primaries 4.7 x 3.0-4.0 µm secondaries 5.7 x 2.5-3.0 µm,

conidia globose 3.3 µm in diameter echinulate ranging from greenish to yellow

brown shades hull cells often produced irregularly ovate to elongate serpentine

helicoid to twisted.




(1977) in having slight lesser in the conidial diameter 42.9 µm (instead of up to

100 µm) diameter shows more conidiophore length than described 495 µm

(instead of upto 400 µm).

Aspergillus versicolor Tiraboschi

Annal. Bot.: 9 (1908)

Fig. No. 60

Colonies slow growing first white passing through shades of yellow orange

yellow green shades, exudate absent ranging from clear to dark wine red reverse

substratum colourless, conidial heads 49.5 µm in diameter, conidiophores

colourless 462 x 6.6 µm, vesicles13.2 µm in diameter, sterigmata two series

73 | P a g e

primaries 5.5 -8.0 x 3.0 µm, secondaries in 5.0-7.5 x 2.0-2.5 µm, conidia globose

delicately echinulate 3.3 µm in diameter.



The present description agrees with the description given by Raper & Fennell,


Aurobasidium oleae Subram.

Hyphomycetes: an account of Indian species, except Cercosporae: 411 (1971)

Fig. No. 61

Colonies first white later usually blackish except at the margin. Black end

patches developing into sectors colonies consisting of a mat of mycelium

appearing record dull or shining hyphae irregularly branched branches having

right angles with the parent hypha with the component cells elongate or spherical

10-20 x 9.9 µm wide many areas replaced by spherical to broadly ovate cells 13.2-

16.5 µm in diameter, young hyphae thin walled hyaline later becoming thick

walled septate cells and hyphal segments in older hyphae breaking apart at the

thick double walled septa to from arthrospores like hyphal segments. Thick walled

oval to spherical chlamadospores like cells usually formed all cells capable to

produce conidia, conidia hyaline ovate 13.2 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander, Cumin samples from Dharwad Leg. by


The present description slightly differs from the description given by

Subramanian, (1971) in having more conidial diameter 13.2 (instead of 12 µm).

Bipolaris tetramera Shoemaker

Canad. J. Bot. 37:884 (1959)

Fig. No. 62

Conidiophores erect simple or compound dark olivacious brown 6.6 µm

wide of variable in length 5-50 µm septa not fertile region long geniculate conidia

produced at regular intervals, conidia produced singly or acrogenously oblong as

ellispoid straight with broadly rounded ends with uniform straw brown colour

predominantly 3 septate not constricted at septa with a tiny black scar at base 29.7

-3.3 x 9.9 µm.

74 | P a g e




in all the aspects.

Genus Cladosporium link ex fries:

Colonies effuse olivaceous, buff durk brown, mycelium well developed,

composed of hyaline, thin walled narrow cylindrical long celled hyphae at first

later becoming brownish thick walled inflated short celled, conidiophores macro

or semimacronimatous, straight an flexus mostly unbranched olivaceous brown or

brown smooth or verrucose remoconidia offen present conidigenous cells, scars

are prominent, polyblastic sympodial; conidia catenate produced by apical

budding or often in branched chains. Forming a tree like heads; conidia may be

cylindrical, doliform, ellipsoidal, tuniform, oval with distinctly protuberant scar at

each end or just at the base, pale to dark olivaceous brown, smooth, verrucose or

achinate 0 to 3 septate or rarely more.

Artificial Key to the different species of Genus Cladosporium:

A. Conidial scars prominent, conidiophores often with terminal and intercalary

swellings (nodose)……………………………………….....................1

1a. Aerial hyphae tortuous and spirally coiled conidiophores up to 350 µm long

usually less than 150 µm long. …………........ Cladosporium variable.

1b. Aerial hyphae other wise……………………………….2

2a. Conidiophores often 500 µm long: conidia smooth one called 5-30x3-6 µm

………………………………………….…. Cladosporium oxysporum

2b. Conidiophores up to 250 µm long smooth conidia 0-1 septate distinctly

verruculose 5.5-13x3.8 -6 µm .......................Cladosporium herbarum.

2c. Conidiophores with knee-like joints variable length but mostly 120-145 µm

long x 4-5 µm wide conidia 0-1 septate ellipticall 10-28x4-7 µm

...................................................................…Cladosporium fulvum

2d. Conidiophores not nodulose........................................... 3.

75 | P a g e

3a. Conidiophores upto 340 µm long, conidia limoniform or ellipsoidal smooth or

rarely verruculose, mostly one called ramoconidia 0-1 septate

.................................................................. Cladosporium cladosporioides.

Cladosporium cladosporioides de Vries

Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Cladosporium: 57 (1952)

Fig. No. 63

Aerial mycelium absent more or less profusely covered by conidial

structures colony produce or woolly mycelium composed of narrow hyphae 6.6

µm in wide conidiophores usually unbranched arising laterally or terminally 264 x

6.6 µm wide delicately varicose, irregularly septate without any inflations not

constricted at septa, conidial heads densely crowded with conidia, conidial chain

terminal or lateral conidia smooth finely varicose 1 celled oval hemispherical or

elliptical slightly tapering at one or both the ends 1 celled conidia 9.9 x 3.3 µm

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Coriander and Indian cassia samples from



in all the aspects.

Cladosporium flavum Cooke.

Grevillia 12:32 (1883)

Fig. No. 64

Colourless either brown conidiophores erect flexus with knee-like joints,

mostly simple sparsely branched olivacious to brown of variable in length 145–

330 x 3.3 µm wide, conidia produced terminally or subterminally on the

conidiophores single or in acropetal chains most 1 septate elliptical subhyaline to

pale brown 3.3-13.2 x 3.3 -6.6 µm.




in all the aspects.

76 | P a g e

Cladosporium herbarum Link

Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 8: 37 (1816)

Fig. No. 65

Colonies woolly to powdery olive green to greyish green becoming

powdery from, the abundant conidiophore and conidia hyphae 3.3 µm wide

conidiophore developing more or less upright branches from superficial hyphae

usually unbranched 225–133 x 3.3 µm wide irregularly septate darker brown

colour conidial chain 2-3 branched; conidia smooth or less varicose pale brown to

brown in colour 1 celled 3.3–23.1 x 3.3 µm 2 celled 13.2 x 3.3 µm.




in all the aspects.

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & Curtis

J. Linn Soc. Bot. Co. (No. 46): 362 (1868)

Fig. No. 66

Colonies greenish brown cottony or loosely felted in culture, hyphae 3.3 x

6.6 µm wide conidiophores macronematous, straight or slightly flexus distinctly

nodose pale to brown in colour upto 95 µm in length x 3.3–6.6 µm diameter

terminal or inter colony swellings present, which are 6.8 µm wide conidia simple

or in chains cylindrical rounded at ends ellipsoidal, lemoniform, subspherical to

pale brown with prominent scars 1 celled 3.3– 19.8 x 3.3 µm.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Coriander, Cumin and Cardamom samples from


The present description agrees with the descriptions given by Nagmani, et al.,


Cladosporium variabile de Vries

Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Cladosporium: 85 (1952)

Fig. No. 67

Mycelium well developed, dark olivacious green green colonies 6.6 µm

wide conidiophores arising laterally from submerged hyphae variable in length

165 µm in length x 6.6 µm wide, conidia densely varicose olivaceous brown ovate

77 | P a g e

citriform to cylindrical or more celled 1 celled 3.3-16.5 x 3.3 µm 2 celled 8-24 x

3.3 µm but majority of them are one celled.




in all the aspects.

Cochliobolus australiensis Alcorn

Alcorn mycotaxon 16(2): 373 (1983)

Fig. No. 68

Colonies either gray to dark blackish brown velvety stromata erect, straight

cylindrical black hyphae pale to dark brown smooth septate 3.3 µm thick,

conidiophores solitary flexus septate, 132 long x 3.3 µm thick, conidia straight

ellipsoidal or oblong rounded at the ends, pale brown to end reddish brown 3

septate occasionally 4-5 septate 27.7x9.9 µm.



The present description agrees with the description given by Nagmani, et al.,


Genus Curvularia Boedijn

Mycelium composed of branched, septate, subhyaline to brown hyphae

conidiophores may be erect or decumbent, straight or bent or flexuous usually

simple, septate brown geniculate toward the apex. Conidia produced singly and

acrogenously at the tip of the conidiophore and of its successive growing points

usually forming a cluster arranged spirally around the fertile portion of the

conidiophore, conidia olivaceous to brown ellipsoid or somewhat cylindrical,

curved or bent sometimes straight usually 3-4 septate, occasionally with more than

4 septa. One of the central cells being distinctly large and dark and then the

terminal cells.

78 | P a g e

Artificial key to different species of genus Curvularia

I. Conidia 3 septate mostly straight or feebly curved with the central two cells

larger and darker than the end cells broadest in the middle………….1

1a. Conidia 17-26 x 11-17 µm…………….….......... Curvularia maculans

II. Conidia distinctly curved, rarely straight with one of the central cell larger and

darker than the other cells broadest in the middle………...........….....…….2

2a. Conidia usually slightly curved less than 10 x 20-25 µm

long.........................................................................…Curvularia pallescens.

2b. Conidia upto 16 x 24-47 µm ………...................Curvularia indica.

2c. Conidia frequently and commonly curved conidia with thick dark

septa………………………………………....….Curvularia prasadii.

2d. Conidia with normal septa conidia less than 17 µm wide ...Curvularia lunata.

III. Conidia with four or more septa. Conidia curved but not so much as to look

like a hammer…………........................................................................3

3a. Conidia small mostly 21-31 x 8-13 µm…......….....Curvularia senegalensis.

3b. Conidia length width ratio abouit 2.4 …….............Curvularia inaequalii.

Curvularia inaequalii Boedijn

Bull. Fard. Bot. Buitenz ser.3, 13:129 (1933)

Fig. No. 69

Mycelium composed of branching, septate sub hyaline to pale brown to

brown hyphae conidiophores brown simple, rarely branched producing conidia

singly acrogenously at the tip, conidia born in spirals on the fertile part of

conidiophore typically septate occasionally 3-5 septate ventricose to fusiform in

shape, sometimes straight or with distinct curvature usually 3 cell from the base

broadest and darkest lower end upper cells progressively palar in colour basal cells

are longer than the apical cells basal cells with a scar indicating the point of

attachment to the conidiophores; conidia 19.8-23.1 long x 9.9 µm wide.



79 | P a g e

The present description differs from the descriptions given by Subramanian,

(1971) in having slight less in the conidial length and width 23.1 µm x 9.9.

(Instead of 27-37 x 11-18 µm).

Curvularia indica Subram.

Proc.Indian Acad. Sci. B 38: 34 f 6 (1953)

Fig. No. 70

Conidiophores brown simple erect, straight or bent septate 3.3–4.95 µm

brown variable in length 132 µm length, conidia born in spirals towards the tip of

the conidiophores, mostly straight to seldom curved brown 3 septate, slightly

constricted at the septa or not at all third cell from the base larger and broader than

others, the apical cell with a smoothly rounded tip basal cell crucible shaped with

a prominent scar at the base 19.8- 23.1 x 9.9 µm



The present description differs from the description given by Subramanian,

(1971) in having variation in the conidial length 23.1 µm (instead of 24-47 µm).

Curvularia lunata Boedijn

Bull. Fard. Bot. Builtenz See. 3; 13:127, f.2, 3 (11, 12) 4(3) (1933)

Fig. No. 71

Mycelium septate profusely branched, in substratum subhyaline to light

brown in colour hyphae 3.3 µm wide, conidiophores dark brown unbranched

septate, towards tip upto 270-330 µm long x 3.3 µm wide, conidia boat shaped

brown 3 septate third cell form the huge conspicuously larger broader and darker

than the other carved or sometimes straight each with subhyaline apical cell basal

cell with a scar indicating point of attachment to the conidiophores 19.8 x 9.9 µm




in all the aspects.

80 | P a g e

Curvularia maculans Boedijn

Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 13 (1): 125 (1933)

Fig. No. 72

Mycelium sub hyaline to brown branched strongly septate, sometime

constricted at the septa 3.3 µm wide, conidiophores arising as a lateral branches

from parent hyphae brown single erect fertile towards the apex part variable in

length geniculate in fertile region, conidia produced singly or acrogenously on

conidiophores; conidia born in spirals towards the tip 3 septate middles cells

darker than the apical and basal cells; basal cell with the scar indicating point of

attachment to conidiophores 9.9 –16.5 x 13.2 µm wide in the broadest pact.



The present description differs from the descriptions given by Subramanian,

(1971) in having slight smaller conidial length 16.5 µm (instead of 17-26 µm).

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn

Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 13 (1): 127 (1933)

Fig. No. 73

Mycelium composed of septate branching, subhyaline to light greenish

brown hyphae 3.3 µm in diameter, conidiophore as terminal or lateral branches

simple erect straight bent or flexus geniculate at fertile region; spores are born in

spirals well developed probranches variable in length 50-270 µm x 3.3 µm wide,

conidia produced singly or acrogenously on conidiophores, conidia pale brown

somewhat ellipsoid to fusiform three septate central cell slightly darker than the

end cells 23.1 x 9.9 µm, third cell from the born slightly larger than the second.

Habitat: Isolated from coriander and cumin samples from Dharwad Leg. by



in all the aspects.

81 | P a g e

Curvularia prasadii Mathur & Mathur

Curr. Sci. 28:449 f 1 (1959)

Fig. No. 74

Hyphae brown septate branched 6.6 µm wide, conidiophore brown simple

straight or bent septate geniculate towards the tip 3.30 x 6.6 µm conidia brown,

mostly 3 septate early tone septate unequally ventricose fusiforms straight to

curved towards septa not constricted third cell form the base larger broader and

darker apical cell smoothly rounded at the apex basal cell crucible shaped with

basal sear indicating point of attachment to the conidiophores, conidia produced

singly and aerogenously 23.1 x 9.9 µm with septa dark brown and 1.6–2.4 µm

thick. The distinguishing feature of the species is the remarkably thick and dark

septa.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander and Indian cassia samples from Dharwad Leg.


The present description differs from the description given by Subramanian, (1971)

in having larger diameter of conidiophore 6.6 µm (instead of 4-8 µm).

Curvularia senegalensis Subram.

Indian J. Bot. Soc. 35.466-7 f 11 (1956)

Fig. No. 75

Colonies gregarious black and velvety, conidiophores single erect to

flexous septate brown 3.3 µm wide x 135.3 µm in length swollen at the base

producing conidia singly and acrogenously at the tip conidia unequally ventricose

fusiform nearly straight or very distinctly covered mostly 4 septate 23.1 x 9.9 µm

wide in the broadest part, conidial third cell form the base in the darkest widest

and longest olivaceous black apical and basal cells paler in colour apical cell

rounded at tip basal cell crucible shaped with a flattened base and distinct basal

scar, indicating point of attachment to conidiophore.


Leg by Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No. 75.


in all the aspects.

82 | P a g e

Exosporina laricis Oudem.

Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeling

Natuurkunde 11: 498 (1904)

Fig. No. 76

The type species the conidia one celled and dark coloured produced by

fragmentation at the hypha which are septate and form a sparodochium like

fructifications, the fungus produces a brown or sooty layer of spores beneath the

periderm over the surface numerous convex sporodochia develop each

sporodochium consists of many compact parallel acrogenously branched chains of

conidia arising from thin hypostroma or arthrospore formed in chains maturing

basipetally and breaking apart easily young conidial chain simple branched

torulose without septa the conidia or arthrospores which develop a wall inside the

hyphal wall and separate into individual units by means of disjuncture’s conidia

measure 3.3 length 6.6 µm x 3.3 width.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Cumin sample from Dharwad Leg. by



in all the aspects.

Fusariella intermedia Mouch. & Nicot

Rev. Mycol.: 175-177 (1973)

Fig. No. 77

Colonies black usually whitish at the edge in young stet pulvinate later

effuse and powdering conidiophores upto 70 µm long subhyaline or olive

phialides 17-35 x 2.5-5 µm first hyaline olivaceous in colour conidia curved 3

septate conidia at septa gray smooth, turnicale dark at base 13.2 x 6.6 µm.



The present description differs from the description given by Ellis, (1976) in

having lesser conidial length 13.2 µm (instead of 14 µm 22 µm)

83 | P a g e

Genus Fusarium link ex fries.

Mycelim composed of hyaline, septate branched hyphae conidial masses

typically farmed is sparodochia or pionnotes or sometimes scattered in mycelium

conidiophores simple as branched terminating in phialides which are sometimes

framed vertically hyaline sepatete. Phialides variable in size and shape mostly

sabulate conidia are of two types; micro conidia and macroconidia microconidia

usually 1-celled variable is shape, hyaline either produced single at the type of

phialides or else abstructed in succession at the type of the phialides to turn

simple chains. Macro conidia usually three to many sepatate fusiform to fulcate

dorsiventral, straight or curved variably often with a distinct pedicillate base with

the apical part obtuse to broadly rounded to acuminate produced singly at the type

of the phialides. Chlamydospores usually present, globose to ovoid are pear

shaped 1-2 celled or in chain or sometimes in clusters, they may present in

terminal are intercalary brownish in colour, sclerotia spherical solid occurring

singly or in groups or absent sclerotia stromata occure singly or in groups or

absent. Sclerotial stromata occur in many groups hemispherical smooth or and

cauliflower like or erect, sometimes with anther like branching stalked, remaining

sterile serving as stroma for sporodochia conidial masses pale or brightly

coloured (Orange-Salmon or Ochre)

Artificial key to the different spaces of Genus Fusarium:

I. Microcomidia normally present usually-1 celled

A. Microconidia more or less pyriform…………............................…..1

1a. Sporodochia and pinnotes absent, microconidia typically globose to pyriform

5-6 µm in diameter..............................................................Fusarium poae

B. Conidia with thin walls and delicate tapering constricted towards the apex..2

2a. Microconidia celled hyaline, macroconidia, sabulate to taleate narrowed

toward end 1-3 rarely 4-7 septate. ……………….........................Fusarium udum.

2b. Microconidia mostly 1-celled hyaline, macroconidia cylindrical to

subcylindrical to fusiform to fulcate mostly 3 to 5 septate pale colour in

mass……........................................................................Fusarium oxysporum.

84 | P a g e

C. Stroma effuse immursed or matted and conidia subulate…………...........3

3. Conidia pale to rosy elliposoidally narrowed rounded or pointed end without

direct pedicel …………………………………............Fusarium merismoides

D. Pinnotes Scanty or abundant comparatively quick growing fungi. ...............4

4. Conidia scattered hyaline rose colored mostly is septate sometimes 4-7 septate.

…………………………………………….......Fusarium nivale

Fusarium merismoides Corda

Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum 2: 4, t. 8:16 (1838)

Fig. No. 78

Mycelium sparse arachnoid hyaline to pinkish easily collapsing, stroma turf

like, clevate or radiating, conidiophore often branched in whorls, conidia scattered

at first pale later turns to somewhat dusty cylindrical to furiform the ends

ellipsoidally narrowed rounded or pointed without distinct pedicel narrowed

towards the base asymmetrically at the apex dorsiventral with convexity on one

side and concavity on the other side slightly curved sometimes or straight mostly 3

septate 0-7 septate.

1 septate mostly 18-30 x 2.5-3.3 µm

3 septate mostly 13.2-23.1 x 3.3-6.6 µm

Chlamydospores glolose 5.8 µm diameter




in the specimen 5 septate spores not observed and according to description

mentioned.

Fusarium nivale Cesati

Rabenhorst Fung. Encop. exs. 242 (1860)

Fig. No. 79

Conidia scattered on hyaline rose fusiculate bushy aerial mycelium usually

fusiform to falcate covered tapering toward either ends tenpin shaped not

pedicellate somewhat constricted at the base smoothly 1-3 septate.

85 | P a g e

0 septate 9.9 x 3.3 µm

1 septate 13-18 x 2.4-3.3 µm

3 septate 19.8 -23.1 x 3.3 µm

Chlamydospores and sclerotia absent stroma thin evanescent at plectenchymatous

hyaline to orange to brick red later turn’s leather brown.




4-7 septate spores not seen.

Fusarium oxysporum Schl. ex Fries

Syst. Mycol. 3:471 (1832)

Fig. No. 80

Conidia produced typically in sporodochia or in pionnotes or with

sometimes produced in scattered manner without sporodochia or in pionnotes

conidiophores single or branched or in bostrycoid manner. Microconidia and

macroconidia are produced conidial masses formed on a plectenchymatous or

sclerotial stroma sclerotia bluish to pale in colours microconidia mostly 1 celled

produced singly from the tip of the phialides; macroconidia dorsiventral to

cylindrical or fusiform to falcate mostly 3-5 septate pale to flesh coloured with

narrow tips with a foot cell with papillate base chlamydospores present terminal or

intercalary.

0 septate 4-14 x 3.3 µm

1 septate 10-23.1 x 3.3 µm


5 septate 30-66 x 3.3–6.6 µm




in all the aspects.

86 | P a g e

Fusarium poae Wollenw.

Bull. Maine Agric. Exp. Sta.: 254 (1914)

Fig No. 81

Mycelium Composed of branched septate hyaline hyphae 3.3 µm wide,

woolly like felt, white to rose whorled branches conidia usually one celled (at

most upto 4% 1-4 septate) produced in abundance on conidiophores sometimes

bound in chains when discharged appears like whitish powder scattered over the

mycelium giving a sandy appearance to the substrate micro conidia typically

globose limonistium to pyriform, 1-2 celled macro conidia long furiform ellipsoid

to falcate


1 septate 9.9-13.2 x 3.3 µm

Elongate fusiform

0 septate – 6.6- 9.9 x 3.3 µm

1 septate – 9.9-16.5 x 3.3 µm

Chlamydospores mostly intercalary in chains and in knots ochre brown in colour.



The present description differs from the description given by Subramanian,

(1971) in having slight larger size, 0-septate conidia length 16.5 µm (instead of 16

µm).

Fusarium udum Butler

Mem. Dept. Agric. India: 54 (1910)

Fig. No. 82

Microconidia 1 celled hyaline mostly curved scattered macroconidia

subutate falcate narrowed towards either end 1-3 septate rarely 4-7 septate.

0 sepate 9.9 x 3.3 µm

1 septate 15.2-19.8 x 3.3 µm




87 | P a g e

Conidia produced from the tips of phialides born more or less verticillately

branched conidiophores, forming slight green at the tips later scattered on the

mycelium pale pinkish to salmon coloured manner, chlamydospores globose 8.8

µm in diameter usually intercalary ochre yellow; with immersed stroma rugulose

plectenchymatous at first pale sulphureous to pinkish than salmon orange,

cinnabarinous when dry.




in all the aspects.

Fusicladiella melaena Hughes

Mycological Papers 49: 21 (1952)

Fig. No. 83

The type species of the genus, the tip of the conidiophore swells out into a

solitary conidium. Although the conidium initials is at first demarcated only by a

constrictions from the conidiophores a cross wall appear later mature conidia

mostly 1 septate in the middle and have a conspicuous scar at the base measures

about 13.2 -16.0 x 3.3-4.5 µm.




in all the aspects.

Fusidium aureum Link.

Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 8 (1809)

Fig No. 84

Conidiophores usually short sample as sparingly branched upto 33 µm,

conidia hyaline 1 celled ellipsoid to fusoid usually arranged in the chains one

above the other measure 6.6 -9.9 µm length x 3.3 – 4.95 µm width.



The present description agrees with the description given by Burnett, (1960) in all

the aspects.

88 | P a g e

Geotrichum candidum Link.

Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 17, t. 1:26 (1809)

Fig. No. 85

Colonies in agar medium thin spreading, creamy white mycelium hyaline

septate more or less specialized into broad radiating vegetative hyphae

dichotomously branching narrower lateral sporulating hyphae which may also

branch spores arthrospores formed in chains, lateral hyphae at septate sometime

intercalary in the broad vegetative hyphae as well usually maturing in basipetal

succession spores chains aerial decumbent flat cylindrical at first later varying

from barrel shaped to ellispoidal or subglobose 3.3 x 3.3 µm.

Habitat: Isolated from pepper and cumin samples from Dharwad Leg. by



in ll the aspects.

Gliocladium penicilloides Corda

Icon. Fung. 4:31 (1840)

Fig. No. 86

Occurring in small scattered white terf about 200-211.2 µm high each

consisting of a small number of conidiophores individual conidiophores septate

below sometimes bound together above by conidial main stem of 9.9 µm wide

septate minutely varicose primarily branches usually opposite lowest branch

solitary primary branches upto 19.8-20 µm long curving upward parellel to the

main stem secondary branches born on primary ones usually about 9.9 µm long

white of 2-4 later crowned by a cluster of 3-5 conoid phialides of the same length

conidia oval or subcylindrical obtuse at ends hyaline usually 6.6 x 3.3 µm

produced singly not in chain collected in our apical globule supported by all the

phialides.




in having more conidiophore length upto 211.2 µm (instead of 200 µm) end more

conidia length 6.6 instead of 2-5 x 3.3 µm (instead of 1.5-2.0 µm)

89 | P a g e

Glioclidium roseum Bainier

Bull. Soc. Mycol fr. 23:111-2 pl 15 f 1-6 (1907)

Fig. No. 87

Colonies growing rapidly, white to pink or salmon in fruting areas

mycelium consisting of hyaline septate branched hyphae become organized into

ropes when prostrate remains simple, branched verticillately and penicillately

branching ultimate phialides conidia coated with a gelatenous material organized

into spherical balls on verticillate branches conidiophores hyaline, septate born as

perpendicular to branches from aerial hyphae 9.9 µm long x 3.3 µm diameter,

phialides born in vertical or penicilli usually flask shaped 12-30 µm long x 3.3 µm

diameter, conidia hyaline unicellular oval to elliptical somewhat spherical smooth

6.6 long x 3.3 µm wide abstricted singly and successively from the tips of

phialides aggregated by mucilage into spherical manner in the verticillate

conidiophore.




in all the aspects.

Memnoniella ehinata Galloway

Trans.Brit. mycol. Soc. 18: 163.6 f 1-3 (1933)

Fig. No. 88

Colonies small thick coal black composed of simple conidiophores 46–62.7

x 3.3-4.95 µm wide 2-3 septate blackish erect, hyaline at the base conidiophore

bearing head at tip about 14 x 10 µm one two compact whorls of about ten

phialides; phialides subhyaline, 1-celled about 8 µm long x 3.3 µm wide slightly

diverging, conidia opague black globose to angular rough nearly disc like 4.95-6.6

µm in diameter, forming persistant simple chains upto 200 µm long.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander and Cumin samples from Dharwad Leg by



in having slight larger diameter of conidiophore 4.95 µm (instead of 3.5) slight

larger diameter of conidia 6.6 (instead of 5-5-5 µm).

90 | P a g e

Memnoniella levispora Subram.

J. Indian Bot. Soc. 33:40-2 f-5 (1954)

Fig. No. 89

Colonies black velvethy to floccose later powdery of variable in size

hyphae hyaline to subhyaline septate 3.3 µm thick, conidiophores erect straight or

bent hyaline at the base greenish to greenish black above mostly 2-3 septate 46.2-

49.5 µm long x 3.3 µm wide. The swollen opex hyaline 4.8 x 3.5 µm. Conidia

black globose, smooth walled 4.95-8.25 in diameter produced basipetally from the

tips of phialides in chains chain upto nine conidia breaking up into single conidia

or short chains of conidia.




in having slight larger conidiophore diameter 3.3 µm (instead of 3.2 µm).

Monodictys fluctuate Ellis

Mycol. Pap. 125:5 (1971)

Fig. No. 90

Colonies first light gray becoming dark gray with age mycelium thin

hyaline brown hyphae 3.3-6.6 µm in diameter conidiophores both terminal and

lateral 3.3-6.6 µm wide flattened end bearing conidia of very variable shape and

size, conidia dark brown 2-14 celled often constricted at the septa at first smooth

later verrucose roughly subspherical with straight or obligue septa the size of the

different types of conidia varies up to 13.2-40 µm in diameter.



The present description differs from the description given by Nagmani, et al.,

(2006) in having mycelium diameter 6.6 µm (but not up to 8 µm).

Monosporiun aruminatum var. terrestre Saccardo

A manual of soil bug by J.C. Gilman 297. (1971)

Fig. No. 91

Colonies spreading white conidiophores erect septate with fur like branding

3.3 µm wide simple or forked pointed conidia long hyaline elliptical 6.6 x 3.3 µm.

91 | P a g e



The present description differs with the description given by Gilman, J.C., (1971)

in having slight more length and width of the conidia 6.6 µm x 3.3 (not 5-6 µm x 3

µm).

Nigrospora oryzae Petch

J. Indian Bot. Soc. 4: 24 (1924)

Fig. No. 92

Mycelium composed of creeping septate branched hyphae first hyaline and

later turns brown conidiophore short ampulliform brownish bearing single

conidium at the tip the spore seperating from the apex of the conidiophores, spores

globose with a slight apical bulge appears elliptical when seen from the side

spores jet black opague and shining spores 13.2 µm in diameter average more 14

µm.

Habitat: Isolated from Cumin and Indian cassia samples from Dharwad Leg. by



in all the aspects.

Nigrospora sphaerica Mason

Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 12: 158 (1927)

Fig. No. 93

Mycelium composed of creeping septate branched hyphae, first hyaline and

turns brown later, conidiophore short ampulliform, somewhat brownish bearing a

single conidium at the tip the spores separating from the apex of the conidiophore

spore depressed glolose sometimes with apical bulge or elliptical in shape with jet

Black in colour spores 13.2-14.85 µm in diameter average about 16 µm in

diameter.




in all the aspects.

92 | P a g e

Paeceilomyces varioti Bainier

Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 23: 26.7 pl.7 (1907)

Fig. No. 94

Colonies growing rapidly composed of a matted basal felt with narrow and

abrupt margin colourless to duller colour, no odour at first but later develop

aromatic odour, complex heads with several stages of branching consisting of

whorls of phialides mixed with secondary branches, conidiophore arising from

aerial hyphae 165 µm in length x 2.5-3.3 µm in width, some time with local

swellings upto 6 µm wide, phialides variable in size 8 µm in long x 2-3.3 µm in

width, conidia smooth ellipsoid to cylindrical 1-celled 4-6.6 µm length x 2.3.3 µm

in width.



The present descriptions differs from the descriptions given by Subramanian,

(1971) in having conidial length 6.6 µm and width 3.3 µm (instead of 3-6 x 7.5-3

µm).

Papulaspora irregularis Hotson

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 48: 276 (1912)

Fig. No. 95

The yellowish brown bulbils arise from intercallery initials the central cells

are considerably small in addition to which the bulbils are distributed loosely over

the aerial mycelium. The bulbils diameter 19.8–20 µm in diameter.



The present description agrees with the description given by Domsch & Gams,


Genus Penicillium link ex fries.

Vegetative mycelium submerged entirely as relatively effuse, branched

hyaline as septate, anastromosing, colonies variable in colour, green, yellow

green, blue green, grey, green or less other colorless or yellowish reddish purple

93 | P a g e

or other tints (becoming brownish in mass when mature but certainly

moniliaceous even than)

Conidiophores arising as branches from the vegetative hyphae commonly

at right angles to the parent hypha, but without determined foot cell as in

Aspergillus with wall smooth or roughened to varing extent. Conidial structures

broom like and farming a penicillium ranging from a single terminal vertical of

conidia, bearing phialides or a terminal vertical of equal branches or metulae

bearing verticils of phialides to complex branching systems, terminating in

verticils of specialized cell or metulae which bear clusters of phialides, conidia

abstracted from the type of the phialides successively and farming unbranched

besipetal chains variable in shape, being cylindrical to elliptical, oval or globose

smooth are roughened some time entirely hyaline are individually colored in

mass, sclerotia produced by some strains consisting of thick walled cells normally

hard and somewhat brittle as horny sometime soft.

Artificial key to the different species of Genus Penicillium

I. Penicillia consisting of single clusters or verticils of phialides at the tips of

fertile hyphae or conidiophores.

A. Perfect state known………………………………………1

Colonies not producing red or reddish brown pigment

....................................................................... Penicillium brefeldianum

B. Perfect State not known………………………………….2

2a. Colonies appearing velvety, conidiophores born primarily as short branches

from loosely trailing or compacted vegetative

hyphae……..................................................…Penicillium decumbens

2b. Conidial areas in light green-grey shades, yellow shades on Czapek’s Agar

becoming Cherry red on Malt agar………. Penicillium churmesinum

2c. Colonies of restricted growth, conidia elliptical, smooth conidial heads in blue

green shades ………………………….. Penicillium cyaneum.

II. Penicilli Characteristically once or twice branched below the level of phialides

typically asymmetrical and divericate.

94 | P a g e

A. Metulae longer usually 10-25 µm long in some species phialides 7-10 µm

long. Conidia typically glolose, spiny or echinnalte 3-3.5 µm in diameter; conidial

areas grey ………………………………Penicillium nigricans

B. Conidia mostly ellipticall likely subglobose metulae often of different length

……………………………………… Penicillium janthinellum.

III. Penicilli typically biverticillate and symmetrical.

A. Colonies with no typically velvety; conidiophores arising primarily from the

substratum. Conidia smooth colonies restricted; conidial area is light yellow

green to grey green shades ……… Penicillium rubrum

Penicillium brefeldianum Dodge

Mycologia 25:90-104 f 1, 2 Pl. 18, 19 (1933)

Fig. No. 96

Mycelium and conidial masses variously coloured, whitish cream peach to

greenish pale green, conidiophore short slightly enlarged at the tip with frequent

side branches 150-231 µm long x 3.3 µm wide penicillus commonly

monoverticillate phialides 8.25 x 2.5–3.0 µm with prominent spore forming tube,

conidia loosely floccose light yellow shades, conidial structures born large by

from the aerial mycelium conidia 3.3 µm in diameter.




in having more conidiophore length 231 µm (instead of upto 150 µm).

Penicillium chermesinum Biourge

Monograph La Cellule 33 (1): 284-5 Col. Pl. 10,76, 95 (1923)

Fig. No. 97

Colonies broadly zonate with tufted granular surface, consisting of woven

mass of hyphae bearing comdiophoreas, short branches coloures greenish gray in

shades reverse light yellow, conidiophore borne relatively as short branches from

loosely interwoven trailing hyphae 50-62.7 x 3.3 µm with sunken apices vesicles

4-4.5 µm in diameter penicilli strictly monoverticillate with no branches bearing

95 | P a g e

loose to faidy compact columns upto 100 µm long phialides 10-15 µm, vesicles 6-

8 2.25 µm, conidia elliptical smooth 3.3 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Cardamom samples from Dharwad Leg. by



having more conidiophore length 62.7µm (instead of 50 µm) more conidial

diameter 3.3 µm (instead of 2.5 µm).

Penicillium cyaneum Biourge

Monograph Leste Onomastigue La Cellude 33 (ii): 102 (1923)

Fig. No. 98

Colonies radially furrowed with velvety surface somewhat floccose, limited

growth of sterile aerial mycelium varying in colour from pale dull to bluish gray

green in central areas. Conidiophore 165 µm long x 1.0-2.0 µm wide arising

separately from the substratum or as branches ascending hyphae irregularly

branched occasionally bearing definitely terminal groups of penicilli

monoverticillate small closely crowded 5-8 parallel phialides producing narrow

loose columnar manner of conidia upto 100 µm long, phialides 7-9 x 2-2.2 µm

wide conidia 1-celled elliptical mostly 3.3 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Coriander and Indian Cassia samples from Dharwad Leg.



in all the aspects.

Penicillium ducumbens Thom

Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Anim. Ind. 118:71 f: 28 (1910)

Fig. No. 99

Colonies velvety interwoven and trailing hypae bearing short conidiophore

sporulating over the colony surface in greenish yellow green shades conidiophores

66-132 x 3.3 µm with enlarged apices smooth or finely roughened borne at

successive nodes upon trailing hyphae with stolon like marginal arms develop

along with substratum almost entirely monoverticillate occasionally showing

loose columnar of conidia upto 100 µm long, phialides mostly in compact from

96 | P a g e

12-15 in number, 7-9 x 2.25 µm conidia elliptical to subglobore 3.3 µm in

diameter smooth appears slightly green under microscope.



The present description differs from the description given by Subramanian (1971)

in having more conidiophore length 132 µm (instead of 100 µm) and larger

conidial diameter 3.3 µm (instead of 2-2.5 µm).

Penicillium janthinellum Biourge

Monograph La. Cellule 33 (1): 258-60 Col. Pl. 7, 12 f, 70 (1923)

Fig. No. 100

Hyphae closely inter woven evenly tufted or irregularly wrinkled in central

portions radially furrowed, marginal areas pale gray to greenish gray reverse

yellow to orange shades conidiophore smooth or slightly rough 231-264 x 3.3 µm

wide penicilli asymmetric slightly divaricate with conidial chains divergent

branches upto 200 µm long, monoverticillate sometimes forming fairly compact

mass with metulae and phialides metulae mostly 10-15 x 2.25 µm phialides

diverging enlarged at the base tapering abruptly to fairy with long Conidium

bearing tips mostly 8-10 x 2.2 µm conidia mostly elliptical sometimes globose

with apiculate walls with roughened surface commonly 3.3 µm in diameter.


Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.100.


in all the aspects.

Penicillium nigricans Bainier ex Thom

The peracillia pp. 351-3 f. 56 (1930)

Fig. No. 101

Colonies close textured fairly deep felt delicate trailing hypae conidial

areas in various shades of gray steel gray or olive gray conidia bearing hyphae

having short branches bearing short branches with pericilli conidiophores arising

from submerged areas short branches about 50 µm long, conidiophore variable in

length 9.9 x 3.3 µm wide with smooth walls metulae divergent 8-12 x 2-2.5 µm

wide compact verticil of phialides simulating a monoverticillate phialides usually

97 | P a g e

borne in clusters of 6-12 more or less divergent 7-8 x 2 µm conidia globose

echinulate or spiny 3.3 µm in diameter appearing olive brown in colour.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper, Cardamom and Indian cassia samples from


The present description agrees with the descriptions given by Subramanian (1971)

in all the aspects.

Penicillium rubrum Stoll

Beitrage zur Morphologischen und Biologischen Charakteristik von Penicillium-

Arten: 35 (1904)

Fig. No. 102

Colonies slow growing, conidial areas yellow to gray green shades, non

sporulating or lightly sporulating areas usually showing orange red; reverse bright

red to orange red with surrounding agar coloured in higher tints of the same shades

conidiophores arrising from the substratum or creeping or aerial hyphae more or

less fusiculate with smooth walls 165 µm long x 3.3 µm wide penicillia

biverticillate and symmetrical with 5-5.10 µm terminal metula phialides lanceolate

apices in tapered manner 5-8 in number 10-12 x 2-2.2 µm, conidia smooth

variable in shape and size elliptical or ovate to subglobose 3.3 µm in diameter.




in all the aspects.

Periconia cookei Mason & Ellis

Mycol. Pap. 56: 72 (1953)

Fig. No. 103

Colonies hairy in appearance of variable in size 1-2 cm in diameter,

mycelium embedded in the substratum compared of hyaline to pale brown smooth

walled branched septate hyphae 1.5-3.3 µm diameter, 13.2 µm long cells

conidiophore arise either singly or in groups upto 6 stipe straight 2-6 septate 396

µm long x 9.9-13 µm wide base upto 17-32 µm heads of conidia spherical pale

brown when young dark brown when old 75-9 µm in diameter conidia formed

singly or in short chain of 2-3 sporogenous cells covering the swollen apex of

98 | P a g e

conidiophore spherical 1-celled brown verrucose 13.2 µm in diameter later

becoming brown and verrucose.


Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD No.103.


in all the aspects.

Phragmostilbe linderi Subram.

Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 10 (4): 352 (1959)

Fig. No. 104

Fungus form colonies consisting of scattered synnemata which are whitish

conspicuous synnemata upto 815 µm tall stack of the synnemata simple pale

brown in colour thin wall septate hyphae 1-2 µm wide compactly cluster parallel

to each other and free at various levels, sporoginous part (together with clusters of

conidia) 280-350 µm wide; conidia appear to be aeropleurogenously on

conidiophore which are the unbranched for ends of the hypha of the synnemata

conidiophores diverged from stalk of the synnemata clavate towards tips 1.4-4.95

µm wide conidia continued to the apical part of the conidiophores, conidiophore

subtended by narrow peg like stalk conidia hyaline long fusiformthin walled 3

septate smooth inverted basal cell flat 1.5 µm wide apical cell somewhat truncate

at the tip 23.1-26.4 µm long 3.3 µm wide.



The present descriptions differ from the descriptions given by Subramanian,

(1959) in having slight lesser length and width of the conidia 23.1- 26.4 x 3.3 µm

(not 28-40 x 4.2 – 5.6 µm).

Rhynchosporium secalis Davis

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science 20: 420 (1922)

Fig. No. 105

No sexual stage is known mycelium is hyaline to light grey sparsely as a

compact stroma 14.8 x 4.95 µm are been sessilely on fertile stroma thin all hyaline

one septate cylindrical to ovate having a short apical beak.

99 | P a g e



The present description agrees with the description given by Caldwell (1937) Jour.

Agr. Res. 55: 175-178 in all the aspects.

Sclerococcum sphaerale Fr.

Scleromyceti suecici no 179: no. 179 (1821)

Fig. No. 106

Sporodochia small black solitary or in clusters the cells comprising of the

conidia are brown with thick dark walls mostly 9.9 µm diameter.



The present description agrees with the descriptions given by Ellis, (1976) in all

the aspects.

Sporidesmium vagum Nees & Nees ex Link

Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur.: f. 2 (1818)

Fig. No. 107

Colonies effuse black mycelium immersed in the substratum consisting of

branched anastomosing pale brown smooth septate hyphae 3.3–6.6 µm wide often

swollen at the points of origin of conidiophores conidiophores arising single or in

groups laterally sometimes darker, swollen, erect straight or bent pale to dark

brown in colour 1-6 septate cylindrical sometimes constricted at septa variable in

length 75-9 x 6.6 µm wide, occasionally growing at the tip after first conidium is

shed to from a short cylindrical on which a second conidium may be produced

conidia formed singly at the tips of the conidiophores long obclavate with many

psudosepta widest immediately above the base straight or more often curved or

bent thick walled with distinct basal scar 3.4-5.1 µm wide conidia 82.5 x 6.6 µm.




in all the aspects.

100 | P a g e

Stachybotrys chartarum Hughes

Can.J.of Bot.36 (6): 812 (1958)

Fig. No. 108

Colonies first colourless then becoming black mycelium composed of

hyaline septate branched hyphae 3.3-6.6 µm oval ellipsoidal or globose

chlamydospores upto 12 µm in diameter conidiophores arising laterally on hyphae

hyaline towards the base fuliginous near tip simple or branched septate 100-115.5

x 3.3-4.95 µm wide, 3.3 µm wide at the tip: terminating is a cluster of phialides;

phialides 9.9 x 3.3-4.95 µm conidia single smooth elliptical to oval with acute

ends and mostly with two oil drops lightly coloured when young to fuliginous to

black when mature 6.6 µm diameter each phialophore capable of producing

another branch.




in having lesser diameter of conidia 6.6 (instead of 8-12 µm).

Stachybotrys pulchra Speg.

Rev. Agr. Y veter La Plata P. 248 (1896)

Fig. No. 109

Sparse or gregarious, rarely somewhat caepitose conidiophores erect

straight cylindrical 100-200 µm long x 6.6 µm wide, smooth opaque sooty septate

with septa widely spored. Slightly swollen at the base scarcely or not inflated at

the tip with small phialides borne at the tips phialidies, closely crowded dark to

clear conidia borne at the tip of the each phialidis ellipsoidal 10-15 µm long x 5-6

µm wide. Minutely granular to apiculate 1-celled dark.




in all the aspects.

101 | P a g e

Trichoderma koningii Oudem

Archives Neerlandaises 7: 291 (1902)

Fig. No. 110

Colonies 3.5 cm in diameter smooth to slightly hairy colour turning from

watery to white to greenish white to dull dark green mycelium hyaline, highly

remified septate smooth 3.3 µm in diameter, chlamydospores terminal or

intercalary conidiophores flexuous much branched formed in compact ring like

zones with age these rings become less obvious main conidiophore giving out

several side branches 2-3 at eight angles to the bearing narrow 4 µm wide

branching system appearing conidial pyramidal lateral branches resemble more or

less main conidiophore 2-3 solitary phialides 7.5-12 x 3.3 µm, conidiophore which

ends in phialides upto 30 µm conidia, subcylindrical narrow ellipsoid occasionally

oblong with distinct truncate base rounded apex pale green to green 3.3 µm in

diameter producing singly accumulate at the apex of the phialides units globose

head.



The present descriptions agree with the descriptions given by Nagmani, et al.,


Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai

Mycol. Pap. 116-42 (1969)

Can J. Bot. 62:924-931 (1984) Mycological paper science No. 41. 1-54 (1998)

Fig. No. 111

Colonies growing 8-9 cm in diameter paler to pale green coloured conidial

areas; submerged mycelium 3.3 µm wide condition initially fasciculate eventually

coalescent forming crusts dark green ever reverse full greenish yellow

chlamydospores, produced on sterile and submerged mycelium greenish 4-11 µm

in diameter, conidiophores colourless smooth arising from substratum or from

aerial hyphae form irregular tufts main long and straight with conspicuous septa

side branches short phialiodes singly or in vertticils 2-3 usually broadly

longiniform constricted at the base attenuating abruptly into a distinct neck bent at

a sharp angle, 5.3-11.3 x 3.3 µm intercalary phialides also produced below the

102 | P a g e

terminal phialides conidia smooth obovid to short cylindrical to rounded produced

singly and successfully 3.3-6.6 µm in diameter.

Habitat: Isolated from Cumin and Indian cassia samples from Dharwad Leg by


The present description agrees with the description given by Nagmani, et al.,


Trichoderma viride Pers ex Fries

Syst. Mycol. 3:215 (1829)

Fig. No. 112

Vegetative hyphae rapidly growing tapering upto 2 µm septate white to

whitish with odour of coconut chlamydospores globose or oval or intercalary 7-14

µm in diameter, conidiophore not sharply distinct from vegetative hyphae

perpedicular to parental hyphae abundantly branched nin-pin shaped phialides 8-9-

8.9 µm long x 3.3 µm wide each surrounded by 5-30 spore held together conidia

globose 3.3 µm wide pale bright green under the microscope 1-celled thin walled

smooth or commonly marked with in inconspicuous roughning about 0.5 µm

apart.




in all the aspects.

Veronaea coprophila M.B. Ellis

More dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 210 (1976)

Fig. No. 113

Colonies either dark brown conidiophore straight or flexuous to dark brown

pale towards the apex where there are a number of small flat scars 165 x 3.3 µm

thick conidia straight, cylindrical rounded at apex conico-truncate at the base or

ellipsoidal 1-2 septate 6.6 -13.2 x 6.6 µm.



103 | P a g e

The present description differs from the descriptions given by Ellis, (1976)

in having larger conidial length width 13.2 (instead of 12 µm) and width 6.6

(instead of 3-5 µm).

Verticillium dahliae Klebahn

Mycologisches Centralblatt 3: 66 (1913)

Fig. No. 114

Conidiophores erect cylindrical 3.3 x 170-231 µm long hyaline sparsely

septate bearing 1-3 verticils of phialides; phialides 3.4 in ends verticil aericular 16-

17 (usually 16.5 µm) 2.3 µm wide, conidia acrogenous and borne at the tips of

phialides ellipsoidal oblong or sub cylindrical 1-celled 3.3-6.6 µm in diameter,

sclerotia typically produced intense brown in mass 50-150 µm in diameter.




in all the aspects.

Verticillium luteo-album Subram.

Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freuende. Berhn 3:13 Fries (1832)

Fig. No. 115

Fungus forming effuse growth shape of the conidiophores erect brown are

yellowish at base, subulate septate conidiophores arising from the erect branches

2-4 µm tip of the conidiophores terminating in a phialides 3-5 more phialides

borne in a compact vesicles, conidiophores 370-528 µm long x 3.3 µm wide

phialides narrow very faintly swollen at the base. Tapering at the neck region 12-

33 (usually 26.4 µm) x 4-5 µm wide conidia slimy in basipetal succession at the

apex ends of the phialides where they form globose shiny heads phialidospore pale

reddish brown oval 3.3-6.6 x 3.3 µm.


Santoshkumar Jayagoudar MASD no115.


in having larger conidiophores length upto 528 µm (instead of 370 µm) and more

conidial length 6.6 µm (instead of 3.5-5.0 µm).

104 | P a g e

Wardomyces anomala Brooks & Hanst.

Brooks & Hanst. (1923)

Fig.No.116

The type species of the genus wardomyces brooks & Hanst. Conidiophores

arise as lateral branches on the vegetative hyphae, short and branched simple

branches arising as successive lateral proliferations of the basal cell usually the

conidia are formed singly and are produced from the terminal cell of the

conidiophores in lateral succession or in groups i.e. one conidium formed apically

and the others in lateral succession in basipetal chain of two or three conidia may

be produced 3.3-4.95 x 3.3 µm.

Habitat: Isolated from Pepper and Cardamom samples from Dharwad leg by



in all the aspects.

Phoma herbarum Cooke

Bull. De. La. Societe. Acad. Belgigue. Cl. Sci. 19(3):118 (1852)

Fig.No.117

Colonies growing upto 3.5-4.5 cm diameter, mycelium sparse grey green

with abundant pycnidial formations pycnidia solitary or in large clumps with pale

brown walls ostiole often with and producing orange conidial slime white and

short beak (5-10 µm) Sparse towards the edge with the pink agar surface conidia

1-celled may be uneven to oblong to cylindrical in shape with rounded ends 4-95 x

2.0-3.3 µm

Habitat: Isolated from coriander and cumin samples from Dharwad Leg. By.


The present description differs from the description given by Nagamani, et al.,

(2006) in having more conidial width 3.3 µm (instead of 1.5-2 µm).

105 | P a g e

Rhynchophoma raduloides Karst.

Harriman Alaska expedectum 5:20 t 5:17 (1904)

Fig. No. 118

Pycnidia separate somewhat globose beaked bursting out of the substrate

0.5-1.0 mm; conidiophores simple or branched, conidia 2-celled hyaline or ovoid

oblong 23.1 x 6.6 µm conidia slightly bended at one end.



The present description agrees with the description given by Burnett,


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Description - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/43142/6/descriptions.pdf · without apophysis 4.7 x 8.9 µm each apophysis, rounded below into a distinct pouch spores