Design Elements of Treatment Technology - Cole Et Al

8/2/2019 Design Elements of Treatment Technology - Cole Et Al

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Presentedat2007VirginiaAWWA/WEAWaterJAM

THEDESIGNELEMENTSOFSTATEOFTHEARTTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY:MBR

WASTEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMS

AnnCopeland,

PE,*

Hampton

Roads

Sanitation

District

KirkCole,Ph.D.,PE,**McKim&CreedPA

RaymondBarrows,PE,CommonwealthofVirginia,Dept.ofEnvironmentalQuality

JamesC.Pyne,Ph.D.,PE,BCEE,HamptonRoadsSanitationDistrict

*Presenter

**PrincipalAuthorandContactforQuestions

Abstract

TheVirginiaWaterQualityImprovementActof1997wasenactedinresponsetotheneedto

financethenutrientreductionstrategiesbeingdevelopedfortheChesapeakeBayandits

tributaries.PursuanttotheAct,theCommonwealthestablishedintheStatetreasuryaspecialpermanent,nonrevertingfundknownasthe VirginiaWaterQualityImprovementFund.

Legislationpassedduringthe2006legislativesession(SB644Watkins)amendedtheWater

QualityImprovementFundwithrespecttoseveralissues.Notably,SB644includedachangeto

thenumericalconcentrationlimitsingrantagreementssothattheyarebaseduponthe

technologyinstalledatthefacility(technologybasedlimits). Tofurtherfacilitateandassure

anequitablegrantprocess,DEQdevelopedguidancememorandum (GM)#062012.Boththe

GMandthewasteloadallocationregulation(9VAC2582010)currentlydefine stateoftheart

nutrientremovaltechnology astechnologythatwillachieveanannualaveragetotalnitrogen

effluentconcentrationof3mgL1andanannualaveragetotalphosphoruseffluent

concentrationof0.3mgL1,orequivalentloadreductionsintotalnitrogenandtotalphosphorus

throughrecycleorreuseofwastewaterasdeterminedbytheDepartment.Theproven

technologiesforcompliancewiththisdefinitionincludebiologicalnutrientremovalwith

supplementalcarbonandphosphorusremovalbyusingaphysiochemicalprecipitationprocess.

Amembranebioreactor(MBR)isawastewatertreatmentprocessthatcanbecoupledwitha

biologicalnutrientremovalandphysiochemicalprocesstomeettheneedforsupportingthe

WaterQualityImprovementAct.Currently,theteamcomprisedofHRSD,DEQandMcKim&

CreedhasidentifiedtheminimumdesignrequirementsofaMBRWastewaterTreatment

Systemtocomplywiththepermittedeffluentrequirementsforthewastewatersystemandthe

currentstateoftheartnutrientremovalrequirementsfornitrogenandphosphoruslimits.This

paperwilladdressthefundamentaldesignrequirementsneededfortheMBRwastewater

treatmentsystemscompliancewiththeregulatedeffluentlimitsandincludeadiscussionoftechnicalissuesthatwereaccountedforintheprocessanalysis.Thepaperwillalsoincludea

discussionofbiologicalmodelingasameanstohelpevaluatethedesigncriteria.The

informationpresentedinthispapershouldhelpengineers, regulatoryagencies,andowners

addresstheminimumrequirementsforinitiatingaMBRwastewatertreatmentsystem.
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Introduction

TheVirginiaWaterQualityImprovementActof1997wasenactedinresponsetotheneedto

financethenutrientreductionstrategiesbeingdevelopedfortheChesapeakeBayandits

tributaries.PursuanttotheAct,theCommonwealthestablishedintheStatetreasuryaspecial

permanent,nonrevertingfundknownasthe VirginiaWaterQualityImprovementFund.

Legislationpassedduringthe2006legislativesession(SB644Watkins)amendedtheWaterQualityImprovementFundwithrespecttoseveralissues.Notably,SB644includedachangeto

thenumericalconcentrationlimitsingrantagreementssothattheyarebaseduponthe

technologyinstalledatthefacility(technologybasedlimits). Tofurtherfacilitateandassure

anequitablegrantprocess,DEQdevelopedguidancememorandum (GM)#062012.Boththe

GMandthewasteloadallocationregulation(9VAC2582010)currentlydefine stateoftheart

nutrientremovaltechnology (SOA)astechnologythatwillachieveanannualaveragetotal

nitrogeneffluentconcentrationof3mgL1andanannualaveragetotalphosphoruseffluent

concentrationof0.3mgL1,orequivalentloadreductionsintotalnitrogenandtotalphosphorus

throughrecycleorreuseofwastewaterasdeterminedbytheDepartment.Theproven

technologiesforcompliancewiththisdefinitionincludebiologicalnutrientremovalwithsupplementalcarbonandphosphorusremovalbyusingaphysiochemicalprecipitationprocess.

Themembranebioreactor(MBR)wasawastewatertreatmentprocessthatcanbecoupledwith

biologicalnutrientremovalandphysiochemicalprocesstomeettheneedforsupportingthe

WaterQualityImprovementAct(WQIA).

GiventheKingWilliamWastewatertreatmentplant,locatedinKingWilliamCounty,Virginia,

providesservicetoseveralsmallcommercialestablishments,acarwash,andresidential

dischargers,aneedwasidentifiedtoexpandtheexistingfacilityasasmallwastewatersystem.

Currently,theflowisabout15,000gallonsperdayandhasbeenidentifiedtobeexpandedto

100,000gallonsperdayforservicetoprimarilyresidentialgrowth.Duetothestringent

environmentalregulation,conventionalwasteactivatedsludgewastewatertreatmentplants

maynotprovidetheleveloftreatmentrequiredtocomplywith3mgL1nitrogenand0.3mgL1

phosphorusintheeffluent.CoupledwiththeneedformeetingthenewWQIAdischargelimits

wastheneedfor:handlingvariableflow;providingareasonableeconomicsolution;successin

treatinghighammoniawastewater;andsatisfyingthepotentialrelocationofthetreatment

works,thusinvolvinganabandonmentoftheexistingtreatmentplantsiteinthefuture.A

projectgoalwasestablishedtodeployaSOAtreatmentsystemthatwouldcomplywiththese

conditionsthroughuseofaMBRwastewatertreatmentsystem.

TheMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemhasgainedwideuseintheUS(Yangetal.,2006)andits

applicationwouldachievethedesiredperformancebasedontheinfluentconditionsandwastewatercharacteristics.Previousstudyforsmallwastewatertreatmentsystemsindicated

thattheMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemswereeconomicalandcouldmeetvariableinfluent

characteristics,performanceobjectives,andsiteconstraints(Cole,2002).TheMBRtreatment

systemhasbeendemonstratedto:reduceBODgreaterthan98%(Kishinoetal.,1996);reduce

COD84%(FanandHaung, 2002),94%(Bracklowetal.,2007)(Wangetal.,2005),95%

(Rosenbergeretal.,2002),97%(Badanietal.,2005)(Atigaetal.,2005)to98%(AlMalacketal.,
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2007);produceaconsistentNH4+N+removalrate91%(Wangetal.,2005),94%(Kishinoetal.,

1996),98%(FanandHaung, 2002),and99%(Gaoetal.,2004a);exhibitaconsistentnitrate

removalforwastewaterthroughdenitrification(Wasiketal.,2001),60%denitrification

(Yamamotoetal.,1989),74%TNremoval(Wangetal.,2005),and82%nitrogenremoval

(Rosenbergeretal.,2002); provide5logremovalofE.coli(Ottosonetal.,2006);andeliminate

greaterthan97%phosphorus(Bracklowetal.,2007).MBRperformanceforwastewater

containingammoniawasfoundtobecompletelyconvertedNH4+NtoNO3Nascomparedtoa

conversionrateof95%forconventionalactivatedsludgeprocesses(Gaoetal.,2004b).

DuetodifferencesinMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemsmanufacture,membranes,siteand

operationalconstraints,severalobjectiveswereidentifiedforthedesignoftheKingWilliam

Wastewatertreatmentsystem.ThekeyobjectivewastoidentifydesignelementsfortheMBR

wastewatertreatmentsystemthatwouldprovidereasonableresulttowardaccomplishingthe

establishedprojectgoal.

TechnicalEvaluation

BecausethereweremultipleMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemscapableofcomplyingwiththe

project,thedesignelementsweredividedintothreeprimarycategories.Thesewereuseof

existingfacilities,treatmentperformance,andportability.

ExistingFacilities

TheMBRSOAtreatmentsystemcriteriaconsideredthemaximumuseofexistingtreatment

facilities.Theseconsiderationsincludedasystematicevaluationoftheconditionoftheexisting

facilityfromtheplantintaketotheexistingoutfall,Figure1.Beginningattheplantintake,

existingcoursescreeningworkswereidentifiedandthesescreenswereidentifiedtoremain.

Thegravitypipelocatedfromtheintakeworkstotheexistingtreatmentfacilitieswaschecked

toconfirmfuturecapacity.

TertiaryTreatment

TreatmentPlant

Sludge DryingBed

UVSystem

CascadeAerator

Lab ScreenHeadworks

ResourceProtection

Area

FacilityPerimeter

Fence

N

SITE LAYOUTNOT TO SCALE

Figure1.ExistingWastewaterTreatmentFacilitySchematicDiagram

DiagramBy:YasuhitoKai,NicoleTurnbull,JohnDonohue,RamPrasad

CivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringDept.,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,May2004N


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Theexisting25,000gallonperdaywastewatertreatmentplantwasaconventionalwaste

activatedtreatmentplantbuiltandinstalledinground.Theexistingtreatmentplantwas

evaluatedfor1)useduringconstructionofthenewMBRfacilities,2)materialcondition,and3)

futureuse.Basedonassessmentoftheexistingfacility,itwasdeterminedthatitsbestvaluefor

usewasthatofanequalizationfacility.TheMBRSOAsystemcannormallytoleratevariableflowsandloadingrates(Stepehsonetal.,2000)anddoesnotnormallyrequireflows

equalization;however,theperceivedadvantageforuseoftheexistingtreatmentplantas

tankagewasincluded,Figure2.

Figure2.MBRProcessSchematic.

Theexistingsanddryingbedswerenotconsideredtobeneededforsolidshandling,as

operationsintended

to

use

trucks

for

hauling

solids

on

aroutine

biweekly

basis.

Other

existing

facilitiesthatwouldnotbeneededfortheMBRsystemincludeduseoftheexistingUV

disinfectionsystem,sandfilterslocateddownstreamofthewastewatertreatmentplant,andthe

aerationstepslocatedaheadoftheoutfall.Theconcretesteppedaeratorwouldbeconvertedto

aflowchamberforuseasacompliancemonitoringsamplepointthathelpedtoimproved

hydraulicperformanceatincreasedplantflow.Outfallpipingwascheckedtoconfirmthatthe

linewassuitableforfutureflows.


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TreatmentPerformance

ThetreatmentperformanceoftheMBRtomeettheprojectgoalwasidentifiedbyindicatingthe

criteriaforeffluentlimits.MBRsystemshavebeenprovensuccessfultomeetstringenteffluent

requirementsandthishasbeendemonstratedbyreuserequirements(Ernstetal.,2007)that

exceedwastewaterpermitrequirementsandwastewatersthatcontainsurfactants(Dhouibetal.,

2005).TheMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemdesignelementsincludethoseparametersinTable1forthelimitsforwastewatereffluent:


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Table1

MBRSystemEffluentParameters

Parameter Value Remarks

Dailyflow,gpd Initial StartUp

Flow

30,000

AverageDailyFlow 100,000

MaximumDaily

Flow

200,000

PeakHourlyFlow 250,000

cBOD5,mgL1 Influent: 208to674 (CarbonaceousBOD)

Effluent 10(Monthly

Average)

Effluent 15(WeeklyAverage) cBOD5mustbereduced

byatleast85%of

influent.TSS,mgL1 Influent 218to744

Effluent 10(Monthly

Average)

Effluent 15(WeeklyAverage) TSSmustbereduced

byatleast85%of

influent.

DissolvedOxygen,mgL1 Influent(Estimated) Zero

Effluent 5.0

pH 0to14S.U

Influent

6.8

to

7.5

Effluent 6.0to9.0

E.Coli,n/100mL Influent Unknown

Effluent 126(geometricmean)

Nitrogen,mgL1 Influent

TKN 25.9to186

TKN(average) 71.3

NH3 7.5to74.6

NH3(average) 40

Effluent 3.0(Monthly

Average)

Permittedvalue

Effluent 4.5(Weekly

Average)

TotalPhosphorous,mgL1 Influent 5.9to41.1

Influent(average) 10.4

Effluent


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Alkalinity,mgL1asCa

CO3

Influent 117to362

Influent(average) 264.9

Effluent 75

Thesystemconfigurationtomeettheseeffluentlimitsgenerallyconsistedoftwoindividual50,000gallonperdayMBRs,includingallbiologicaltanks,membraneoperatingtanks,influent

screeningandanUVdisinfectionsystem. TheMBRsystemwasidentifiedtocontain

membranetankwithmanifoldsandsupportsforcontainingthemembranesandthe

membranescomprisedofeitherproprietary,PVDF,orpolyethylenematerialswithaporesize

notmorethan0.1micronorasrequiredtomeettheprojectconditions. Thesystemwouldalso

berequiredtocontainafiltrationmanifold,airmanifoldandmixedliquormanifold. Eachof

themembranetankswastobelargeenoughtocontaintherequirednumberofmembranes,

sizedtoremovethemembranesforreplacementorservice,andbeseparatedfromthe

remainderoftheprocessvolumefortherequiredbiologicalreactions.Themembranetanks

couldformpartoftheaerobicbiologicaltreatmentvolume. Themixedliquorwasidentifiedtobefedtothemembranetanksfromtheremainderofthebiologicalsystemalongwithair. The

MBRsystemconfigurationwastypicalinthatallmembraneswereconnectedtoacommon

permeateheaderandpumps,withpermeateultimatelypassingthroughthemembranestothe

existingwastewaterplantoutfall. Thesystemalsoincludedinplacechemicalcleaningwiththe

neededpipingandvalvestoallowautomaticflushingofallmembranemanifoldsand

appurtenanceswithcleaningchemicals.Automationinthesystemscontrolandmonitoring

functionswasdevisedtoassistinthereductionofstafftimeonsite.

ComputerModeling

Manydesignsandprocessesarepossibleandthecalculationsusedtosupportthesedesignscan

becomplex.Tohelpdevelopasystematicmethodforinterpretationoftheprocesseswiththeir

respectivecalculationsandresults,computermodelingwasused.Thiscomputermodeling

includesallmajorunitprocesses,calculations,andresultsindicatinginfluentdataand

compliancewitheffluentrequirements.ComputersoftwaresuchasBioWin(version2.2)by

EnviroSimAssociatesLtd.usesageneralActivatedSludge/AnaerobicDigestionmodelwhichis

referredtoastheBioWinGeneralModel.Themodelincludes50statevariablesand60process

expressionswheretheseexpressionsareusedtodescribethebiologicalprocessesoccurringin

activatedsludgeandanaerobicdigestionsystemsandseveralchemicalprecipitationreactions.

Althoughthemodelwasnotcalibrated,themodelhelpstoprovideabenefitforusein

predictionofthesystemperformance,futureoperationsanddecisionmaking.Thearrangement

processesuniquetotheBioWincomputermodelwouldbesimilartoFigure3.


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Figure3.TypicalprocessarrangementBioWincomputermodelforMBRwastewater

treatmentsystem.CourtesyofReidEngineeringCompany,Inc.(5403718500).

Portability

Theexistingactivatedsludgewastewatertreatmentplantwasconstructedcirca1999.The

facilitywithlandsarecurrentlyleasedfromtheCounty.Thesitewassmallandlimitedinthe

amountofspacethatcouldbebuiltout.Thesite,however,wasfoundtobeofanadequatesize

toaccommodateaninitial100,000gpdMBRtreatmentfacilitysuitableforadesignlife

expectancyof20yearswithanexpansionofanadditional100,000gpdMBRtreatmentplant.

Futureflowstothetreatmentplantbeyond200,000gpdwillrequireexpansionbeyondthe

capabilityoftheexistingsitetosupportanyfurtherexpansion.Shouldtheplantrequire

additionalspaceforexpansion,thenewMBRtreatmentplantwillberelocated.Asadesign

elementtotheproject,theMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemwasrequiredtoincorporate

portability.TheportablenatureoftheMBRwastewatertreatmentfacilitygenerallyincluded

removingallprimarysystems.Thisportabilitywasalsodemonstratedbythemethodsusedfor

installation,Figure4.

Figure4.PortabilityoftheMBRWastewaterTreatmentSystem

asDemonstratedbyInstallationMethod.


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Conclusions

ThedesignelementsidentifiedforaMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemwerefoundsuccessful

forfacilitatingstartupandoperationofthefacility,andformeetingtheintendedwastewater

effluentqualityobjectivesandresults.Alleffluentrequirementsidentifiedhavebeensatisfied.

UseofexistingtreatmentfacilitieshavebeenfoundtoenhanceoperationoftheMBRsystem.Inadditiontocompliancewithstringentregulatorydischargerequirements,thesignificantbenefit

gainedfromtheuseofMBRtreatmentsystemwasprojectschedule.Thetotaldurationfrom

projectconceptiontosubstantialcompletionwasapproximately11months.Otherinherent

valueoftheMBRtreatmentsystemwastheportabilityofthesystemthatwasalsoidentifiedas

criticaltowardthesystemstotalsuitabilityforuse.AstheMBRtreatmentsystemeffluent

qualityhasbeenfoundtoexceedregulatoryrequirementsandprojectexpectations,thesystem

canberelocatedinthefutureforuseatotherlocationsasasatelliteorscalpingplant.

Throughouttheprojectdevelopment,frominitialconception,design,shopdrawingreview,to

installation,itwasnotedthatastrongteamcomprisedoftheOwner(HRSD),Engineer(McKim&Creed,PA),RegulatoryAuthority(DEQ),Contractor(MEB),and MBREquipment

Manufacturer(Heyward,Inc.)wascriticaltowardtheprojectsoverwhelmingsuccess.In

particular,opencommunicationsandawillingnesstoparticipateinvalueengineeringbyall

teammembersturnedthisverygoodprojectintoanexcellentproject.

ThedesignelementsselectedfortheMBRwastewatertreatmentsystemresultedinasystem

thatmetandexceededtheestablishedprojectobjectivesandgoal.Thebenefitsgainedfromuse

ofanMBRSOAsystemwillimproveourenvironmentandhelpmeetregulatoryrequirements

wellintothefuture.

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Design Elements of Treatment Technology - Cole Et Al