Design for Sustainable Development · Design for Sustainable Development A Framework for Sustainable Product Development ... reuse supplier audits reduce toxics use/act automatic

THE UNIVERSITYOF AUCKLAND

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Design for Sustainable Development A Framework for Sustainable Product Development

and its Application to Earthmoving Equipment

Jeff Vickers (Presenter) & Dr Carol Boyle, 1 December 2010

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Auckland, New Zealand

1 December 2010Jeff Vickers & Carol BoyleTHE UNIVERSITY

OF AUCKLANDFACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Overview• Background to (eco-)innovation• The Design for Sustainable Development

(DfSD) Framework• Introducing the case study: earthmoving

equipment for construction aggregates• Applying the framework to the case study



BACKGROUND: (ECO-)INNOVATION



An evolutionary view of innovation

Socio-tech. Niches

Socio-tech. Regimes

Existing regimes shape novelty

Socio-technicalLandscape

Time

Niche continues to protect novelty

Novelty evolves, is taken up, alters regime

Landscape transformed

Failed innovation

Novelty

Adapted from Rip and Kemp (1998), Kemp et al. (2001) and Geels (2002)



Levels of eco-efficiency improvementE

co-e

ffici

ency

impr

ovem

ent/

orga

nisa

tiona

l com

plex

ity ~20

ImprovementRedesign

Function innovation

System innovation

~10 ~20

Source: Brezet (1997)

Time (years)



DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DfSD FRAMEWORK

20 yearsToday

Product/service/organisational possibilities

Product/service/organisational concepts

Specification (incl. stricter social-ecological performance criteria)

Market-level opportunities and threats

Time

STRATEGICScenario network map(s) for current and possible future markets

TACTICALProduct/service/organisational roadmap(s)

OPERATIONALBenchmark and optimise social-ecological performance across the entire product/service life cycle

[where = event]

sourcetransformdistribute

release

recyclereuse

supplier audits reduce toxics

use/act automatic power-save modeairplane » ship material labelsreduce scrap swappable parts

Examples of product optimisation strategiesrelea

se



Methodology: bottom-up (operational)

1. Benchmark current product/service across its whole life cycle (e.g. using LCA)

2. Identify “hot spots” for improvement3. Incrementally improve environmental and

social performance, focusing on the hot spots first (e.g. using eco-design)



Methodology: top-down (strategic)

1.Identify function(s)2.Identify market(s) for function(s)3.Frame the question for scenario-building4.Identify stakeholders to participate5.Build scenarios using workshops/interviews6.Conceptualise new products/services7.Assess relative robustness and flexibility of

concepts under all scenarios8.Roadmap development of chosen concept



INTRODUCING THE CASE STUDY EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION AGGREGATES



Typical crushed stone quarry layout

Faceloading

Off-roadhauling

Yardloading

Yard loading variantsWheel loaders (shown)Hoppers/conveyorsCombination of above

Extraction/processing variantsFixed crushers + haul trucks (shown)Mobile primary crusher + conveyorsAll crushers mobile

On-roadhauling

Crushing andscreening

Blasting



Flows of construction materials

Flow within the USA in 2003 (million metric tons)KEY: Raw material stock Waste sink End use (stock)

Fill (general)

Imports +from stock

CO2

Gypsum + anhydrite

Scrapasphalt

Concrete

Plaster

Buildings

Asphaltshingles

Concrete

Asphalt

Base +coverings

Concrete

Other Infrastructure

Shore armour

Filter stone

Other

Rail ballast

Non-Construction

Agriculture

Lime manuf.

Other uses

Roads

11.0

83.3

36.3

51.9457

258

147

207

139 13.5

3.18 5.28

21.9173

110

13.4

8.5783.0

3.48

22.1 21.89.98

9.8

64.5

11.5

3.67

35.8

52.312.3

103226

851

8.57

23.551.923.0

7.201.972.86

123

0.792

3.35

11.1

1.71 5.0012.8

23.1

45.311.8

0.28981.9

2.26

120869

18.420.4

36.1

24.924.6

94.7

5.77

325 7.35330

401

19.2

0.7859.69

2.62523

536

WaterFuel ash

SlagsOthers

Matting

Landfill

Bituminousmaterial(crude oil)

SCM

Concreteaggregate Concrete

CementplasterWater

Cement

Scrapconcrete

Roadaggregate

Bituminousaggregate

Sand + gravel

Crushedstone + stone sand

Clinker

Clay + shale

Others

Cement kiln dust



APPLYING THE DfSD FRAMEWORK








Futures of what and where?

Market

Region

Product

Technology

AggregatesWaste

Mining AgricultureConstruction

Europe

Australasia

ChinaAfricaAmericas

India

Emerging economies

Industrialised economies

Hydraulics

Demolition

Manufacturing

Excavators

Forklifts Telehandlers

Shovels Loaders

Dump trucks

Sensors

Powertrain

Garbage trucks

Cranes?ICT

Tyres



For how long? 20 years?

• Long enough for “out of the box” thinking• Time for several generations of product/

service so stricter criteria can be phased in• Estimated time for “function innovation”• One human generation = 20-25 years ∴

min. time for inter-generational thinking

• Much beyond 20 years, it becomes harder to exclude events as highly improbable



Framing a futures question

Defining a question for scenario building:• The futures of [what?] [where?] [over what

time period?]

The question for this paper:• The futures of earthmoving equipment in

the construction aggregates industry in the industrialised world, globally until 2030

Source: List (2005)






1 December 2010 Jeff Vickers & Carol Boyle








Aggregates Scenario Network MapGrowing public opposition to new sites / expansion

of old quarries

Cost of transport fuel increases significantly

Cost of on- site hauling increases

Cost of distribution increases

Rise of urban sales yards

Decrease selling radius to increase profitability

and lengthen reserve life

Recycling nearer to

point of use

Push road freight to

rail / barge

Temporary, job-specific

quarries

Retrofit quarries with conveyors

(where practical)

Conveyors “designed in” to new sites

New sites pushed out

of town

Greater demand for mobile crushing /

screening equipment

Need short-haul (not long-haul) trucks

New technologies for converting soil/clay to usable aggregate

Carbon = $

Cheap oil

Biofuel vs food

Emerging economies’ oil use ↑

Economy oil dependent

Depletion of ‘easy oil’

Freight costs ↑

Ascent of the personal car

Housing ↑

Road building + maintenance

People per home ↓

Road freight to rail, barge

Manuf. costs ↑

Stricter air, water emissions regs.

Monitoring + retrofitting

Opposition to new sites, expansions

Occupational safety & health regs.

Industry consolidation

Reduce blasting, crushing waste

High capital costs

Permitted stone reserves deplete

Expansions granted with conditions

Small quarries near build site

Crew, equipment on-demand

Local buy-in

Marine sand & gravel ↑

‘Sand to stone’

‘Grown homes’

Urban sales yards Marine crushed stone

Underground crushed stone ↑

Lightweight aggs.↑

New sites suiting conveyors or trucks ↑

Recycling near construction site

Large rural quarries by rail, water ↑

Shortages of aggregates predicted

Imports

Synthetic aggs. (esp. from waste) ↑

Alt. building materials ↑

Landfill restrictions Recycling ↑

Urbanisation ↑Access to stone ↓ Aging infrastructure Renewable energy generation plants

Flood defenses, urban relocationsAwareness of climate change

Time (approx. years) 2010 2020 2030








Conceptual development (1)

?? ?

?

Current model since 2007Sketch of L220F wheel loader based on Volvo CE (2007b).

Based on publicly available information. In no way endorsed by Volvo CE.



Conceptual development (2)

Sketch of Gryphin concept wheel loader based on Volvo CE (2007a)

Wheel loader for 2025 • High visibility cab with smart glazing

• Diesel-electric hybrid engine

• Electric in-wheel motors, no driveline

• Intelligent independent suspension

• Regenerative breaking, hydraulics

• Extendable counter-weight

• Multi-function joysticks






Carbon = $

Cheap oil

Biofuel vs food

Emerging economies’ oil use ↑

Economy oil dependent

Depletion of ‘easy oil’

Freight costs ↑

Ascent of the personal car

Housing ↑

Road building + maintenance

People per home ↓

Road freight to rail, barge

Manuf. costs ↑

Stricter air, water emissions regs.

Monitoring + retrofitting

Opposition to new sites, expansions

Occupational safety & health regs.

Industry consolidation

Reduce blasting, crushing waste

High capital costs

Permitted stone reserves deplete

Expansions granted with conditions

Small quarries near build site

Crew, equipment on-demand

Local buy-in

Marine sand & gravel ↑

‘Sand to stone’

‘Grown homes’

Urban sales yards Marine crushed stone

Underground crushed stone ↑

Lightweight aggs.↑

New sites suiting conveyors or trucks ↑

Recycling near construction site

Large rural quarries by rail, water ↑

Shortages of aggregates predicted

Imports

Synthetic aggs. (esp. from waste) ↑

Alt. building materials ↑

Landfill restrictions Recycling ↑

Urbanisation ↑Access to stone ↓ Aging infrastructure Renewable energy generation plants

Flood defenses, urban relocationsAwareness of climate change

Time (approx. years) 2010 2020 2030



Assessing robustnessScenario SuitabilityMid-sized quarries On-/off-road truck loadingRecycling near building sites

Excavators more common than large loaders

Small quarries with on-demand crews

Could be used for loading both on and off-road trucks

Large rural quarries Mostly excavators and conveyors; few loaders

Marine sand & gravel

? Mostly dredging, conveying; barge unloading possible

Urban sales yards Truck loading






L220F Diesel-Electric Hybrid

L220F L220X Hybrid + a/treatment

L220X Plug-In Hybrid

+ plug-in/drive-over recharge

I-SAM parallel hybrid platform Series hybrid platform

Series hybrid platform

Environmental Concept Truck (series hybrid)

FL6 Hybrid (parallel)

Off

-Hig

hway

Pow

ertr

ains

(Exa

mpl

e O

nly)

Possible Product Roadmap for Volvo CE Gryphin Wheel Loader

Off-road air emissions regs.

Diesel price ↑

Gryphin Hybrid

Super-/ultra-capacitor performance cost ↑ ↓

Solid state switches performance cost ↑ ↓

Battery density efficiency ↑ ↑ ↓ cost

Catalytic converters

Particulate filters

Biodiesel availability cost ↑ ↓

CO emission regs.2 Dense elec. store

Turbo diesel, mechanical fuel injection

Turbo diesel + elec. fuel injectionResearch on high-density storage of electrical energy, e.g. fuel cells

Diesel infra.

Turbo diesel, EFI, exhaust aftertreatment

+ a/treat

Ultra-low sulfur diesel

Diesel-electric p/train

Diesel-electric parallel hybrid

HCCI research

Inductive power transfer

Onboard computers

Multi-fuel HCCI hybrid

20202010 2030Time ( years)approx.

Natural gas infrastructure (regional) LPG (hybrid?), EFI, a/treatment (reg.)



Setting targets (authors’ estimates in grey)

2025

2007

2012 -10%

Baseline

-30%

Model Prod. Year

Fuel use

20 yearsToday

Product/service/organisational possibilities

Product/service/organisational concepts

Specification (incl. stricter social-ecological performance criteria)

Market-level opportunities and threats

Time

STRATEGICScenario network map(s) for current and possible future markets

TACTICALProduct/service/organisational roadmap(s)

OPERATIONALBenchmark and optimise social-ecological performance across the entire product/service life cycle

[where = event]

sourcetransformdistribute

release

recyclereuse

supplier audits reduce toxics

use/act automatic power-save modeairplane » ship material labelsreduce scrap swappable parts

Examples of product optimisation strategiesrelea

se



Thank you! Any questions?

To contact me:[email protected]

Documents

Design for Sustainable Development · Design for Sustainable Development A Framework for Sustainable Product Development ... reuse supplier audits reduce toxics use/act automatic