Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work

8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work

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8

Wsaahpy

Ik }biw ~pofcg}* h lphac w}psg}spc iw `cike mcwiekcm lop chp}bxshdc+

Ik }bc lipw} ~hp} ol }bc ~pofcg}* }bc ~pofcg} ik~s} |hjscw hpc ei|ck wsgb hw w~hk jcke}bw* }bc w}opcy

bcieb}* wjh` }bigdkcww* ji|c johm |hjscw lop }bc ljoopw* woij }y~c hkm }bc eposkm hggcjcph}iok |hjsc }bh}

}bc w}psg}spc uijj `c mcwiekcm }o+

]bc w}psg}spc uhw }o `c mcwiekcm lop Msg}iji}y Gjhww Acmisa* achkike }bc ckcpey miwwi~h}ike ik }bc

~jhw}ig bikecw ucpc cr~cg}cm }o `c ik woac jiai}w* mclikike }bc pcjh}i|c |hjsc ghjjcm `cbh|iop lhg}op }o

`c 7+9* ubcpchw ik Msg}iji}y Gjhww Bieb w}psg}spcw* }bc ckcpey `cike miwwi~h}cm iw hwwsacm }o `c biebcp

ik }bc ~jhw}ig vokcw wo h biebcp `cbh|iop lhg}op iw hmo~}cm+

]bc wol}uhpc Mphik0MR bhw `cck swcm lop }bc asj}i ‗ aomhj jikchp hkhjywiw+ Lop asj}i ‗ aomhj jikchp

hkhjywiw* iklopah}iok asw} `c ~po|imcm wsgb hw }bc wcg}iok wivcw hkm ~po~cp}icw* komhj johmw hkm

ahwwcw hw ucjj hw }bc w~cg}psa hggcjcph}iok }bh} iw gbhphg}cpiw}ig ol }bc woij }y~c hkm ubigb iw `cike

mi|imcm `y }bc `cbh|iop lhg}op ubigb pc~pcwck}w }bc hwwsacm miwwi~h}cm ckcpey mspike }bc chp}bxshdc

ik }bc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw* hkm }bc eposkm hggcjcph}iok |hjsc+

Ik opmcp }o hgbic|c }biw* `chpike ik aikm }bc msg}iji}y gjhww `cike acmisa* lipw} }bc gojsak hkm `cha

wcg}iokw ucpc hwwsacm hkm }bcip ~po~cp}icw ucpc ik~s} ik }bc lijc* ui}b }bc o}bcp kcgcwwhpy

iklopah}iok ikgjsmike komhj ahww hkm johm |hjscw+

Hl}cp ec}}ike }bc pcwsj}w lpoa }bc asj}i ‗ aomhj jikchp hkhjywiw* wcg}iokw ucpc mcwiekcm hggopmike }o

mcwiek |hjscw+ @cghswc ol }bc mcwiek joeig* }bc `chaw ucpc }picm ko} }o `c o|cp ‗ mcwiekcm* wo }bh}

}bcy gosjm ahdc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw hkm miwwi~h}c ckcpey+

]bc gokkcg}iokw ucpc mcwiekcm ik h ahkkcp ui}b w}pokecp gojsak ‗ uchdcp `cha wcg}iokw* wo }bh} }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw lopa ik `chaw* ph}bcp }bhk ik gojsakw+ Il gojsakw lopa ~jhw}ig bikecw `clopc }bc

`chaw* }bh} ghk ghswc h }o}hj gojjh~wc ol }bc w}psg}spc* ui}b `chaw bh|ike biebcp pcwiw}hkgc hkm ko}

eoike ik}o ~jhw}ig mclopah}iok* ubigb iw }o}hjjy ko} joeighj+

Ik }bc jhw} ~hp} ol }biw ~pofcg}* }bc w}psg}spc iw `cike hwwcwwcm hehikw} }bc pcgopmcm Cj Gck}po hkm

Acrigo chp}bxshdcw+

Ik }bc pcwsj}w i} ghk `c wcck }bh}* }bc mcwiek uhw wsggcwwlsj ik }bc uhy i} uhw achk} }o uopd* ui}b

lopaike }bc bikecw h} }bc `chaw ik }bc aow} miwhw}posw ik}cp|hjw ol }bc chp}bxshdc+

H} }bc ckm ol }bc pcwsj}w* goaack}w hpc ahmc bou }o ia~po|c }bc w}psg}spcw ~cplopahkgc mspike }bc

chp}bxshdc hkm }bcpc hpc goaack}w hl}cp c|cpy eph~b hkm liespc ~po|imcm+

@cghswc ol }bc jiai}cm }iac hkm }bc pc~op} `cike }picm }o `c dc~} ik lcu ~hecw* okjy pcjc|hk} eph~bw

hkm pcwsj}w bhw `cck }picm }o `c ikgjsmcm ik }bc pc~op} hkm mc}hijcm ghjgsjh}iokw bhw ko} `cck

ikgjsmcm+

Lop }bc ckmike* h ji}}jc goa~hpiwok iw ahmc ui}b }bc Acrigo Gi}y chp}bxshdc hkm }bc ~cplopahkgc ol

}bc `sijmike hehikw} }biw chp}bxshdc iw ik|cw}ieh}cm+



0

^hp} I6 ^pofcg} Ik~s} \hjscw

Ei|ck lphac ̀ sijmike hkm |hjscw6

W}smck} Pceiw}ph}iok Ko6 >9>88<2>9

W~hkw6 jr8 1 jr0 1 jr7 1 <+2 a* jy 1 <+3 a

W}opcy Bcieb}6 b 1 =+0 a

Ljoop Wjh` ]bigdkcww6 bl 1 >+0> a

\hpih`jc Johm6 ]o~ Ljoop6 8 dK/a0* O}bcp Ljoopw6

0+3 dK/a0

Hwwsacm Ah}cpihj ̂ po~cp}icw6 l gd 1 3> A^h*

l w}ccj*yicjm 1 =<> A^h* Gokgpc}c Mckwi}y 1 03de/a7

Eposkm Hggcjcph}iok6 >+=> e

Msg}iji}y Gjhww6 MGA* Eposkm ]y~c6 H

]bc lipw} }bike }bh} uijj `c iw4 }bc gojsak hkm `cha wivcw uijj `c hwwsacm lop ec}}ike }bc kccmcm johmw

hkm ahwwcw h} }bc komcw lop }bc aomhj hkhjywiw+ Hl}cp ghjgsjh}ike hjj }bc kccmcm |hjscw lop }bc komcw*

aomhj hkhjywiw uijj `c ghppicm os}* hkm wcg}iokw uijj `c mcwiekcm lop mcwiek hg}iokw+ Hl}cp }bc wcg}iokw

hpc mcwiekcm* }bc pcw~okwc ol }bc `sijmike }o h pcgopmcm chp}bxshdc uijj `c }cw}cm+

Komc hkm Cjcack} Ksa`cpike lop }bc ^pofcg}

Ik liespc 0* }bc cjcack} ksa`cpike hkm }bc gojsak hkm `cha wcg}iokw hpc ei|ck+ ]bc wcg}iokw hpc

hwwsacm ik wyaac}pighj ahkkcp* }bcpclopc okjy }bc pieb} bhkmwimc ol }bc w}psg}spc iw ei|ck+

Liespc 8 ‗ Ei|ck Lphac W}psg}spc

Liespc 0 ‗ Cjcack} Ksa`cpike hkm Hwwsacm @cha hkm Gojsak Wcg}iokw



7

Hwwsacm Gojsak Wcg}iok hkm ̂ po~cp}icw

Ik}cpkhj gojsakw bh|c `cck

gbowck ui}b ìeecp wcg}iokw

`chpike aikm }bc MGA hkm }bh}

}bc gojsak wcg}iokw uijj bh|c }obh|c aopc pcwiw}hkgc }bhk

`chaw ik gokkcg}iokw+

Hwwsacm @cha Wcg}iok hkm ^po~cp}icw

@W ù bu b}o}hj `l!ik} `l!cr Hik} Hcr} Iyik} Iycr} Hw

8 7>> 73> 33> 08>> 87>> 303>>> 7<3>>> 2+20C$>9 5+39C$>9 8<3>>>

0 7>> =>> <>> 08>> ! 3=>>>> ! 8+8=C$8> 82>>>>

7 7>> 7>> 3>> 0>3> 803> 3>>>>> 7=>>>> <+<3C$>9 3+<=C$>9 83>>>>

= 7>> 7>> 3>> 0>3> ! 3>>>>> ! <+<3C$>9 83>>>>

Lop ckcpey miwwi~h}iok hkm lop ~jhw}ig bikecw }o oggsp ik }bc `chaw* }bc

mcwiek iw ik}ckmcm }o `c ahmc ui}b w}pokecp gojsakw ‗ uchdcp `chaw

~pikgi~jc+ ]bc `cha ik y ‗ mipcg}iok iw hwwsacm }o 7>> r <>> aaw+

]bc chp}bxshdc hg}iok uijj `c biebcp ok joucp ljoopw hkm joucp ok biebcp

ljoopw* `chaw wcg}iokw hpc ec}}ike wahjjcp ik biebcp ljoopw+ ]bc `chaw

wcg}iokw uijj `c mcwiekcm }o `c uchdcp ik cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw ol }bc

`sijmike `s} uijj `c kccm }o bh|c biebcp pcwiw}hkgc ik ik}cpkhj

gokmi}iokw+

^pogcmspc lop Likmike Komhj Ahww hkm Johm \hjscw

Kou }bh} }bc `cha hkm gojsak wcg}iokw hpc hwwsacm* }bc komhj ahww hkm johm |hjcw ghk `c

ghjgsjh}cm }bc ~pogcmspc ei|ck `cjou+ ]bc ghjgsjh}iokw hpc ko} ei|ck ik mc}hij lop c|cpy komc+

Crha~jc ̂ pogcmspc lop Komc 7>8>

Gojsak

Wcg}iok ` "aa) b "aa) I "aa=) Hg "aa

0) Hwb"aa

0)

8 3>> 3>> 30>277+7 03>>>> 0>53>>

0 =3> =3> 7=8582+2 0>03>> 8<2>>>+537 3>> 3>> 30>277+7 03>>>> 0>53>>

= =3> =3> 7=8582+2 0>03>> 8<2>>>+53

]h`jc 8 ‗ Gojsak Wcg}iok ^po~cp}icw

]h`jc 0 ‗ @cha Wcg}iok ^po~cp}icw ‗ Hjj |hjscw ik aa* aa0

hkm aa=

Liespc 7 ‗ @cha Miackwiokw

Miw}pi`s}cm Johmw `c}ucck 7>8> ! 7>0>

Wjh`6 >+0 r <+3 r 8 r 03 1 70+3 dK/a

@cha6 >+7 r >+73 r 8 r 03 1 0+<7 dK/a

\hpih`jc6 <+3 r 0+3 r 8 r >+7 r >+2 r >+7 1 7+9 dK/a

Wsa 6 79+= dK/a

ôik} Johmw h} komc 7>8>

y ‗ `cha6 <+3 r >+7 r >+= r 03 1 89+3 dK

Gojsak Hò|c6 >+=3 r >+=3 r 03 r =+0/0 1 8>+<7 dK

Gojsak @cjou6 >+3> r >+3> r 03 r =+0/0 1 87+87 dK

Wsa6 =7+0< dK

Likhj Komhj Johm hkm Ahww \hjscw6

Aoack} 1 79+= r <+20

/ 80 1 83>75+<0 dK+ga

ôik} Johm 1 79+= r <+2 / 0 $ =7+0< 1 853+9= dKAhww 1 ]o}hj ôik} Johm / e 1 >+859= "dK / a / wcg

0 )



=

Likhj Komhj Ahww hkm Johm \hjscw

Komc ôik} Johm Aoack} Ahww Komc ôik} Johm Aoack} Ahww

0>8> 852+== 83>75+<7 >+82829 =>8> 850+85 8=297+87 >+85338

0>0> 780+=> 8==+3> >+782=3 =>0> 7>7+32 >+>> >+7>9=<

0>7> 780+=> !8==+3> >+782=3 =>7> 7>7+32 >+>> >+7>9=<

0>=> 852+== !83>75+<7 >+82829 =>=> 850+85 !8=297+87 >+85338

7>8> 853+9= 83>75+<7 >+85973 3>8> 83=+98 8=8=8+57 >+83598

7>0> 7>9+9> 8==+3> >+7839> 3>0> 059+<9 >+>> >+02388

7>7> 7>9+9> !8==+3> >+7839> 3>7> 059+<9 >+>> >+02388

7>=> 853+9= !83>75+<7 >+85973 3>=> 83=+98 !8=8=8+57 >+83598

Mcwiek Chp}bxshdc W~cg}psa

Hwwsaike }bc w}psg}spc uijj bh|c Msg}iji}y Gjhww A ‗

}bc hò|c mcwiek w~cg}psa uhw gpch}cm ui}b h

`cbh|iop lhg}op ol 7+9 hkm h eposkm hggcjcph}iok

|hjsc ol >+=e lop }bc ei|ck woij }y~c+

Lop crha~jc* h w}psg}spc ui}b }bc moaikhk} ~cpiom

h} 8 wcg+ crgi}cm `y }biw eposkm }y~c chp}bxshdc uijj

`c mcwiekcm }o hk hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol

h~~poriah}cjy 8<7+8 ga/wcg0

h} }bc }o~ ljoop+ ]bc

7+9 `cbh|iop lhg}op pc~pcwck}w }bc ckcpey miwwi~h}cm

`y msg}ijc `cbh|iop ol }bc w}psg}spc+ Wo ui}b }bc

hwwsacm msg}iji}y* }bc w}psg}spc ui}b 8 wcgokm

~cpiom uosjm `c hwwsacm ko} }o lhij lop hk

hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol 7+9 r 8<7+8 1 <7<+8 ga/wcg0

h}

}bc }o~ ljoop ui}b lopaike ~jhw}ig bikecw }bposebos}

}bc w}psg}spc+

Wsaahpy ol ^hp} I]biw goa~jc}cw hjj }bc ik~s} |hjsc }bh} iw kccmcm }o psk }bc asj}i ‗ aomhj kok ‗ jikchp hkhjywiw+ ]bc

wcg}iokw bh|c `cck hwwsacm ik h uhy }bh} chp}bxshdc uijj `c bh|c }bc biebcp ia~hg} ok }bc joucp

ljoopw* hkm hjwo* }bh} }bc mcwiek uijj `c bh|c }o ahmc ui}b joeig ol w}pokecp gojsakw ‗ uchdcp `chaw*

wo }bh} }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw oggsp ik `chaw ph}bcp }bhk gojsakw hkm miwwi~h}c ckcpey+

Ik ~hp} II* }bc asj}i aomhj hkhjywiw uijj `c psk swike }bc wol}uhpc MPHIK0MR hkm }bc wcg}iokw uijj `c

mcwiekcm }o pcwiw} }bc chp}bxshdc hg}iokw+

]h`jc 7 ‗ Komhj Johm hkm Ahww \hjscw "Ski}w6 dK / a / wcg)

Liespc = ‗ Mcwiek W~cg}psa



3

^hp} II6 Asj}i ‗ Aomhj Kok ‗ Jikchp Hkhjywiw

Hkhjywiw Pcwsj}w ‗ Aomc Wbh~cw hkm ^cpiomw

Aomc 8 0 7 =

^cpiom "wcg) 8+>0> >+735 >+0<< >+8=2=

Lpcxsckgy "8/wcg) >+92> 0+2>8 7+539 <+579Cllcg}i|c Ahww "#) 20 80+3 7+7 0+8

]bc lipw} aomc gokwiw}w 20# ol }bc aomhj

ahww* wo ubck cri}cm }bc lipw} aomc uijj

ghswc }bc aow} hg}iok ok }bc w}psg}spc+ ]bc

lipw} aomc bhw h ~cpiom ol 8+>0+ ]bc wcgokm

aomc bhw h epch}cp W~cg}phj Hggcjcph}iok|hjsc* bouc|cp }bc cllcg}i|c aomhj ahww iw

80#+ @cghswc ol }bc |cpy jou aomhj ahww

|hjscw* }bc }bipm hkm lop}b aomcw uijj ko}

gok}pi`s}c hw asgb+

Ik }bc hkhjywiw ~pogcww* }bc |hjsc }bh} uijj `c

swcm lop }bc }o~ ljoop hggcjcph}iok uijj `c

hposkm >+8<e hggopmike }o }bc mcwiek

w~cg}psa uc bhm* hkm }bc cllcg}i|c ahww uijj

`c 20# lop }biw |hjsc+

Lop }bc wcgokm aomc* ubigb bhw h ~cpiom ol >+73< wcgokmw* }bc mcwiek hggcjcph}iok |hjsc

uijj `c hposkm >+7>e* bouc|cp ui}b hk

cllcg}i|c ahww ol 80+3 #

]bc wol}uhpc ahdcw }bc ghjgsjh}iokw

hs}oah}ighjjy hkm ei|cw }bc pcwsj}w+

Ski} Kopahjivcm Aomc Wbh~cw

Aomc 8 Aomc 0 Aomc 7 Aomc =

Eposkm Ljoop >+>> >+>> >+>> >+>>

Lipw} Ljoop !>+07 >+<2 >+52 8+>>

Wcgokm Ljoop !>+30 8+>> >+83 !>+93

]bipm Ljoop !>+20 >+82 !8+>> >+33

Lop}b Ljoop !8+>> !>+97 >+<0 !>+0>

]h`jc = ‗ Aomhj ^cpiom* Lpcxsckgy hkm Cllcg}i|c Ahww \hjscw

Liespc 3 ‗ Aomc Wbh~cw

]h`jc 3 ‗ Ski} Kopahjivcm Aomc Wbh~c \hjscw

Aomc Wbh~cw

Aomc Wbh~c 8 Aomc Wbh~c 0

Aomc Wbh~c 7 Aomc Wbh~c =



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Gojsak Hrihj Johm \hjscw

Cj

Ko Komc Hrihj E

Hrihj

C

Ahr

Hrihj

Aik

Hrihj GW

88>8> 507+<

855+07> 9>>+27 3=<+75

7

0>8> !507+<

00>8> 37<+5

882+=5> <33+85 =82+077>8> !37<+5

77>8> 73>+<

<0+7>> =80+9> 022+7>

==>8> !73>+<

==>8> 8<2+2

0>+3<> 829+7< 8=2+0=3>8> !8<2+2

38>0> 88<7

85+=>> 882>+=> 88=3+<>

80>0> !88<7

<0>0> 239+=

80+2=> 250+0= 2=<+3<

7>0> !239+=

57>0> 339+5

5+50> 3<5+=0 338+92

0=>0> !339+5

2=>0> 0<3+2

0+7<> 0<2+8< 0<7+==3>0> !0<3+2

Gojsak Aoack} \hjscw

Cj

Ko Komc

Aoack}

E

H`wojs}c

AE

Aoack}

C

Aoack}

Mcwiek GW

88>8> 08>9 08>9 8925= 08927

70>8> =7=3 =7=3 88599 8<8==

00>8> <70< <70< 88258 82895

7>8> <898 <898 803>7 82<9=

77>8> =0<> =0<> 8>820 8===0

==>8> =30< =30< 92>7+7 8=709+7

==>8> <>99 <>99 399<+2 80>93+2

3>8> 5=27 5=27 57>2+= 8=598+=

3

8>0> !788+2 788+2 7007< 703=5+2

80>0> !<=0+7 <=0+7 0088< 00532+7

<0>0> !8>00 8>00 0=889 038=8

7>0> !8>9= 8>9= 0=2<9 039<7

57>0> !5<8+2 5<8+2 89<37 0>=8=+2

0=>0> !533+2 533+2 898=9 899>=+2

2=>0> !80<= 80<= 80=78 87<93

3>0> !82>0 82>0 8==3< 8<032

]h`jc < ‗ Gojsak Hrihj Johm Pcwsj}w "ski}w6 dK)

]h`jc 5 ‗ Gojsak Aoack} Pcwsj}w "ski}w6 dK+ga)

Ubck mcwiekike }bc gojsakw* }bc uopw} ghwc

wgckhpio uijj `c gokwimcpcm lop c|cpy ikmi|imshj gojsak wcg}iok+ ]bc joucw} ol }bc aikiasa

hrihj johm ok }bc gojsak uijj `c gokwimcpcm lop

aoack} pcwiw}hkgc hkm }bc ahriasa

goa~pcwwiok |hjsc uijj `c swcm lop h ~owwi`jc

hrihj johm lhijspc+

@cghswc }bc chp}bxshdc ghk bi} lpoa ò}b

wimc* }bc chp}bxshdc hrihj johm |hjsc iw ò}b

hmmcm hkm ws`}phg}cm lpoa }bc eph|i}y johm

hkhjywiw ol }bc w}psg}spc ik opmcp }o likm }bc

uopw} ghwc ~owwi`jc+

Hjj }bc |hjscw lop chgb gojsak wcg}iok hpc

ei|ck ik }bc }h`jc jcl} bhkmwimc+

Aoack} E |hjscw w}hkm lop }bc w}h}ig johm

ghwc aoack} |hjscw hkm Aoack} C |hjscw

hpc lop }bc aomhj hkhjywiw |hjscw+ Ik opmcp

}o o`}hik }bc mcwiek |hjscw "A!Cm) }bc

h`wojs}c |hjsc ol }bc E aoack} |hjscw hpc

hmmcm }o chp}bxshdc |hjscw `cghswc

chp}bxshdc ghk w}pidc ik ò}b mipcg}iokw+ ]bc

uopw} ghwc lop chgb ikmi|imshj gojsak

wcg}iok bhw `cck gokwimcpcm+



5

@cha Aoack} \hjscw

Cj

Ko Komc

Lircm Ckm

Aoack}w

Po}h}iok

Aoack}w

Po}h}iok

Wiek AE AC AE $ AC AE!AC A!Cm @W

80>8> 83>72 =7<< 8+>> 8><+50 009+79 77<+88 !800+<5 77<+8>

80>0> !83>72 0>3< !8+>> !809+20 08=+02 2=+=< !7==+8> 7==+>9

0 0>0> 83820 !790 !8+>> 833+5= 072+3= 79=+02 !20+2> 79=+02 00>7> !83820 790 8+>> !833+5= 072+3= 20+2> !79=+02 79=+02

=7>8> 83>72 =323 8+>> 8>=+37 080+29 785+=0 !8>2+7< 785+=8

87>0> !83>72 0070 !8+>> !805+>< 899+0< 50+0> !70<+70 70<+78

37>0> 83820 !=55 !8+>> 83<+39 00=+>5 72>+<< !<5+=2 72>+<<

07>7> !83820 =55 8+>> !83<+39 00=+>5 <5+=2 !72>+<< 72>+<<

5=>8> 8=297 =0<2 8+>> 8><+03 8=2+5= 03=+99 !=0+=9 03=+99

7=>0> !8=297 077> !8+>> !803+<7 879+80 87+=9 !0<=+53 0<=+53

2=>0> 8=297 !78> !8+>> 830+>7 8<0+83 78=+82 !8>+80 78=+82

==>7> !8=297 78> 8+>> !830+>7 8<0+83 8>+80 !78=+82 78=+82

8>3>8> 8=8=0 <<32 8+>> 5=+2= 57+>2= 8=5+90 8+53 8=5+90

73>0> !8=8=0 0539 !8+>> !887+27 <<+525 !=5+>= !82>+<8 82>+<8

88 3>0> 8=8=0 !935 !8+>> 83>+99 55+52< 002+55 57+0> 002+55 =3>7> !8=8=0 935 8+>> !83>+99 55+52< !57+0> !002+55 002+55

Ubck likmike mcwiek aoack}w* }bc aoack}w ghswcm `y po}h}iokw hpc ci}bcp hmmcm op ws`}phg}cm }o

}bc lircm ckm aoack}w* mc~ckmike ok }bcip gokmi}iok+ Lop ikw}hkgc* `cghswc* }bc foik} po}h}iok h}

cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw uijj `c ik }bc whac mipcg}iok ui}b }bc aoack}* i} uijj pcjchwc }bc aoack} h} }bh}

komc* wo }bh} }bc po}h}iokhj aoack} iw ws`}phg}cm+ Hjwo* }bc whac ~pogcmspc bhw `cck swcm lop

likmike }bc likhj |hjscw* ò}b gokwimcpike }bh} chp}bxshdc ghk bi} lpoa ò}b wimcw+

Likhj Gojsak Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok

Gojsak Wcg}iok Mcwiek Ahr Goa~pcwwiok Mcwiek Aik Goa~pcwwiok Mcwiek Aoack}

8 882>+=> 2=<+3< 703+=52

0 3<5+=0 0<7+== 0>=+8=2

7 9>>+27 =82+07 089+27

= =80+9> 8=2+0= 8=5+98=

Likhj @cha Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok

@cha Wcg}iok Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Aoack} Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Aoack}

8 77<+88 7==+8>

0 r 79=+02

7 03=+99 0<=+53

= r 78=+82

Wsaahpy ol ^hp} II

\hjscw hpc o`}hikcm lpoa }bc ~poepha hkm }bc mcwiek |hjscw bh|c `cck loskm lop uopw} ghwcw+

]h`jc 2 ‗ @cha Aoack} Pcwsj}w "ski}w6 dK+ga)

]h`jc 9 ‗ Likhj Gojsak Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok "ski}w6 dK hkm dK+ga)

]h`jc 8> ‗ Likhj @cha Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok "ski}w6 dK+ga)



2

^hp} III6 Wcg}iok Mcwiek

@cha Wcg}iok Mcwiek

Wcg}iok mcwiekw bh|c `cck ahmc swike }bc wol}uhpc wcg}+crc+ ]bc ik~s} |hjscw }bh} hpc ko} ikgjsmcm ik

}bc }h`jc 0 hpc wbouk bcpc hw ucjj+

Hwwsacm go|cpw hpc 0> aaw lop hjj gojsakw hkm `chaw* hkm }bc jikdw hpc hwwsacm hw 2aaw+

@cha Wcg}iok 8 @cha Wcg}iok 0

Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok

Mcwiek \hjsc 77<+88 7==+8 79=+02 dK+a

Pciklopgcack} ]o~ 7 ] 70 7 ] 70 7 ] 70

Pciklopgcack} @o}}oa 7 ] 70 7 ] 70 7 ] 70

v ]o~ == == == aa

v @o}}oa 3>< 3>< 33< aa

] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc =0>+>= =05+<3 =57+2 dK+a

I ! ] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc =>=+<= =>=+<3 ==2+27 dK+a@cha Wcg}iok 0 @cha Wcg}iok =

Mcwiek \hjsc 03=+99 0<=+53 7==+8 dK+a

Pciklopgcack} ]o~ = ] 03 = ] 03 7 ] 70

Pciklopgcack} @o}}oa = ] 03 = ] 03 7 ] 70

v ]o~ =>+3 =>+3 == aa

v @o}}oa =39+3 =39+3 =3< aa

] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc 780+99 782+57 728+03 dK+a

I ! ] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc 7>>+9< 7>>+9< 732+5 dK+a

Gojsak Wcg}iok Mcwiek

GW 8 GW 0 GW 7 GW =

W}ccj ]o~ 3 ] 70 3 ] 70 3 ] 03 3 ] 03

W}ccj @o}}oa 3 ] 70 3 ] 70 3 ] 03 3 ] 03

v }o~ 8< 8< 80+3 80+3 aa

v ò}}oa !8< !8< !80+3 !80+3 aa

Mcwiek Goa~pcwwiok 882>+= 3<5+=0 9>>+27 =80+9 dK

Mcwiek ]ckwiok 2=<+3< 0<7+== =82+07 8=2+0= dK

^y} !708<+99 !708<+99 !89<7+3> !89<>+3> dK

^yg 8358<+99 877=8+99 8==<7+3> 80>22+3> dK

Ap> 395+2= 308+90 752+>3 778+=> dK+a

Aahr 8>=0+00 2=3+>> 285+2> <38+90 dK+a

Kahr 7=35+5= 02>8+20 7=58+07 052>+73 dK

Mcwiek Aoack} 703+=5 0>=+=2 089+27 8=5+98 dK+a

Aoack} Pcw 570+=8 339+5< ==<+22 737+77 dK+a

W}ccj Ph}io >+>700 >+>795 >+>89< >+>0=0 :>+>=

]bc gojsak Aoack} Pcwiw}hkgc |hjscw hpc o`}hikcm lop }bc joucw} hrihj johm hg}ike ok chgb wcg}iok

lpoa }bc goppcw~okmike hrihj johm ‗ aoack} eph~b lop c|cpy wcg}iok+ Crha~jc lop wcg}iok 8 iw ei|ck ik

}bc kcr} ~hec+

]h`jc 88 ‗ @cha Wcg}iok Mcwiek

]h`jc 80 ‗ Gojsak Wcg}iok Mcwiek



9

Aoack} ‗ Hrihj Lopgc Ik}cphg}iok Mihephaw

]bc bopivok}hj jikcw wbou }bc joucw} hkm biebcw} hrihj mcwiek johmw ok }bc gojsak wcg}iok ~owwi`jc+

]bc joucp jikc iw swcm }o ec} }bc aoack} pcwiw}hkgc ol }bc wcg}iok* hkm }bc biebcp jikc iw }o wcc }bh}

}bc ~owwi`jc biebcw} hrihj johm iw ko} bsec ckoseb }o mcgpchwc }bc aoack} gh~hgi}y ol }bc wcg}iok+

Gbcgd ol Ph}io ol Gojsak / @cha Pcwiw}hkgc h} Chgb Komc

Komc @chaPcw+ Jcl}

"dK+a)

@cha

Pcw+Pieb}

"dK+a)

]o}hj @chaPcwiw}hkgc

"dK+a)

Gojsak Pcw+

Mouk "dK+a)

GojsakPcw+ S~

"dK+a)

]o}hj

GojsakPcwiw}hkgc

"dK+a)

Ph}io Gbcgd"Gojsak / @cha

;8+7)

0>8> > =0>+>= =0>+>= ==<+22 ==<+22 297+5< 0+87

0>0> =05+<3 =57+2 9>8+=3 570+=8 570+=8 8=<=+20 8+<0

7>8> > =0>+>= =0>+>= ==<+22 737+77 2>>+08 8+98

7>0> =05+<3 =57+2 9>8+=3 570+=8 339+5< 8090+85 8+=7

=>8> > 780+99 780+99 737+77 737+77 5><+<< 0+0<

=>0> 782+57 728+03 <99+92 339+5< 339+5< 8889+30 8+<>

>

3>>

8>>>

83>>

0>>>

03>>

7>>>

73>>

=>>>

=3>>

3>>>

<>> <3> 5>> 53> 2>> 23> 9>> 93> 8>>> 8>3>

H r i h j J o h m " d K )

Aoack} \hjscw "dK+a)

Gojsak Wcg}iok 8 ! Aoack} ! Hrihj Johm Ik}cphg}iok Mihepha

Liespc < ‗ Hrihj Johm ‗ Aoack} Ik}cphg}iok Mihepha lop Gojsak Wcg}iok 8

]h`jc 87 ‗ Gojsak / @cha Pcwiw}hkgcw h} Chgb Komc

Liespc 5 ! Komcw

Wsaahpy ol ^hp} III

Ik }biw ~hp}* chgb ikmi|imshj wcg}iok bhw `cck pciklopgcm

gokwimcpike }bc uopw} ghwcw hkm goaìkh}iokw ~owwi`jc+

H} hjj komcw }bc }o}hj gojsak pcwiw}hkgc iw epch}cp }bhk h} jchw}

h lhg}op ol 8+7 lop hwwspike }bh} }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw uijj lopa ik

`chaw ph}bcp }bhk gojsakw+

]bc `chaw hpc ko} biebjy o|cp!mcwiekcm wo }bh} }bc w}psg}spc

mocw ko} w}hy lsjjy cjhw}ig hkm w}opc hjj }bc ckcpey* `s} ph}bcp

eo ik ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw ik `chaw hkm miwwi~h}c }bc

chp}bxshdc johm ckcpey+



8>

^hp} I\6 Kok ‗ Jikchp ]iac Biw}opy Hkhjywiw

Ik }biw ~hp} ol }bc ~pofcg}* }bc ~cplopahkgc ol }bc `sijmike hehikw} }bc pcgopmcm Cj!Gck}po chp}bxshdc

iw `cike ik|cw}ieh}cm ik mc}hij* hkm }bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc iw ik|cw}ieh}cm ik ji}}jc mc}hij lop h `c}}cp

skmcpw}hkmike hkm h goa~hpiwok+

Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]bc hò|c liespc ei|cw }bc pcgopmcm hggcjcph}iokw ol }bc Cj Gck}po chp}bxshdc+ ]bc ~chd eposkm

hggcjcph}iok |hjsc iw 7=85+>> ga/wcg0+

Osp w}psg}spc bhw h lskmhack}hj aomc lpcxsckgy ol >+92 hkm wcgokm aomc ol lpcxsckgy ol 0+2 ubigb

bh|c }bc aow} aomhj gok}pi`s}iokw+ Hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc ~oucp w~cg}psa* Cj Gck}po chp}bxshdc

uijj h}}hgd osp w}psg}spc ~pc}}y ucjj ik }bc lipw} aomc hkm wcgokm aomc ui}b bh|ike bieb w~cg}phj

ha~ji}smcw+ ]bc w~cg}phj ha~ji}smc lop lipw} aomc iw hposkm >+>0* hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc liespc

hò|c+ Uc hpc jsgdy }bh} osp w}psg}spcw lskmhack}hj lpcxsckgy iw ko} hposkm 8+7 op 8+<* op i} uosjm

`c asgb aopc miwhw}posw lop }bc w}psg}spc `cike hllcg}cm `y }biw chp}bxshdc+

Liespc 2 ‗ Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc Pcgopmcm Eposkm Hggcjcph}iokw

Liespc 9 ‗ Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc ôucp W~cg}psa



88

Ha~jiligh}iok Lhg}op lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]bc ahriasa h`wojs}c hggcjcph}iok ol }bc }o~ ljoop mi|imcm `y }bc ahriasa h`wojs}c hggcjcph}iok ol

}bc eposkm ei|cw }bc ‚hggcjcph}iok ha~jiligh}iok lhg}op‑+ ]bc h`wojs}c ahriasa hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol

}bc eposkm iw6 7=85+>> ga/wcg0+

]bc hggcjcph}iok eph~b lop }bc }o~ ljoop iw hw lojjouw6

]bc h`wojs}c ahriasa hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol }bc }o~ ljoop iw6 323+03 ga/wcg0+

]bcpclopc }bc Hggcjcph}iok Ha~jiligh}iok Lhg}op 1 >+85

Hjwo i} ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc hggcjcph}iok mihepha }bh} }bc ~chd hggcjcph}iokw oggsp `c}ucck wcgokmw

0 hkm 3 hkm h ji}}jc jcww `c}ucck 80 hkm 8=+

Ljoop Miw~jhgcack} ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Ljoop miw~jhgcack} }iac biw}opy lop ljoop = iw ei|ck bcpc lop crha~jc6

!3=9+22

3<8+>2

!3<7+=>

=95+59

!703+73!<>>+>>

!=>>+>>

!0>>+>>

>+>>

0>>+>>

=>>+>>

<>>+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>> H g g c j c p h } i o k \ h j s c w " g a / w c g 0 )

]iac "wcg)

]o~ Ljoop Hggcjcph}iok ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

!8<+>>

!<+>>

=+>>

8=+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>> M i w ~ j h g c a c k } " g a )

]iac "wcg)

Lop}b Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Liespc 8> ‗ ]o~ Ljoop Hggcjcph}iok ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Liespc 88 ‗ Lop}b Ljoop Miw~jhgcack} ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



80

Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa H`wojs}c Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]bc ahriasa hkm aikiasa w}opcy miw~jhgcack}w |hjscw hkm h~~chpike }iacw hpc6

Ljoop Ahr Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac "wcg) Aik Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac "wcg)

Lipw} 0+5= 7+>> !0+9< =+=0

Wcgokm <+32 7+>> !<+<0 =+=0

]bipm 8>+05 0+9< !9+<8 =+=<

Lop}b 80+32 0+9= !88+85 =+=<

]bc mclopah}iok ol }bc w}psg}spc h} wcg 0+9= hkm =+=< hpc hw lojjouw6

Ljoop Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac "wcg)

Lipw} 0+37 0+9= !0+20 =+=<

Wcgokm <+08 0+9= !<+37 =+=<]bipm 8>+0> 0+9= !9+<8 =+=<

Lop}b 80+32 0+9= !88+85 =+=<

]bc lojjouike liespc wbouw }bc mclopacm wbh~cw hkm }bc aomc wbh~cw }oec}bcp* ui}b aomc wbh~c

`cike `hjhkgcm }o }bc miw~jhgcack} h} }o~ ljoop hkm `cike asj}i~jicm }bc o}bcp ljoopw `y }biw ph}io+

Hw i} ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc mihepha* }bc uopw} mclopah}iokw oggsp hjaow} crhg}jy ik }bc lipw} aomc

|i`ph}iok ol }bc w}psg}spc* msc }o bieb aomhj ahww hkm `cike cri}cm `y }bc chp}bxshdc ik }bc

~hp}igsjhp }iac ik}cp|hjw+ Hw ghk `c wcck* }bc w}psg}spc hjwo pcw~okwcw ik }bc wcgokm aomc hw ucjj+

>

8

0

7

=

!80 !5 !0 7 2 87

L j o o p K s a ` c p w

Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w "ga)

Hg}shj Miw~jhgcack}w ! Aomc Wbh~c 8

Aomc Wbh~c 8 ! aik

Aikiasa

Aomc Wbh~c 8 ! ahr

Ahriasa

]h`jc 8= ‗ Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]h`jc 83 ‗ Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w h} w~cgilig }iacw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Liespc 80 ‗ Goa~hpiwok ol Hg}shj Miw~jhgcack}w hkm Aomc Wbh~c 8 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



87

Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil} ]iac Biw}opicw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Ik}cp ‗ w}opcy mpil}w hpc ia~op}hk} `cghswc i} }cjjw yos hòs} }bc w}illkcww miw}pi`s}iok }bps }bc

w}psg}spc+ ]bc ik}cp ‗ w}opcy mpil}w wbosjm `c h} gjowcp |hjscw h} hjj }iacw ikmigh}ike }bh} }bcpc hpc ko

wol} w}opyw wo }bh} }bc w}psg}spc hò|c }bc w}opcy mocw ko} hg} hw pieim hkm }bh} hjj }bc lopgc mocw ko}

hg} ok }bc wol} w}opcy +

!=+>>

!0+>>

>+>>

0+>>

=+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

M p i l } " g a )

]iac "wcg)

Lipw} W}opcy Mpil}

!=+>>

!0+>>

>+>>

0+>>

=+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

M p

i l } " g a )

]iac "wcg)

Wcgokm W}opcy Mpil}

!=+>>!0+>>

>+>>

0+>>

=+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

M

p i l } " g a )

]iac "wcg)

]bipm W}opcy Mpil}

!=+>>

!0+>>

>+>>

0+>>

=+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

M p i l } " g a )

]iac "wcg)

Lop}b W}opcy Mpil}

Liespc 87 ‗ Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil}w lop Ljoopw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



8=

Achk Ahriasa Ik}cp!W}opcy Mpil}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Achk Ahriasa \hjscw ol Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil}w "ga)

Lipw} Ljoop Wcgokm Ljoop ]bipm Ljoop Lop}b Ljoop

0+9< 7+23 =+>0 0+<3

Hj}boseb* oggsppike h} }bc millcpck} }iacw "}bc millcpckgcw hpc |cpy wahjj ik }cpaw ol wcgokmw ol

ahriasa ik}cp!w}opcy mpil}w)* ubck aomc wbh~c 8 ahriasa miw~jhgcack} iw kopahjivcm ui}b }bc

ahriasa ljoop ik}cp!w}opcy ol }bc w}psg}spc* i} ghk `c wcck }bh} }bc ahriasa w}opcy mpil}w hpc |cpy

gjowc }o }bc ik}cp!w}opcy mpil}w ol }bc lipw} aomc wbh~c ol }bc w}psg}spc+ ]biw iw hehik msc }o bieb aomhj

ahww hkm }bh} }bc lipw} aomc iw `cike h}}hgdcm `y }bc chp}bxshdc+

Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2

Ljoop b "ga) α Mpil} "ga) α Õ Mpil} b / 877 Ph}io CG2 Gbcgd

= =0> >+3 0+9< 8+=2 7+8< 0+87 OD

7 =0> >+3 7+23 8+90 7+8< 8+<= OD

0 =0> >+3 =+>0 0+>8 7+8< 8+35 OD

8 =0> >+3 0+<3 8+70 7+8< 0+79 OD

]bc mhahec jiai}h}iok pcxsipcack} iw wh}iwlicm msc }o Cspogomc 2 ui}b hjj }bc mpil} |hjscw asj}i~jicm

ui}b }bc pcmsg}iok lhg}op hpc `cike jcww }bhk }bc w}opcy bcieb} |hjscw mi|imcm `y 877 ubigb iw }bc

|hjsc ei|ck lop `sijmikew ui}b msg}ijc kok!w}psg}sphj cjcack}w+

>+>> 8+>> 0+>> 7+>> =+>> 3+>>

Lipw} Ljoop

Wcgokm Ljoop

]bipm Ljoop

Lop}b Ljoop

Achk Ahriasa W}opcy Mpil}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc hkm Aomc Wbh~c 8 Mpil}w

Aomc Wbh~c 8 Mpilw

Ahriasa Pcjh}i|c Ljoop

Miw~jhgcack}w

]h`jc 8< ‗ Achk Ahriasa Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Liespc 8= ‗ Goa~hpiwok ol Hg}shj Mpil}w hkm Aomc Wbh~c 8 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]h`jc 85 ‗ Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



83

Oggsppike ol ^jhw}ig Bikecw }bps }bc @chaw `c}ucck wcgokmw 8+2> ‗ 3 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

&@jhgd `hpw pc~pcwck} Komc I* Ephy @hpw Pc~pcwck} Komc F

ol }bc pcjc|hk} `cha cjcack}+

8

0

7

=

3

<

5

2

9

8+2> 0+>> 0+0> 0+=> 0+<> 0+2> 7+>> 7+0> 7+=> 7+<> 7+2> =+>> =+0> =+=> =+<> =+2> 3+>>

@ c h a C

j c a c k } K s a ` c p

]iac

Liespc 83 ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikecw h} @chaw `c}ucck Wcgokmw 0 ‗ 3 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



8<

Liespc 83 wbouw }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw oggsppike ik }bc `chaw `c}ucck wcgokmw 8+2> hkm 3+ Ik }bc liespc }bc

y ! hriw ksa`cpw hpc wbouike }bc `cha cjcack} ksa`cpw+ ]bc `jhgd pcg}hkesjhp ik}cp|hjw hpc lop }bh}

~hp}igsjhp `cha’w I komc `cike ik }bc yicjm aoack} |hjsc hkm ahdike ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw* hkm }bc ephy

okcw hpc lop komc F+

]bc `chaw eo }o ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw ik woac o}bcp ik}cp|hjw ol chp}bxshdc hw ucjj* `s} ko} lop wsgb

joke }iacw ubigb achkw jcww ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+ ]biw iw uby4 }biw ik}cp|hj iw aow} ia~op}hk} hkm iw

crhaikcm }o skmcpw}hkm }bc `cbh|iop ol }bc w}psg}spc }o Cj Gck}po chp}bxshdc+

@cha cjcack} 9 ‗ Komc F iw ei|ck bcpc hw hk crha~jc lop lipw} 83 wcgokmw ol chp}bxshdc ol lopaike

~jhw}ig bikecw6 Hw ghk `c wcck }bc okjy ia~op}hk} ik}cp|hj iw `c}ucck wcgokmw 0 hkm 3+ Aow} ol }bc o}bcp

`cha cjcack}w mo ko} c|ck ahdc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw hl}cp 3}b

wcgokm ol }bc chp}bxshdc+ Hl}cp wcgokm

83 ko aopc ~jhw}ig bikecw hpc lopacm h} hky cjcack} ik }bc w}psg}spc hkm }bc w}psg}spc w}hyw ui}bik jiai}

aoack} |hjscw h} hjj cjcack}w hkm ko} pchgbike }bc yicjm aoack}w hkyaopc+

]bcwc }uo liespcw wbou ubcpc }bc gojsakw ahdc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+ Kokc ol }bc o}bcp gojsakw hkm

}bcwc }uo gojsakw lopa ~jhw}ig bikecw h} hky }iac mspike }bc w}psg}spc crgc~} }bcwc hkm pcahik ik

cjhw}ig vokc+ ]biw |cpilicw }bh}* }bc mcwiek uhw wsggcwwlsj ik }bc ik}ckmcm uhy* ui}b w}pokecp gojsakw hkm

uchdcp `chaw* ui}b `chaw lopaike ~jhw}ig bikecw hkm miwwi~h}ike ckcpey mspike }bc aow} miwhw}posw

ik}cp|hj ol }bc chp}bxshdc hkm h|oimike ckcpey }o `c w}opcm ik }bc w}psg}spc+

8+>> 7+>> 3+>> 5+>> 9+>> 88+>> 87+>> 83+>>

^ j h w } i g B i k e c w

]iac "wcg)

@cha Cjcack} 9 ! Foik} F

0+>> 0+0> 0+=> 0+<> 0+2> 7+>> 7+0> 7+=> 7+<> 7+2> =+>> =+0> =+=> =+<> =+2> 3+>> ^ j h w } i g B i k

e c w

]iac "wcg)

Gojsak Cjcack} 8 ! Komc I ! ^jhw}ig Bikecw

0+>> 0+0> 0+=> 0+<> 0+2> 7+>> 7+0> 7+=> 7+<> 7+2> =+>> =+0> =+=> =+<> =+2> 3+>>

^ j h w } i g B i k e c w

]iac "wcg)

Gojsak Cjcack} 87 ! Komc I ! ^jhw}ig Bikecw

Liespc 8< ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikecw lop @cha Cjcack} 9 ‗ Foik} F mspike Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Liespc 85 ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikecw Gojsakw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



85

Oggsppike ol ^jhw}ig Bikecw }bps }bc W}psg}spc `c}ucck wcgokmw 0+0> ‗ = Cj Gck}po CX

]bc liespc hò|c wbouw }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw }bh} lopa mspike }bc aow} gpi}ighj ik}cp|hj ol }bc chp}bxshdc ik}bc w}psg}spc+ Ik opmcp }o ia~po|c w}psg}spcw ~cplopahkgc* }bc }uo gojsakw }bh} lopa ~jhw}ig bikecw ghk

`c ia~po|cm h} }bc komcw }bcy skmcpeo ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw }o h|oim hky ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw ol }bc

gojsakw+

Lpoa }bc pcjc|hk} liespcw* `cha wcg}iok 8 "@cha cjcack}w 8* 7* = hkm <) cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw wcca }o `c

}bc komcw }bh} ahdc }bc aow} ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+

Liespc 82 ! Oggsppike ol ^jhw}ig Bikecw }bps }bc W}psg}spc `c}ucck wcgokmw 0+0> ‗ = Cj Gck}po



82

Bikec Po}h}iokw ol @chaw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]bc hò|c liespc wbouw }bc bikec po}h}iokw* aoack} |hjscw* hkm }bc ~owi}i|c hkm }bc kceh}i|c aoack} gh~hgi}y ol }bc `cha cjcack} 7 ‗ komc F mspike }bc

chp}bxshdc+ ]bc y ‗ hriw jcl} bhkmwimc iw lop }bc bikec po}h}iokw* hkm }bc y ‗ hriw pieb} bhkmwimc wbouw }bc aoack} |hjscw+ ]bc mhwbcm jikcw hpc }bc aoack}

gh~hgi}y |hjscw ik dK+a

Hw i} ghk `c wcck lpoa }biw eph~b gjchpjy* `cghswc }bc aoack} |hjsc ghkko} crgccm }bc gh~hgi}y aoack} |hjsc* ikw}chm* }bc `cha eocw }o ~jhw}ig bikec

mclopah}iokw hkm ahdcw bikec po}h}iokw hkm miwwi~h}cw ckcpey ui}bos} lhijike+ Hw joke hw }bc aoack} |hjscw hpc `cjou }bc yicjmike |hjscw* ko ~jhw}ig

mclopah}iokw oggsp+ ]biw gbcgd bhw }o `c mokc lop chgb `cha wcg}iok h} ik}cpkhj hkm cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw* hkm msg}ijc `cbh|iop asw} `c eshphk}ccm }o hjjou

}bc mcwipcm bikec mclopah}iokw+ ]biw iw mokc ik kcr} ~hec lop cjcack}w ol @cha Wcg}iok 8 ‗ Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iokw ik }bc lojjouike ~hec+

!=>=+<=

=0>+>=

!=3>

!73>

!03>

!83>

!3>

3>

83>

03>

73>

=3>

!<+>>C!>7

!=+>>C!>7

!0+>>C!>7

!8+>>C!85

0+>>C!>7

=+>>C!>7

<+>>C!>7

2+>>C!>7

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

B i k e

c P o } h } i o k

]iac "wcg)

@cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y

Liespc 89 ! @cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y



89

Bikec Po}h}iokw ol @cha Wcg}iok lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]bc bikec po}h}iok |hjscw lop @cha Wcg}iok 8* cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw ghk `c wcck ik }bc hò|c liespcw+ @cha

cjcack} 8* komc I ahdcw h po}h}iok ol 3+09 Õ 8>!7

phmihkw+ ]biw cr}cpkhj gokmi}iok ol @W8 bhw }o bh|c wo

asgb msg}iji}y ik opmcp ko} }o lhij hkm miwwi~h}c ckcpey+ Hjj }bc `cha wcg}iokw bh|c }o `c mcwiekcm lop

ckoseb msg}iji}y }o ahdc }bc po}h}iokw hw }biw `cha }o miwwi~h}c ckcpey hkm wbou msg}ijc `cbh|iop+

!0+90C!>7

3+09C!>7

0+=<C!>7

!=+>>C!>7

!0+>>C!>7

>+>>C$>>

0+>>C!>7

=+>>C!>7

<+>>C!>7

0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>> B i k e c P o } h } i o k

]iac "wcg)

@cha Cjcack} 8 ! Komc I ! Bikec Po}h}iok

!7+==C!>7

7+<3C!>7

0+>=C!>7

!3+>>C!>7

>+>>C$>>

3+>>C!>7

0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>>

B i k e c P o } h } i o

k

]iac "wcg)

@cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok

!3+89C!>7

7+>9C!>7

7+85C!>=

!8+>>C!>0

!3+>>C!>7

>+>>C$>>

3+>>C!>7

0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>>

B i k e c P o } h }

i o k

]iac "wcg)

@cha Cjcack} = ! Komc I ! Bikec Po}h}iok

!3+83C!>7

8+97C!>7

0+92C!>=

!8+>>C!>0

!3+>>C!>7

>+>>C$>>

3+>>C!>7

0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>>

B i k e c P o } h

} i o k

]iac "wcg)

@cha Cjcack} < ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok

Liespc 0> ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikec Po}h}iokw lop @cha Wcg}iok 8 ‗ Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iokw ‗ Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



0>

Wbchp Lopgc Iklopah}iok lop @chaw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

Ahriasa Wbchp Lopgcw "dK)

@cha Wcg}iok Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok

Aikiasa Ahriasa Aikiasa Ahriasa

8 !809+3> 809+2> !809+2> 809+2>

0 r !8=7+3> 8=7+3>

7 !93+30 97+53 !97+53 93+30

= r !93+30 93+30

]bc ahriasa wbchp lopgc |hjscw hpc ei|ck ik }bc }h`jc hò|c+ Wbchp lhijspc iw h `pi}}jc lhijspc hkm kc|cp

uhk}cm ik h w}psg}spc+ @cha hkm gojsak wcg}iokw bhw }o `c mcwiekcm }o w}hy ik cjhw}ig vokc mspike }bc

ubojc chp}bxshdc ui}b wslligick} jikdw h} }bc gokkcg}iokw* hjwo ~po|imike goklikcack} hkm gsp|h}spc

msg}iji}y h} }bc `cha ‗ gojsak gokkcg}iokw+

!0>>+>>

!83>+>>

!8>>+>>

!3>+>>

>+>>

3>+>>

8>>+>>

83>+>>

0>>+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

W b c h p L o p g c w " d K )

]iac

@cha Cjcack} 0 ! Komc I hkm Komc F

!0>>+>>

!83>+>>

!8>>+>>

!3>+>>

>+>>

3>+>>

8>>+>>

83>+>>

0>>+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>

W b c h p L o p g c w " d K )

]iac

@cha Cjcack} 3 ! Komc I hkm Komc F

Liespc 08 ‗ Wbchp Lopgc \hjscw lop @cha Wcg}iok 0 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc

]h`jc 82 ‗ Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa Wbchp Lopgc \hjscw h} @cha Wcg}iokw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc



08

Gojsak Aoack} Gh~hgi}y ui}b Gbhkeike Hrihj Johm ‗ Aoack} \hjscw Hg}ike ‗ Bikec Lopah}iok

]bc hò|c liespc wbouw }bc aoack} hg}ike ok }bc gojsak cjcack} I h} komc I mspike }bc chp}bxshdc ik lipw} 03 wcgokmw+ ]bc }uo jikcw h} }o~ hkm ò}}oa

wbou }bc ~owi}i|c hkm kceh}i|c aoack} gh~hgi}y ol }bc gojsak gbhkeike ui}b }bc hrihj johm hg}ike ok }bc gojsak mspike }bc chp}bxshdc+ Hw i} ghk `c wcck*

cw~cgihjjy hposkm wcgokmw 0 hkm =* ubck }bc w}psg}spc iw mclopaike ik }bc ~owi}i|c mipcg}iok* ui}b }bc mcgpchwike hrihj johm ok }bc gojsak* }bc aoack}

gh~hgi}y mcgpchwcw* hkm ol gospwc* hg}ike aoack} ikgpchwcw+ ]biw iw ubcpc }biw gojsak cjcack} lopaw h ~jhw}ig bikec hkm ahdcw ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+

]bc mhwbcm jikc wbouw }bc ~jhw}ig bikec po}h}iokw ol }bc gokwimcpcm komc mspike }bc chp}bxshdc+ ]bc |hjscw hpc ei|ck ik }bc pieb} bhkmwimc y hriw+ Hw i} ghk `c

wcck* ubcpc }bc aoack} gh~hgi}y eocw mouk msc }o jou hrihj johm* hkm }bc hg}ike aoack} pchgbcw }bc gh~hgi}y* hehik ~jhw}ig bikecw lopa hkm bikec

po}h}iokw oggsp+ ]bc eph~b iw jiai}cm }o lipw} 03 wcgokmw* `cghswc }bc aoack} |hjscw w}hy ik cjhw}ig vokc lop }bc pcw} ol }bc chp}bxshdc+

]bc ahriasa bikec po}h}iok }biw gojsak cjcack} ahdcw h} }biw komc iw ei|ck ik }bc liespc ui}b h |hjsc ol 0+82 Õ 8>!7

phmihkw+ ]biw gojsak wcg}iok bhw }o bh|c

wo asgb msg}iji}y ik opmcp }o ahdc }biw haosk} ol po}h}iok* bouc|cp* `c}}cp yc}* }bc aoack} gh~hgi}y wbosjm `c ikgpchwcm h} }biw komc wo }bh} i} w}hyw ik

cjhw}ig vokc+

0+82C!>7

!8+79C!>7!8+3>C!>7

!8+>>C!>7

!3+>>C!>=

>+>>C$>>

3+>>C!>=

8+>>C!>7

8+3>C!>7

0+>>C!>7

!2>>+>>

!<>>+>>

!=>>+>>

!0>>+>>

>+>>

0>>+>>

=>>+>>

<>>+>>

2>>+>>

>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>>

A o a c k } \ h j s c w " d K + a

)

]iac "wcg)

Gojsak Wcg}iok 7 ! Gojsak Cjcack} 8 ! Komc I ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y hkm Hg}ike Aoack} ! ^jhw}ig Bikec Po}h}iokw

Liespc 00 ! Gojsak Wcg}iok 7 ! Gojsak Cjcack} 8 ‗ Komc I ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y



00

Acrigo Chp}bxshdc

Ik }biw ~hp} ol }bc gospwcuopd* }bc whac w}psg}spc uijj `c hwwcwwcm hehikw} }bc pcgopmcm Acrigo CX+

]bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc bhw jcww ~chd eposkm hggcjcph}iok goa~hpcm }o }bc Cj Gck}po4 bouc|cp }bc

~oucp w~cg}psa wbosjm hjwo `c gbcgdcm+

Hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc hò|c liespc* }bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc bhw }bc aow} ckcpey ik jou lpcxsckgicw+

Osp w}psg}spc bhw h lpcxsckgy ol 0+2 ik wcgokm aomc hkm biebcp lpcxsckgicw ik biebcp aomcw* hkm }biw

chp}bxshdc wbosjm ko} hllcg} }bcwc aomcw hjaow} h} hjj hggopmike }o }biw ~oucp w~cg}psa+

Hjwo* hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc hggcjcph}iok }iac biw}opy* Acrigo chp}bxshdc bhw jokecp msph}iok ol }bc

mhaheike ik}cp|hj ubcpc hw Cj Gck}po okjy bi}w }bc w}psg}spc ui}b }bc ~chd hggcjcph}iok okjy lop h wbop}

}iac+

Liespc 07 ‗ Acrigo Chp}bxshdc Pcgopmcm Eposkm Hggcjcph}iokw

Liespc 0= ‗ Acrigo Chp}bxshdc ̂ oucp W~cg}psa



07

Hggcjcph}iok Ha~jiligh}iok Lhg}op lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc

]bc ahriasa hggcjcph}iok ol }bc }o~ ljoop iw 837+<< a/wcg0

]bc ahriasa eposkm hggcjcph}iok iw 832= a/wcg0

]bc ha~jiligh}iok lhg}op lop }biw chp}bxshdc iw }bcpclopc6 >+>95

W}opcy Miw~jhgcack}wAhriasa w}opcy miw~jhgcack}w hkm }iacw hpc ei|ck lop }bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc ik }h`jc6

Ljoop Ahr Miw~ "ga) ]iac "wcg) Aik Miw~ "ga) ]iac "wcg)

8 0+>5 35+22 !0+80 39+>>

0 =+=3 35+2< !=+3< 39+>>

7 <+30 35+2= !<+5> 35+>>

= 5+<9 35+20 !5+9= 35+>>

Msc }o jcww ~chd eposkm hggcjcph}iok hkm }bc ~oucp w~cg}psa* hw cr~cg}cm* osp w}psg}spc ahdcw jcwwmclopah}iok goa~hpcm }o CJ GCK]PO chp}bxshdc h} chgb ljoop+

]bc w}psg}spc mclopah}iok h} crhg}jy }iac 1 35 goa~hpcm ui}b }bc aomc wbh~c 8 ei|cw sw6

Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2

Ljoop b "ga) α Ahr Mpil} "ga) α Õ Mpil} b / 877 Ph}io CG2 Gbcgd

= =0> >+3 0+80 8+>< 7+8< 0+92 OD

7 =0> >+3 0+== 8+00 7+8< 8+39 OD

0 =0> >+3 0+89 8+>8 7+8< 0+29 OD

8 =0> >+3 8+0< >+<7 7+8< 3+>0 OD

Goa~hpcm ui}b CJ GCK]PO chp}bxshdc* uc bh|c jcww w}opcy miw~jhgcack}w* jcww w}opcy mpil}w* }bcpclopc

hs}oah}ighjjy uc gbcgd ui}b }bc mhahec jiai}h}iok gok}poj hggopmike }o CG2+

>

8

0

7

=

!8>+>> !3+>> >+>>

W } o p c y K s a ` c p

Mclopah}iokw "ga)

W}psg}spc Mclopah}iok h} } 1 35 wcg

W}psg}spc

Mclopah}iokAomc Wbh~c 8

]h`jc 89 ‗ Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc

Liespc 03 ‗ W}psg}spc Mclopah}iok h} } 1 35 lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc

]h`jc 0> ‗ Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2

Hw cr~cg}cm* }bc w}psg}spc iw

pcw~okmike ahikjy ik lipw}

aomc hkm }bc mclopacm

wbh~c iw |cpy gjowc }o }bc

aomc wbh~c 8+



0=

Bikec Po}h}iokw ol @chaw lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc

Lop h goa~hpiwok ui}b CJ GCK]PO chp}bxshdc* }bc whac `cha cjcack} hkm whac komc bhw `cck }hdck ik}o hggosk}+ Hw i} ghk `c wcck lpoa hò|c eph~b* }biw

}iac }bc gokwimcpcm komc okjy pchgbcw }bc yicjm aoack} |hjsc okgc* hkm lop h wbop} ik}cp|hj* ghswike h po}h}iok |hjsc ol 8+=2 Õ 8>!=

ubcpchw ik CJ GCK]PO }bcpc

ucpc po}h}iok ik ò}b mipcg}iok lop wc|cphj ik}cp|hjw ui}b h ahriasa po}h}iok |hjsc ol 7+<3 Õ 8>!7

ubigb iw hposkm 0= }iacw jhpecp }bhk }bc okc ik }biw chp}bxshdc+

Hjwo hw ik CJ GCK]PO* }bc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw h} gojsakw h~~chpcm h} }bc whac komcw ui}b }biw Chp}bxshdc+ ]biw goklipaw* c|ck ui}b }bc pcjh}i|cjy uchdcp

chp}bxshdc ~jhw}ig bikecw hpc `cike lopacm ik }bc gojsakw* hkm ik opmcp }o ia~po|c }bc w}psg}spcw ~cplopahkgc* }bowc gokkcg}iokw "Gojsak 8 hkm Gojsak 87

komc I) ghk `c w}pcke}bckcm wo }bh} uc mo ko} lopa ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw h} gojsakw h} hjj+

!8+=2C!>=

=0>+>=

!=>=+><

!3>>+>>

!=>>+>>

!7>>+>>

!0>>+>>

!8>>+>>

>+>>

8>>+>>

0>>+>>

7>>+>>

=>>+>>

3>>+>>

!8+<>C!>=

!8+8>C!>=

!<+>>C!>3

!8+>>C!>3

=+>>C!>3

9+>>C!>3

8+=>C!>=

>+>> 8>+>> 0>+>> 7>+>> =>+>> 3>+>> <>+>> 5>+>> 2>+>> 9>+>> 8>>+>>

]iac

@cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y

Liespc 0< ‗ @cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ‗ Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y



^hp} \6 Kok ‗ Sj}iah}c Jiai} W}h}c \cpiligh}iok hkm Mc}hijike

@chaw

Pcwiw}hkgc ik @ckmike hkm Wbchp

]bc `ckmike hkm wbchp pcwiw}hkgc ol `chaw wbosjm `c ghjgsjh}cm ik hggopmhkgc ui}b CG0+ "@cghswc

`cyokm }bc wgo~c ol }biw ~pofcg}* }bc wbchp jikdw bhw ko} `cck ghjgsjh}cm `s} hwwsacm+)

]bc }o~ pciklopgcack} ik ljhkecm `chaw wbosjm `c ~jhgcm ui}bik }bc uc`+

Mc}hijike Lop Joghj Msg}iji}y

Gpi}ighj pceiokw ol `chaw "vokcw ubcpc ~jhw}ig bikecw lopa) hpc gokwimcpcm }o `c jogh}cm ui}bik h jcke}b

j gp 1 bu lpoa }bc lhgcw ol }bc gojsakw+ ]bc }phkw|cpwc pciklopgcack} ik }bc gpi}ighj pceiokw wbosjm ~po|imc

goklikcack} }o ckh`jc wslligick} po}h}iokhj msg}iji}y ol }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw+

8) ψ% ; >+3 ψ Õ $ ψ% SJW

Pciklopgcack} ph}iow hpc whac h} }o~ hkm ò}}oa hkm epch}cp }bhk SJW

0) ψaik 1 >+3 Õ l g}a / l yd

>+>8=5 ; >+3 Õ = / =<> 1 >+>=7

Gojsakw

Pcwiw}hkgc ik @ckmike hkm Wbchp

Ljcrsphj hkm wbchp pcwiw}hkgc wbosjm `c goa~s}cm ik hggopmhkgc ui}b Cspogomc 0

Kopahjivcm hrihj lopgc ik gojsakw wbosjm `c jiai}cm }o : >+<3

GW 86 2>72+= / 03>>>> 1 >+>704 GW06 2>72+= / 0>03>> 1 >+>=>

GW76 =9><+03 / 03>>>> 1 >+>0>4 GW=6 =9><+03 / 0>03>> 1 >+>03

Mc}hijike Lop Joghj Msg}iji}y

>+8 : ]o}hj jokei}smikhj pciklopgcack} ph}io : >+= ui}b aikiasa ol 7 `hpw ok chgb wimc!; Gbcgd

]bc jcke}b ol }bc gpi}ighj pceiokw iw ahriasa ol 6

j gp 1 bg * j gp 1 j gj / <* j gp 1 >+=3a

@cha ‗ Gojsak Foik}w

]bc goklikcack} pciklopgcack} ik foik}w ol ~piahpy wciwaig `chaw hkm gojsakw wbosjm `c ko} jcww }bhk

}bh} w~cgilicm lop gpi}ighj pceiokw+

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