Design of Everyday Things-Ppt

1

Design of Everyday Things

Don Norman

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 2

Agenda

!Discuss Norman’s views on HCI &design


Summary

“Darn these hooves! I hitthe wrong switch again!Who designs theseinstrument panels,raccoons?”


Don Norman

!Currently with NielsenNorman group

!Previously Professor atUCSD, at Apple, HP, etc.

2


Discussion

!What did you take away from DOETbook?


Daily Challenges

!How many of you can use all thefunctionality in your

"VCR

"Digital watch

"Copy machine

"Stereo system

"Plumbing fixtures


Fun Examples

!Leitz slide projector

"To move forward,short press

"To move backward,long press

!What happens whenyou get frustrated?


Fun Examples

Doors

3


Fun Examples

Phones

How do you- transfer a call- change volume- store a number- ...

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 10

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 11

Changing Ringer Volume

!Press “Program”

!Press “6”

!Set volume

" Low - Press “1”

"Medium - Press “2”

"High - Press “3”

!Press “Program”

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 12

Important Concepts

!Affordances

!Visibility

!Conceptual models

!Mapping

!Feedback

!Constraints

4

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 13

Affordance

!What is it?

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 14

Visual Affordances

!Perceived and actual fundamentalproperties of an object that determinehow it could be used

"Chair is for sitting

"Ball is for throwing

"Button is for pushing

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 15

Yikes!

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 16

Mantra

!Complex things may need explanation,but simple things should not

" If a simple thing requires instructions andpictures, it is likely a failed design

5

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 17

Designing for People

!Norman’s 2 main principles

"Provide a good conceptual model

"Make things visible

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 18

Conceptual Model

!What does Norman mean by that?

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 19

Conceptual Models

!People build their own systems of howthings work

"Example - car

!Designer can help user foster an

appropriate conceptual model

"Appearance, instructions, behavior...

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 20

Visibility

!When functionality is hidden, problemsin use occur

"Occurs when number of functions isgreater than number of controls

!When capabilities are visible, it doesnot require memory of how to use

"Remind person how to use something

6

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 21

Simple Example

What if both sides were “big” and you had toremember which side the “small” one went into?

Electric plugs

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 22

Simple Example

!Bathroom faucets

"Two functions

• Hot/cold

• Pressure

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 23

Bathroom Faucets 1

Can you figureout how to useit?

Are two functionsclear and independent?

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 24

Bathroom Faucets 2



7

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 25

Bathroom Faucets 3



Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 26

Two Important Principles

!Mapping

!Feedback

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 27

Mapping

!What does this mean?

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 28

Mapping

!Relationship between two objects,here, between control and action/result

"Good:

• Car, various driving controls

• Mercedes Benz seat adjustment example

"Bad

• Car stereo - Knob for front/back speakers

• Stoves

8

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 29

Mapping Examples

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 30

Mapping Examples

Money:Euros vs. US DollarsSize::value

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 31

Yikes!

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 32

Why Not Design Better?

!Stove

!Speakers

Physical, monetary,convenience, etc.,constraints dictateotherwise

9

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 33

Feedback

!Let someone know what just occurred

"Can be sound that’s made

"Can be change in physical state

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 34

Constraints

!Limitations on what can be done

"Physical - keys

"Semantic - menu graying

"Cultural - Colors

" Logical - When all above don’t apply

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 35

Individual Differences

!For whom do you design?

"Everyone? Impossible

"Average? Excluding half audience

"95%? Still may miss a lot

!Can’t accommodate everyone

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 36

Individual Differences

!Designers are not representative of theuser population for whom they aredesigning

!Don’t expect users to think or act likeyou

!People vary in both physical attributesand mental/cognitive attributes

10

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 37

Example: “Big Talker”Leonid Leonid Stadnyk Stadnyk usesuses

a a cellphone cellphone at hisat his

home in Ukraine. Hehome in Ukraine. He

finds the keys difficultfinds the keys difficult

to work.to work.

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 38

Example

Scissors

Affordances - Insert somethinginto holes

Constraints - Bigger hole forseveral fingers, small for thumb

Mapping - How to insert fingersinto holes suggested by visibleappearance

Conceptual model - Suggested byhow parts fit together and move

Users - Often for right handed users only

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 39

Why Design is Hard

!Number of things to control hasincreased dramatically

!Displays are more virtual/artificial

!Marketplace pressure

"Adding operations cheaper (computers)

"Adding controls expensive (real estate,cost)

!Errors are becoming increasinglyserious

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 40

Try and Try Again

!Norman thinks that it often takes 5 or 6tries to get something “right”

!Simply may not have that luxury in acompetitive business environment

11

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 41

Upcoming

!Photos

!Videos

!User Centered Design

!IRB

Fall 2009 PSYCH / CS 6750 42

Photos…

!Short break and photo session

Documents

Design of Everyday Things-Ppt