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Diana Ansorena
Department of Nutrition, Food Science and PhysiologyUniversity of Navarra – Spain
Design and development of
functional meat products
90
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124
30 25
42
62
2639
55
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
UK Ireland Spain Germany Italy Denmark Netherlands
Total meat Processed meat
Meat consumption in Europe(g/day)
McAfee et al. (2010)
WhyWhy????
• Protein - peptides
• Minerals (Fe, Zn, P, Mg..)
• Vitamins (B12)
• High E (400-450Kcal/100g)
• High fat
• Saturated fat
• Cholesterol
• Salt
• Nitrites• Highly satiating
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• CVD
• Hypertension
• Certain types of cancer
• High E (400-450Kcal/100g)
• High fat
• Saturated fat
• Cholesterol
• Salt
• Nitrites
• What can be done? How?
• In which type of products?
Is it possible to make healthier
meat products ????
FunctionalFunctional meatmeat productsproducts
Animal production strategies
Processing strategies – Technological modifications
Lauridsen et al., 1999Enser et al., 2000D´Arrigo et al., 2002Hoz et al., 2003Pascual et al., 2005Noci et al., 2005Elmore et al., 2005Haak et al., 2007a y 2007bDuran-Montge et al., 2008Ventanas et al., 2007, 2008Soto et al., 2009Cools et al., 2011Vossen et al., 2012Xiao et al., 2012
Animal production strategies (diet)
• Increasing leaning content
• Reducing intramuscular fat content
• Improving lipid profile
• Increasing lipid stability and deposition of
vitamin E
Processing strategies
Some considerations……
• Mixture of ingredients - Reformulation
• Technological differences
Processing strategies
REDUCEREDUCE
REMOVEREMOVE
REPLACEREPLACE
ADDADD
INCREASEINCREASE
ComponentsComponents withwith
physiologicalphysiological activityactivity
FatFat contentcontent and and fatfat compositioncomposition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
AdditionAddition of of fiberfiber
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
OtherOther emergingemerging strategiesstrategies
FatFat contentcontent and and fatfat compositioncomposition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
AdditionAddition of of fiberfiber
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
OtherOther emergingemerging strategiesstrategies
Fat content and fat composition
Recommendations WHO
• Dietary fat intake should account for 15-30% total energy intake
• E from SFA < 10% TEI
• E from PUFA 6-10% TEI (w6/w3: 1-4)
• E from MUFA 10-15% TEI
• Cholesterol < 300mg/day
MONOUNSATURATED
• Decrease total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (Kris-Etherton, 1999)
• Antiinflammatory effect (Yaqoob, 1998)
• Beneficial effects in DMT2 patients (Gumbiner et al, 1999)
• Decrease platelet aggregation (Smith et al., 2003)
POLYUNSATURATED
• Antiinflammatory effect
• Decrease blood pressure
• Antiatherogenic
• Decrease CV risk
(Mozaffarian et al., 2011)
• 1% E from ALA – 2g/day (1800Kcal)
• 250mg EPA and DHA / day
• 500mg EPA+DHA/day
Fat content and fat composition
Decrease amount of fat Susbtitute animal fat by other
lipid or non-lipid sources
Dry fermented sausages
Bloukas et al., 1997; Severini et al., 2003; Kayaardi and Gök, 2003; Pelser et al., 2007; Del Nobile et al., 2009; Olivares et al., 2010; Ospina et al., 2010; Delgado–Pando et al., 2010.
Cooked products
Foeding and Ramsey, 1986; Jonh et al., 1986; Park et al., 1989; Marquez et al., 1989;Park et al., 1990; Riendau et al., 1990; Hammer et al., 1992; Bloukas and Paneras, 1993;Paneras and Bloukas, 1994; Paneras et al., 1998; Pappa et al., 2000; García et al., 2002;Cáceres et al., 2008.
Olive oil Seeds oils Long chain w3
Frankfurters
Park et al., 1989; Tan et al., 2006; Estevez et al., 2007; Ozvural et al., 2008
Pate
Martín et al., 2008
Fat content and fat composition
Fermented products
Cooked products
Fresh products
Animal fat
Other fatsources
10 Parts oil
1 Part soy protein
8 Parts water Bloukas et al., 1997
Fat content and fat composition
49
28
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Fish oil
18
46
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Linseed oil
71
0
50
100
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Olive oil
15
42
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DPA n-6 DHA
Algae oil
g/100g fat
Fat content and fat composition
Unsaturated
fatty acids
• Are nutritional changes relevant enough?
• Sensory modifications?
• Stability against oxidation?
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
12
14
16
18
Trad. F. 10% Subs 15% Subs 20% Subs 25% Subs 30% Subs
MUFA (g/100g product)
71
0
50
100
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Olive oil
Fat content and fat composition
75%
25%
Traditional formulation
Lean Meat
Pork Fat 0
10
20
30
Trad. F. 10% Subs 15% Subs 20% Subs 25% Subs 30% Subs
Pork fat Emulsion
Dripping
Muguerza et al. (2001) – Meat Sci.
71
0
50
100
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Olive oil
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
general acceptability
meat fat binding capacity
odour intesity
colour intensity
juiciness
hardness
rancid taste
taste intensity
control 10% 15% 20% 25%
Sensory
analysis
Muguerza et al. (2001) – Meat Sci.
Fat content and fat composition
18
46
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Linseed oil
0
10
20
30
40
50
MUFA PUFA SAT
g/100g fat
Control Linseed Linseed + Antiox (BHA)
w-6/w-3 13.49 1.80 1.93
PUFA / SAT 0.37 0.62 0.73
25 % Substitution of pork
backfat by emulsion
(linseed oil)
Ansorena and Astiasarán (2004) – Food Chem
Fat content and fat composition
18
46
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Linseed oil
Ansorena and Astiasarán (2004) – Food Chem
ControlControl LinseedLinseed Linseed + AntioxidantsLinseed + Antioxidants
TBA (mg malonaldehyde/Kg sample) 0.08a 0.23b 0.08a
Peroxides (meq O2/Kg fat) 2a 0.83a 0a
Hexanal (ng dodecane/g dm) 226.5a 308.5b 218.5a
Octenal (ng dodecane/g dm) 60b 66.5b 33.5a
Nonanal (ng dodecane/g dm) 291.5a 591.5b 314a
tt2,4-decadienal (ng dodecane/g dm) 25.5b 22.5b 0a
2,4-decadienal (ng dodecane/g dm) 104.5c 91.5b 0a
Fat content and fat composition
Stability
15
42
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DPA n-6 DHA
Algae oil – Schizochytrium sp (novel food 2003)
Valencia et al. (2007) – Food Chem
Fat content and fat composition
+ BHA
2521.25
18.75
03.75
6.25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Trad. F. 15% Subs 25% Subs
Pork fat Emulsion
% of Total mixture
15
42
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DPA n-6 DHA
Algae oil – Schizochytrium sp (novel food 2003)
Valencia et al. (2007) – Food Chem
Fat content and fat composition
Control 15% algae oil
∑SFA 38.58 ± 0.11a 38.93 ± 0.06a
∑MUFA 46.37 ± 0.07b 41.98 ± 0.15a
Eicosapentaenoic C22:5(n-3) 0.03 ± 0.00a 0.13 ± 0.00b
Docosapentaenoic 22:5 (n-3) 0.22 ± 0.00a 0.25 ± 0.00b
Docosahexaenoic C22:6(n-3) 0.10 ± 0.00a 3.92 ± 0.16a
∑n-3 1.44 ± 0.02 a 5.26 ± 0.16b
∑n-6 13.54 ± 0.05a 13.75 ± 0.05a
∑PUFA 14.98 ± 0.04a 19.01 ± 0.21b
PUFA/SFA 0.39 ± 0.00a 0.49 ± 0.01b
n-6/n-3 9.41 ± 0.18b 2.62 ± 0.07a
Lipid profileg/100g fat
1,34g/100g sausage
18,6g sausage
100% Recommendations EFSA (EPA+DHA)
+ BHA
15
42
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DPA n-6 DHA
Algae oil – Schizochytrium sp (novel food 2003)
Valencia et al. (2007) – Food Chem
Fat content and fat composition
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
t = 0 d t = 30 d t = 90 d
Control
aerob
Control
vacuum
Algae
aerob
Algae
vacuum
Stability during storage
TBA (mg MDA/Kg)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
t = 0 d t = 30 d t = 90 d
Hexanal (ng dodecane)
With antioxidants – Under vacuum
+ BHA
��Artificial Artificial antioxidantsantioxidants werewere effectiveeffective in in highlyhighly
polyunsaturatedpolyunsaturated meatmeat productsproducts´́ formulationsformulations
�� WhatWhat aboutabout natural natural antioxidantsantioxidants??????
49
28
0
20
40
60
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidic EPA DHA
Fish oil
Valencia et al. (2008) – Meat Sci
Fat content and fat composition
AdditionAddition of natural of natural antioxidantsantioxidants
• Control – traditional
• Modified 1: 15% Subst FO Modified 2: 15% Subst + TeaEx Modified 3: 15% Subst + CoffeeEx
1.1 1.16 1.12
0
1
2
Control FO FO+Tex FO+Cex
EPA + DHA (g/100g product)
0
2
4
6
Control FO FO+Tex FO+Cex
TBA (mg MDA/Kg)
Aerobic MAP
(200ppm) (200ppm)
✔✘
•Total phenolic content (Singleton & Rossi, 1965)
•DPPH (Blois, 1958, modified by García Herreros et al., 2010)
•ABTS (Re et al., 1999, modified by García Herreros et al., 2010)
•HPLC (Fecka and Turek, 2008)
• Preparation of water or ethanolic extracts from plants
Fat content and fat composition
AdditionAddition of natural of natural antioxidantsantioxidants
Dried
leaves
2 x Extraction
(500ml-30 min – 100ºC)
Extract
Concentrated and
freezed (-80º)
Lyophilization
LyophilizedLyophilized
extractextract
Borago
officinalis
Fat content and fat composition
AdditionAddition of natural of natural antioxidantsantioxidants
Water extract - Melissa – Dry fermented products
• Control – traditional
• Modified: 25% substitution (Emulsion linseed + algae); Melissa (686 ppm); Se yeast (2
g/kg); Iodized salt (26 g/kg)
50g (1 portion)0.8g α-linolenic (40% reference intake EFSA): “high w-3”
338mg EPA+DHA (100% reference intake EFSA)
182μg Selenium (100% DRI – Regulation 1169/2011)
104 μg Iodine (70% DRI adults)
Gª Iñiguez de Ciriano et al. (2010) – Meat Sci
Nutritional evaluation
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
Fat content and fat composition
AdditionAddition of natural of natural antioxidantsantioxidants
Water extract - Melissa – Dry fermented products
• Control – traditional
• Modified: 25% substitution (Emulsion linseed + algae); Melissa (686 ppm); Se yeast (2
g/kg); Iodized salt (26 g/kg)
Gª Iñiguez de Ciriano et al. (2010) – Meat Sci
Sensory aspects
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
Stability
Control
Modified
nsnsns
ns
ns
+ Normal aldehydes content
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Control Linseed Linseed
+BHA
Linseed
+Melissa
Before cooking After cooking
Fat content and fat composition
AdditionAddition of natural of natural antioxidantsantioxidants
Hydroalcoholic extract - Melissa – Cooked products
• Control – traditional
• Modified 1: Linseed Modified 2: Linseed + BHA Modified 3: Linseed + Melissa
Berasategi et al. (2010) – Meat Sci
Stability
TBA (mg MDA/Kg)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Control Linseed Linseed
+ BHA
Linseed
+Melissa
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
ABTS (meq Trolox/g)
“High w-3 FA”
(>0.6g ALA/100g)
Fat content and fat composition
AdditionAddition of natural of natural antioxidantsantioxidants
Hydroalcoholic extract - Melissa – Cooked products
• Control – traditional
• Modified 1: Linseed Modified 2: Linseed + BHA Modified 3: Linseed + Melissa
Berasategi et al. (2010) – Meat Sci
Sensory analysisHedonic evaluation
FatFat contentcontent and and fatfat compositioncomposition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
AdditionAddition of of fiberfiber
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
OtherOther emergingemerging strategiesstrategies
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
� Role of salt in processed meat products
� Sodium intake exceeds recommendations
• Flavour
• Texture
• Shelf-life
• Safety
� Replacers
• Potassium chloride, potassium lactate, glycine (Gou et al., 1996; Gelabert et al., 2003;
Guardia et al., 2006, 2008)
• Na, K, Mg, Ca chlorides (Gimeno et al., 1998, 1999; Flores et al., 2005)
• Calcium lactate, gluconate, citrate (Selgas et al., 2009)
Fat content and fat composition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
0
5
10
15
20
Control 14 g Salt 10 g Salt
Na (g/Kg)
Ca (g/Kg)
• Control – traditional (26g NaCl/Kg)
• Modified 1: Linseed + 14g NaCl + 29g CaAs Modified 2: Linseed + 10g NaCl + 39g CaAs
Fermented products
“Reduced sodium”
“High calcium”
Regulation 1169/2011
Gª Iñiguez de Ciriano et al. (in press) – JSFA
⇩38%⇩50%
Fat content and fat composition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
• Control – traditional (26g NaCl)
• Modified 1: Linseed + 14g NaCl + 29g CaAs Modified 2: Linseed + 10g NaCl + 39g CaAs
Fermented products
Gª Iñiguez de Ciriano et al. (in press) – JSFA
Triangular Test
No differences in
Acceptability✔
FatFat contentcontent and and fatfat compositioncomposition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
AdditionAddition of of fiberfiber
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
OtherOther emergingemerging strategiesstrategies
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• CV diseases
• Colon cancer
(Cho and Dreher, 2001; Rodriguez et al., 2006)
Addition of fiber
Protective effect
ADA (2008)
• AI: 20-25 g/day(Not reached)
•< Energy
•Technological effect
• Inulin: (10%)
• Wheat, oat, bran..: (1.5 – 2%)
• Fruit fibers (orange fiber powder, albedo): (1.5 – 2%)
(Mendoza et al., 2001; García e tal., 2002; Fdez-López e tal., 2007, 2008)
Partial substitution of fat by..
Addition of fiber
• Fruit fibers (lemon albedo): (2 – 7%) (Fernández-Ginés et al., 2003 - 2004)
Partial substitution of fat by..
55
35
1010
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pork meat
Pork backfat
Ice
Emulsion
1% Carrageenan
Exp 1: Fat reduction
55
7.5
35
2.510
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
5A 5B 5C 5D
1% Carrageenan
Exp 2: Fat modification
Berasategi et al. (submitted)
Addition of fiber
Berasategi et al. (submitted)
26.5
8.4
0
10
20
30Fat content (g/100g)
296
134
0
100
200
300
400Energy (Kcal/100g)
Type 5 5A 5B 5C 5D
SFA 2.9e 2.5d 1.8c 1.7b 1.3a
MUFA 3.9e 3.4d 2.5c 2.4b 2.0a
PUFA 1.5a 2.0b 2.5c 3.4d 3.8e
ω-3 0.1a 0.6b 1.3c 2.3d 2.7e
Linolenic 0.08a 0.6b 1.3c 2.2d 2.9e “High w-3 FA” (>0.6g ALA/100g)
“Energy reduced” (>30%)
Fatty acids (g/100g product)
50g 5D: 72% IDR ALA
“Low saturated fat” (>1,5g/100g)
Addition of fiber
Berasategi et al. (submitted)
38143
27838
35212
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000Hardness (g)
5664
70
0
20
40
60
80L* (CIE L*a*b*)
2
4
6
Color intensity
Juiciness
Hardness
Bologna flavour
Rancid taste
Saltiness
Type 5 5A 5B 5C 5D
QDA (Sensory test – Panelists)
FatFat contentcontent and and fatfat compositioncomposition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
AdditionAddition of of fiberfiber
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
OtherOther emergingemerging strategiesstrategies
Other emerging strategies
� Presence of endogenous bioactive compounds
Bioactive peptides (antioxidants, antihypertensive..)
CLA
� Reduction of allergens, reduction of nitrites
� Probiotic effect of fermented meat products
� Other methods for stabilization of lipid fraction
FatFat contentcontent and and fatfat compositioncomposition
Mineral Mineral contentcontent
AdditionAddition of of fiberfiber
AdditionAddition of of antioxidantsantioxidants
OtherOther emergingemerging strategiesstrategies
Scientific evidence
• Most conclusions are drawn from the fact
that functional ingredients itself may be
beneficial to human.
• Only limited number of studies on the
possible health benefits of functional meat
and meat products in human has been done.
Conclusions
� Modification of the traditional composition
of meat products to make them healthier is
technologically viable.
� Good sensory properties and stability are
achieved if adequate proportions of new
ingredients are introduced.
� Further studies are needed to provide
strong evidences for the human health
benefits of functional meat and meat
products.
Thank you !!!!!
Iciar Astiasarán
Iñigo Navarro
Maria Isabel Calvo
Rita Cavero
Edurne Muguerza
Idoia Valencia
Mikel García
Izaskun Berasategi
Candela Poyato From 2000…
Thank you for your attention