Detroit FINAL McManamon

2014

Dormant Detroit A DPSIR ANALYSIS DANA MCMANAMON

Figure 1 The Packard Plant

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Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 2

2. Background & Context ........................................................................................................ 3

3. DPSIR .................................................................................................................................. 9

4. Metrics, Method, and Methodology .................................................................................. 15

5. Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 16

6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 20

7. References ........................................................................................................................ 21

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1. Executive Summary This document summarizes the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR)

analysis and findings for the city of Detroit, Michigan, with a focus on material flows. It provides insight into the methods and methodologies used to conduct the analysis, quantify impacts, and aid in the visualization of data, particularly within the spatial context.

Following decades of economic stability starting in the early 1900’s and lasting until the 1990’s, linked closely to the booming success of US Auto Industry, Detroit ultimately failed to keep its head above water, filing for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy in 2013. Over the last decade, population decline, unemployment, and abandonment of properties have become the norm throughout a city that was once a bustling and vibrant metropolis. The lack of taxpayer money and the increase in building foreclosures has led to urban decay, stranded infrastructure, and informal material recovery pathways. The impacts are both positive and negative. Fewer people mean fewer cars on the highway, less air pollution, lower energy consumption and fewer resource demands. But it also means poorly managed abandoned lots, arson, and lack of funding to maintain public spaces, improve economic vitality, and put Detroit back on the map as one of America’s strongest cities. Though efforts are being undertaken to remediate and rebuild the city, Detroit still has a long and arduous road to recovery ahead, with an unbelievable price tag. The following document takes the reader through a material flow analysis to understand how, when, and why Detroit got to where it is.

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2. Background & Context Detroit, Michigan

sits on the Detroit River, which flows from Lake St. Clair to the north into Lake Erie to the south. Like most cities, Detroit does not exist in geographical isolation. Its economic activities, or lack thereof, affect nearby bodies of water and nearby cities, such as Windsor, Canada, which sits across the river. Just before the Auto Industry collapsed in 2008, Windsor, also known as the “smog capital of Canada”, suffered from some of the highest instances of respiratory illness in Canada, directly linked to the pollution generated across the border in the United States (Windsor, 2008).

Detroit is approximately 143 square miles. The cities of Boston, Manhattan and San Francisco could fit inside Detroit’s borders. The cumulative population of these three cities in 2014 totaled over 3.1 million, with Detroit containing only 688,700 inhabitants within the same space (World Atlas, 2014).

Figure 3 Contextualizing Detroit's Size

Figure 2 Map of Detroit

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Detroit’s economic success and vitality has been intrinsically linked to the US automobile industry since the early 1900’s when “The Big Three” manufacturers Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors were founded within the city limits. Throughout the majority of the 20th century, the city attracted migrants from all over the United States with its overflowing job opportunities at one of the dozens of automobile plants throughout the city (The Henry Ford, 2010). The city’s committed workforce, thriving on unprecedented wages, specialized in one thing and one thing only – the assembly line. Detroit’s economy, therefore, lacked diversity of skills and industry, and was overly reliant on the volatile auto industry.

Despite warning signs of this volatility throughout the Great Depression, the post WW2 slump and the transition towards increasing popularity of foreign auto manufacturers, the city failed to build any sort of resilience through economic diversification. Figures 4 and 5 below show the transition from a Detroit-‐centric auto industry to a foreign-‐centric auto industry following the 2008 Financial Crisis.

Figure 4 Car Production Domestic v. Foreign

Figure 5 Auto Manufacturing Locations & Shut Downs 2007-‐2011

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Though the US Auto Industry has made slight improvements and restructured over the last six years, Detroit’s economy has lagged in its ability to recuperate. Still unable to generate enough economic activity to employ its inhabitants, Detroit’s 2014 unemployment rate sits at an astonishing 15% compared to a 5.9% average in the US (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). The ongoing lack of a robust municipal revenue stream caused Detroit to file Chapter 9 bankruptcy, in 2013. This filing was the largest municipal bankruptcy of its kind in the history of the US, at an estimated $18-‐24 billion (Williams, 2013).

Beneath what seemed like a mutually beneficial exchange between the 20th Century Auto Industry and Detroit’s urban population, the industry negatively contributed to racial divides and a socioeconomically fractured city. The process of Caucasians leaving the inner city, known as “White Flight”, started in the 1950’s and 60’s after the white middle class, equipped with solid salaries, personal transportation (cars) and the accompanying infrastructure (the interstate), began moving to the suburbs to live the “American Dream” in single family houses with private backyards and attached garages (Wisely, 2011). They took with them their economic activity, tax dollars, and property values.

Still today, on the northern edge of Detroit’s limits, the infamous 8 Mile Road marks the jarring divide between poverty and the middle class. Houses transition from “abandoned rubble” to “well maintained suburbs” as you cross the concrete “border”. Within the city limits to the south (Wayne County, predominantly African American), the annual income per person is significantly lower, at $22,125, than that of the population to the north (Oakland County, predominantly Caucasian) where the annual income per person is $61,907 (US Census, 2010). The below map depicts the racial composition below and above 8 Mile.

Unfortunately, compounded by the failing auto industry, “white flight” was responsible for much of Detroit’s inner city demise. From 1950 to 2014, the population decreased from 1,850,000 to 688,700, a 63% decline (World Population Review, 2014). The below chart summarizes the population transition from the 1940’s to today, by race.

Figure 6 Mapping the Racial Divide

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Figure 7 Population Shift 1940's-‐Today

In addition to contributing to the socioeconomic divide, the auto industry also created a low-‐density sprawling city with little to no demand for public transportation infrastructure. Detroit was home to one of the nation’s first interstate systems. The city’s reliance on cars and individual transport meant that integrated public transport systems such as streetcars were phased out starting in the late 1950’s (The City of Detroit, 2014). Once home to bumper-‐to-‐bumper rush hour traffic, the City’s highways are mostly empty today.

The highways are not the only infrastructure left empty. Abandoned residential units and industrial manufacturing facilities sit on almost every block of the city today. There are more than 70,000 abandoned buildings, 31,000 empty houses, and 90,000 vacant lots throughout Detroit (Binelli, 2012). Defaults on mortgage payments and inability to pay property taxes have been cited as the primary reasons for abandoned infrastructure. As depicted in Figure 10, the transition of any given home along a city street between 2007 and 2013 is particularly shocking, looking more like an end of the world scenario than an American Dream.

Figure 8 1950's Highway in Detroit Figure 9 Abandoned I-‐71 In Detroit

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With over 20% of the city is registered as vacant, empty is a choice word used to describe most of the city (Kellogg, 2010). The maps below show the increase in residential vacancy from the 2000 to the 2010 census. Dark orange represents a higher percentage of vacancy than lighter orange areas.

Figure 11: Change Vacant Housing

Due to abandonment and ageing infrastructure, the total value of Detroit properties has declined 79% since the 1960’s, from around $45.2 billion USD in 1958 to a mere $9.6 billion USD in 2012, as depicted in Figure 12.

Figure 10 A House Falls: 2007-‐ Today

2007

2009

2011

2013

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Figure 12 Property Values Over Time

Abandoned residential units are only part of the story. In the early and mid 1900’s Detroit boasted some of the largest state-‐of-‐the-‐art manufacturing facilities in the world. Today, 15 of these large industrial facilities that once manufactured hundreds of thousands of automobiles per year sit vacant. They are infamous destinations for raves, graffiti artists, scrappers, and urban explorers. Valuable materials inside the buildings, primarily metals, are stranded without funds for demolition. Waste pickers have been manually collecting and selling scraps onto the market for recycling over the years, but the majority of materials throughout the city waits to be reclaimed. Figure 13 identifies the largest and most infamous abandoned Auto infrastructure sites throughout the city today.

Figure 13 Detroit Abandoned Auto Manufacturing Facilities

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3. DPSIR The background of Detroit and its abandonment brings us conveniently to the DPSIR Framework, summarized in Figure 14. The following section will review each stage of analysis.

Figure 14 DPSIR Framework Detroit

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3.1 Driver

The DPSIR is driven by a shift away from the booming 20th century Auto Industry towards a more stagnant urban economy. As discussed in Section 2, Detroit has lacked economic diversity since the start of the auto industry in 1903 and is thus highly vulnerable to auto industry trends. After the domestic auto industry hit an all time low following the 2008 Financial Crisis, Detroit never recovered.

3.2 Pressures

Following the collapse of the US Auto Industry, the majority of manufacturing facilities in and near the city have shut down, material flows into and out of the city have entirely shifted and/or decreased, the majority of the urban population has fled, and unemployment rates are some of the highest in the United States.

3.3 State

The current state in Detroit portrays a combination of positive and negative results of abandonment.

3.3.1 Inability to maintain infrastructure, demolition, and arson On the negative side is the city’s

inability to maintain infrastructure. Companies and members of the public unable to pay property taxes and mortgages have left the burden of their property to the state, which is also unable to fund and adequately manage the dissemination of infrastructure at this time. All around the city buildings are in a state of disrepair. Figure 15 shows the properties in Detroit earmarked for demolition as of 2014. It is estimated that it would take around $850 million to tear down and clean up the abandoned residential units and a further $1 billion to do the same for manufacturing and industrial facilities (Davey, 2014). Fires are also a big issue throughout the city. Between trouble-‐maker arsonists looking

for a fun time, and mismanaged abandoned chemicals spontaneously combusting, Detroit suffers from over 14 fires on any given night (Neavling, 2013).

Figure 15 Buildings Earmarked for Demolition

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3.3.2 Renaturalization On the positive side, due to abandonment, the city is more “green” than it has been

since industrialization, with vegetation slowly reclaiming street blocks and sprouting up between sidewalks and foundations. Figure 16 shows a green city block, once the site of John A. Owen Elementary School, now transitioned into an urban green space.

Figure 16 Detroit From Above

While regrowth is in general positive for the environment (carbon sequestration, cleaner air), blight, a plant bacterial infection, is attacking and killing greenery throughout the city. Left unmanaged, much of the city has fallen into a blight epidemic, where all lots infected now have to be remediated to remove the infection and re-‐establish healthy land. The city has established a Blight Task Force to survey and manage the issue. In 2014 the task force found that 22% of buildings surveyed were infected with blight and were recommended for “immediate demolition” (Detroit Blight Task Force, 2014). Figure 17 identifies properties flagged for immediate demolition in red and the less urgent properties in orange and yellow.

Figure 17 Properties Plagued with Blight

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3.3.3 Material recovery The metal scrappers and material collectors around Detroit are slowly (and illegally)

dismantling valuable embedded resources from abandoned lots and selling them to scrap yards to be reprocessed into secondary raw materials. An entire sub-‐economy has been built on the waste picking industry (Shriberg, 2014). The city cannot currently afford to properly dismantle buildings and infrastructure in line with environmental remediation techniques, so instead, individuals are, though informal scrapping creates added risk of building collapse and environmental emissions. The quantity and value of materials stranded across the city is unknown, though the “analysis” section of this report attempts to quantify embedded materials and graphically portray the journey of materials over time and space.

3.4 Impact

3.4.1 Health

Fires cause the emissions of greenhouse gases (quantified in the “analysis section of this report”), particulate matter, carbon monoxide, atmospheric mercury, ozone-‐forming chemicals, and volatile organic compounds. The air pollutants associated with fires have not been quantified because not enough data exists, though the air pollutants generated by fires are known to cause health impacts such as cancers and asthma. Figure 18 visualizes the intensity of asthma hospitalization in an area surrounding a poorly managed waste incinerator in 2008. The incinerator can be used as a proxy for urban fires, to highlight how bad for health fires and open burning are in an urban setting.

Figure 18 Hospitalization from Asthma Near an Incinerator

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In addition to health impacts from air pollution, there are more difficult impacts to quantify such as lead poisoning from the paint of abandoned facilities. Paint peeling from abandoned buildings has historically lead to increased instances of lead poisoning among children throughout the city (EPA, 2009). Groundwater runoff emissions of leakage from abandoned facilities and fuels also pose a threat to health.

3.4.2 Biodiversity

Biodiversity, too, is hard to quantify but as discussed in the “State” section of this report, the regrowth of urban areas into green spaces is improving biodiversity, and will continue even more so once the threat of blight is better managed. In the future, I hope to find some analysis conducted on the species richness and diversity of animal and plant life in Detroit compared to when it was fully populated, but for now we can assume that it is “directionally correct” to say that fewer people and fewer buildings mean more biodiversity.

3.4.3 Decrease in House Prices, Increase in Insurance.

Housing prices have decreased and insurance premiums have increased in Detroit as population declines and instances of fires and destruction increase. Figure 19 visualizes whether it is more economically viable to rent or buy in cities across the US. Detroit is one of two places where it is absolutely cheaper to buy than to rent.

Figure 19 Cheaper to Rent or Buy?

3.4.4 Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

As discussed briefly in section 3.4.1, fires and demolition contribute to changes in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants throughout the city. A decrease in economic

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activity and industrial energy consumption leads to fewer emissions related to energy consumption (Figure 20), though impacts of fires and demolition negatively affect the air.

Figure 20 Energy Consumption Industrial Sector Detroit: 2000-‐2011

3.5 Response

In response to the current issues Detroit faces, large-‐scale rehabilitation efforts are in the works, like Hantz Farms plan to transform thousands of acres of inner-‐city land into urban farming space. Michigan State University plans to spend $100 million on a 100-‐acre urban farming center for researching city farming. The center will research vertical farming, new forms of energy production, and water management. Locally, a nonprofit called The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative oversees more than 2,000 community gardens throughout the city (Roxborough, 2013). Future plans for different types of land use have been submitted by various consultancy firms and urban planning organizations which layout possible alternatives for rebuilding the city. Figure 21 depicts different options for land use depending on the quality of the land (Desimini, 2013).

Figure 21 Land Use Recommendations

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4. Metrics, Method, and Methodology Because Detroit is such a captivating and eerie story, there is an abundance of

information in the form of visualizations, mapping, and graphics available on the internet. A project called “Data Driven Detroit” in particular publishes dozens of GIS maps, which aid in the story telling of this DPSIR. The available data, however, works best to tell the “Driver” and “Pressures” section of the analysis and works less so to tell the “State”, “Impact”, and “Response” section, primarily due to the unknown datasets associated with abandoned properties.

Datasets that were widely available included maps of change in population, maps of change in employment, instances of abandoned property, maps of properties earmarked for demolition, maps of population distribution by ethnicity, population trends, property value by year, images of abandoned facilities, images of abandoned lots, and instances of blight.

The much more difficult areas to quantify and visualize were things like quantity of materials embedded within abandoned buildings, value of materials embedded within abandoned buildings, health impacts of leachate from abandoned buildings, and air pollutants from fires and arson.

To overcome these difficult areas I used:

1. A material flow analysis to depict a high level visualization of how materials have come into and out of Detroit over time

2. A specific material flow example of Copper 3. Estimated values of embedded materials from available sources (e.g. number of

abandoned buildings x quantity of a given material within an average single family home = estimated total materials used)

4. An estimated fire GHG emissions calculation 5. A case study of The Packard Plant to summarize the current state

These “drill downs” help represent snapshots of the city in a more manageable way and are explained in the following Analysis section of this report.

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5. Analysis 5.1 Material Flow Analysis

This material flow chart uses a “pile and pit” approach to visualize resource extraction and use throughout each stage of Detroit’s modern life. Stages include “Material Abstraction, Value Added, Infrastructure Construction” 1900-‐1990’s, “Abandonment” 1990’s-‐2013, and “Bankruptcy and Restructuring” 2013-‐Today.

Figure 22 Material Flow: Infrastructure

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5.2 A Specific Material Flow: Copper

Copper is embedded in electricity infrastructure throughout the city. It is estimated that Detroit holds around 13.5 million pounds of copper, worth approximately $40 million, in its old streetlight system alone (Church, 2104). Copper is of interest because its life cycle “then” vs. “now” shows the transition of a city over time, from when copper was used to build necessary new infrastructure, to now when it is left abandoned and disused. From an environmental perspective, it is a positive thing for infrastructure to be manually disassembled and scrapped for recycling, because collection and removal requires little to no energy and all pieces can be valuable to someone. The recycling of these materials also means fewer raw materials need to be extracted for construction elsewhere. The figure below shows a basic flow of copper through the city, broken into 2 timeframes. Many metals and recyclable materials throughout the city will undergo a similar process of reclamation and recycling for use elsewhere.

Figure 23 The Life Cycle of Copper

5.3 Estimated Values of Embedded Materials

The materials embedded within infrastructure are hard to estimate and quantify, as are the costs associated with demolition and material recovery. In order to visualize the clean up costs and material value benefits associated with buildings and materials in Detroit, I created a graphic to show select categories in relation to municipal debt in Figure 24.

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Figure 24 Costs and Benefits of Material Recovery and Demolition

Clean up costs are estimated at $1 billion for industrial facilities and over $850 million for residential facilities by a New York Times reporter who interviewed urban demolition specialists. The stranded values of copper and steel are estimated assuming that there are around 13.5 million pounds of copper in the utility infrastructure and over 32,000 tons of steel embedded in 13 abandoned manufacturing facilities (this was estimated using an average quantity of steel used per square foot of facility and assuming that each facility was around 26.5 million square feet). Each quantity of metal was then monetized based on scrap value estimates.

Materials less likely to be reclaimed for any significant market value include concrete and wood. With over 40,000 homes abandoned and scheduled for demolition throughout the city, and an estimated 13,000 feet of lumber per average single family home (National Association of Home Builders, 2014), it is estimated around 520,000,000 feet of lumber is embedded in homes alone. This material could be incinerated for energy if managed properly but currently sits rotting.

5.4 Estimated Fire Emissions

A New Zealand study attempted to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the burning of an average single family home (Robbins, 2012). To estimate this, the study looked at the materials that comprise a home and the burning and emissions potential of each material, as summarized in Figure 25.

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Figure 25 Summary of the CO2e Yield for Structure Materials

Given the above composition assumptions, an average home, when burned, emits around 27 metric tons of CO2e. Given that the Detroit fire department responds to about 30,000 fires a year (Detroit Fire Department, 2014), it can be estimated the GHG emissions associated with arson in Detroit total around 810,000 metric tons of CO2e per annum (this is a high-‐end estimate since each home does not burn completely). According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2014) a typical passenger vehicle emits around 4.7 metric tons of CO2e a year, thus the emissions from fires in Detroit each year is the equivalent of putting over 172,000 cars on the road for an entire year. I quickly realized that the savings in one area (emissions savings from population reduction and reduced fuel consumption) can be made up in others (emissions from fires).

5.5 A Case Study: The Packard Plant

A case study of the Packard Plant, an old luxury car factory, represents a snapshot of the bigger urban issue that can be broken down and analyzed. During its prime, the Packard Plant was home to the production of automobiles and aircraft. It officially shut down its manufacturing activities in 1958 and was used as a storage facility until the 1990’s, after which

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it officially fell into disrepair. Today, the approximately 3.5 million square foot facility sits empty, bar some scrappers and squatters (Boyle, 2012).

Figure 26 The Packard Plant Lobby, 2001 v. 2014

In October 2014, the Packard Plant was bought for an incredibly low $400,000 and a 10-‐15 year rehabilitation process began (Woolfolk, 2014). The process entails detailed environmental analyses to identify risk areas and will focus on asbestos remediation, environmental toxins, and debris and reinforced concrete removal. This process, if orchestrated responsibly, can act as a standard against which future remediation projects can be held. It is estimated that materials recovered from the building will be around 10% steel and 90% concrete (Dixon, 2012). Unfortunately, when most of these facilities were built in the early 1900’s, structural composition was very heavy weight and dense compared to more efficiency building designs today. Because of this, waste concrete and rubble that cannot be recycled for high value like metals comprise the majority of the building materials. The rise and fall of the Packard Plant is a haunting representation of many facilities throughout the city, but the rehabilitation plan is a step in the right direction towards recovery.

6. Conclusion When I search “Detroit” on Google, the first

related search item that comes up is “What Happened to Detroit?” (see Figure 27).

Through the application of the DPSIR Framework and an extensive semester long analysis, I think I can

answer this question now. Using a material flow approach to better understand the rise and fall of Motor City, I have

tracked the flow of metals, wood, and concrete from the construction of a 20th century powerhouse to a 2013 Bankrupt rotting ghost town. Though today much of the city and its infrastructure remain stranded in houses and facilities without funding for demolition and reclamation, the city is slowly transitioning. Detroit is starting to attract start-‐up firms who are pulled in by cheap rent, tax incentives, space, and what most young people seek, “the next big thing”. As of September 2014 there were more than 100 start-‐ups registered in Detroit (Startup Detroit, 2014). Private buyers investing in infrastructure like the Packard Plant will help the city get back on its feet, and as people start to invest, Detroit can do what it never did before, transform into a multi-‐industry city with a bright future.

Figure 27 Google Search Recommendations

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7. References Binelli, Mark (2012ly). "How Detroit Became the World Capital of Staring at Abandoned Old Buildings". The New York Times. Bomey, Nathan. (2013). How Detroit went broke. http://archive.freep.com/interactive/article/20130915/NEWS01/130801004/Detroit-‐Bankruptcy-‐history-‐1950-‐debt-‐pension-‐revenue Boyle, Robin (2012). The Last Shift http://archive.freep.com/article/20121202/NEWS01/312020186/Big-‐Ugly-‐Dangerous-‐The-‐region-‐must-‐work-‐together-‐to-‐get-‐rid-‐of-‐the-‐Packard-‐Plant Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014). Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject. http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Church, Steven (2014). Detroit could make $25M selling copper from old streetlightshttp://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20141021/NEWS01/141029967/detroit-‐could-‐make-‐25m-‐selling-‐copper-‐from-‐old-‐streetlights The City of Detroit (2014). Transit Operation. http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/DetroitDepartmentofTransportation/AboutUs/TransitOperation.aspx Davey, Monica (2014). Detroit Urged to Tear Down 40,000 Buildings http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/us/detroit-‐task-‐force-‐says-‐blight-‐cleanup-‐will-‐cost-‐850-‐million.html?_r=0 Davey, Monica; Walsh, Mary Williams (July 18, 2013). "Billions in Debt, Detroit Tumbles Into Insolvency". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2014. Desimini, Jill (2013). Scenario Journal, Wild Innovation: Detroit. http://scenariojournal.com/article/wild-‐innovation-‐stoss-‐in-‐detroit/ Detroit Blight Removal Task Force (2014). http://www.timetoendblight.com/ Detroit, The. (1999-‐02-‐10) The 1943 Detroit race riots -‐ Michigan History -‐ The Detroit News. Blogs.detroitnews.com. Retrieved on September 25, 2014. Detroit Fire Department (2014). Fire Stats. http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/FireDepartment/FAQs.aspx Dixon, Jennifer (2012) Asbestos, reinforced concrete would make demolishing Packard Plant expensive, lengthy. http://archive.freep.com/article/20121202/NEWS01/312020154/Hazardous-‐materials-‐fortified-‐building-‐demolishing-‐Packard-‐expensive-‐lengthy

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EPA (2009) Lead Poisoning in Detroit, Michigan. http://www.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/lead.html EPA (2014). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/documents/420f14040.pdf Grow Detroit (2014). List of Startups http://www.growdetroit.com/detroit-‐startup-‐list/ The Henry Ford. (2010) Moving to Michigan: Migration, immigration, and transportation. http://www.thehenryford.org/education/erb/MovingtoMichiganDigiKit.pdf Kellogg, Alex (2010) Shoppers 8 Mile. Detroit Shrinks Itself, Historic Homes and All. http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703950804575242433435338728?mg=reno64-‐wsj National Associate of Home Builders (2014). Housing Data. http://www.nahb.org/page.aspx/landing/sectionID=113 Neavling, Steve (2013). A Detroit Breaks Down, Scourge of Arson Out of Control. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/13/us-‐usa-‐detroit-‐arson-‐idUSBRE96C06E20130713 Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw (2000) The Detroit Almanac: 300 years of life in the motor city. p.232 Robbins, AP (2012). House fire GHG emissions Report. http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=c39553fa6b631c9c4c3521d528dd40489d8ceef4 Roxborough, Shannon (2013). In Detroit, Growtown Blooms. https://gardenvarietynews.wordpress.com/2013/10/29/in-‐detroit-‐growtown-‐blooms/ Shriberg, Mike (2014) Should Scrappers go Mainstream in Detroit? http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/22388-‐should-‐scrappers-‐go-‐mainstream-‐in-‐detroit US Census (2010). http://www.census.gov/2010census/ Volpatti, Theo (2014). Project Detroit: Stories. http://projectdetroit1.blogspot.com/p/8-‐mile-‐road.html Williams, Corey (July 19, 2013). "In Despair, Detroit Files for Bankruptcy"(PDF). The Express (Washington, DC). Associated Press. p. 3. Retrieved September 25, 2014. Windsor, The (2008-‐04-‐27). "Windsor 'the most polluted city in North America': RFK Jr". Canada.com. October 23, 2014. Wisely, John; Spangler, Todd (March 24, 2011). "Motor City population declines 25%". USA Today. Retrieved September 25, 2014.

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Woolfold, Mike (2014). Demolition and Rehb begin at the Packard Plant. http://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/demolition-‐and-‐rehab-‐begins-‐at-‐the-‐packard-‐plant World Atlas. (2014) City Populations. http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm World Population Review (2014). Detroit Population. http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-‐cities/detroit-‐population/ Sources: Figures, Images and Charts Figure 1: http://oppositelock.jalopnik.com/then-‐and-‐now-‐picture-‐packard-‐plant-‐1559148761 Figure 2: http://www.planetizen.com/node/52021 Figure 3: http://blog.thedetroithub.com/2010/08/12/comparing-‐detroit-‐to-‐other-‐cities-‐look-‐at-‐the-‐map/ Figure 4: http://www.econosseur.com/2008/12/uaw-‐not-‐auto-‐industry-‐bailout.html Figure 5: By Author Figure 6: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/27/map-‐segregation-‐america-‐race_n_3824693.html Figure 7: By Author Figure 8: http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2012/03/15/detroit-‐1950s/ Figure 9: http://www.detroityes.com/mb/showthread.php?5481-‐Abandoned-‐Highway Figure 10: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/232357662000444073/ Figure 11: http://d3.d3.opendata.arcgis.com/ Figure 12: http://archive.freep.com/interactive/article/20130915/NEWS01/130801004/Detroit-‐Bankruptcy-‐history-‐1950-‐debt-‐pension-‐revenue Figure 13: By Author, adapted from http://www.detroityes.com/maps/mapfulldetroit.htm Figure 14: By Author Figure 15: http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/25081067/interactive-‐map-‐is-‐your-‐house-‐sitting-‐next-‐a-‐home-‐with-‐earmarked-‐money-‐to-‐be-‐demolished-‐or-‐repaired Figure 16: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/07/opinion/sunday/exposures-‐detroit-‐by-‐air-‐alex-‐maclean.html?action=click&contentCollection=Europe&module=MostEmailed&version=Full&region=Marginalia&src=me&pgtype=article Figure 17: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/27/us/Defining-‐Blight-‐in-‐Detroit.html Figure 18: http://www.ecocenter.org/trash-‐recycling/detroit-‐waste-‐incinerator-‐dirty-‐and-‐expensive Figure 19: http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2012/09/14/rent_vs_buy_buying_is_very_likely_to_be_the_cheaper_option_.html Figure 20: By Author Figure 21: http://scenariojournal.com/article/wild-‐innovation-‐stoss-‐in-‐detroit/ Figure 22: By Author Figure 23: By Author Figure 24: By Author Figure 25: http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=c39553fa6b631c9c4c3521d528dd40489d8ceef4 Figure 26: http://sometimes-‐interesting.com/2011/08/15/largest-‐abandoned-‐factory-‐in-‐the-‐world-‐the-‐packard-‐factory-‐detroit/ Figure 27: www.google.com

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Detroit FINAL McManamon