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United States Army War College
11 October 2013
Developing Strategic Leaders
EPLC Presentation
United States Army War College
Areas of Emphasis
United States Army War College Overview
Strategic Leadership Defined
Critical Thinking
Servant Leadership
Identity Formation
United States Army War College
The US Army War College educates
and develops leaders for service at the
strategic (national) level while
advancing knowledge in the global
application of Landpower.
MISSION/PURPOSE
United States Army War College
The purpose of US Army War College at this time in our Nation's history is to produce
graduates from all our courses who are skilled critical thinkers and complex
problem solvers in the global application of Landpower. Concurrently, it is our duty to
the Army to also act as a “Think Factory” for Commanders and Civilian Leaders at
the strategic level worldwide and routinely engage in discourse and debate on ground
forces’ role in achieving national security objectives. We will accomplish this dual
purpose along the following lines of effort:
Provide high quality Professional Military Education at the strategic level that further
develops accomplished officers and civilians, both graduates and faculty, who depart our
institution armed with the right balance of theory, history, practice, and communication skills
to clearly articulate options for solutions to complex strategic problems and immediately be of
value to any organization.
Aggressively Conduct Research, Publish, Engage in Discourse, and Wargame with the
entire faculty, staff, students and fellows; generate ideas and test concepts as the Army’s
intellectual broken field runner for the application of Land Power at the strategic level.
Conduct Strategic Leader Development through agile, constantly-reviewed and updated
courses of instruction and other products that advance strategic leadership skills and senior
leader abilities in the Profession of Arms.
Recruit, Develop and Retain a high quality faculty and staff.
INTENT
United States Army War College
Synergistic
Team
USAHEC
U.S. Army Heritage
& Education Center
U.S. Army Garrison
Carlisle Barracks
U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations
Institute
Strategic Studies
Institute and
USAWC Press
SCHOOLS, INSTITUTES, DEPARTMENTS, CENTERS
RESIDENT EDUCATION
PROGRAM AY2014
AY14 Core Courses • Strategic Leadership (SL) – Develops an appreciation for the uniqueness of strategic leadership. Builds on strategic thinking and examines environmental scanning, managing change, culture and the profession, strategic and ethical decision making.
• Theory of War and Strategy (TWS) – Emphasizes the theoretical approach to war and strategy. Provides key concepts for analyzing conflict and cooperation among nations as well as the causes and use of war. • National Security Policy and Strategy (NSPS) – Examines the U.S. governmental process for integrating, balancing, and synchronizing the instruments of national power in promoting and protecting national interest.
• Defense Management (DM) – Addresses how strategic guidance is employed within Department of Defense systems and processes to develop trained and ready combat forces.
• Theater Strategy and Campaigning (TSC) – Critically examines the application of joint doctrine in planning and conducting unified and multinational operations. Evaluates service roles, capabilities, and cultures in providing ready forces to the Unified Commanders.
• Regional Studies Program (RSP) – Students choose to study US national security issues in relation to one of seven regions (Africa, Middle East, Asia-Pacific, Americas, Europe, Russia-Eurasia, and South Asia)
United States Army War College
Resident Class Composition
1 Air National Guard 4 Air Force Reserve
22 National Guard 22 Reserve
4 Defense Senior Leadership & Development Program
15 Department of the Army
2 Department of State
1 Interagency
2 Defense Intelligence Agency
1 National Security Agency
2 Veterans Affairs
1 USAID
Army 216
Air Force 32
Marine 17
Navy 14
Coast Guard
1
2 USMC Reserve Civilians 28
International 77
Total - 385
CLASS OF 2014
United States Army War College
Resident Seminar
• ARMY 10-11
– Basic branches
– Special branches
– National Guard / Army Reserve
• AIR FORCE 1-2
• SEA SERVICES 1-2
• CIVILIANS 1-2
• INTL FELLOWS 3-4
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
• USAWC FELLOWS 3-4
FACULTY INSTRUCTOR TEAM OF 4-5
PROFILE
9
• A program here since 1978 • 1,315 Graduates • 118 Different Countries • 43 USAWC Hall of Fame Members • Increased desired annual population from 40 to 80
International Fellows Program
International Fellows
Total 77
Afghanistan Algeria
Armenia Australia
Bangladesh Bosnia Brazil
Bulgaria (2) Burundi Canada
Cambodia (2) Chile
Colombia Congo, DR
Croatia Czech Republic
Egypt El Salvador
Estonia Ethiopia Germany Greece
Hungary India
Indonesia Iraq
Israel Italy
Japan Jordan Kenya Korea
Kosovo (2)
Kuwait (2) Kyrgyzstan Lebanon
Lithuania (2) Macedonia
Malaysia Mauritania
Mexico Montenegro
Morocco Nepal (2)
Netherlands Nigeria Norway
Pakistan (2) Peru
Philippines
Poland Romania Rwanda
Saudi Arabia (4) Serbia
South Sudan Spain
Sri Lanka Taiwan
Tanzania Turkey Uganda Ukraine
UAE UK
Yemen Zambia
CLASS OF 2014
United States Army War College
Army War College Graduate
On complex and ambiguous issues, have the determination and self
awareness to integrate multiple perspectives with a strategic mind-set
while having a deep sense of reflective judgment and the strategic
intuition when needed.
Open Minded, Expert Listener, Patient, Deliberate, Slow to place value
judgments on divergent perspectives, Comprehensive understanding of reality
Roles Within A Graduate’s Professional Identity
Mission Specific Roles
(based on your assigned duties)
Strategic Advisor and Communicator
Strategic Theorist
Strategic Planner
Senior Leader at the Strategic Level
Persistent Roles
(expected of you)
Steward of the Profession
Critical and Reflective Thinker
Networked Leader
Resilient Leader
New notion of
BE, KNOW, DO
United States Army War College 14
“Leadership 101” • Leadership is the process of influencing people by providing purpose,
direction and, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and
improving the organization. (FM 6-22 Army Leadership Competent, Confident,
and Agile)
• An Army leader is anyone who by virtue of assumed role or assigned
responsibility inspires and influences people to accomplish organizational goals.
Army leaders motivate people both inside and outside the chain of command to
pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater
good of the organization.
• An enduring expression for Army leadership has been BE-KNOW-DO
BE: (values and attributes the shape character)
KNOW: (Knowledge about tactics, technical systems, organizations,
management of resources, and the tendencies and needs of people)
DO: (ACTIONS and BEHAVIORS, that influence people
United States Army War College 15
“Strategic leadership is the process used by a leader to affect the achievement of a desirable and clearly understood vision by influencing the organizational culture, allocating resources, directing through policy and directive, and building consensus within a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous global environment which is marked by opportunities and threats.”
U.S. Army War College Strategic Leadership Primer (2010) Gerras (Ed.)
STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP
United States Army War College 16
What’s Different (Strategic Leadership)
• Time orientation (emphasis on the future implications of decisions and actions)
• Multiple Stakeholders (inside and outside the organization)
• Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity (characterization of the
strategic environment)
• Stewardship (Taking care of resources, and making ethical choices)
• Judgment (Understanding the consequences of decisions)
• Strategic Thinking (holistic approach towards improving judgment
United States Army War College 17
STRATEGIC THINKING Strategic thinking is an intent driven activity. It ultimately has the goal of
facilitating good judgment to inform decision making and the development of
innovative strategies to align the organization’s future direction with the expected
environment. (Liedtka, Harvard Business Review)
Strategic thinking is the ability to make creative and holistic synthesis of key
factors affecting and organization and its environment in order to obtain
sustainable completive advantage and long term success. (Waters, USAWC)
Strategic Thinking Skills
• Openness to dialogue
• Critical Thinking
• Creative Thinking
• Systems Thinking
• Self-Awareness
• Moral and Ethical Reasoning
• Environmental Scanning
• Scenario Based Forecasting
United States Army War College 18
• Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that
increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe
thinking that is purposeful, reasoned, and goal directed. In essence,
critical thinking is about improving one’s judgment.
Critical Thinking
• Critical thinking skills are best developed by: (1) providing knowledge
from a multidisciplinary perspective about critical thinking skills, (2)
practicing the application of these skills in a context-dependent setting
under the purview of a facilitator or knowledgeable leader, and (3)
creating a healthy environment, in both TRADOC schools and
organizational units, that encourages and motivates a desire to
routinely apply critical thinking skills to important issues.
United States Army War College 19
What is Critical Thinking
Four critical requirements:
1) Suspend your assumptions and understand your biases (Self-
Awareness, Emotional Intelligence,
2) Considering divergent and different points of view (Empathy, Open-
Mindedness, suppressing ethno and ego-centric tendencies)
3) Being culturally aware (An awareness that your beliefs and others beliefs
are heavily influenced by cultural norms)
4) Understanding the implications of decisions (systems thinking, 2nd and 3rd
order effects)
United States Army War College
NO
1) Availability heuristic related
2) Sample Size
3) Regression to the Mean
4) Insufficient Anchor Adjustment
5) Overconfidence
6) Self-serving Bias
7) Confirmation Trap
8) Fundamental attribution error
1) Argument against person
2) False Dichotomy
3) Appeal to unqualified authority
4) False Cause
5) Appeal to Fear
6) Appeal to the Masses
7) Slippery Slope
8) Weak Analogy
9) Red Herring
Make Decision
Clarify Position
Use Judgment
Clarify
Concern
Evaluate
Information Implications
Requires
Critical
Thinking?
Stimulus
Requiring
Judgment
Point of View
Assumptions
Inferences
Argument
Analysis
Impact of
Biases and
Traps
Egocentric
Tendencies
Assumptions
Inferences
Feedback
YES
Make Decision
Clarify Position
Use Judgment
A CRITICAL THINKING MODEL
United States Army War College
• It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve
first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. That
person is sharply different from one who is leader first, perhaps
because of the need to seek power or to acquire material
possessions… The leader-first and the servant-first are two
extreme types. Between them there are shadings and blends that
are part of the infinite variety of human nature.”
• The difference manifests itself in the care taken by the servant-first
to make sure that other people’s highest priority needs are being
served.
Servant Leadership: A Leadership Theory
Theoretical Framework that advocates a leader’s primary motivation and
role as a servant to others
United States Army War College
Tenets of Servant Leadership
1. Service to others – SL begins when a leader assumes the position
of servant in their interactions with followers. Authentic, legitimate
leadership arises not from the exercise of power or self-interested
actions, but from a fundamental desire to help others.
2. Holistic approach to work – SL holds that work exists for the person
as much as the person exists for the work. It challenges organizations
to rethink the relationship that exists between people, organizations,
and society as a whole.
3. Promoting a sense of community – SL questions the institutions ability
to provide human services, and argues that only community can
perform this function.
4. Sharing of power in decision-making – Effective SL is best evidenced
by the cultivation of servant leadership in others. By fostering
participation, empowering subordinates, and encouraging the talents
of followers, the servant leader creates a more effective, motivated
workforce and ultimately a more successful organization
United States Army War College 23
IDENTITY FORMATION
• Who am I?
• Why do I hold certain beliefs, biases and assumptions?
• Why do I exhibit certain behaviors?
– These questions have application at the
• Individual, organizational, and national strategic level
Social Identity Theory: A person’s sense of who they are based on group
membership
Similarity Attraction Theory: A belief that similarities in characteristics,
attitudes, and behaviors will facilitate personal liking and positive relationships
Self-Categorization Theory: A cognitive process by which individuals define
themselves in terms of membership in a given group
Questions
Has your perception and or notion of leadership
changed?
What did you learn, and how have you changed?
• Multiple stakeholders, ill-structured problems that are better of managed than solved, long term/future
orientation, ambiguity, multiple consequences (2nd / 3rd order effects)
• Individual Identity as a Strategic Leader (Senior Leader at the 20-26 year point in your career) ?
• Why do you believe what you believe? (biases, assumptions, inferences, tendencies)
• How does culture influence individual beliefs, organizational behavior, national level tendencies? (cultural
awareness) (artifacts, values, underlying assumptions)
• Are you consciously trying to be more empathetic to other points of views and perspectives? (self-
awareness)
• Are you aware of the underlying assumptions in your organization, and how do they influence espoused
versus enacted organizational values and norms
• As a senior leader and or Commander of an organization, are you the most important figure within the
organization? (What does Command Centric mean to you?)
• Are you a skilled and active listener?
• Have you increased your ability to apply judgment and well informed reasoning when making decisions?
• Who are you, and why are you speaking? (Communication and messaging)
• What is your notion of the past, and prospect for the future? (adaptation and evolution)
(Every Agent has a different perspective, and will act differently as a result) Hegemony and
Resistance
• What differences make a differences (similarity attraction, self-categorization, social identity)
• How do you know that everyone associated with your team feels valued?
• How do you build a team, what is your perception of an inner circle?
• Minimize, Denial, Defense… Acceptance, Adaptation, Integration (ethnocentric-ethno-
relativism)
• Want Self vs Should Self, Psychological Cleansing
• Stewardship of the Profession (ethic as a means of social control)
• Transactional vs Transformative Leadership (what is the right balance)?
• Does Servant Leadership have a place in the military?