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Development Bridging Organizations and Strategic Management for Social Change
by L. David Brown
L. David Brown is President of the Institute for Development Research and Professor ofOrganizational Behavior at Boston University. This paper was written as a chapter in PaulShrivastava, Ann Huff, and Jane Dutton (eds), Advances in Strategic Management, JAI Press,1993. This paper is based on researh carried out by IDR staff. The paper has benefitted fromcomments by Jane Covey and the editor of Advances in Strategic Management.
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CIGPEKGU CPF KPVGTPCVKQPCN FQPQTU CU YGNN CU PGKIJDQTJQQF CUUQEKCVKQPU VQ WUG
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CIGPEKGU UQWIJV VQ GZRCPF VJG YQTM QH VJG 122� VJG[ KPKVKCNN[ RTQRQUGF C RTQEGUU
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CEEGRV VJKU RTQRQUCN� TKUMKPI EQPHTQPVCVKQP YKVJ C OKNKVCT[ TGIKOG� &GEKFKPI YJGP VQ
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6JG 4GNKGH CPF &GXGNQROGPV #IGPE[ 4#&#� KU C RTKXCVG XQNWPVCT[ QTICPK\CVKQP
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CTIWGF DKVVGTN[ QXGT HWPFTCKUKPI CRRTQCEJGU CPF QTICPK\CVKQPCN RQNKEKGU VJCV CHHGEVGF
VJGKT FKHHGTGPV UVCMGJQNFGTU�
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KPVGTPCN EQPHNKEVU ECP GUECNCVG� 4#&# UVCHH QHVGP CVVTKDWVGF RQNKE[ FKHHGTGPEGU VQ
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QT �6JG TCFKECNU KP RTQLGEVU CTG VCMKPI GZVTGOG RQNKVKECN RQUKVKQPU VJCV UECTG CYC[
FQPQTU��� 6JG TGUWNVKPI EQPHNKEVU ECP GUECNCVG KPVQ XCNWG�FTKXGP �JQN[ YCTU� VJCV CTG
FKHHKEWNV VQ TGIWNCVG QT TGUQNXG�
6JG EQODKPCVKQP QH UVCMGJQNFGT KFGPVKHKECVKQPU CPF QTICPK\CVKQP CTQWPF XCNWGU ECP
HTCIOGPV DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU� 6JGUG HTCIOGPVCVKQP F[PCOKEU ECP RTQFWEG GPFNGUU
FGDKNKVCVKPI EQPHNKEVU� FGEKUKQP�OCMKPI RCTCN[UKU� QT QTICPK\CVKQPCN WRJGCXCNU CPF
EJCPIGU KP NGCFGTUJKR $TQYP CPF $TQYP� ����� $TQYP CPF %QXG[� ������
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UVCMGJQNFGTU CTG QHVGP EQORNGZ CPF EQPHNKEVKPI� CPF KPVGTPCN HTCIOGPVCVKQP ECP
HWTVJGT EQORNKECVG VJGKT NKXGU� +P CFFKVKQP� NGCFGTU QH QTICPK\CVKQPU DCUGF QP XCNWGU
CPF XKUKQPU CTG GZRGEVGF VQ GODQF[ VJQUG XCNWGU CPF XKUKQPU� &GCNKPI GHHGEVKXGN[
YKVJ FGOCPFU QH FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU CPF GODQF[KPI QTICPK\CVKQPCN XCNWGU OC[ PQV
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KPVGTPCVKQPCN FQPQTU VQ RTQXKFG TGUGCTEJ CPF VTCKPKPI UWRRQTV VQ ITCUUTQQVU
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DGECOG JKIJN[ XKUKDNG CU C UMKNNGF CPF GHHGEVKXG NGCFGT� 9JKNG 24+# TGETWKVGF
CPF VTCKPGF ECRCDNG UVCHH QXGT VJKU RGTKQF� UQOG QWVUKFGTU UVKNN DGNKGXGF VJCV
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PQ FGEKUKQPU EQWNF DG OCFG YKVJQWV VJG HQWPFGTU RCTVKEKRCVKQP�
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QTICPK\CVKQPU� $WV UWEJ FGRGPFGPEG KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ RTQDNGOCVKE YJGP KV KU
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1PG EQPUGSWGPEG HQT DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU KU NGCFGTUJKR QXGTNQCF� CU NGCFGTU VT[ VQ
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RGTUQPCN HQNNQY�WR VQ KVU VTCKPKPI RTQITCOU� YJKNG 24+# UVCHH HGNV VJCV JKU YQTM CPF
VTCXGN FGOCPFU FGNC[GF FGEKUKQPU VQQ OWEJ� $TKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU QHVGP RTGUGPV
NGCFGTUJKR EJCNNGPIGU QWV QH RTQRQTVKQP VQ VJGKT UK\G�
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QTICPK\CVKQPU QHVGP PGGF HQWPFGTU YJQ CTG EQPEGRVWCNN[ CFGRV� UMKNNGF CV YQTMKPI
YKVJ FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU� CPF EJCTKUOCVKE KP FGCNKPI YKVJ NCTIG ITQWRU� 6JKU KU C
RQVGPV EQODKPCVKQP HQT KPHNWGPEKPI FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU KP RQQTN[ WPFGTUVQQF CPF
NQQUGN[�QTICPK\GF UKVWCVKQPU� DWV KV ECP CNUQ TGFWEG UVCHH CPF UVCMGJQNFGT YKNNKPIPGUU
VQ EJCNNGPIG CPF UVKOWNCVG NGCFGTU� 6JG NGCFGT QH 24+# GZRNKEKVN[ GPEQWTCIGF HGGFDCEM
CPF FKUEWUUKQP QH JKU QYP CPF VJG QTICPK\CVKQPU UJQTVEQOKPIU� DWV 24+# UVCHH CPF
UVCMGJQNFGTU UVKNN HQWPF KV FKHHKEWNV VQ EJCNNGPIG JKO�
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QTICPK\CVKQPU� $TKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU VJCV FGRGPF QP QXGTNQCFGF CPF KUQNCVGF NGCFGTU
OC[ PQV UWTXKXG UWEJ DWTPQWVU� UKPEG VJG UCOG UVCHH CPF UVCMGJQNFGT F[PCOKEU
FKUEQWTCIG RTGRCTKPI QVJGTU VQ UWEEGGF HQWPFGTU�
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EQPHNKEVKPI VWIU CPF RWNNU QH UVCMGJQNFGTU� $WV VJG RTQDNGOU QH UQEKCN EJCPIG CTG
KOOGPUG� CPF DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU ECP UGNFQO CHHQTF VQ URGPF TGUQWTEGU KP YC[U
VJCV FQ PQV CFXCPEG UVTCVGIKE IQCNU� 1XGT VKOG� GHHGEVKXG DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU PGGF
VQ TGQTKGPV VJGKT UVTCVGIKGU TGIWNCTN[� RCTVKEWNCTN[ YJGP VJG[ CTG UWEEGUUHWN KP
RTQOQVKPI VJG UQEKCN EJCPIGU VJG[ UGGM�
6JG *KIJNCPFGT 4GUGCTEJ CPF 'FWECVKQP %GPVGT KP #RRCNCEJKC JCU DGGP
YQTMKPI YKVJ ITCUUTQQVU ITQWRU QP RTQDNGOU QH UQEKCN LWUVKEG CPF
FGXGNQROGPV HQT CNOQUV UKZV[ [GCTU� 6JG %GPVGT RTQXKFGF GFWECVKQPCN UWRRQTV
VQ VJG WPKQP OQXGOGPV KP VJG 5QWVJGTP 7�5� KP VJG ����U� CPF VJGP JGNRGF
FGXGNQR VJG �EKVK\GPUJKR UEJQQNU� HQT VJG %KXKN 4KIJVU /QXGOGPV KP VJG ����U
CPF ����U� +P VJG ����U� KV UWRRQTVGF ITCUUTQQVU EJCNNGPIGU VQ UVTKR�OKPKPI
CPF CDUGPVGG NCPFQYPGTU� CPF KP VJG ����U KV JCU YQTMGF ENQUGN[ YKVJ
ITCUUTQQVU ITQWRU EQPEGTPGF YKVJ RQNNWVKQP CPF NQECN GEQPQOKE FGXGNQROGPV�
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UQOG IQXGTPOGPV CIGPEKGU VQ UWRRQTV ITCUUTQQVU CEVKXKUO� VQ NKPM CEVKXKUVU
YKVJ NCTIGT OQXGOGPVU� CPF VQ DWKNF EQCNKVKQPU VQ EJCNNGPIG CDWUGU QH RQYGT�
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FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU� 6JKU ENCTKHKECVKQP OC[ KFGPVKH[ CTGCU YJGTG UWDWPKV FKHHGTGPEGU
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KPVGTRTGVCVKQP VJCV VJG �KPHKFGNU� CTG YKNNHWNN[ XKQNCVKPI QTICPK\CVKQPCN XCNWGU TCVJGT
VJCP FQKPI VJGKT DGUV HTQO VJGKT QYP RGTURGEVKXG� 9KFGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG
PGEGUUKV[ HQT DTKFIKPI UVCMGJQNFGT FKHHGTGPEGU ECP OQFGTCVG VJG \GCN QH KPVGTPCN
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6GPUKQPU COQPI UWDWPKVU KP FGXGNQROGPV DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU ECP CNUQ DG
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QTICPK\CVKQPCN UVTWEVWTGU CPF RTQEGUUGU JCXG DGGP KFGPVKHKGF HQT OCPCIKPI FKHHGTGPEGU
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EQPHNKEV D[ RTQXKFKPI YGNN�FGHKPGF UVTWEVWTGU CPF RTQEGFWTGU HQT FGCNKPI YKVJ
FKHHGTGPEGU� 5QOGVKOGU VCUMU ECP DG TGFGHKPGF UQ VJCV VJG UCOG UWDWPKV FGCNU YKVJ
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UQOGVKOGU DGGP TGUQNXGF D[ TGSWKTKPI RTQITCO UVCHH VQ FGCN YKVJ DQVJ FQPQTU CPF
DGPGHKEKCTKGU� #NVGTPCVKXG QTICPK\CVKQPCN CTTCPIGOGPVU OC[ TGFWEG VJG HTGSWGPE[ QH
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VQMGP� JQYGXGT� VJQUG EQPHNKEVU RTQXKFG QRRQTVWPKVKGU VQ FGXGNQR U[PVJGVKE
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UVCMGJQNFGTU� 5WDWPKV FKHHGTGPEGU VJCV TGHNGEV UVCMGJQNFGT FKHHGTGPEGU YKVJKP DTKFIKPI
QTICPK\CVKQPU CTG CV QPEG C VJTGCV CPF CP QRRQTVWPKV[�
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GUVCDNKUJKPI CPF RTGUGTXKPI ETGFKDKNKV[ YKVJ FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU� KPHNWGPEKPI VJTQWIJ
EQQRGTCVKQP CPF EJCNNGPIG� CPF DCNCPEKPI FKHHGTGPEGU KP UVCMGJQNFGT RQYGT VJCV OKIJV
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DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU HCEG QPIQKPI EJCNNGPIGU VQ OCKPVCKP GHHGEVKXG GZVGTPCN
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PGKIJDQTJQQF QTICPK\CVKQPU KP VJG UNWOU QH -CTCEJK VQ NGCTP CDQWV VJGKT EQPEGTPU CPF
KPVGTGUVU DGHQTG EJQQUKPI UCPKVCVKQP CU VJG HQEWU QH LQKPV YQTM� 122 CNUQ TGEQIPK\GF
VJCV QVJGT UVCMGJQNFGTU� UWEJ CU QHHKEKCNU KP VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH 2WDNKE 9QTMU� OKIJV
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RQYGT FKHHGTGPEGU $TQYP� ������ UQ CP CPCN[UKU VJCV YCTPU QH RQVGPVKCN RTQDNGOU KU
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GZCORNG� ICKPGF KPKVKCN HKPCPEKCN UWRRQTV QP VJG UVTGPIVJ QH JKU TGRWVCVKQP HQT GHHGEVKXG
FGXGNQROGPV YQTM� *G CPF JKU UVCHH GUVCDNKUJGF ENQUG TGNCVKQPUJKRU YKVJ UNWO
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UVTWEVWTGU OCMG VJG RGTUQPCN KPVGITKV[ QH KPFKXKFWCN CEVQTU GUUGPVKCN VQ OQDKNK\KPI
UWRRQTV HQT TKUM[ KPKVKCVKXGU� 6JG RGTUQPCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH KPFKXKFWCNU KP DTKFIKPI
QTICPK\CVKQPU CTG QHVGP IKXGP ITGCV YGKIJV D[ UVCMGJQNFGTU VJCV OKIJV QVJGTYKUG DG
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KPVGPFKPI VQ GZENWFG QVJGT UVCMGJQNFGTU� WPNGUU DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU EQWPVGT
KPGSWCNKVKGU VJCV MGGR NGUU RQYGTHWN CEVQTU UKNGPV� 9JGP IQXGTPOGPV CIGPEKGU
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GZRCPUKQP YQWNF JCXG NQUV VJG ITCUUTQQVU GPGTI[ CPF TGUQWTEGU OQDKNK\GF D[ VJGKT
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9JKNG VJG GORJCUKU JGTG KU QP EQQRGTCVKXG NKPMU HQT LQKPV RTQDNGO�UQNXKPI� EQQRGTCVKQP
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DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU KU FGEKFKPI YJGP VQ EJCNNGPIG TCVJGT VJCP EQQRGTCVG YKVJ MG[
UVCMGJQNFGTU� 6JG 122 CV HKTUV CXQKFGF EQPVCEV YKVJ IQXGTPOGPV CIGPEKGU YKVJ
XGUVGF KPVGTGUVU KP VJG UVCVWU SWQ� UQ VJG RTQLGEV OKIJV DG NCWPEJGF YKVJQWV CVVCEM
HTQO RQYGTHWN QWVUKFGTU� NCVGT VJG[ EJCNNGPIGF OWPKEKRCN EQPVTQN QH CP GZRCPFGF
RTQLGEV� UVKNN NCVGT VJG[ EQQRGTCVGF YKVJ IQXGTPOGPV CIGPEKGU VQ EQPUVTWEV NCTIG�UECNG
FTCKPCIG U[UVGOU� 'HHGEVKXG DCNCPEKPI QH EQQRGTCVKQP CPF EJCNNGPIG TGSWKTGU
WPFGTUVCPFKPI KPEGPVKXGU CPF EQPUVTCKPVU HQT FKHHGTGPV UVCMGJQNFGTU� CPF JQY VJG
KPVGTGUVU QH OCP[ RCTVKGU ECP DG FQXG�VCKNGF KP LQKPV UQNWVKQPU�
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KPKVKCN UWEEGUUGU� EQWPVGT�CVVCEMU HTQO CEVQTU YKVJ XGUVGF KPVGTGUVU� CPF WPGZRGEVGF
EQPUGSWGPEGU VJCV GOGTIG HTQO NCTIGT UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU� $TKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU VJCV
HQUVGT UQEKCN EJCPIGU OC[ CV VJG UCOG VKOG RTQOQVG EQPUGSWGPEGU VJCV TGSWKTG
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CPCN[UKU VJCV KPENWFGU GXCNWCVKPI VJGKT QYP CEVKXKVKGU CU YGNN CU CUUGUUKPI NCTIGT UQEKCN
EJCPIG RTQEGUUGU� .2�'5 KP +PFQPGUKC� HQT GZCORNG� CUUGUUGF DQVJ VJG GHHGEVU QH
YCVGT WUGT RCTVKEKRCVKQP KP KTTKICVKQP CPF VJG EQPEGTPU QH KTTKICVKQP RTQLGEV
UVCMGJQNFGTU �� ITCUUTQQVU ITQWRU� IQXGTPOGPV CIGPEKGU� KPVGTPCVKQPCN FQPQTU� +VU
TGUGCTEJ CPF VTCKPKPI CEVKXKVKGU RQUKVKQPGF .2�'5 VQ RTQOQVG DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF
VQ CTVKEWNCVG CNVGTPCVKXG UQNWVKQPU TGNGXCPV VQ CNN VJG UVCMGJQNFGTU� $TKFIKPI
QTICPK\CVKQPU EQPEGTPGF YKVJ UQEKCN EJCPIG ECP WUG WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH GOGTIKPI UQEKCN
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KPPQXCVKQP VQ TGURQPF VQ PGY FGOCPFU RQUGF D[ EJCPIGU KP UVCMGJQNFGTU QT
RTGUUWTGU VQ GZRCPF VJGKT KORCEVU� 6JG OQUV QDXKQWU TGURQPUG VQ YC[ VQ GZRCPF KU
QTICPK\CVKQPCN ITQYVJ� DWV OCP[ DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU HKPF QVJGT CNVGTPCVKXGU OQTG
WUGHWN� 6JG 5CXKPIU &GXGNQROGPV /QXGOGPV� HQT GZCORNG� GPEQWTCIGF IQXGTPOGPV
/KPKUVTKGU VQ VCMG QXGT KVU CEVKXKVKGU CPF UQ GZRCPFGF RTQITCO KORCEVU HCT DG[QPF
CP[VJKPI YKVJKP KVU QYP ECRCDKNKVKGU� 6JG 1TCPIK 2KNQV 2TQLGEV ETGCVGF C EGPVGT VQ
FGXGNQR CPF FKUUGOKPCVG VGEJPQNQIKGU CRRTQRTKCVG HQT ITCUUTQQVU FGXGNQROGPV� 9JGP
RTGUUGF VQ GZRCPF VJGKT TGIKQPCN UGTXKEGU� 24+# GPEQWTCIGF KPFGRGPFGPV TGIKQPCN
EGPVGTU TCVJGT VJCP GZRCPF KVU QYP QRGTCVKQPU� #NVGTPCVKXGU VQ QTICPK\CVKQPCN ITQYVJ
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VJCV ECP OWNVKRN[ QT CPPKJKNCVG VJGKT KORCEVU� UQ CNKIPKPI YKVJ NCTIGT UQEKCN HQTEGU OC[
DGEQOG C ETKVKECN KUUWG� /[NGU *QTVQP� HQWPFGT QH VJG *KIJNCPFGT %GPVGT� EQORCTGF
EQQTFKPCVKPI YKVJ C UQEKCN OQXGOGPV VQ ECVEJKPI C TKFG QP C OQXKPI HTGKIJV VTCKP� KH
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WPFGT VJG YJGGNU *QTVQP YKVJ -QJN CPF -QJN� ������ 5QOG DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU
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ENKOCVG HQT NCDQT�OCPCIGOGPV EQQRGTCVKQP CPF LQKPV KPPQXCVKQP� VJTQWIJ TGIKQPCN
GFWECVKQPCN RTQITCOU CPF EQPHGTGPEGU CU YGNN CU QTICPK\CVKQPCN KPPQXCVKQPU KP
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CU VJG CWVQPQOQWU XKNNCIG ENWDU QH VJG 5CXKPIU &GXGNQROGPV /QXGOGPV� 5VKNN QVJGTU
VWTP VJGKT CEVKXKVKGU QXGT VQ NCTIGT UQEKCN OQXGOGPVU� CU FKF VJG *KIJNCPFGT %GPVGT
YKVJ UGXGTCN FKHHGTGPV RTQITCOU� $TKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU CTG UQEKCN EJCPIG
QTICPK\CVKQPU� CPF UQ UGPUKVKXG VQ EJCPIGU �� HQT DGVVGT QT HQT YQTUG �� KP VJG NCTIGT
UQEKCN EQPVGZV� 5VTCVGIKE OCPCIGOGPV HQT UWEJ QTICPK\CVKQPU TGSWKTGU C VJGQT[ VJCV
KFGPVKHKGU QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT GHHGEVKXG KPVGTXGPVKQP CU YGNN CU RQVGPVKCN TGUKUVCPEG QT
VJTGCVU CV VJG NGXGN QH VJG UQEKGV[ CU YGNN CU VJG NGXGN QH VJG KOOGFKCVG QTICPK\CVKQPCN
EQPVGZV�
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UVTCVGIKE OCPCIGOGPV� CPF HQT QVJGT QTICPK\CVKQPU VJCV YQTM YKVJ FKXGTUG
UVCMGJQNFGTU! 6CDNG � UWOOCTK\GU VJG UVTCVGIKE RTQDNGOU CPF OCPCIGOGPV QRVKQPU
FKUEWUUGF HQT FGXGNQROGPV DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU� 1TICPK\CVKQPU VJCV URCP
GEQPQOKE� RQNKVKECN CPF EWNVWTCN FKHHGTGPEGU VQ RTQOQVG EQPUVTWEVKXG UQEKCN EJCPIG CTG
UWDLGEV VQ C XCTKGV[ QH KPVGTPCN CPF GZVGTPCN EJCNNGPIGU VJCV ECP FKHHWUG UVTCVGIKE
HQEWU� WPFGTOKPG VJGKT KPVGTPCN ECRCEKVKGU� CPF RQNCTK\G VJGKT GZVGTPCN TGNCVKQPU�
6JG CTTC[ QH RTQDNGOU NKUVGF KP 6CDNG � UWIIGUVU VJCV FGXGNQROGPV DTKFIKPI
QTICPK\CVKQPU RTGUGPV UVTCVGI[ CPF QTICPK\CVKQP EJCNNGPIGU QWV QH RTQRQTVKQP VQ VJGKT
UK\G CPF TGUQWTEGU� 'ZRGTKGPEG CNUQ UWIIGUVU VJCV UWEEGUUHWN OCPCIGOGPV QH VJGUG
EJCNNGPIGU ECP RTQFWEG EQPUVTWEVKXG KORCEVU VJCV CTG GSWCNN[ QWV QH RTQRQTVKQP VQ
VJGKT UK\G CPF TGUQWTEGU� UKPEG FGXGNQROGPV DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU UQOGVKOGU
ECVCN[\G NCTIG�UECNG UQEKCN EJCPIGU� 6JKU CPCN[UKU CNUQ UWIIGUVU PGY RGTURGEVKXGU QP
UVTCVGIKE OCPCIGOGPV EQPEGRVU� QP VJG MG[ ECRCEKVKGU QH DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU� CPF
QP VJG KPUVKVWVKQPCN OCMGWR QH RNWTCNKUVKE UQEKGVKGU�
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QH UVTCVGIKE OCPCIGOGPV EQPEGRVU� 'ZKUVKPI EQPEGRVU QH UVTCVGIKE CPCN[UKU JCXG
HQEWUGF QP QTICPK\CVKQPCN UVTCVGIKGU HQT EQORGVKVKXG CFXCPVCIG KP C YQTNF QH OCP[
UVCMGJQNFGTU CPF TCRKF EJCPIG� &GXGNQROGPV DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU� JQYGXGT� PGGF
UQEKGVCN CPCN[UGU CU YGNN CU QTICPK\CVKQPCN UVTCVGIKGU� 5QEKGVCN CPCN[UGU IWKFG UOCNN
KPVGTXGPVKQPU KPVGPFGF VQ JCXG NCTIG EQPUGSWGPEGU� VJG *KIJNCPFGT %GPVGT QT 24+#
ECPPQV ECVCN[\G NCTIG�UECNG UQEKCN EJCPIGU VJCV DGPGHKV VJG RQQT CPF FKUGPHTCPEJKUGF
YKVJQWV EQPEGRVU VJCV IWKFG CEVKQPU YKVJ NCTIG OWNVKRNKGT GHHGEVU� 5QEKGVCN CPCN[UGU
RTGUGTXG KPVGTPCN EQJGUKQP D[ GZRNCKPKPI NGCFGT CEVKQPU CPF UWDWPKV FKHHGTGPEGU� 24+#
UVCHH ECP WPFGTUVCPF NGCFGTUJKR EQPVCEVU YKVJ IQXGTPOGPV CIGPEKGU CPF 4#&# UVCHH
ECP CEEGRV UWDWPKV FKHHGTGPEGU IKXGP C UJCTGF VJGQT[ CDQWV UQEKCN EJCPIG� 5QEKGVCN
VJGQTKGU CNUQ RTGFKEV GZVGTPCN F[PCOKEU CPF EJCNNGPIGU� VJG 122 WUGF KVU CPCN[UKU QH
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2CIG ��
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HTCOGYQTMU� DTKFIKPI QTICPK\CVKQPU CTG XWNPGTCDNG VQ WPHQTGUGGP EJCNNGPIGU CPF
FGHGEVKQPU 9GUVNG[ CPF 8TGFGPDWTI� ����� VJCV EJCNNGPIG VJGKT GHHGEVKXGPGUU CPF
VJGKT XKCDKNKV[�
6CDNG �� 5VTCVGIKE 2TQDNGOU CPF /CPCIGOGPV 1RVKQPU
QH &GXGNQROGPV $TKFIKPI 1TICPK\CVKQPU
5VTCVGIKE 2TQDNGO 5VTCVGIKE /CPCIGOGPV 1RVKQPU
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KPVGTRTGVCVKQPU QH RTQDNGOU� 0GY U[PVJGUGU VJCV GOGTIG HTQO VJGUG FGDCVGU ECP
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CPF CEVKQP� 6JG RTQEGUU OC[ RTQOQVG GZEJCPIG QH TGUQWTEGU QT KPHQTOCVKQP� CU KP
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UGEVQTU CPF NGXGNU� +H UQ� VJG EWTTGPV VTGPF VQYCTF KPETGCUKPI UQEKGVCN CPF
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PGY XKUKQPU CPF TGEQPEGRVWCNK\G RTQDNGOU D[ HCEKNKVCVKPI FGDCVG CPF U[PVJGUKU COQPI
FKXGTUG UVCMGJQNFGTU� 6JG[ ECP RTQXKFG VJG KPUVKVWVKQPCN EQPVGZVU HQT KFGPVKH[KPI
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KORNGOGPVKPI LQKPV CEVKQP� %CTT[KPI QWV VJGUG TQNGU TGSWKTGU VJCV DTKFIKPI
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