Text of Developmental Psychology A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social changes...
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Developmental Psychology A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social changes throughout the lifespan.
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Prenatal Development Conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm. The sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the eggs surface.
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Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called.. The Zygote The first stage of prenatal development. Lasts about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division.
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The Zygote Stage Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks. About 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall. The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients).
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After two weeks, the zygote develops into a Embryo
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The Embryo Stage Lasts about 6 weeks. Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop. The baby is more vulnerable to damage at this stage than any others. Dont drink or do drugs!
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By nine weeks we have something that looks unmistakably human A Fetus
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Brain at 22 weeks
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The Fetus Stage By about the 6 th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother. At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.
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Teratogens harmful agents to the prenatal environment
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant womens heavy drinking. Severe cases symptoms include facial disproportions.
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So what will a healthy newborn do? Reflexes Rooting Reflex- a babies tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open mouth and search for a nipple. Turn towards human voices. Gaze longer at human face like images.
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Maturation Maturation is the physical development of a person. First you roll over, then crawl, then walk, then run. Some babies skip crawling but that can be bad for cognitive development.
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Cognitive Development
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Jean Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget did not conduct formal experiments, but rather loosely structured interviews in which he posed problems for children to solve, observed their actions carefully, and questioned them about their solutions Was particularly interested in childrens error, which would provide insights into childrens thought processes Assumed that a child is an active seeker of knowledge and gains an understanding of the world by operating on it
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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development SensorimotorBirth - age 2 Preoperational2 - 6 years Concrete Operational6 - 12 years Formal Operational12+ years
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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor Stage 0-2 Infant learns about the world through their sensory and motor interactions (including reflexes) Lack object permanence, the knowledge than an object exists independent of perceptual contact Symbolic representation of objects and events starts to develop during the latter part of the sensorimotor stage (e.g., use of telegraphic speech) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue8 y-JVhjS0&feature=related
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Preoperational Stage The childs thinking becomes more symbolic and language-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the mental operations that allow logical thinking Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish ones own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings from those of others Cannot perceive the world from another persons perspective http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLj0IZFLKvg&feature=re lated
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Animism Giving animal qualities to inanimate objects
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Preoperational Stage Conservation is the knowledge that the quantitative properties of an object (such as mass, volume, and number) remain the same despite changes in appearance Some grasp of conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of the concrete-operational stage The liquid/beakers problem is a common test of conservation ability
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Preoperational Stage A major reason why a preoperational child does not understand conservation is that the child lacks an understanding of reversibility, the knowledge that reversing a transformation brings about the conditions that existed before the transformation Childs thinking also reflects centration, the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time
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Tests of Conservation
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Concrete Operational Stage Children (age 6-12) gain a fuller understanding of conservation and other mental operations that allow them to think logically, but only about concrete events Conservation for liquids, numbers, and matter acquired early, but conservation of length acquired later in the stage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA04ew6Oi9 M&feature=related
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Concrete Operational Stage Can demonstrate concept of conservation. Learn to think logically Click the penguin to see kids try to grasp concrete logic.
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Formal Operational Stage What would the world look like with no light? Picture god What way do you best learn? Abstract reasoning Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them Hypothesis testing Trial and Error Metacognition Not every adult gets to this stage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjJdcXA1KH8&feature=related
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Criticisms of Piaget Some say he underestimates the abilities of children. Information- Processing Model says children to not learn in stages but rather a gradual continuous growth. Studies show that our attention span grows gradually over time.
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Evaluation of Piagets Theory 1.Not all people reach formal operational thought 2.The theory may be biased in favor of Western culture 3.There is no real theory of what occurs after the onset of adolescence 4.Despite refinements, recent research has indeed shown that cognitive development seems to proceed in the general sequence of stages that Piaget proposed
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Infancy and Childhood Social Development http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RP4abiHdQpc
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Stranger Anxiety
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Attachment An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress in separation.
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Factors of Attachment Body Contact Familiarity Responsive Parenting How not to hold a baby!
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Body Contact It was first assumed that infants became attached to those who satisfied their need for nourishment. Then this guy came along..
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Harry Harlow and his Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body contact comfort of a cloth mother, over the nourishment of a hard/wirily mother.
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Familiarity Attachments based on familiarity are formed during our critical periods.
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In general, a critical period is a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation. A "critical period" in developmental psychology is a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. If a child does not attach during the critical period for attachment, then it may be impossible to attach later. Same for language acquisition. Can you learn language at 4 years old?developmental psychology
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Konrad Lorenz Konrad Lorenz studied how goslings (baby geese) will imprint themselves to a human if they get human exposure during a critical period
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Same with dogs
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Deprivation of Attachment Often withdrawn, frightened and in extreme cases speechless. Harlows monkeys would either cower in fright or act extremely aggressive. Many could not mate and if they could, the mothers were unresponsive parents. Is there a connection between crime and lack of childhood attachment?
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Cognitive Development Rats who are raised in a rich environment have more neurons.
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Daycare High Quality daycare has shown no detrimental effects on children over the age of two. The studies go both ways for children under the age of two- no clear answer yet.
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Child Attachment Styles based on Ainsworths (1971) The Strange Situation studies
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Mary Ainsworth studied children's attachment styles. She would place a mother and young child in a room. The independent variable was a strange situation like a stranger or have the mother leave the room. The dependent vari
