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Measuring and Recording Measuring and Recording TemperatureTemperature
Measurement of balance Measurement of balance between heat lost and between heat lost and produced by the body.produced by the body.
Lost through:Lost through: PerspirationPerspiration RespirationRespiration ExcretionExcretion Produced by:Produced by: Metabolism of foodMetabolism of food Muscle and gland activityMuscle and gland activity Homeostasis = balance Homeostasis = balance
If body temperature If body temperature too high or too low, too high or too low, homeostasis is affectedhomeostasis is affected
Normal – 97o – 100o F Normal – 97o – 100o F or 36.1o – 37.8o C or 36.1o – 37.8o C
F = FahrenheitF = Fahrenheit C = Celsius or C = Celsius or
CentigradeCentigrade Temperature is usually Temperature is usually
higher in the evening.higher in the evening.
Parts of the body where temperature Parts of the body where temperature is taken:is taken: OralOral = In the mouth = In the mouth
Glass or electronicGlass or electronic
Most commonMost common
Normal 98.6Normal 98.6oo ( 97.6 ( 97.6oo – 99.6 – 99.6oo)) Rectal = Rectal = Most accurate Most accurate Axillary = Axillary = In the armpit In the armpit
Also, can measure in the groinAlso, can measure in the groin AurelAurel = In the ear or auditory = In the ear or auditory
canalcanal
Also called “Tympanic”Also called “Tympanic”
Uses different modesUses different modes
Usually in less than 2 secondsUsually in less than 2 seconds
Factors that Factors that body body temperature temperature
IllnessIllness Infection Infection ExerciseExercise ExcitementExcitement High temperatures in High temperatures in
the environmentthe environment
Factors that Factors that body body temperaturetemperature
Starvation or fastingStarvation or fasting SleepSleep Decreased muscle Decreased muscle
activityactivity Exposure to cold in the Exposure to cold in the
environmentenvironment Certain diseasesCertain diseases
HypothermiaHypothermia = Below = Below 959500 F F Caused by prolonged Caused by prolonged
exposure to coldexposure to cold Death when temp below Death when temp below 939300 F F Fever = Fever = Elevated Elevated
temperature, above 101temperature, above 10100 F F Hyperthermia = Hyperthermia = Elevated Elevated
temperature, above 104temperature, above 10400 F F Caused by prolonged Caused by prolonged
exposure to hot exposure to hot temperatures, brain damage, temperatures, brain damage, or serious infectionor serious infection
Temperatures above 106Temperatures above 10600 F F can lead to convulsions and can lead to convulsions and deathdeath
Taking TemperaturesTaking Temperatures Clinical (glass) thermometer Clinical (glass) thermometer
contains mercurycontains mercury Comes in oral, security, and Comes in oral, security, and
rectalrectal Electronic can be used for Electronic can be used for
oral, rectal, axillary or groinoral, rectal, axillary or groin Most have disposable probe Most have disposable probe
cover cover Tympanic placed in auditory Tympanic placed in auditory
canalcanal Taker pushes the scan buttonTaker pushes the scan button Paper or plastic are used in Paper or plastic are used in
some hospitalssome hospitals Contain special chemicals or Contain special chemicals or
dots that change colorsdots that change colors
To record temperature:To record temperature: 989866 is an oral reading is an oral reading 999966 (R) is a rectal reading (R) is a rectal reading 979766 (Ax) is an axillary (Ax) is an axillary
readingreading 989866 (T) is an aural reading (T) is an aural reading Eating, drinking hot or cold Eating, drinking hot or cold
liquids, or smoking can alter liquids, or smoking can alter oral temperature. Be sure it oral temperature. Be sure it has been 15 minutes since has been 15 minutes since the patient did any of those the patient did any of those things before taking the things before taking the temperature.temperature.
Measuring and Recording Pulse Measuring and Recording Pulse The pressure of blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the The pressure of blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the
heart beats and rests.heart beats and rests.Radial Artery
Brachial Artery
Temporal Artery
Carotid Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Dorsalis pedis Artery
Pulse TerminologyPulse Terminology
Bradycardia – Under 60 beats Bradycardia – Under 60 beats per minuteper minute
Tachycardia – Over 100 beats Tachycardia – Over 100 beats per minuteper minute
Rhythm – Regularity of the Rhythm – Regularity of the pulse (regular or irregular)pulse (regular or irregular)
Volume – Strength or Volume – Strength or intensity (strong, weak, intensity (strong, weak, thready, or bounding)thready, or bounding)
Pulse can be increased by:Pulse can be increased by: ExerciseExercise Stimulant drugsStimulant drugs ExcitementExcitement FeverFever ShockShock Nervous tensionNervous tension Pulse can be decreased by:Pulse can be decreased by: SleepSleep Depressant drugsDepressant drugs Heart diseaseHeart disease ComaComa
Measuring and Recording Measuring and Recording Respiration Respiration
Process of taking in Oxygen (O2) Process of taking in Oxygen (O2) and expelling Carbon Dioxide and expelling Carbon Dioxide (CO2)(CO2)
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respirationrespiration
Normal rate = 14 – 18/minNormal rate = 14 – 18/min Character – depth and quality Character – depth and quality
of respirationsof respirations DeepDeep ShallowShallow LaboredLabored DifficultDifficult StertorousStertorous MoistMoist
DyspneaDyspnea – difficult or labored – difficult or labored breathingbreathing
ApneaApnea – absence of respirations – absence of respirations Cheyne-StokesCheyne-Stokes – periods of – periods of
dyspnea followed by periods of dyspnea followed by periods of apnea; noted in the dying patientapnea; noted in the dying patient
RalesRales – bubbling or noisy sounds – bubbling or noisy sounds caused by fluids or mucus in the caused by fluids or mucus in the air passagesair passages
Leave your hand on the pulse Leave your hand on the pulse while counting respirations and be while counting respirations and be sure the patient doesn’t know you sure the patient doesn’t know you are counting the respirations.are counting the respirations.
Apical PulseApical Pulse Taken with a stethoscope at Taken with a stethoscope at
the apex of the heartthe apex of the heart Actual heartbeat heard and Actual heartbeat heard and
countedcounted Tips of earpieces and Tips of earpieces and
diaphragm of stethoscope diaphragm of stethoscope should be cleaned with should be cleaned with alcohol before usealcohol before use
Heart sounds heard Heart sounds heard resemble “lubb-dupp”resemble “lubb-dupp”
Factors that Factors that blood pressure blood pressure Excitement, anxiety, nervous Excitement, anxiety, nervous
tensiontension Stimulant drugsStimulant drugs Exercise and eatingExercise and eating Factors that Factors that body temperature body temperature Rest or sleepRest or sleep Depressant drugsDepressant drugs ShockShock Excessive loss of bloodExcessive loss of blood Blood pressure recorded as a Blood pressure recorded as a
fractionfraction Sphygmomanometers: Usually Sphygmomanometers: Usually
aneroid or mercuryaneroid or mercury
Measuring Blood PressureMeasuring Blood Pressure Measure of the pressure blood Measure of the pressure blood
exerts on the walls of arteriesexerts on the walls of arteriesBlood pressure read in Blood pressure read in millimeters (mm) of mercury millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg) on an instrument known as a (Hg) on an instrument known as a sphygmomanometersphygmomanometer
Systolic: Pressure on the walls of Systolic: Pressure on the walls of arteries when the heart is arteries when the heart is contracting.contracting.Normal range – 100 to 140 mm Normal range – 100 to 140 mm HgHg
Diastolic: Constant pressure when Diastolic: Constant pressure when heart is at restheart is at restNormal range – 60 to 90 mm HgNormal range – 60 to 90 mm Hg
Measuring/Recording Height and Measuring/Recording Height and WeightWeight
Used to determine if pt underweight or Used to determine if pt underweight or overweightoverweight
Height/weight chart used as averagesHeight/weight chart used as averages + or - 20% considered normal+ or - 20% considered normal
When are height-weight measurements routinely When are height-weight measurements routinely done in a health care setting?done in a health care setting?
Daily WeightsDaily Weights Ordered for patients with edema due to heart, kidney, Ordered for patients with edema due to heart, kidney,
or other diseases.or other diseases. Be sure to:Be sure to: Use the same scale every dayUse the same scale every day Make sure the scale is balanced before weighing the Make sure the scale is balanced before weighing the
patientpatient Weigh the patient at the same time each dayWeigh the patient at the same time each day Make sure the patient is wearing the same amount of Make sure the patient is wearing the same amount of
clothing each dayclothing each day OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS! Prevent OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS! Prevent
injury from falls and the protruding height lever.injury from falls and the protruding height lever.
Thoughts on weighing pts.Thoughts on weighing pts.
Some people are weight conscious, make only positive comments when weighing patients.
Types of ScalesTypes of Scales Clinical scales contain a balance beam and measuring rodClinical scales contain a balance beam and measuring rod Some institutions have bed scales or chair scalesSome institutions have bed scales or chair scales Infant scales come in balanced, aneroid, or digitalInfant scales come in balanced, aneroid, or digital When weighing an infant…keep one hand slightly over but not When weighing an infant…keep one hand slightly over but not
touching the infanttouching the infant A tape measure is used to measure infant height. One way to A tape measure is used to measure infant height. One way to
accomplish this is to:accomplish this is to: Make a mark on the exam table paper at the top of the headMake a mark on the exam table paper at the top of the head Stretch out the infant's leg and make a mark the paper at the Stretch out the infant's leg and make a mark the paper at the
heelheel Use a tape measure to measure from mark to markUse a tape measure to measure from mark to mark
Positioning a Patient Positioning a Patient
Medical exam tableMedical exam table Surgical tableSurgical table BedBed
Be sure you know how to operate the Be sure you know how to operate the table!table!
Paper covers are usually Paper covers are usually used on exam tablesused on exam tables
After use, tables are often After use, tables are often cleaned with disinfectantcleaned with disinfectant
During any procedure, During any procedure, reassure the patientreassure the patient
Observe safety factors to Observe safety factors to prevent falls and injuryprevent falls and injury
Use correct body mechanicsUse correct body mechanics Observe the patient for signs Observe the patient for signs
of distressof distress Protect the patient's privacyProtect the patient's privacy
Learn the purpose and procedure Learn the purpose and procedure for the following positions:for the following positions:
Horizontal recumbent (Supine)Horizontal recumbent (Supine) ProneProne Sims' (Left lateral)Sims' (Left lateral) Knee-chest*Knee-chest* Fowler'sFowler's Low-Fowler'sLow-Fowler's Semi-Fowler'sSemi-Fowler's High-Fowler'sHigh-Fowler's LithotomyLithotomy Dorsal recumbent*Dorsal recumbent* TrendelenburgTrendelenburg Jackknife*Jackknife** * Learn the correct procedure of Learn the correct procedure of
these positions. You will not be these positions. You will not be required to demonstrate them.required to demonstrate them.
Testing Urine Testing Urine
Urinalysis: Usually consists of Urinalysis: Usually consists of physical, chemical and microscopic physical, chemical and microscopic teststests
Physical = color, odor, transparency Physical = color, odor, transparency and specific gravityand specific gravity
Be sure the specimen is freshBe sure the specimen is fresh Chemical = to check pH, protein, Chemical = to check pH, protein,
glucose, ketone, bilirubin, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and bloodurobilinogen, and blood
Reagent strips used for chemical Reagent strips used for chemical testingtesting
Microscopic = to look for casts, cells, Microscopic = to look for casts, cells, crystals, and amorphous depositscrystals, and amorphous deposits
To do microscopic, urine is To do microscopic, urine is centrifuged and sediment is centrifuged and sediment is examined.examined.
OBSERVE STANDARD PRECAUTIONS when collecting and handling urine.
Did you save me a
specimen?