2
15. V. 1966 Specialia 317 A Lipase in the Milk of the Gorilla In 1901 MARFAN, a Trench paediatrician, discovered a lipase in human milk by using monobutyrin as a sub- strate and titrating the formation of butyric acid with alkaline solution. This effect could be found only in a very low degree in cows' milk. There was no splitting of high molecular fats. In 1928 it was shown by the author that MARFAN had made an error because the lipase in human milk had to be activated. After activation even fats of high molecular weight, such as those in human and cows' milk and in plants, could be split. Activation was brought about by bile acids such as cholic acid, desoxycholic acid, glyco- and taurocholic acid, but not by lithocholic acid. Scymnol of sharks' bile was also an activator and/or neutralized human gastric juices or ex- tracts of gastric mucosa. The effect of the latter group was based on the activa- tion of the substrate by which the triglycerides are changed to di- and monoglycerides. These can be split by the lipase of human milk without the presence of bile acids, similar to the action on low molecular esters. For methods and literature used see FREUDENBERG 1. This is demonstrated in Table I. Even highly purified (by chemical and physical pro- cedures, finally by electrophoresis) human milk lipase is inactive against high molecular fats and must be acti- vated. In 1965 the author investigated the presence of lipase activity in gorilla milk. At present, a lipase is not known to exist in any animal's milk, except as having weak ac- tion against esters of low molecular weight in the cow, the goat, the mare, the dog, the rabbit and the guinea-pig. Table I. Influence of activation of bile acids on splitting of different substrates of lipase in human milk Substrates Non-activated Activated lipase lipase Monobutyrin + ++ Tributyrin + ++ Methylbutyrat + ++ )[thylbutyrat + ++ Laurel oil 0 + Olive oil 0 + Fat of cows' milk 0 + Fat of human milk 0 + Acetylcholin 0 0 Lecithin 0 0 After activation by bile acids, gorilla milk, on the other hand, can split the fat of its own milk, of boiled cows' milk and of olive oil. Without activation there was splitting of tributyrin. Against inactivation of the lipase by chinin and/or physostigmin, human and gorilla milk showed the same properties (as indicated in Table II). The similarity of the effect of the poisons on the lipases of human and gorilla milk is as convincing as the simi- larity of the activation by bile acids and/or gastric juices and the parallelism of action on low molecular esters. It would be desirable to undertake similar research on the milk of the lower apes. Table II Poison Pancreatic Gastric Human Gorilla lipase lipase milk lipase milk lipase Chinin Suppression Suppression No sup- No sup- pression pression Physo- No sup- No sup- Suppression Suppression stigmin pression pression Zusammen/assung. Gorillamilch hat nach Gallens/iure- aktivierung eine ghnlich spaltende Wirkung auf echte Fette wie Menschenmilch. Ohne Gallensgure kann hoch- molekulares Fett such im Zusammenwirken mit neutrali- siertem menschlichem Magensaft oder Magenmucosa- extrakten angegriffen werden, indem hierbei Di- und Monoglyzeride entstehen. Ebenso werden niedrig moleku- lare Ester direkt angegriffen wie zum Beispiel Tributyrin. Die Gorillamilch ist die einzige Tiermilch, bei der einder Menschenmilch genau entsprechendes Verhalten der Li- pase bisher gefunden wurde. E. FREUDENBERG 2 Feierabendstrasse 57, Basel (Switzerland), January 6, 1966. 1 E. FREUDENBERG, Die Frauenmilchlipase (J. Karger, Basel and New York, 1953). 2 Acknowledgment: The gorilla milk I obtained from Prof. K. BERNHARD, Director of the Physiologisch-Chenlisches Institut in Basel, who received it from Dr. E. LANG, Director of the Zoological Garden in Basel. I thank both gentlenmn very nmeh. Die alkalische Phosphatase-Aktivitiit des Ratten- serums nach anaphylaktoidem Schock In friiheren Untersuchungen konnt'e festgestellt wer- den, dass anaphylaktische 1 und anaphylaktoide 2 Reak- tionen eine Erh6hung der alkalischen Phosphatase (AP)- Aktivitgt des Rattenharnes bewirken. Unter normalen Bedingungen entstammt die gesamte AP des Harnes den Nierentubuli, eine Ausscheidung von Serum-AP finder nicht statt. Unter pathologischen Bedingungen (bei Pro- teinurie oder bei erh6hter Serumaktivit/it) konnte jedoch eine Ausscheidung von AP des Serums durch die Niere festgestellt werden a. Deshalb erschienen Untersuchungen der AP des Rattenserums zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach Ausl6sung eines anaphylaktoiden Schocks angezeigt, um Ver/inderungen der Serum-AP als allf/illige Ursache der gesteigerten AP-Aktivit/it des Harnes auszuschliessen. Material und Methoden. Als Versuchstiere dienten Albinoratten yon 200 g K6rpergewicht. Nach Bestim- mung der AP-AktivitXt im Serum normaler Tiere (50 1 W. RAAB, Nature, im Druck. 2 W. RAAB, Experientia, 22, 91 (1966) ; Naturwiss. 53, 43 (1966). a C. A. FLOOR, •. B. GUTMANund A. B. GUTMAN, Am. J. Physiol. 720, 696 (1937). - G. NAVA und L. SZASZ, Folia endocr. 3, 437 (1950).

Die alkalische Phosphatase-Aktivität des Ratten-serums nach anaphylaktoidem Schock

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15. V. 1966 Specia l ia 317

A Lipase in the Mi lk of the Gori l la

I n 1901 M A R F A N , a T r e n c h paed ia t r i c ian , d iscovered a l ipase in h u m a n mi lk b y us ing m o n o b u t y r i n as a sub- s t r a t e a n d t i t r a t i n g t he f o r m a t i o n of b u t y r i c acid w i t h a lka l ine solut ion. Th i s effect could be found only in a ve ry low degree in cows' milk. There was no sp l i t t i ng of h igh molecu la r fats. I n 1928 i t was shown b y the a u t h o r t h a t MARFAN h a d m a d e an er ror because t he l ipase in h u m a n mi lk h a d to be ac t iva t ed . Af te r a c t i v a t i o n even fa ts of h igh molecu la r weight , such as those in h u m a n a n d cows' mi lk and in p lan t s , could be split . A c t i v a t i o n was b r o u g h t a b o u t b y bile acids such as cholic acid, desoxychol ic acid, glyco- a n d t aurocho l ic acid, b u t no t b y l i thochol ic acid. Scymno l of sha rks ' bile was also a n a c t i v a t o r a n d / o r neu t r a l i zed h u m a n gas t r ic juices or ex- t r a c t s of gas t r ic mucosa .

The effect of t he l a t t e r g roup was based on the ac t iva - t ion of t he s u b s t r a t e b y which t he t r ig lycer ides are changed to di- a n d monoglycer ides . These can be spl i t b y the l ipase of h u m a n mi lk w i t h o u t the presence of bi le acids, s imi la r to t he ac t ion on low molecu la r esters. Fo r m e t h o d s a n d l i t e r a tu re used see F R E U D E N B E R G 1. This is d e m o n s t r a t e d in Tab le I.

E v e n h igh ly pur i f ied (by chemica l and phys ica l pro- cedures, f ina l ly b y e lectrophoresis) h u m a n mi lk l ipase is inac t ive aga ins t h i g h molecu la r fa ts and m u s t be act i - va ted .

I n 1965 the a u t h o r i n v e s t i g a t e d the presence of l ipase a c t i v i t y in gori l la milk. A t present , a l ipase is no t k n o w n to exis t in a n y a n i m a l ' s milk, excep t as h a v i n g weak ac- t ion aga ins t es ters of low molecula r we igh t in the cow, t he goat , t h e mare , t he dog, t he r a b b i t and t he guinea-pig.

Table I. Inf luence of a c t i v a t i o n of bile acids on sp l i t t i ng of different s u b s t r a t e s of l ipase in h u m a n mi lk

S u b s t r a t e s N o n - a c t i v a t e d Act iva ted lipase lipase

M o n o b u t y r i n + ++ T r i b u t y r i n + ++ M e t h y l b u t y r a t + ++ ) [ t h y l b u t y r a t + ++ Laure l oil 0 + Olive oil 0 + Fat of cows ' mi lk 0 + F a t of h u m a n milk 0 + Ace ty lcho l in 0 0 Lec i th in 0 0

After a c t i v a t i o n b y bile acids, gori l la milk, on t he o t h e r h a n d , can spl i t t h e fa t of i ts own milk, of boi led cows' mi lk and of olive oil. W i t h o u t a c t i v a t i o n t he re was sp l i t t i ng of t r i b u t y r i n . Aga in s t i n a c t i v a t i o n of t he l ipase b y ch in in a n d / o r physos t igmin , h u m a n and goril la mi lk showed t he same p roper t i e s (as i nd i ca t ed in Tab le II) .

The s imi la r i ty of t he effect of t he poisons on t he l ipases of h u m a n a n d gori l la mi lk is as conv inc ing as t he simi- l a r i ty of t he a c t i v a t i o n b y bile acids a n d / o r gas t r ic juices and t he para l le l i sm of ac t ion on low molecu la r esters. I t would be des i rab le to u n d e r t a k e s imi la r research on t h e mi lk of the lower apes.

Table II

Poison P a n c r e a t i c Gas t r ic H u m a n Gori l la lipase lipase milk lipase milk lipase

Chinin Suppres s ion Suppress ion No sup- No sup- press ion press ion

Physo - No sup- No sup- Suppres s ion Suppres s ion s t i gmin press ion press ion

Zusammen/assung. Gori l lami lch h a t n a c h Gallens/ iure- a k t i v i e r u n g eine ghn l i ch s p a l t e n d e W i r k u n g auf ech te F e t t e wie Menschenmi lch . Ohne Gal lensgure k a n n hoch - moleku la res F e t t s u c h im Z u s a m m e n w i r k e n m i t neu t ra l i - s i e r t em m e n s c h l i c h e m Magensa f t oder Magenmucosa - e x t r a k t e n angegr i f fen werden, i n d e m h ie rbe i Di- u n d Monoglyzer ide en t s t ehen . E b e n s o w e r d e n n iedr ig moleku- lare E s t e r d i r ek t angegr i f fen wie z u m Beispiel T r i b u t y r i n . Die Gor i l lami lch is t die einzige Tiermi lch , bei der e i n d e r M e n s c h e n m i l c h genau e n t s p r e c h e n d e s V e r h a l t e n der Li- pase b i sher ge funden wurde.

E . F R E U D E N B E R G 2

Feierabendstrasse 57, Basel (Switzerland), January 6, 1966.

1 E. FREUDENBERG, Die Frauenmilchlipase (J. Karge r , Basel and New York , 1953).

2 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The gori l la mi lk I o b t a i n e d f r o m Prof . K. BERNHARD, Direc to r of the Phys io log isch-Chenl i sches I n s t i t u t in Basel , who rece ived i t f r om Dr. E. LANG, Di rec to r of the Zoological G a r d e n in Basel. I t h a n k bo th gen t l enmn ve ry nmeh .

Die a lka l i s che P h o s p h a t a s e - A k t i v i t i i t des R a t t e n - s e r u m s nach a n a p h y l a k t o i d e m S c h o c k

I n f r i iheren U n t e r s u c h u n g e n konnt 'e fes tges te l l t wer- den, dass a n a p h y l a k t i s c h e 1 und a n a p h y l a k t o i d e 2 Reak - t i onen eine E r h 6 h u n g der a lka l i schen P h o s p h a t a s e (AP)- A k t i v i t g t des R a t t e n h a r n e s bewirken. U n t e r n o r m a l e n B e d i n g u n g e n e n t s t a m m t die gesamte A P des H a r n e s den Nie ren tubu l i , eine Aussche idung von S e r u m - A P f inder n i c h t s t a t t . U n t e r pa t ho l og i s chen B e d i n g u n g e n (bei Pro- t e inur ie oder bei e r h 6 h t e r Se rumakt iv i t / i t ) k o n n t e j edoch eine Aussche idung v o n A P des Serums d u r c h die Niere fes tges te l l t werden a. Des ha l b e rsch ienen U n t e r s u c h u n g e n

der AP des R a t t e n s e r u m s zu ve r sch i edenen Z e i t p u n k t e n n a c h Aus l6sung eines a n a p h y l a k t o i d e n Schocks angezeigt , u m Ver / inde rungen de r S e r u m - A P als allf/illige Ursache der ges te ige r ten A P - A k t i v i t / i t des H a r n e s auszuschl iessen.

Material und Methoden. Als Versuchs t i e re d i en t en A l b i n o r a t t e n yon 200 g K6rpe rgewich t . N a c h Bes t im- m u n g de r A P - A k t i v i t X t im S e r u m n o r m a l e r Tiere (50

1 W. RAAB, Na tu re , im Druck . 2 W. RAAB, Experientia, 22, 91 (1966) ; Naturwiss. 53, 43 (1966). a C. A. FLOOR, •. B. GUTMAN und A. B. GUTMAN, Am. J. Physiol.

720, 696 (1937). - G. NAVA und L. SZASZ, Folia endocr. 3, 437 (1950).

318 Specialia J~XPERIENTIA XXII/5

R a t t e n ) wurde d u r c h i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l e I n j e k t i o n v o n 1,25 m g / k g C o m p o u n d 48/80 ein a n a p h y l a k t o i d e r Schock aus- gel6st. C o m p o u n d 48/80 is t eine s y n t h e t i s c h e mas tze l l - deg ranu l i e r ende S u b s t a n z ~. Chemisch h a n d e l t es sich u m ein Gemisch von Dimeren , T r i m e r e n u n d T e t r a m e r e n , die bei K o n d e n s a t i o n v o n p - M e t h o x y p h e n y l ~ t h y l m e t h y l a m i n m i t F o r m a l d e h y d en t s t ehen . 10 u n d 30 rain, 2, 6, 9, 15 u n d 24 h n a c h I n j e k t i o n y o n C o m p o u n d 48/80 erfolgte bei je 20 T ie ren eine B e s t i m m u n g de r A P im Serum. Die M e t h o d i k de r E n z y m b e s t i m m u n g wurde bere i t s a n an- dere r Stelle be sch r i eben 1,2,

Ergebnisse. Die n o r m a l e A k t i v i t ~ t de r a lka l i schen P h o s p h a t a s e im S e r u m des v e r w e n d e t e n R a t t e n s t a m m e s b e t r u g 12,4 =~ 2,0 m M U . 10 m i n n a c h Aus l6sung des ana- p h y l a k t o i d e n Schocks s a n k die Aktivi t /~t au f 9,7 -4- 1,4 m M U (Figur). 30 min n a c h der I n j e k t i o n des C o m p o u n d 48/80 f a n d e n s ich p r a k t i s c h no r m a l e A k t i v i t g t e n (12,5

1,3 m M U ) . 2 h n a c h de r Aus l6sung des a n a p h y l a k - t o iden Schocks wa r eine geringe E r h 6 h u n g de r AP- Ak t iv i t / i t im S e r u m auf 13,6 4- 1,8 m M U zu beobach - ten . Die A P - A k t i v i t / i t e n 6, 9, 15 u n d 24 h n a c h d e m Schock lagen im Bere ich de r N o r m (11,9, 11,8, 12,6 bzw. 12,4 m M U ) .

15

12

~11

"~ 10

, i i i 10 30rain lh ~h

Compound 48/80

,t

Die alkalische Phosphatase-Aktivitat (AP) des Rattenserums nach anaphylaktoidem Schock. mMU = milliMol Unit.

SchIuss]olgerungen und Zusammenfassung. Bei tox i - schen N i e r e n v e r i i n d e r u n g e n legen alle h i s t ochemischen u n d b iochemischen Be funde fiber die A b n a h m e de r A P in de r Niere u n d d e m hierzu para l le l gehenden Ans t i eg de r AP-Akt iv i t /~ t im H a r n f i be r e in s t immend eine rena le H e r k u n f t der e rhOhten A P - A u s s c h e i d u n g n a h e 3. Ffir den a n a p h y l a k t o i d e n Schock is t ein g le icher Mechan i smus an- z u n e h m e n . Da weder eine pa tho log i sche E r h 6 h u n g de r AP- A k t i v i t ~ t des Se rums nachzuwe i sen ist, noch eine pa tho lo - gische P ro t e inu r i e vor l iegt , muss auf eine renale H e r k u n f t der e r h 6 h t e n AP-Akt iv i tS . t im H a r n n a c h a n a p h y l a k t o i d e n a n d n a c h a n a p h y l a k t i s c h e n R e a k t i o n e n geschlossen wer- den. Die Di f fe renz ie rung de r A P des H a r n e s in I s o e n z y m e 5 k 6 n n t e den l e t z t en Beweis fiir die r e in renale H e r k u n f t de r ges te ige r ten AP-Akt iv i t /~ t i m H a r n n a c h Schock- r e a k t i o n e n br ingen .

Der Abfal l de r AP-Akt iv i t~ t t im Se rum 10 m i n n a c h I n j e k t i o n von C o m p o u n d 48/80 di i r f te k e i n e n spezi f i schen B e f u n d dars te l len , s o n d e r n auf h / i m o d y n a m i s c h e n Fak - t o r e n b e r u h e n s.

Summary. A t seven d i f fe ren t i n t e r v a l s a f te r t he el ici ta- t i on of a n a p h y l a c t o i d shock ( compound 48/80), de ter - m i n a t i o n s of a lka l ine p h o s p h a t a s e (AP) a c t i v i t y were car r ied ou t in r a t se lum. No s igni f ican t increase could be de tec ted . These f ind ings exclude e x t r a r e n a l fac tors as t h e cause for increased A P - a c t i v i t y in u r ine fol lowing ana- p h y l a c t o i d shock.

W. RAAB

Universitiitsinstitut ]i~r medizinische Chemic, 7090 Wien (Osterreich), 3. Dezember 1965.

Compound 48/80 wurde yon Burroughs Wellcome, London, freundlichst zur Verffigung gestellt.

5 p. j . BIJTTERWORTH, D. W. Moss, 1~. PITKANEN und A. PRINGLE, Clinica chim. Acta 71,212 (1965). H. SCHWlEGK, Klin. Wschr. 21, 741 (1942); 22, 477 (1943). - E. HESSE, Angewandte Pharmakologie (Urban und Schwarzenberg, Berlin-Mfinchen-Wien 1949).

Reduced Excretion of Urinary Procoagulant in Uremic Patients

N o r m a l h u m a n ur ine w h e n added in v i t ro to hemoph i l i c b lood corrects comple t e ly t he c lo t t ing a b n o r m a l i t y 1,~. The respons ib le u r ine c o m p o n e n t is p r epa red f rom ur ine b y a d s o r p t i o n o n t o BaSO43, porce la in t h i m b l e s 4, or ex tens ive dia lysis of t he u r ine a n d t h e n s u b s e q u e n t l y pur i f ied b y isoelectr ic p r e c i p i t a t i o n a t p H 3.53,4, prec ip i t a t i on w i t h 0 . 5 7 M NaC1 followed b y c h r o m a t o g r a p h y on S e p h a d e x G-200, a n d o t h e r s teps 5. T he resu l t ing wh i t e a m o r p h o u s m a t e r i a l is soluble in 0 . 0 0 5 M glycine buf fe r p H 8.6. One o u t s t a n d i n g f ea tu re is t he m a r k e d h e a t r e s i s t ance of t he p r o c o a g u l a n t in solut ion, wh ich can be b r o u g h t to 98 ~ for 10 m i n w i t h l i t t le loss of ac t iv i ty . A few m i c r o g r a m s of the pur i f ied m a t e r i a l no rma l i ze the c lo t t ing of hemo- phi l ic p l a s m a (A, B, C) in the t e s t t u b e (c lo t t ing t ime, p r o t h r o m b i n c o n s u m p t i o n , t h r o m b e l a s t o g r a m ) . T he uri- n a r y ' p r o c o a g u l a n t also normal i zes t he c lo t t i ng of p l a s m a

f rom p a t i e n t s w i t h c i rcu la t ing ' a n t i t h r o m b o p l a s t i n s ' 4 b u t n o t of t h r o m b o c y t o p e n i c p lasma. The p r o c o a g u l a n t con- ve r t s pur i f ied p r o t h r o m b i n in to t h r o m b i n in the presence of fac to r V, CaC12 a n d e i the r whole pla te le ts , p l a t e l e t fac- t o r 36 or b r a i n lipidS. The convers ion of p r o t h r o m b i n to t h r o m b i n b y t he p r o c o a g u l a n t is a c o n c e n t r a t i o n depen- d e n t t ime reac t ion . The yield of t h r o m b i n can be m a d e

1 W. GRUNKE, Z. ges. exp. Med. 96, 512 (1935). 2 L. M. TOCANTINS and H. J. LINDQUIST, Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.

65, 44 (1947). a t ( . IN', VON K A U L L A , P r o c . S o c . exp. Biol. Med. 97, 543 (1956). 4 K. N. VON KAULLA and E. YON /~AULLA, Acta haemat. 30, 25

(1963). N. AOKI and K. N. vo~ KAULLA, (a) Thromb. Diath. haemorrh. 13, 583 (1965) ; (b) in preparation.

6 M , J . C A L D W E L L , K . N. VON K A U L L A , E. YON K A U L L A , and W. H. SEEGERS, Thromb. Diath. haemorrh. 9, 53 (1963).