Different Types of Voltage Regulators with Working Principle.pptx

8/17/2019 Different Types of Voltage Regulators with Working Principle.pptx

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Diferent Types o

VoltageRegulators with

Working Principle



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Diferent Types o VoltageRegulators with Working

PrincipleIntroduction: A voltage regulator is used to regulate voltage level. When

a steady, reliable voltage is needed, then voltage regulator

is the preferred device. It generates a xed output voltagethat remains constant for any changes in an input voltageor load conditions. It acts as a buer for protectingcomponents from damages. A voltage regulator is a devicewith a simple feed! forward design and it uses negative

feedbac" control loops.





PrincipleVoltageRegulator





PrincipleDiferent Types O Voltage Regulators and WorkingPrinciple

#here are two types of $oltage

regulators%. &inear $oltage 'egulator

(. )witching voltage

regulator.





PrincipleTypes o Linear VoltageRegulators

#here are two types of &inear voltage

regulators:%. )eries $oltage 'egulator.

(. )hunt $oltage 'egulator.





PrincipleTypes o witching VoltageRegulator

#here are three types of )witching voltageregulators:

%. )tep *p.

(. )tep +own.

. Inverter $oltage 'egulator.


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PrincipleLinear VoltageRegulators

&inear regulator acts li"e a voltage divider. In-hmic region, it uses #. #he resistance of thevoltage regulator varies with load resulting inconstant output voltage.




Principle!d"antages O Linear VoltageRegulator

0ives a low output ripple voltage

ast response time to load or line

changes

&ow electromagnetic interference and

less noise




PrincipleDisad"antages O Linear VoltageRegulator1ciency is very low.

'e2uires large space 3 heat sin" is needed.

$oltage above the input cannot be

increased.




Principleeries VoltageRegulator




Principle

A series voltage regulator uses a variable element placedin series with the load.

4y changing the resistance of that series element, thevoltage dropped across it can be changed.

#he voltage across the load remains constant.

#he amount of current drawn is eectively used by theload.

#his is the main advantage of the series voltage regulator.

eries Voltage Regulator




Principleeries Voltage Regulator

ven when the load does not re2uire anycurrent.

#he series regulator does not draw full current.

#herefore, a series regulator is considerably

more e1cient than shunt voltage regulator.




Principleeries Voltage Regulator#ircuit




Principle

hunt VoltageRegulator

A shunt voltage regulator wor"s by providing a path fromthe supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance.

#he current through the shunt regulator is diverted awayfrom the load.

It 6ows uselessly to the ground, ma"ing this form usually

less e1cient than the series regulator.

It is, simpler, sometimes consisting of 7ust a voltage!reference diode.




Principle

hunt VoltageRegulator

It is used in very low!powered circuits wherein thewasted current is too small to be of concern.

#his form is very common for voltage referencecircuits.

A shunt regulator can usually only sin" 8absorb9

current.




Principlehunt VoltageRegulator




Principle!pplications o huntRegulators

)hunt regulators are used in:

•

&ow -utput $oltage )witching ower )upplies.• ;urrent )ource and )in" ;ircuits.

• rror Ampliers.

• Ad7ustable $oltage or ;urrent &inear and )witching ower

)upplies.

• $oltage <onitoring.

• Analog and +igital ;ircuits that re2uire precision

references.•




Principlewitching VoltageRegulator A switching regulator rapidly switches a series device on

and o.

#he switch=s duty cycle sets the amount of chargetransferred to the load.

#his is controlled by a feedbac" mechanism similar to thatof a linear regulator.

)witching regulators are e1cient because the serieselement is either fully conducting or switched o becauseit dissipates almost no power.

)witching regulators are able to generate output voltagesthat are higher than the input voltage or of opposite




Principlewitching VoltageRegulator




Principlewitching VoltageRegulator

)witching voltage regulator switches on and o rapidly toalter the output.

It re2uires a control oscillator and also charges storagecomponents.

It is more di1cult to lter out that noise, in a switching

regulator with ulse 'ate <odulation varying fre2uency,constant duty cycle and noise spectrum imposed by '<vary.





Principlewitching VoltageRegulator A switching regulator with ulse Width <odulation,

constant fre2uency, varying duty cycle, is e1cient and

easy to lter out noise.

In a switching regulator, continuous mode currentthrough an inductor never drops to >ero. It allows highestoutput power. It gives better performance.

In a switching regulator, discontinuous mode currentthrough the inductor drops to >ero. It gives betterperformance when the output current is low.





PrinciplewitchingTopologies

It has two types oftopologies:

+ielectric isolation.

?on! isolation.





Principlewitching Topologies

$% &on 'Isolation:

It is based on small changes in

$out/ $in. xamples are )tep *p voltage regulator 84oost9 3

'aises input voltage@ )tep +own 84uc"9 3 lowers inputvoltage.

)tep up/ )tep +own 8boost/ buc"9 $oltage regulator 3&owers or raises or inverts the input voltagedepending on the controller.

;harge pump 3 It provides multiples of input without

using inductor.





Principlewitching Topologies

(% Dielectric 'Isolation:

It is based on radiation and intenseenvironments.





Principle!d"antages o witchingTopologies

#he main advantages of a switching power supply aree1ciency, si>e, and weight.

It is also a more complex design, which is capable ofhandling higher power e1ciency.

)witching voltage regulator can provide output, which is

greater than or less than or that inverts the input voltage.





Principle

Disad"antages o witchingTopologies

igher output ripple voltage.

)lower transient recovery time.

<I produces very noisy output.

$ery expensive.





Principletep )p VoltageRegulator






)tep!up switching converters, also called boostswitching regulators.

It provides a higher voltage output by raising the inputvoltage.

#he output voltage is regulated, as long as the powerdrawn is within the output power specication of the

circuit.

or driving strings of &+), )tep up )witching voltageregulator is used.






Assume &ossless circuit inB out 8input and outputpowers are same9

#hen $in Iin B $out Iout ,

Iout / Iin B 8%!+9

rom this, it is inferred that in this circuit

o

owers remain same

o $oltage increases

o ;urrent decreases

o 2uivalent to +; transformer





Principletep Down *+uck, VoltageRegulator





Principletep Down *+uck, VoltageRegulator

It lowers the input voltage.

If input power is e2ual to output power, then

in B out@ $in Iin B $out Iout,

Iout / Iin B $in /$out B %/+

)tep down converter is e2uivalent to +; transformerwherein the turns ratio is in the range of C!%.

if l





Principletep )p-tep Down*+oost-+uck,

Dif T V l





Principletep )p-tep Down*+oost-+uck, It is also called $oltage inverter. 4y using this conguration, it

is possible to raise, lower or invert the voltage as per there2uirement.o -utput voltage is of opposite polarity of the input.

o #his is achieved by $& forward! biasing reverse biaseddiode during the o times.

o producing current and charging the capacitor forvoltage production during the o times.

o 4y using this type of switching regulator, DCE e1ciencycan be achieved.

Dif T V l





Principle!lternator VoltageRegulator

Alternators produce the current that is re2uired to meet avehicle=s electrical demands when the engine runs.

It also replenishes the energy which is used to start thevehicle.

Dif t T V lt





Principle!lternator VoltageRegulator An alternator has the ability to produce more current at

lower speeds than the +; generators that were once used bymost of the vehicles.

!lternator has twoparts:$%tator #his is a stationary component, which does not

move.

It contains a set of electrical conductors woundin coils over an iron core.



Dif t T V lt





Principle0lectronic VoltageRegulator

A simple voltage regulator can be made from a resistorin series with a diode 8or series of diodes9.

+ue to the logarithmic shape of diode $!I curves.

#he voltage across the diode changes only slightly dueto changes in current drawn or changes in the input.

When precise voltage control and e1ciency are notimportant, this design may wor" ne.

Dif t T V lt





PrincipleTransistor VoltageRegulator

Dif t T V lt





PrincipleTransistor VoltageRegulator lectronic voltage regulators have astable voltage

reference source that is provided by the Fener diode,

It is also "nown as reverse brea"down voltage operatingdiode.

It maintains a constant +; output voltage.

#he A; ripple voltage is bloc"ed, but lter cannot bebloc"ed.

$oltage regulator also has an extra circuit for short circuitprotection, and current limiting circuit, over voltage

protection, and thermal shutdown.

Dif t T V lt

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Principle#onclusion

#his is all aboutdierent types of voltage regulators and their wor"ing

principle, advantage and disadvantages of dierent types ofvoltage regulator and its applications.

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Different Types of Voltage Regulators with Working Principle.pptx