Digital Devices

7/25/2019 Digital Devices

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Computers, Digital Devices and Data

RepresentationInfo.1

College of Computer Studies

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan

Prepared by: Mr. Rangie Obispo


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What is a Computer?

multipurpose device

that accepts input,processes data, storesdata, and producesoutput, all according

to a series of storedinstructions

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ProcessorCPU, A!U"

Inputdevices

#utputdevices

Storagedevices

$emory

datainformatio

n

instructions,

data,informatio

n

instructions,

data,informatio

n


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Input Input means to feed information into a

computer Input can %e typed, su%mitted or transmitted toa computer system

&ords and sym%ols in a document

'um%ers for a calculation Pictures

An input device gathers input and transforms itinto a series of electronic signals for the

computer to store and manipulate (ey%oard

$ouse

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Processing )ata refers to the sym%ols that represent

facts, ideas and o%*ects Processing is the +ay that a computermanipulates data

performing calculations

sorting lists and num%ers dra+ing graphs

A computer program is soft+are that sets upa computer to do a specic tas-

A computer processes data in a devicecalled the central processing unit CPU"

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Storage A computer stores data so that it +ill

%e availa%le for processing $emory is an area of a computer thattemporarily holds data that is +aiting

to %e processed Storage is the area +here data can %eleft on a permanent %asis

Storage devices include hard drives,C)/#$s, 0oppy dis-s, etc.

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utput Computer output is the results produced

%y the computer /eports

)ocuments

$usic

raphs Pictures

An output device displays, prints or

transmits the results of processing Printer

$onitor

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Programs A series of instructions for completing a tas-,

for e2ample3 Calculating interest payments on a loan &ord processing

4hese instructions can %e easily replaced %y a

di5erent set of instructions +hen it6s time for adi5erent tas- to %e completed

7or e2ample, you can nish editing a report, thenmove onto sending an email

This is the single most important characteristicthat distinguishes a computer from othersimpler devices, such as calculators

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Categories o# Computers 8efore, three main categories from

least po+erful to most po+erful microcomputers

minicomputers

mainframe computers4oday, %ased on technology, function,si9e, performance and cost

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ld Computer Categories %ain#rame computers very large and

+ere usually housed in a closetsi9edmetal frame

sold to %ig corporations and governmentagencies

%inicomputers smaller, less e2pensiveand less po+erful than mainframe

used %y small %usiness

%icrocomputers ne+er type ofcomputers +hose CPU had a single chipcalled microprocessor

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ld Computer Categories4oday, *ust a%out any computer, no

matter ho+ large or small, uses oneor more microprocessors as its CPU so these terms are no longer valid

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)e* Computer Categories Personal computers

&or-stations Servers

$ainframes

Supercomputers

:ideogame Consoles

;andheld computers

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Personal Computer $icroprocessor%ased computing

device designed to meet thecomputing needs of an individual

)es-top computers

'ote%oo- or


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Des+top Computers Computers that t n des-s and runs

on po+er from an electrical +all outlet $ain component is the system unit

(ey%oard, mouse and display screen

are typically separate componentsconnected to the system unit %yca%les or +ireless technology

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Des+top Computers

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Portale Computers Small, light+eight personal computer

+ith screen, -ey%oard, storage andprocessing components integratedinto a single unit

/uns on electrical outlet or %attery Classied as noteoo+sor netoo+s

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Portale Computers 'ote%oo-s or !aptops

small, light+eight porta%le computer thatopens li-e a clamshell to reveal a screenand -ey%oard

cost a %it more than des-top computers+ith similar computing po+er andstorage capacity

'et%oo-

small version of note%oo-s usually 1>=screen"

usually does not have space for optical

drives'!


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Portale Computers

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Wor+station4+o meanings

ordinary PC connected to a net+or- po+erful des-top computers used forhigh performance tas-s

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Servers $ain purpose is to serve other

computers on a net+or- !A', internet"%y supplying them +ith data

Client any soft+are or digital device that re?uestsdata from server

Any computer can %e a server or a client

;igh performance servers are needed

+hen there is a need for lots of usersand rapid response

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Servers

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%ain#rame Computer !arge and e2pensive computer

capa%le of simultaneous processingdata for hundreds or thousands ofusers

used %y %usinesses or governments toprovide centrali9ed storage, processing,and management for large amounts ofdata

/emain a choice in situations +hererelia%ility, data security andcentrali9ed control are necessary

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Supercomputer #ne of the fastest computers at the

time of construction4ac-le comple2 tas-s and computerintensive pro%lems

massive amounts of data comple2 mathematical e?uations

@2amples3 %rea-ing codes

modeling +orld+ide +eather systems

simulation of nuclear e2plosions

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Supercomputer4itan of #a- /idge 'ational

!a%oratory $emory3 1> 48 BD 48 CPU and 11E48 PU"

Storage3 1> P8 EF> 8Gs I#" 7or scientic research

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-ideo .ame Consoles 'intendo6s &ii, Sony6s PlayStation,

$icrosoft6s X%o2 'ot generally considered as personalcomputers

dedicated game devices Contain microprocessors and graphics

(ey%oards, ):) players, internet

access ena%le them to function li-epersonal computers

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Wii, Pla/Station and 0o1

4hey contain circuitry similar to personalcomputers %ut input devices are optimi9edfor gaming.

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andheld Devices Incorporate computer characteristics

iPhone, 8lac-%erry 4orch, Samsung ala2y4a%, Ama9on (indle, iPod, ASUS @ee Pad4ransformer

:ary in programma%ility and their

versatility $ost devices are classied as computers%ut are customarily referred to %y function

mo%ile phone

porta%le media player

electronic %oo- readers

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Personal Digital ssistant P)A

7irst handheld devices Poc-etsi9ed digital appointment %oo-+ith small -ey%oard or touch sensitive

screens Synchroni9e data +ith des-topcomputer

4he term is falling into disuse %ecausemo%ile phones o5er these features

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nhanced %edia Pla/ers )esigned for playing music and

videos, o5ers camera, access to theinternet and a variety of apps

)oes not typically include mo%ile

phone capa%ilities 8est e2ample is the

iPod 4ouch of Apple

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%oile phones #riginally designed for voice communications

;ave evolved into devices that o5ersophisticated features

touch screen, full H&@/4 -eypad,

te2t messaging

email, +e% access remova%le storage

camera

7$ radio, digital music player

PS navigation and maps +ide selection of applications

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Smartphones @nhanced mo%ile phone that also

functions as an enhanced mediaplayer and has capa%ility to accessthe internet

Allo+ you to install apps and aresometimes classied as handheldcomputers

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%oile phones

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alets ;andheld computer that is essentially

a large version of enhanced mediaplayer

Smaller than note%oo-s and +eigh

less Can generally access the internetusing &i7i or cellular data service

7irst populari9ed %y the Apple iPad

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alets

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Digital Data Representation Computers and other digital devices

+or- +ith all sorts of only

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Data Sym%ols that represent people,

events, things, and ideas name

num%er

color notes

etc.

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Data vs6 In#ormation Used interchangea%ly %y people %ut

has distinction )ata

ra+ and unorgani9ed facts that need to

%e processed Information

data processed, organi9ed, structured orpresented in a given conte2t so as to

ma-e it useful

)ata3 computersJ information3 humans

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Data Representation 7orm in +hich data is stored,

processed and transmitted )igital devices such as mo%ile phonesstore num%ers, te2t, images and

videos in formats that can %e handled%y the electronic circuitry

/epresented into t+o methods

digital analog

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Data Representation )igital data

t+o discrete digits such as >s or 1s, on oro5, true or false, yes or no

Analog data

scale of values @2ample3 standard light s+itch anddimmer s+itch

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Data Representation )igital data is represented using bits

8it %inary digit 1 or >" only values understood %y computers

Uses se?uences of %its

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R i ) i D


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Representing )umeric Data

Use of 8inary 'um%er System

%ase E

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Decimal

7inar/

> >

1 1

E 1>

K 11

F 1>>

B 1>1L 11>

111

Decimal

7inar/

D 1>>>

1>>1

1> 1>1>

11 1>11

1E 11>>

1>> 11>>1>>1>>> 11111>1>>

>

1B>> 1>111>111>>

R i Ch D


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Representing Character Data Character data

letters, sym%ols and numerals /epresented using di5erent codes

ASCII 1ED characters

@8C)IC used %y older I8$ mainframe

computers U'IC#)@ uses 1L %its to represent LB,>>>characters

@ach character has a codeM N >1>>1>1> u N >111>1>1

n N >11>111>

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R ti I


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Representing Images Series of dots

each dot is assigned a %inary num%eraccording to its color

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8 ti# i 7it d 7 t


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8uanti#/ing 7its and 7/teserm -alue

1 %yte or 8 D %its

1 -ilo%yte or -8 1>EF or E1>%ytes

1 mega%yte or $8 1,FD>,BL or EE>%ytes

1 giga%yte or 8 EK> %ytes

1 tera%yte or 48 EF>%ytes

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4ransmission speeds are typicallye2pressed in %its

Storage space are e2pressed in %ytes

C t i ti


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Computer rgani9ation Si2 !ogical Units

Input unit #utput unit

$emory unit

Arithmetic and logic unit A!U" Central processing unit CPU"

Secondary storage unit

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7asic Components o#


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7asic Components o#Computers

;ard+are

tangi%le parts electronic and mechanical parts

Soft+are

intangi%le parts data and computer programs

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ard*are Personal computer system

refers to the personal computer,soft+are, and peripheral devices that can%e connected for the use of a singleindividual

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ard*are

4"

monitor

systemunit

mouse

-ey%oar

d

spea-ers

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ard*are

System unit case that holds the circuit%oards, microprocessor,

memory, po+er supplyand storage devices

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ard are


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ard*are

Po+er supply converts outlet po+er,+hich is alternating

current AC", to directcurrent )C"

provides appropriatevoltages and currentsfor the various internalcomponents

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ard*are


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ard*are $other%oard

electronic centerpiece of the computer

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ard*are


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ard*are Processor

O%rainO of the computer

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ard*are


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ard*are /andom Access $emory

shortterm memory, main memory used %y the CPU to store programinstructions and data upon +hich it iscurrently operating

data is volatile

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ard*are


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ard*are :ideo or graphics card

processes relating to video output

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ard*are


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ard*are (ey%oard

primary input device that contains alphanumeric -eys

$ouse

input device used to manipulate onscreen graphical o%*ects and controls

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ard*are


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ard*are

;ard dis- drive main storage device

can store %illions of

data small e2ternal lightindicates +hen thedrive is reading or+riting data

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ard*are


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ard*are #ptical drive

+or-s +ith C)s, ):)s or 8luray discs

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ard*are


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ard*are #ther storage

porta%le hard dis- drives, US8 0ashdrives, memory cards

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ard*are


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ard*are Sound system

output of digital music, recorded speechand sound e5ects

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ard*are


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ard*are )isplay system

used to present visual output

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ard*are


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ard*are Printer

produces output on paper

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ard*are


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ard*are 'et+or- and internet access

most computers contain %uiltin circuitryfor +ired or +ireless connections tocomputer net+or-s

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So#t*are


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So#t*are Program that a computer uses in

order to function (ept on some hard+are device li-e ahard dis-, %ut it itself is intangi%le

Programs act li-e instructions for theprocessor

!2

So#t*are


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So#t*are Application Programs

programs that people use to get their+or- done

perform specic tas-

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So#t*are


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So#t*are Compilers

4ranslates computer programs tomachine language

$achine language !anguage that your computer understands

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So#t*are


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So#t*are Systems Programs

Programs that are needed to -eep all thehard+are and soft+are systems runningtogether smoothly

@2amples are operating systems !inu2 U%untu

&indo+s

Uni2

$ac #S X

!5

Programming :anguages


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Programming :anguages A standardi9ed communication techni?ue

for e2pressing instructions to a computer @ach language has its o+n synta2 andgrammar

4hese instructions are translated intomachine language that can %eunderstood %y computers

@2ample3

C, C, Mava, P;P, :isual 8asic E>1>, Python

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So#t*are :icenses


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So#t*are :icenses Proprietary

purchased source code is not availa%le

cannot ma-e copies for others

7ree+are free %ut source code is not availa%le

#pen source

free and source code is availa%le

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Popular pplications


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Popular pplications )ocument production soft+are

Word processors li-e $S &ord,#pen#Qce &riter, Apple Pages, Polaris,(ingsoft &riter, )ocuments 4o o

Desktop Publishing software li-e

Ado%e In)esign and Huar-XPress Web authoring software li-e Ado%e)ream+eaver, ;4$!(it, Amaya, i&e%

!$

Popular pplications


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Popular pplications Spreadsheet soft+are

$S @2cel i&or- 'um%ers

#pen#Qce Calc

)ata%ase soft+are $S Access

!&

Popular pplications


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Popular pplications raphics soft+are

Image editing softwareli-e $S Paint, CorelPainter and Paint.'@4

Photo editing software li-e Ado%ePhotoshop, I$P

Drawing software li-e Ado%e Illustrator,Corel)/A&

Computer-aided designsoft+are li-eAutoCA) and 4ur%oCA)

Presentation software li-e $S Po+erPoint,i&or- (eynote and #pen#Qce Impress

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Popular pplications


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Popular pplications :ideo editing soft+are

Ado%e After @5ects Sony :egas Pro

):) authoring soft+are

'ero U!ead ):) $ovie7actory

ConvertXto):)

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Popular pplications


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Popular pplications $ultimedia soft+are

Cy%er!in- Po+er):) &indo+s $edia Player

($Player

'ero Sho+4ime

&inamp $edia Player

i4unes

$edia$on-ey

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Popular pplications


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Popular pplications 8usiness soft+are

:ertical mar-et soft+are designed forspecic mar-et or %usiness

;ori9ontal mar-et soft+are is genericsoft+are

Accounting software li-e Adempiere,nuCash, #pen@/P, $S $oney, $S #QceAccounting

Project management software li-e$S Pro*ect, #penPro*

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Digital Devices