Digital simulation as an approach to ESM software development. · 2016-06-09 · 1. Broadfrequencyrange. 2.Simultaneouscoverageofentirefrequencyrange. 3.Highprobabilityofintercept

DIGITAL SIMULATION AS AN APPROACHTO ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Robert Daniel Stanga

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DIGITAL SIMULATION AS AN APPROACHTO ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

by

Robert Daniel Stanga, Jr

March 1975

i Thesis Advisor: S. Jauregui JApproved for public release; distribution, unlimited.

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Digital Simulation as an Approachto ESM Software Development

7. AUTHORf*;

Robert Daniel Stanga, Jr

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Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

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20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reveree tide II necessary end Identity by block number)

Selective problem areas relating to computer based ESMsystem software development are discussed. Digital simulationis presented as a practical approach to solving softwaredevelopment problems. An algorithm to simulate a hard-v.TiredEW signal preprocessor is developed. An application orientedhigh level language version of the algorithm is presented.

A FORTRAN program which generates realistic data for signal

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analysis is described. Using the simulated data, aninstruction level simulation program, and a language compiler,the algorithm is tested using an IBM 360 computer.

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Digital Simulation as an Approach

to ESM Software Development

by

Robert Daniel Stanga, Jr.Lieutenant, United States Navy

B.S.A.E., Auburn University, 1968

Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMarch 19 7 5

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARYNAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMONTEREY. CAUFORNIA 93340

ABSTRACT

Selective problem areas relating to computer based ESM

system software development are discussed. Digital simula-

tion is presented as a practical approach to solving software

development problems. An algorithm to simulate a hard-wired

EW signal preprocessor is developed. An application oriented

high level language version of the algorithm is presented.

A FORTRAN program which generates realistic data for

signal analysis is described. Using the simulated data, an

instruction level simulation program, and a language compiler,

the algorithm is tested using an IBM 360 computer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 8

A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8

1. ESM Hardware/System Description 9

2 . Man-Machine Interface 1 1

3. ESM Software 12

B. SCOPE OF THE THESIS 12

II. COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT - 15

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION • 15

B. APSS --- ~ ~- ~ 16

C. PL/ATAC ~~— 17

III. ESM ENVIRONMENT/IFM SIMULATION — -

—

19

IV. THE PULSE TRAIN SEPARATOR — 2 7

A. CONCEPT OF OPERATION 2 7

B. PTS SIMULATION PROGRAM 2 8

V. DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION RESULTS — 34

A. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 34

B. CONCLUSIONS — 35

C. RECOMMENDATIONS — 3 6

APPENDIX A. Instruction for installation and useof the ATAC Programming Support System(APSS) on the IBM 360/67 operating systemat the Naval Postgraduate School — -- 3 7

APPENDIX B. Data Simulation ProgramFORTRAN Listing and Output — 43

APPENDIX C. Pulse Train Separator ProgramPL/ATAC Listing — 62

APPENDIX D. Pulse Train Separator Program 68

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LISTING AND OUTPUT 91

BIBLIOGRAPHY 94

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST — 95

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply grateful to Applied Technology Division,

Itek Corporation, Sunnyvale, California for the use of their

facilities and the generous assistance and experience of

their personnel, particularly the ATAC Support Software

Group. I am particularly indebted to my wife, Phyllis,

whose faith and devotion made this work possible and to whom

it is dedicated.

1 • INTRODUCTION

A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM) is that

division of Electronic Warfare (EW) concerned with exploita-

tion of enemy use of the electromagnet:? c spectrum. ESM

includes actions taken to search for, intercept, locate, and

analyze electromagnetic radiations to support tactical

military operations.

The continuously increasing density and complexity of

today's electromagnetic environment, created by friendly as

well as hostile forces, has fostered the requirement for more

effective performance and greater sophistication in operational

ESM systems. Current receiver technology has kept pace with

this escalation, and signal intercept is virtually assured.

However, the resulting increased data rates, existing and

forecast manpower limitations, and limited reaction time

available to the operational commander have imposed a require-

ment for faster and mere accurate signal analysis, classifica-

tion, and interpretation. Currently, major efforts are being

put forth to achieve an effective ESM system design incorpo-

rating high speed digital computers for the purposes of

automatic signal analysis and system control.

To perform effectively in present and future environments,

an automated ESM system should exhibit the following

characteristics

:

1

.

Broad frequency range

.

2. Simultaneous coverage of entire frequency range.

3. High probability of intercept.

4. Low false alarm rate.

5. Capability to recognize pulse or radar-like signals.

6. Capability to determine parameters associated withradar pulse trains.

7. Capability to classify signals according to type andsource

.

8. Direction finding capability.

9. Capability to handle data rates.

10. Capability to detect signals at ranges to radar horizon

The successful design and development of a system exhibiting

these characteristics rest upon three equally important

elements: system hardware, system software, and the man-

machine interface.

-1- * ESM Hardware/Sys tem De scription

A discussion of ESM hardware as a specific problem

area is beyond the scope of the thesis. A system concept

compatible with the state of the art approach is presented

here as a basic foundation for this study and future efforts

in the ESM arena

.

Conceptually, an airborne ESM system with the charac-

teristics previously described could be implemented utilizing

a combination of Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM)

and Superhet receivers. The IFM 'receivers , operating in

conjunction with a high-gain pencil beam antenna, would cover

the frequency bands of interest and function as the primary

acquisition receivers of the system. In addition to contrib-

uting to increased system sensitivity, the high-gain pencil

beam antenna functions to reduce the instantaneous data rate

and, in conjunction with azimuth centroiding, provides an

accurate means of determining signal direction of arrival.

Additional data rate reduction is accomplished by

routing each IFM output through a Pulse Train Separator (PTS)

,

which functions as a signal preprocessor to separate stable

pulse trains from the received data. Parameter measurements

are performed on those stable trains separated and a computer

word is generated to tag the associated emitter. The required

capacity of the PTS in number of pulse trains separated is

considered paramount to system operational effectiveness.

A computer word is generated for each pulse associated

with non-stable pulse trains and those stable pulse trains

exceeding the capacity of the PTS. These data are routed

through a residual channel of the PTS to a high-speed digital

computer for deinterleaving and parameter measurement. The

parameters associated with each signal are then passed to a

main frame computer for classification, threat analysis, and

tactical environment update.

The IFM system employs an omni antenna for side lobe

suppression to prevent signal poke-through in the receiving

antenna minor lobes. The IFM sensitivity and antenna gain

provide a capability for radar detection cut to the radar

horizon for aircraft altitudes in the neighborhood of

30,000 feet.

Priority signals, unclassifiable signals, and signals

too complex for automatic analysis are automatically assigned

10

to digitally controlled superhet receivers for refined

analysis. The superhet receivers cover the frequency bands

of interest and operate in conjunction with an omni or low-

gain broad beam antenna.

2 . Man-Machine Interface

The human operator element of an automated ESM system/

though normally an area addressed by human factors engineers,

impacts heavily on the software requirements and will be

discussed here in that regard.

Automation does not eliminate the requirement for

human operators, but it does significantly affect the role

the operator plays in the ESM system and it nay seriously

retard the operator's proficiency and ability to function

efficiently as a back up in the event of a system failure.

Thus , in deciding which system functions should be automated

and which should be assigned to the human operator, it is

imperative that the operator be assigned those functions that

maximize the use of his capability to exercise judgment,

improvise, reason inductively, and profit from experience.

The human operator must be able to control and direct

the operation of the system. To do so, he must be provided

relevant information by the system at the proper time, in the

proper format, and on the proper displays. To obtain efficient

and reliable software, these requirements must be clearly and

accurately defined in the planning stage of the ESM system

development.

11

3. ESM Software

It is felt that software represents the most trouble-

some problem in the design and development of an automatic

ESM system. Assuming cost and risk vary directly with

complexity, ESM software will account for a substantial

percentage of total system costs and be the riskiest part of

the system development. Since system performance hinges on

software performance, implementation of an effective software

test plan would serve a threefold purpose of cost reduction,

risk reduction, and increased system performance.

The ability to successfully implement such a test

plan requires a detailed description of the systems functions

and a software modular building process. Each software

module or set of modules is then integrated into the system

and tested against sets or subsets of system functions

according to prescribed test plans.

B. SCOPE OF THE THESIS

Simulation, via computer software, is one technique that

is useful in software development and verification cr testing.

Realistic data, created by successful simulation of the ESM

system hardware operating in a dynamic environment, utilized

as inputs to a high-speed digital computer would provide the

framework for implementation, testing, and optimization of

ESM signal processing algorithms. The inherent ability to

control the density of the electromagnetic environment through

simulation would provide the capability to analyze worst case

12

situations, thereby enabling system designers to estimate

computer capacity and reserve capacity requirements as well

as data rate reduction requirements.

Given these simulation capabilities, an instruction-level

simulation of the target computer provides a powerful means

of debugging software and algorithm testing for accuracy and

speed of operation. Applied Technology Division of Itek

Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, has provided the Naval

Postgraduate School with the programming support system for

their ATAC computer. Instruction level simulation is only

a part of this software package which includes the compiler

programs for Programming Language for ATAC (PL/ATAC) , a high

level language developed for ATAC applications programming.

Acquisition of the ATAC Programming Support System (APSS)

gives impetus to the utilization of simulation as a technique

for ESM software development and testing at the Naval Post-

graduate School.

Total hardware simulation of the ESM system previously

described is beyond the scope of the thesis. Total system

simulation does, however, lend itself to a software "build 1'

process and as a first effort of the process, three specific

objectives of this work are as follows:

1. Provide a digital simulation of an IFM receiver operatingin conjunction with a high-gain, pencil beam DF antennain a dynamic radar environment.

2. Provide a digital simulation of a hard-wired pulse traindeinterleaver fed by an IFM receiver.

3. Describe and demonstrate the capabilities of APSS,parti.cu3.arly, the PL/ATAC programming language.

13

The overall objective of this work is to provide a building

block as a basis for follow on study of ESM system software

at the Naval Postgraduate School.

14

I I . COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

APSS was written for Applied Technology's Airborne

Computer (ATAC) . ATAC, specifically designed for Electronic

Warfare applications, is well suited for ESM software design,

development and testing. A number of features of this 16-bit,

fixed point, two's complement computer permit the establishment

of a meaningful baseline for determining the relative merit of

algorithms applicable to computer based ESM systems. Special

features of interest are:

/ 1. 437 nanosecond major cycle time.

2. Sixteen general registers which may be used asaccumulators or as index registers.

3. Microprogrammable processor, permitting optimization ofthe instruction set for specific applications.

4. Memory types can be mixed in any combination of low powerRead Only Memory (ROM) , fast bipolar Random AccessMemory (RAM), and slov;er core memory devices.

5. Memory expandable to 6 5K words.

6. Four basic instruction addressing modes:register, immediate , direct, and direct indexed.

7. Three supplemental addressing modes:register indexed, immediate short, and direct register.

8. Provisions for up to 16 Direct Memory Access (DMA)channels

.

Y 9. Provisions for up to four simultaneously active DMAchannels

.

10. Twelve hardware priority interrupts.

11. Modular, compact: construction.

Additional detailed information, including the instruction

set, may be obtained from ATAC, Applied Technology Airborne

Computer, Vol. I, Principles of Operation.

15

B. ATAC PROGRAMMING SUPPORT SYSTEM (APSS)

This software support system allows for the preparation

and debugging of programs via an IBM 360/370 computer system.

APSS, through simulation of the ATAC computer and associated

peripheral devices, permits the applications programmer to

optimize programs for execution speed and memory utilization.

The APSS system is written in a combination of PL/1, FORTRAN

IV, and IBM assembler language and includes the programs

listed below

.

APSS Monitor

ATAC Instruction Assembler

ATAC Instruction-Level Simulator

Relocating and Linking Loader

Microcode Assembler

Microcode-Level Simulator

PL/ATAC Compiler

Library Control System

Subroutine Library

Arrangements were made with Applied Technology to use portions

of APSS and consequently, the ATAC Instruction-Level Simulation

Program and the PL/ATAC Compiler are currently operational on

the IBM 360/67 at the Naval Postgraduate School. Information

concerning the implementation of these programs and instruc-

tions pertaining to the use of the programs are contained

in Appendix A. Additional APSS information is available in

ATAC, Applied Technology Airborne Computer, Volume 2, AThC

Programming Support System (APSS) . The documents in this

volume provide a detailed description of how to set up and use

the APSS system. Those documents applicable to this work are:

16

1. Simulation of instruction execution.

2. Tracing option of the 16 general registers. The contentsof each register can be printed after the execution ofan instruction.

3. Accumulated program execution time printed with eachline of trace.

4

.

Instruction execution histograms by frequency ofexecution or time of execution can be created and printed

5. Partial and total simulated memory dump options.

6. Initialization of program data arrays allowing data tobe read into virtual program memory prior to programsimulation

.

The APSS Instruction-Level simulator program includes a large

repertoire of error messages to assist the applications

programmer in debugging job management and ATAC instruction

usage errors.

C . PL/ATAC

PL/ATAC , Programming Language for ATAC , is a high level,

bloclc structured language designed specifically for the ATAC

computer. The programming structure and numerous capabilities

of the language are demonstrated in Appendix C via the Pulse

Train Separator simulation program written in PL/ATAC < In

addition to hardware simulation, a specific objective in

writing this program was to prcv.ide programming examples of

the PL/ATAC language to assist the interested programmer in

learning PL/ATAC. The PL/ATAC manual (Volume 2, Section II,

ATAC) is an excellent reference but may present some difficulty

if used as a learning text.

PL/ATAC is a powerful language providing the programmer

with programming control approaching that of assembly language

17

without compromising the high level of the compiler language.

Additionally, ATAC assembly language may be intermixed with

PL/ATAC increasing programming flexibility and control with

no serious degradation of program readability.

An analysis to determine the effectiveness of applications

programming in the PL/ATAC language versus ATAC assembly

language was conducted by the author utilizing an assembler

optimized ATAC benchmark program. The results of this analysis

indicated a memory utilization increase by a factor of

approximately 2.3 times the ATAC assembly language requirement

and an execution time increase by approximately 2.4 times the

ATAC assembly language, execution time.

The PL/ATAC programmer loses some flexibility, as compared

to the assembly language programmer, due to the limitation in

the number of registers available (a maximum of five) to him.

Also, the PL/ATAC compiler currently installed at the Naval

Postgraduate School does not have a double precision capability.

Double precision calculations, if required, must be accomplished

in assembly language resulting in increased core space and

execution time required.

III. ESM ENVIRONMENT/IFM SIMULATION

Investigation revealed the existence of a computer program

[Ref. 1] designed to simulate an IFM receiver operating in

conjunction with an omni antenna in a dynamic radar environ-

ment. This program was modified to incorporate a rotating

DF antenna system. Routines were added to generate unstable

pulse trains in the form of pulse 'jitter' and/or f stagger'.

Documentation! was added to facilitate program readability

.

The DATA Simulation Program generates simulated pulsed

radar signal level data arriving at an IFM receiver via a

rotating antenna system. Current capacity allows for simula-

tion of up to ten emitter platforms with up to five emitters

per platform. This capacity may be increased by increasing

the array dimensions of the parameters associated with each

emitter-platform combination. Emitter platform and IFM

platform initial position information in X~Y grid coordinates,-

course in degrees clockwise from North, and speed in knots

are set by the program input data.

Emitter characteristics, set by the program input data,

consist of transmitter frequency in MHz, pulse repetition

interval (PRI) in milliseconds, pulse width (PW) in micro-

seconds, transmitter power in kilowatts, antenna gain in db,

antenna beamwidth in degrees, antenna scan rate in seconds

per revolution, and pulse jitter and/or stagger characteristics.

A sin(x)/x antenna radiation pattern is assumed for all emitters

19

IFM receiver characteristics, set by the program input

data, consist of receiver threshold sensitivity in dbm, upper

and lower frequency limits of the passband in MHz, minimum

time measurement capability in microseconds, antenna gain in

db, antenna scan rate in seconds per revolution, and antenna

beamwidth in degrees.

Additional program inputs include simulation start and

stop times in seconds, frequency bin size of the IFM digital

processor, and random number generator calling arguments.

Complete input data description is depicted in the program

listing following the description of the program variables.

A complete program listing is contained in Appendix B.

Utilizing the input data described, the Data Simulation

Program computes the position, course, speed, and range of

each emitter platform relative to the IFM platform. The

closest point of approach (CPA) and distance to the CPA is

computed for each emitter platform to determine if and when

a platform will be within the range of detection of the IFM.

Those emitters out of the detection range during the simulation

are listed as such. The IFM antenna's and all emitter

antennas' intial pointing directions are set by a random

process utilizing a uniform random number generator. The time

at which each emitter platform enters the capture area of the

IFM antenna's main beam is calculated and used as a basis for

computing a random transmit time for the emitters associated

with that platform.

20

Emitter maximum effective radiated power (P^) is thenE

computed utilizing the mathematical model given by

PE

= Pt

Gt

x2/ 167T'

where

P. - Transmitted Power,t '

G, = Emitter Antenna Gain,

and A = Wavelength of Signals.

Emitter maximum range of detection (R ) is computed by

Rm= (PE W*

where

G = IFM Antenna Gain,

and T, = IFM Receiver Threshold Sensitivity.

For each emitter within detection range, the minimum antenna

gain (S . ) required to break the IP'M threshold sensitivitymin

is then computed by

S • = T. /G_ P r2

mm h / r r

where

r = Distance to the Emitter.

21

Using the value of emitter transmit time previously calculated,

the emitter antenna pointing direction is calculated. Emitter

antenna gain as a function of the relative angle between the

emitter antenna and the IFM antenna is then calculated and

compared with the minimum antenna gain required to break the

IFM threshold sensitivity. If the signal level is sufficient

to break the IFM threshold, the time of arrival (TOA) of the

pulse at the IFM receiver is calculated.

If the pulse does not break the IFM threshold, the emitter

transmit time is incremented by the emitter PRI , the antenna

position is updated, and the antenna gain calculation process

is repeated until a signal level of sufficient strength is

transmitted. Should no pulse be received in the scan time

of one beamwidth of the IFM antenna, the subsequent scan of

the receiver antenna is checked and the process continues

until a pulse is received or until simulation stop time.

The time of arrival of the first pulse from each emitter

is stored in an array and, upon completion of this process

for all emitters, the array is searched for the lowest time

of arrival. The receiver antenna bearing at this TOA is

calculated and provided as output data along with the parameters

of the associated emitter. The emitter platform position is

updated and the time of arrival of the next pulse from this

emitter is calculated and stored in the array. The array is

then searched for the next lowest time of arrival and the

process repeated until simulation stop time.

22

The output of the Data Simulation Program consists of

parameters associated with each pulse received by the IFM

receiver in the proper time sequence. These parameters

include the frequency, pulse width, bearing and time of

arrival.

This data, as prepared for the ATAC simulation programs,

consists of five integers for each pulse. These integers

represent the following:

1. Emitter bearing. An integer in the range of 0-3 59.

This word represents the IFM antenna bearing at the

time of arrival of the pulse.

2. Frequency bin. The bins are numbered in ascending

order of frequency from 1-128. This range may be

altered as desired by the programmer.

3. Pulse width. The pulse width word is an integer

in the range 0-65.535. The time scaling factor is

arbitrary. Current convention is that the least

significant bit of the pulse width word corresponds

to .1 microseconds. This allows for representation

of pulse widths from 0-6.5 milliseconds to within

0.0 5 microseconds.

4. Time of arrival. Time of arrival is expressed as

a double precision (32 bit) integer. Word 4 is

the least significant half of this integer and holds

time values up to 0.84 seconds with the least signi-

ficant bit corresponding to 25.6 microseconds.

23

5. Time of arrival. The upper half of the time word

holds time values up to 15.3 hours.

The Data Simulation Program produces these outputs in

printed format and in a punched card format suitable for

acceptance by the ATAC simulation program. A sample of

the program output is contained in Appendix B following the

program listing. The program flow chart is illustrated in

Figures 1 and la.

2 4

c START

INITIALIZE CONSTANTS AND SCALE FACTORS

READ CALLING ARGUMENTS FOR RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS,SIMULATION START AND STOP TIME, IFM CHARACTERISTICS,AND IFM PLATFORM COURSE, SPEED, AND POSITION.

IINITIALIZE IFM ANTENNA POINTING DIRECTION

. _ ^ _ .

OUTPUT IFM CHARACTERISTICS

-£- READ EMITTER PLATFORM INFORMATION

f~ OUTPUT EMITTER PLATFORM INFORMATION

^PLATFORM ALTITUDE LT ZERO

No

COMPUTE EMITTER PLATFORM COURSE, SPEED,AND RANGE RELATIVE TO IFM PLATFORM

±__„COMPUTE BEARING, CPA, AND DISTANCE TO

CFA OF EMITTER PLATFORM

i

COMPUTE TIME WINDOW IN WHICH THIS PLATFORMWILL BE IN RECEIVER ANTENNA BEAMUIDTH

±READ EMITTER CHARACTERISTICS, CONVERT TO INTERNALFORM, AND COMPUTE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER

1 "

cz OUTPUT EMITTER CHARACTERISTICS

COMPUTE MAXIMUM RANGE AT WHICH IFM CAN DETECT EMITTER—

T

"COMPUTE TIME OF ARRIVAL OF FIRST PULSE FROM EMITTER

Yes I^ IS THIS ™ E LAST EMI TTER ON T l-i IS PLATFORM^—

No

FIGURE 1. Data Simulation Program (Simplified Flowchart)

2b

r{±FIND LOWEST TOA AND OUTPUT PULSE DATA FOR THIS EMITTER

COMPUTE TOA OF NEXT PULSE FROM THIS EMITTERAND UPDATE EMITTER PLATFORM POSITION

No

<SIMULATION STOP TIMi>Yes

(ST0P

)

FIGURE la. Data Simulation Program (Simplified Flowchart)

26

IV . THE PUL5E TRAIN SEPARATOR

A. CONCEPT OF OPERATION

Data received by the IFM are routed to the Pulse Train

Separator (PTS) . If a pulse train has a stable pulse repe-

tition frequency (PRE) the PTS locks on the train and tracks

the train for a period of time determined by the receiver

antenna scan rate and beamwidth. The signal's pulse width

(PS) and pulse repetition interval (PRI) are measured and

digitized along with azimuth, time first seen and frequency.

These five parameters are used to tag the associated emitter

and are routed to the main frame computer for emitter classi-

fication. Direction of arrival is computed by azimuth cen-

troiding based on the receiver antenna bearing at the time

of arrival of the first and last pulse of the signal. The

possibility exists that, due to sin(x)/x characteristics

of emitter antennas, centroiding will be performed on ragged

signal inputs. This is not considered degrading to system

performance as meaningful direction of arrival information

will still result.

An inherent characteristic of the Pulse Train Separator

is that those stable trains with the lower values of PRI will

be separated first. This feature of the PTS is also desirable

as the data rate reduction role of the device is enhanced.

The required capacity of the device in this role of data rate

reduction has not been established and is considered a most

27

important factor in the overall ESM system design. Failure

to provide the proper level of preprocessing could result

in system software and hardware overloading and, consequently,

degraded system performance.

Those stable signals exceeding the capacity of the Pulse

Train Separator and non-stable signals such as frequency

agile signals, jittered pulse trains, staggered pulse trains,

and other exotic signals are routed through a residual signal

channel of the pulse train separator to the high speed mini

computer for parameter measurement. For each of these pulses

received, a computer word will be generated for frequency,

time of arrival, pulse width, and direction of arrival. Pulse

deinterleaving and such parameter measurements as pulse

repetition interval and pulse jitter and stagger character-

istics will be performed by the mini computer for emitter

classification

.

B. PTS SIMULATION PROGRAM

The Pulse Train Separator Simulation Program is designed

to simulate a hardware preprocessing system with a capability

of separating up to a maximum of ten stable pulse trains from

the output of an IFM receiver.

Input data to the program consist of a series of five

integer words for each pulse generated by the Data Simulation

Program; direction of arrival in degrees clockwise from North,

frequency by bin number, double precision time of arrival

(two words) in seconds with the least significant bit

28

corresponding to 2 5.G microseconds and pulse width in seconds

with the least significant bit corresponding to .1 microseconds.

These data are loaded into a large input buffer prior to the

start of the program simulation.

Each pulse within the buffer is compared in frequency

with previously received pulses within the same receiver

antenna beamwidth. If no match in frequency occurs the pulse

is considered a new signal and a pointer address is stored

in a New Signal Pointer File. If a frequency match occurs,

the pulse width of the signals are compared. Upon obtaining

a match in pulse width the matched pulse's pointer address

is stored in a five element array within the New Signal

Pointer File. Upon receipt of five pulses of a pulse train,

the program calls a local re-entrant procedure (PRICOMP)

wherein the stability of the pulse train is determined. For

purposes of this simulation a pulse train is considered

unstable if the variation in time interval between pulses

is greater than 51.2 microseconds and/or three or more

missing pulses are encountered in ragged signals. Upon

determining a pulse train to be stable, the pulse repetition

interval of the signal is calculated and the signal is

flagged as a stable train. The number of available channels

in the Pulse Train Separator is then reduced by one and the

signal is zeroed in the input buffer as each additional pulse

is received. Parameters associated with this pulse train

are stored and the signal bearing is updated as each pulse

is received through incrementation of the input buffer.

29

Upon receipt of the last pulse expected from the pulse

train, the centroid direction of arrival is calculated and

the signal information is zeroed in the New Signal Pointer

File as well as in the first five input buffer lcoations.

The time of arrival of the last pulse expected is computed

utilizing the scan time for one receiver antenna bandwidth.

Non-stable signals are flagged as such and remain in the

input buffer. Upon completion of incrementation through the

input buffer, all stable pulses, except those from trains

that remain due to PTS capacity having been exceeded, have

been zeroed from the input buffer. Parameters associated

with these trains are stored in sequence according to pulse

repetition interval.

The pulse information remaining in the input buffer,

associated with the unstable pulse trains and with pulse

trains exceeding the PTS capacity, is then compressed within

the input buffer, thus allowing for simulation of the mini

computer signal processing algorithm. In the initial design

concept of this simulation program, these remaining data,

representing the Pulse Train Separator residual channel,

would be processed by an ATAC assembly language program

incorporated as a local procedure within the PTS program

using the code selection head as described in the PL/ATAC

manual

.

A complete PL/ATAC program listing of the Pulse Train

Separator is contained in Appendix C. An assembly language

30

program generated by the PL/ATAC compiler is contained in

Appendix D. A program flowchart is illustrated in Figures

2 and 2a.

31

C START \

1

INITIALIZE PROG RAM VARIABLES

READ DATA INTO INPUT BUFFER

•/--

STORE POINTER TO FIRST PULSE IN

IN NEW SIGNAL P CI ITER FILE (NSPF)

[cbTfpuf E TRACK TIME FOR THIS SIGNAL

:

AT END OF BUFFERYeS

JCCMPRESS RESIDUAL

L

GET NEXT PULSE FROM BUFFER

r]C

DATA

STOP

JLCYCLE THROUGH NSPF UNTIL A

SIGNAL POINTER IS FOUND

^TenToF NSPF?Yes

(—JL

10

STORE SIGNALPOINTER IN

—NSPF

TEST TOA OF BUFFER SIGNAL GE

MAX EXPECTED TOA OF NSPF SIGNAL,—,—— ~

Yes

Yes _ Ju , -,

-.———ZERO FIRST nvEPULSES OF THISSIGNAL IN INPUTBUFFER.PERFORM AZIMUTHCENTROIDING

"1 if

»j CLEAR ThTsTTgNaTTrOM NSP?]

FIGURE 2. The Pulse Train Separator Program Flowchart

32

/buffer sig!

\nspf 3ignai

GNAL FREQ EQ

;nal FREQ

/buffer SIG

\ EQ NSPF SI

Yes

GNAL PULSE WIDTHGNAL PW

<SIGNAL CLASSIFIED STABLE

YesYes

STORE DIRECTIONOF ARRIVAL OF THISPULSE AND ZEROPULSE IN INPUT

BUFFER

;;

<glGNAL CLASSIFIED NONSTABLE

No

<!

±IS THIS THE FIFTH PULSeX NoT STORE POINTER IN

FROM THIS TRAIN > ^ NSPF

Yes

CUTEST FOR AVAILABLTTiWiELS^J-o^ SIGNAL

~~ÂS NONSTABLEW—H—— jjbw -w.y.nanmm i ! umu iJYes

:i.

TEST PULSE TRAIN FOR

STABILITY. IF STABLE,FLAG AND COMPUTE PRI.

IF NONSTABLE, FLAG

FIGURE 2a. The Pulse Train Separator Program Flowchart

33

V. DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION RESULTS

A. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The Pulse Train Separator as described in Chapter IV

was simulated utilizing the ATAC Programming Support System

and the PL/ATAC Programming Language. The particular hardware

system simulated was arbitrarily given the capability of

deinterleaving and preprocessing up to nine radar pulse trains

Input data, provided by the Data Simulation Program,

consisted of a mixture of stable and non-stable pulse trains

from eighteen emitters located on six platforms geographically

positioned so as to be intercepted in one receiver antenna

beamwidth. The receiver antenna beamwidth was arbitrarily

set at five degrees,

Using a receiver antenna scan rate of two seconds per

revolution, the Data Simulation Program generated a total of

365 pulses as IFM output during one antenna main beam sweep

of the eighteen emitters. These pulses represent approxi-

mately 2 8 milliseconds of real time data. The Pulse Train

Separator Simulation Program, in processing nine of the pulse

trains, removed 2 77 pulses from the input data and routed

8 8 pulses through the residual channel. These 88 pulses

represent the unstable pulse trains and the lower pulse

repetition frequency (PRF) signals. Accurate pulse repetition

interval calculations as well as accurate azimuth centroiding

was performed en all preprocessed pulse trains.

34

B. CONCLUSIONS

The Data Simulation Program provides realistic data to

the APSS programs. The program produces reasonably complex

data in the form of jittered pulse trains and staggered

pulse trains. Pulse trains transmitted at sufficiently low

power levels are produced with missing pulses due to sin(x)/x

effects

.

The Pulse Train Separator Simulation Program demonstrated

the use of the PL/ATAC language and functions as designed to

preprocess ESM signals. This program is somewhat inefficient

in its present form for two reasons. First, the limitation

of five registers allocated to the programmer by the PL/ATAC

compiler leads to a significant increase in program execution

time as compared to a program written in ATAC assembly language

As the programmer gains experience with the PL/ATAC language,

this limitation of the compiler may be overcome somewhat by

programmer 'tricks 1 to gain use of registers.

The lack of a double precision capability in the current

version of the PL/ATAC compiler installed on the IBM 360/57

at the Naval Postgraduate School created a severe handicap

in writing the Pulse Train Separator Simulation Program and

also contributes to program inefficiency. Each double

precision calculation performed requires a program segment of

assembly language and the housekeeping involved results in

increased program execution time.

Even with these limitations it is felt that the simulation

programs presented in this work provide the framework for ESM

35

software development and applications programming at the

Naval Postgraduate School.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based upon the experience and results obtained from this

study, recommendations for follow-on study in the area of

ESM software development are as follows:

1. Continue study of the Pulse Train Separator Programand optimize the basic algorithm.

2

.

Implement the resulting improved algorithm in ATACassembly language.

3. Use the Data Simulation Program and optimized hardwaresimulation with APSS to develop and optimize ESM signalprocessing algorithms.

4

.

Continue use of the PL/ATAC compiler to develop andtest hardware simulation and other programs prior toimplementation in ATAC assembly language.

36

APPENDIX A

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATION AND USE OF THE ATACPROGRAMMING SUPPORT SYSTEM (APSS) ON THE IBM 360/67OPERATING SYSTEM AT THE NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

A. INSTALLATION

The ATAC Programming Support System is currently loaded

on the 2 321 Data Cell. Data set names and their locations

are as follows:

1. S1615.RDS.LOADLIB - CEL 007

2. S1616.RDS.APSS ~ CEL 005

3. S1615.RDS.PLATAC - CEL 001

In the event of failure of the Data Cell these data sets may

be reloaded from the APSS source tape stored at the W.R.

Church Computer Center under the name 'ATI. 006'.

File #1 of this tape contains a description of the tape.

File #2 contains examples of the JCL required to create and

run APSS. The instructions contained in this file are super-

seded by the instructions contained here. The following JCL

is required to list these files:

//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//EXEC PGM-IEBGENER//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYS IN DD DUMMY//SYSUT2 DD SYSOUT=A, DCE= (LRECL=80 f RECFM=F ,BLKSIZE=80)

LABEL=(1,SL, ,IN),DCB=(BLKSIZE=800,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB) ,VOL=SER=ATI00 6 ,DSN=FILE1

// EXEC PGM=IEBGENER// SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYS IN DD DUMMY//SYSUT2 DD SYSOUT=A,DCB=(LRECL=89,RECFM=F,BLKSIZE=80)//SYSUT1 DD UNIT= (2400,, DEFER) ,DISP= (OLD, PASS) ,

LABEL- (1,SL, ,IN) , DCB= (BLKSIZE=800 ,LRECL=80)

,

RECFM=FB,VOL=SER=ATI006,DSN=FILE2

37

File #3 of the source tape contains the object module

library of APSS and is required to build the APSS Instruction

Level Simulator. File #4 contains the PL/ATAC Compiler object

module. The following steps are required to build APSS from

files 3 and 4

.

1. Read files 3 and 4 from tape to disc storage. Special

arrangements should be made to insure that, the disc pack used

has sufficient unallocated space for this step and the

following step of this procedure. SP00L3 has been made

available in the past and is the disc used in the JCL of this

example. The load modules from file 3 are moved into a disc

file named 'S1614 . RDS .LOADLIB' . File 4 is moved into a disc

file named ' S1615 .RDS .PLATAC * . The utility control statements

may be changed to rename the files as they are being loaded

onto the disc. The JCL statements required are as follows:

// (STANDARD JOB CARD)//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEIIMOVE , REGI0N=100K//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(TRK, (40) ,

,CONTIG)//DAI DD UNIT=2314 ,DSN=S1615. RDS. LOADLIB,//SPACE=(TRK, (50,10,10) , ,CONTIG) ,

//DISP= (NEW, KEEP) ,VOL=SER=SPOOL3//T1TAPE DD UNIT= (2400, , DEFER) ,DISP= (NEW, PASS)

,

LABEL=(3,SL, ,IN)

,

//DCB= (DEN=2,BLKSIZE=800,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB)

,

VOL=SER=ATI006//SYS IN DD *

COPY PDS=ATI. APSS. LOADLIB, TO=2 314=SPOOL3,TODD=DAl,FR0MDD=T1TAPE, *

FROM=2400=(ATI006,3) ,RENAME=S1 6 15 .RDS .LOADLIBCOPY DSNAME=ATI .APSS.PLATAC ,TO«2 314=SPOOL3

,

FR0MDD=T1TAPE , TODD=DA2 , *

FROM=24 00~(ATI00 6,4) ,RENAME=S1615 .RDS . PLATAC//DA2 DD UNIT=2314,DSN=S1615. RDS. PLATAC, SPACE=(TRK,

(20,10) ,RLSE)

,

//DISP= (NEW, KEEP) , VOL=SER=SPOOL3 ,LABEL=RETPD=360/*

38

2. The Library (named ' S1615 .RDS .LOADLIB' ) now on the

disc must be built into an absolute load module of the entire

APSS system. The module thus built (named ' S1615 .RDS . APSS '

)

will be stored permanently on cell 005 of the data cell. This

file may also be renamed as desired. The following JCL state-

ments are required.

//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//BUILD EXEC PGM=IEWL,REGION=150K,//PARM='OVLY,XREF,LET,LIST,SIZE= (256K, 20480)

'

//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//LIBRARY DD DSN=S1615 . RDS . LOADLIB ,UNIT=2 314

,

VOL=SER=SPOOL3 , DISP=SHR//SYSLIB DD DSNAME=3YS1.F0RTLIB / DISP=SHR//SYSLMOD DD DSNAME=S1615 . RDS .APSS , UNIT=2 321

,

VOL=SER=CEL00 5,//DISP= (NEW, KEEP) , LABEL=RETPD=360

,

//SPACE=(TRK, (300,20,2) ,RLSE)//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(TRK, (19,19) , ,CONTIG) ,

SEP=SYSLMOD//SYSLIM DD*INCLUDE LIBRARYEPMUDLNCHANGE MSIMEIHESAPDNINCLUDE LIBRARY (APSSMON)INCLUDE LIBRARY (MSIM4 ,ASEM5 , SIM16A, SIMTRl ,SIMI01 , GUL)INCLUDE LIBRARYEXPLMONNOVERLAY AlINSERT MSIMUL, *MSIMULA, IHENTRY , IHESAPINSERT MINT, IN, OUTINSERT IHEDBN, IHEXIDINSERT IHEBSM, IHECSMINSERT IHEBSK, IHEIOX, IHEIOP, IHEDID, IHEDOBINSERT IHEBIB, IHEDOA, IHEIOBINSERT IHEIOA, IHEOCLINSERT IHEBSD, IHEBSFINSERT IHEJXSINSERT IHEOSD, IHEOST, IHEBSIINSERT IHEVPE, IHEDMA, IHEVFBINSERT IHEDNC, IHEVFD, IHEVFA, IHEVPD, IHEVPB, IHEVSCINSERT IHEVSD, IHEVFE, IHEDCN, IHEUPBINSERT IHEVFC, IHEVPE, IHEVPG, IHEVQB , IHEVQCINSERTIHEABN, IHEIOD, IHEIOF, IHEPRT, IHEVQA, 1HESPRTINSERT IHEBEG, IHEERR, IHESIZINSERT MI SETOVERLAY AlINSERT ASSEM, REWIND, REW72 , DSKOUT, CARDIN, DISKIN,

ERPRT, PRIADD

39

INSERT WRDATfl, PRICOM, PRINOR, WRITEX, REFTIT, PREF,ERTIT

OVERLAY AlINSERT PARMRD, PRESIMOVERLAY AlINSERT SMLTR, NRMTRM, STRTSM, TPAGEINSERT RDCRD, ABNRMT, ARTHFP, TRACE, HGRAM, HGRAMI ,

HGRAMSINSERT IOINIT, ACTIVE, SIMTIMINSERT DEVDTA, ACT, TIME, INT, RAND, DEADT , DEBUGOVERLAY A

2

INSERT LEVEL, DMAIOI , DMAIOA, DMAIOD, RIOIOINSERT REMACT, DMA, DMATM, RIO, RIOTM, RIOINT, INTOLY

,

DMAINTINSERT DTRAN, PUTACT , RANDOMOVERLAY AlINSERT HGPRNTOVERLAY AlINSERT LAODEROVERLAY AlINSERT LINK, ENTEXT, SLLKOVERLAY AlINSERT PLATAC, IOPACKOVERLAY $OBJECTEREGIONNINSERT OBJECT, INIT, LIB, RCALPH , RCHEX, RCINTINSERT MDATEOVERLAY $DUMPEREGIONNINSERT SMDUMP f PAGEENTRY MAINNAME APSS/*

3. The PL/ATAC compiler object module on the disc must

be moved to the data cell.

//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//EXEC PGM=IEBGENER//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYSUT1 DD DISP=SHR,UNIT=2 314 ,VOL=SER=SPOOL3

,

//DSN=S 1615. RDS . PLATAC//SYSUT2 DD DISP=(NEV7,KEEP) , UNIT=2 321 , VOL=SER=CEL001

,

//DCB=(RECFM=FT,BLKSIZE=718 8) ,LABEL-RETPD=360

,

//SPACE= (7180, (20,0) ) ,DSN=S1615 . RDS .PLATAC//SYS IN DDGENERATE/*

40

4. The Library ( ' S1615 .RDS.LOADLID' ) must now be moved

from the disc to the data cell for permanent storage. This

library contains modules necessary for successful execution

of the PL/ATAC compiler. The required JCL statements to

accomplish this step are as follows:

//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//EXEC PGM=IEDCOPY//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYSUT1 DD DISP=SHR,UNIT=2 314,VOL=SER=SPOOL3,//DSN=S1615.RDS.LOADLIB//SYSUT2 DD DISP= (NEW, KEEP) ,UNIT=2321,VOL=SER=CEL007,//DSW=S1615.RDS.LOADLIB,SPACE=(7294, (61,0,14) ) ,

//DCB=(RECFM=UT / BLKSIZE=7294) ,LABEL=RETPD=360//SYSUT3 DD UNIT=SYSDA ,SPACE= (TRK , (20,5)

)

//SYSUT4 DD UNIT=SYSDA, SPACE= (TRK, (20,5)

)

//SYS IN DD *

COPY OUTDD=SYSUT2,IWDD=SYSUTl/*

B. USER INSTRUCTION

The JCL required to compile and execute PL/ATAC programs

is as follows:

//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//PLATAC EXEC PGM=XPLMON , PARM=' ALTER' , REGION=20 OK//STEPLIB DD DSN=S1615.RDS.L0ADLIB,UNIT=2321,DISP=SHR,

VOL=SER=CEL0 7

//PROGRAM DD DSN=S1615 .RDS .PLATAC,UNIT=2321 ,VOL=SER=CEL001

,

DISP=SHR//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//FT05F001 DD DDNAME=SYSIN//FT0 6F001 DD SYSOUT=A//FT27F001 DD DSN=&&PLCODE , SPACE= (TRK , (20,10) ,RLSE)

,

// DCB=(BLKSIZE=3520,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB) ,DISP= (NEW , PASS , DELETE)

,

// UNIT=SYSDA//SYSIN DD *

PL/ATAC Program

41

//APSS EXEC PGM=APSS REGION-2 00K//STEPLIB DD DSN=S1615.RDS . APS S,UNIT=2 321, DISP= (OLD, KEEP)

,

// VOL=SER=CEL005,DCB=BLKSIZE=400//FT05F001 DD DDNAME=SYSIN//FTO 6F00 1 DD SYSOUT=A , DCB=- (RECFM=FBA , LRECL= 13 3, BLKSIZE= 3325)//FT08F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE= (CYL, 1) ,DCB=BUFNO=l//FT09F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE= (CYL, (7 ,2) ) ,

DCB= (RECFM=VBS .. BLKSIZE=7180 ,LRECL=92 ,BUFNO=l)//FT10F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(CYL, (7,2) ) ,

DCB=(RECFM=VBS,BLKSIZE=4204 ,LRECL=42 ,BUFNO=l)//FT20F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA, SPACE- (CYL , (7 , 2) ) ,

DCB=(BUFNO=1,RECFM=VBS,BLKSIZE=2 04 ,LRECL=500)//FT27F001 DD DSN=&&PLCODE,UNIT=SYSDA,DISP= (OLD, DELETE)

,

DCB=BUFNO=l//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A ,DCB= (RECFM=FBA,LRECL=13 3 ,BLKSIZE=3325)//SYSIN DD *

$END/*

42

APPENDIX B

DATA SIMULATION PROGRAM FORTRAN LISTING AND OUTPUT

A description of program variables is included in the

Data Simulation Program listing. The input data deck setup

is also included in the listing.

43

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61

APPENDIX C

PULSE TRAIN SEPARATOR SIMULATION PROGRAM PL/ATAC LISTING

Program variables are described as they are declared in

the program.

62

SIMPLE PL/ATAC CUMPlLtR VERSION Of FEBRUARY 1. 19/4. ClOCK TIME

TODAY IS MAR^H 18, 1975. CLOCK TIMt = 22:57:29.51.

9:51 :33. 79.

1

2

456789101112131415161716192021222324252o2726293uJl32333433i63 73639404l424344*546474649505152535455DO57565-si

6061o26364656667c>6

697071727374757o77

TOGGLES: $PUNCH9***11/

/"* PL/ATAl. PULSE TPAiN SEPARATOR

N o f *****

1 HI S VcRSlUN Or PL/ATAC CONTAINS NO DOUBLE PRECISION CAPABILITYNECESSITATING EMPLOYMENT OF THl 'CODE' COLLECTION HEAD WHtREOGJBLt PRECISION CALCOLATIONS ARE PERFORMED.

******»*****;>*********

PROGRAMSYSTEMSTABLERECEIVEANTENNAASSOMuOPUlSl T

lfM RFCCf FIVE

1 .

2.3,4.

I S DWi THPOLStR OPE. FCTO 6

RA I NEIVERWORDLlOAFrtETIM

WAREUPAN

A HiECTIKco

THETED

SIGNAL PREPROCESSINGTO A MAXIMUM OF TENIFM RECEIVtR. THc IFMGH GAIN SCANNINGON OF ARRIVAL (OOA) ISOLVER GATED BY THEOUTPUT PULSES FROM THEBY LOADING A SERIES

UPONCN T

BEAMAZl MPOLSEMITWITHCLAS

THI SBUFFRESIHIGHPkI,AC TlINPUPROG

5. PJLRECEIPT

hE TrainWIDTH.UTH CENTE OF THETeh A S S

U

THE TRASIT I OAT I

1. EMI2. FRE

TIMPULPOL

,4.5.6.OUTPUT

ER.DUAL PULSPEEd MJl TTEk

ON IS siT BUFFERkAM WHIG

ESIGM l^ ATRA

RATER SIE 06SEPEFED

S FO- I

vUcNE OF

SE MOFAND

ThEPCIDTrtA

Oi ATIN,CNiTTERCUENE FISE WSE RIS s

SES PASS THROUGH A SEPARATE CHANNEL OF THE PTS TO AIN! COMPUTER WHERE THEY ARE PROCESSED TO CETERMINEAND STAoGER CHARACTERISTICS IF THEY EXIST. THISMUlAIED 6Y COMPREsSING THE RESIDUAL DATA WITHIN THETO 3E PROCESSED BY AN 4TAC ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

H MAY BE INCORPORATED USING THc CuDE COLLECTION HEAD

I\ED T°AblLINS FS INrtULATIAINERATORTO T

R EACN DEGCY -

ARRI

IDTHIFIVECONTPOLSEING,IN, I

cD WiGUTPUCONS I

BEARCYRST SIDTHEPETIIMUlA

SI1 TYROMCON JIONU FRI PTSHE ?H t>j

REESIN T

VALI

Pw)PULSINUEREP

BAstS EMTH T

T TOSTING

EEN

MULATE AOF SEPARTHE UUTPUNCTIONPURPOSESOM AN AZ1 HARJWATS ARE SLSE RECE

LSB =ERMS OFTut) - D

L- LSB =.ES CF AS TO TRAET IT IOND ON DO APLOYcJ T

HE TRAINA MA INF

F A SERI

HARDAT iNGUT OF«I TH, DIRIMUTHRE.IMJLAIVED.1 DEGFREUUOUBLESB =

1 MIST4BLCK Trl

INTERANDCOMTH

RAMEES OF

ENCYPRE

25.6CROS

TRE TRVALITUAPUTEE PACOMPSIX

BIN OF THE PULSECI SI ON VALUcMICROSECONDS.ECONDAIN, THE PTS LOCKSA IN FOR ONE ANTENNAPRI ) IS COMPUTED ANDOF Trir FIRST AND LASTTHE BEARING CF THE

RAMETERS ASSOCIATEDUTck FOR SIGNALWORDS.

TION INTERVALTED BY STORING THE PARAMETERS IN A MEMORY

/m**** GLOBAL VARIABLES ****"/

/" DESCRIPTION OF GLOBAL VARIABLES

RAM VARIAuLES

BUf 4000 WCRO INPUT SUFFERNS NEW SIGNAL POINTER FILE. HOLDS POINTERS TO A MAXIMUM OF 5

PULSES FOR EACH EMITTER UP TO 40 EMITTERS.TMIN D003LE PRECISION TIME FIRST SEENNC PTS ACTIVE CHANNEL COONTER. INITIAL VALUE DETlkMINES

NUMBER OF CHANNELS OF PTS. MAX NO CHANNELS = 10-NC INITPI TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN PULSESPRI PULSE REPETITION INTERVALCHAN 24o WORD BUFFcR 1^ WHICH STABLE PULSE TRAIN PARAMETERS ARl

STOREDcndx index tc chanc1n.jx index to chandp data pointerssf stable signal foundNSsF ÛN-STAdlE SIGNAL FOUND

1

234567

891011121314151617181920212223242526272b29^3313233343536373839404142434445464748495051323354555657535960ol6263646566676 8697071727374757677

63

'•/

REGISTER VAPIAuLES

I , J NS F ILE INDEXESBP bJFFcK CUIMtK

CECLAP.E dUF< r)999)RA,MDECLARE .MSI 199JRAMDEC LAKE TMI N( 7S.) RAMDECLAKEINCPI (5) iPK I < I) .CNOXJRAMDECLARE CHAN* 120 JRAMCECLARE NSSF139IRAMDECLARE SSM39) RAMLECLAKE C INOA ( 3S J •'AMCECLAkc ( BP, i , J) REGISTERDECLARE OP RAM

DEFINE TRUEToL = <f Al.SE.TRUEl

LCCAc PRCCEDURt PR1CCMP

/"

"/

PklLOMP DETERMINES THE STABILITY OF A PULSE TRAIN. IF STABLETHE PRI IS COMPUTED ANu THE MAIN IS FLAGGED AS A STABLE TRAIN.ALL PARAMETERS EXCEPT CF ARE LOADED INTO THE CHANNEL BUFFER.IF THE TRAIN IS NGN STABLE IT IS FLAGbEO AS SUCH.

DESCRIPTION CF VARIABLES

K,KK INDEXlS FOR CALCULATIONSMP MlSSInb PULSE COUNTERPRITEî CALCULAIICN VALUE OF PRI

DEC I ARE (K,MP,KK,KJ,PRITEM)RAMK=2KK=KJ=1MP=0

'" TEjT PULSE INTERVALS TC DETERMINE STABILITY OF TRAIN. A PULSETRAIN IS CONSIDERED STABLE IP NO MORE THAN TWO MISSING POLSESARE ENCOUNTERED IN INITIAL PULSES AND VARIATIONS IN TIMEINTERVAL dETWEEN PULSES DOES NOT EXCEED «- 51.2 MICROSECONDS. "/

( . (SK-1 ) . )/iKK IN lalPH .£K..)/a!KJ-2) TO ( AlPI ( .3K. ) /3KJ *2 »

LuGPl :

% DOTESTaMP>2

IFSO: LEAVE LOCP1ENDTEST dPI< . (d)K-l ) . )/£KK

ABOVE

:

DOMP=oMP+

1

KK-iKK+1REPEAT LCCPlEND

BELOW: DOMP-£MP + 1

KJ=3K.I*1RcPEAI LCOP1END

ENDK=^K -

1

KK = j/KJKJ=1TEST 2K>4

IF NOT: REPEAT LCOP1END

'«/

COMPUTE PRI AND TEST FCR ROUND OFFRCJND UP BY 1.

:RROR. IF ERROR EXISTS

K=lPRII IEPRIK = iENDPRIPRITES

END

=

RATE 4 TIMES-o PRU-o.Pl ( .SJK. J

<*1

TEM=3PRI=3PRi/(4*3MP)I oJPRITEM MCD< 4«-£MPi >(»*<DMPl/2IFSO: PRI = aPR£H

LOAD PARAMETERS INTO CHANNEL BUFFER

DP = jINS( ..ill . )

CNDX = o)CNDX«-6C INDXl .a/I/5. ) = o.CNOXCHA\( . (u;CNDX+ I )

Cf-i 4 1 .( 3CNDX*-2)CHA\( . ( oJCNlDXr i\ .

ChA<l . <a)CNUA*t ) .

CHANC . ( c*CN0X + 5) .

BUF( .( duPf 1) . i

=a7MlN( . <a'I/5*2 ) . )

= aUMIN( . ( Jl /5*2*l ) . )

= »lrUFI . ( *uP*<f) . )

=SPRI

/" FLAu PULSE TRAIN AS STABLE AND INCREMENT CHANNEL COUNTER "/

SSF( .Ui/bi . J TRUENc=a NC

1

RETURNEND LCCPl

) 78) 79) 801 81) 62J 83) 84) 85) 36) 87I ad) 89) 90) 91) 92) 93) 94) 95J 96) 97) 98) 99) 100) 101 PR Cl'MP1 102 PR COMP) 103 PR COMP) 104 PR COMP) 105 PR [COMPJ 106 PR COMP) 107 Px COMP) 108 PR COMP) 109 PR [COMP) 110 PR COMP) 111 PR CL.MPI 112 Pk LOMP1 113 PR COMP) 114 PR CoMP) 115 PR COMP) lit PR COMP) 117 PP. COMP) 118 PR COMPJ 119 PR [COMP) 120 PR COMP) 121 PK [COMP1 122 PR COMPJ 123 PR COMP) 124 PR COMP) 125 PR COMP) 126 PR COMP) 127 PR COMP» 128 PR COMPJ 129 PR COMP) 130 PR COMP1 131 PR COMP) 132 PR COMP) 133 PR COMP) 134 PK COMP1 135 PR COMP} 136 PR COMP) 137 PR CuMP1 138 PR COMP) 139 PR [COMP» 140 PR COMP) 141 PR CbMP> 142 PR LUMP> 143 PR COMP) 144 PR COMP) 145 PR COMPJ 146 PR COMP) 147 PK COMP) 148 PR COMP) 14 9 PR C L Kl

1 150 PR IP

) 151 PR COMP) 152 PR COMP) 153 PR COMPi 154 PR COMP) 155 PR COMPi 156 PR COMPJ 157 PR CCMP; 156 PR COMPJ 159 PR COMP) 160 PK COMP) 161 PRJ 162 PR [COMP) 163 PR C. 1 P

) 164 PR COMP) 165 PR CCMP) 166 PR CC "IP

) 167 PK COMP) 168 PR CL^MP) 169 PR) 170 PR) 171 P* COMPJ 172 PR CC IP

) 173 PR COMP) 174 PR COMP) 175 PK 1

'-

) 1 76 PR -

) 177 PR C i MP) 178 PR 1

,) 179 PR

,

) 180 PR llmp) 161 -

J 182 PR

64

/" TRAIN I A1LE0 STABILITY TEST. FLAG TRAIN AS NON STABLE "/

NSsF (. (Si/a). )=TRGEEND PR1COMP

PROCEDURE MAIN

/" DESCRIPTION CF VARIABLES

"/

BRNGFbRNOLCON I

CON2I I , JJ

TCAUTKAXT M I NT7EMTTEST

RCVk ANTENNA BEARING AT TOA OF FIRST PULSE OF A SIGNALRLVR ANTENNA CcARIno AT TuA OF LAST PJLSE CF A TRAINDOUBLE PRECISION TIME CALCULATION VARIABLEuGuoLt PRLCISIGN TiME CALCULATION VARIABLEINDICES

SCANIM RCVR ANTENNA SCAN TIME FOR ONE 6EAMWI0THTCAL LOWER HALF DOUBLE PKcCISION TIME OF ARRIVAL

UPPER HALF DOUBLE PRECISION TIME OF AkRIVALEXPECTED TIME OF LAST PUlSE INTERCEPTDUUJLE PRECISION TI.'.E OF ARRIVAL OF FIRST PULSEDCUoLt PRECISION TIME CALCULA1ION VARIABLEDOUBLE PRECISION TIME CALCULATION VARIAbLE

DECLARE (BRNGF ,8RNGL(39J , SC ANT Ml 1 ) , I I , J J , S TR ) R AMDECLARE* TCAL, TO AU,TMAX(7V) , TItSTI 1 J , TTEMI 1)) RAMULCLAREICUNKI) ,C0N2( 1) I RAM

/" INITIALIZE VARIABLES "/

CNDX=-6SCANTM=i 1201=0BP =NC = 1

/" StT NEW SIGNAL FCINTER FILE TO NEGATIVc VALUES "/

ITERATE 200 TIMESNS( .il . )=-li=ai+iEND1=0NS< .i.1 . )=0

LCAD INPUT BUFFER FROM CARDS

READ_UECieUP,bUF*39991

"/

MAINLP:55 DO

/" LCAD DP TOA OF FIRST PULSE OF SIGNAL FROM INPUT BUFFER ANOCOMPUTE EXPECTED TIME OF ARRIVAL Of LAST PULSE BASED ON RCVRANTENNA SCAN TIME FOR ONE ANTENNA BEAMrtlDTH "/

TCAL = a)BUF< . OeP*2) . )

TCAu=abUF< . (aBP+3) .

)

CCDELDRM D, 14, TCAL,

2

DAUD D,14,SCANTMSTRM D,14,TTEM,2

END&TR=2I/5*2TMAX< .dsT*

.

) = <£TTEMTMAX(.(o)STRtl).J=aTTEM(.l.)TMINI .a/SlR. J = £TOALTMINI.IoiSTRtl) . )=<iTGAU

COMPUTE:% DC

/"

INCREMENT BUFFER POINTER AiÔ CHECK AT BUFFER LIMIT. IFSO, GOCOMPKtSS RESIDUAL PULSES WITHIN INPUT BUFFER FOR FUTHER PROCESSING

6F=iBP*5TEST i,bP>3999

IFSu: LEAVE MAINLPEND

IF NO SIGNAL IN BUFFER INDEXED BY BUFFER POINTER INCREMENTPOINTER AND REPEAT COMPOTE "/

TEST o)BUF( .a)BP.)ZERO: REPEAT CCMPUTc

END1=0J =

SORT :

% DC

/" IF AT END uF NEW SIGNAL POINTER FILE, LEAVE SORT "/

TEST ?I>195IFSo: LEAVE iORT

END

/" IF NEW SIGNAL POINTER FILE INDEXED bY 1 IS EMPTY INDEX ANDCHECK NcXT LOCATION "/

TEST iJNSt.ai.)N E G : DO

REPEAT SCRT

) 133 PRICi^P) 1

;', PR1 ( 1 MJ 18b Pf UOMP) 186 PRICOMPJ 187 PRICuMP> 186i levJ 190) 191 Ma I Ni 19^ MAIN) 193 MAINi 194 MAIN) 195 MAIN) 196 MAIN> 197 MAIN) 196 MAIN) 199 MAIN1 200 MAI N) 201 MAINJ 202 MAINJ 203 MAINi 204 MAIN) 205 MAINJ 206 MAIN) 207 MAIN) 20 8 MAI N) 209 MAIN) 210 MAI N) 211 MAIN) 212 MAIN) 213 MAI N) 214 MAINI 215 MAIN) 21b MAIN) 217 MAINi 218 MAINJ 21 C

J MAI N) 220 MAIN) 221 MAI N) 222 MAINI 2?j MAINi 224 MAIN) 225 MAIN) 2Zo MAINJ 227 MAINJ 228 MAIN; 229 MAI N) 230 MAI NJ 23! MAIN) 2^.2 MAIN) 233 M A I N) 234 MAIN» 235 MAIN) 236 MAIN1 237 MAI N) 238 MAIN) 239 MAIN) 240 MAIN! 241 MAIN) 242 MAIN1 243 MAI NJ 244 M A I N) 245 MAIN) 246 H A I N) 247 MAINJ 248 MAI N) 249 MAI N) 2 50 MAI N) 251 MAIN) 252 MAIN) 253 M A I N) 254 MAIN) 255 MAIN) 25o MAIN) 257 MAIN) 25 3 MAIN) 259 M A I NJ 26 MAIN) 261 MAIN) 2t>2 MAIN) 263 MAIN1 2ct MAI N) 265 MAIN) 266 MAIN) 267 MAINj 268 M A i N1 269 MAIN) 270 rtAIN) 271 MAI N

i 272 MAIN) 273 :, A 1 N) 274 M A i N) 275 MAIN) 27o M t 1 N) 2 77 MAIN) 2/8 MAI N) 279 MAIN1 280 MAIN) 281 MAI NJ 232 MAIN) 283 MAIN) 284 MAINJ 285 MA 1 M

) 286 MAI N) 28 7 M .1 1 M

65

ENDEND

compare toa ct buffer signal with tmax oh signal found in newsignal pointer file. if toa of buffer signal is greater thanor euual tu imax, test fok stable signal in ns pcinthr filf.if signal has bten classified stable, reset active channelcounter and ssp flag, zero first five pulses from this signalin input buffer and compute emitter bearing using first andOCA OF SIG.MAl "/

COMCLMCCN2CON2CODE

ENDTEST

N

= o,duFI - (3dF«-2) . )

( .1 . )=3bOF( . laBPt3) .J= ojTMAX( . ( 31 /5*«i) . J

( .i . )=a,TMAX( . Ul/5*t*l ) . I

LDRM D,14,CGN1,2LORM D,7,CCN2,2DSUB P,7,14STRM D,7,TTEST,2

3TTESIEG, ZERO

TtSTP

END

: 00alSSH .131/5) .)OS: DO

NC=3NC-1SSf

(

.lal/5) .)=FALS6B RNGF =3 BUF I . ( aNS I . 3 I . ) ) . J

I 1=0ITERATE 5 TIMES

JJ =I IERATE 5 TIMES

buf(. unsi. <ai«-aii) ,)«-ajjj.) = ojj=3j j+i

ENDI IÎIt 1

ENDCHAM .3CINDXI .3 1/5 . ). ) = (3BRNGF*-3 8RNGL< . J 1/5. ) 1/2END

/" IF NS POINTER FILE SIGNAL HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AS NON STABLERESET NSSF FLAG "/

NSSFI . <3I/5 I . )=FALSE

/" CLEAR THE SIGNAL FROM NS POINTER FILE "

/

11=0ITERATE 5 TIMESnsi . <an-iii ). )=-lIi=3II+lEND1=31*5REPEAT SORT

ENDENDTEST o,8UF( . (3EP+1) . >==3BUFl . < a,N 3 < . 31 . ) + 1 ) . I

IFNOT: DJI=3I*5REPEAT SCkTEND

END

/" TEST FOR MATCH BETWEEN BUFFER SIGNAL FREQ AND PW AND NS SIGNALPOINTER FILE FRE« AND Pw. IF 30TH JO NOT MATCH REPEAT SORT.IF MATCH OCCURS AND SIGNAL HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AS STABLE,ZERO bUFFER SIGNAL AND REPEAT COMPUTE. IF SIGNAL HAS BEENCLASSIFIED As NCN STABLE, REPEAT COMPUTE. "/

TEST 36UF(.<3BP + 4).1= = 3BUF(.(3NS(.31.)«-4).IIFNOT: DO

1=31+5REPEAT sORTEND

ENDTEST 3SSFI . [31/51 .)

NONZERO: DOBRNuLI . o<l/5. )=33UF( . 3BP. i

11=0ITERATE 5 TIMES60F( . (33P+3I I ). )=0I 1=31 iHEND

REPEAT COMPUTEEND

ENDTEST 3NSSFI . (31/5) .)==TRUE

IFSO: REPEAT COMPUTEEND

/" IF SIGNAL HAS NOT BEEN CLASSIFIED, STORE BUFFER PuINTER INNS foINTER FILE. IF THIS IS ThE FIFTH PULSE ASSOCIATED WITHThIS TRAIN, CcMPUTr TIME INTERVALS BETwEEN PULSES AND cAlLFCa Pki COMPUTATION. "/

ITERATE 3 IIMESJ=aiJ + l

TEST o/NS( . (31 <3J1 .)NfcG: DO

NSI . (31 to, J) . J=3BPREPEAT COMPOTEEND

ENDFNO

) 238 MA N) 2 8 V HA IN) 290 MA N> 291 MA N) 292 MA N) 293 MA NJ 29 4 MA N) 295 MA INJ 29b MA NJ 29 7 MA IN) 298 MA N) 29v MA N) 300 MA IN) 301 MA N) 302 MA •.

) 303 MA N) 304 MA -i

) 305 MA N) 306 MA NI 307 MA N| 308 MA NI 30 9 HA NI 310 MA N) 311 MA N) 312 MA NJ 313 MA N» 314 MA N) 315 MA N) 316 MA N) 317 MA N) 31o MA NJ 319 MA N) 320 MA N) 321 MA N) 322 MA N> 323 MA N) 324 MA N) 325 MA N) 326 MA NI 32/ MA N) 323 MA NI 329 MA N) 330 MA N) 331 MA NJ 332 MA N) 333 MA N) 334 MA N) 335 MA N) 336 MA N) 337 MA Ni 338 MA IN) 339 MA N) 340 MA NJ 34 1 MA N) 342 MA N) 343 MA N) 344 MA NJ 345 MA N) 346 MA N) 347 MA N) 348 M A N) 349 MA N) 350 MA N) 351 MA N1 352 MA N) 353 MA NJ 354 MA I

s;

) 355 MA]'

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1 383 MAI Nk 384 MA] r.

) 3J:> ,;. ,

» 386 MAI N

) 5a I MAI N) 388 MAI .

» 389 MAI NJ 3*0 MA! N) 391 MAI N) 392 MAI N

66

NS< . InJl *4) .lâBPIEST i«NC»=10

IFSU: uONSSF I

.

I cl /5)

.

t = TKuEREPEAT COMPUTEENO

ENDJ=li TfcRAI t 4 flMfcSPl<.a/J.)=iBUFl.ta)NS(.(3Ua'JJ.U2). )- ioUFl . ( i)NS ( . ( 3 I to. J- I ) . J f 2 ) . J

TEST ojPI I . alj. J

NEo: Pi I .ij. )=3PI < .3J.)+327o7ENDj=3J+iENDCALL PRICOMPUREPEAT COMPUTE

END SCKl1=0CYCLETEST 3NS(.3I . )

NEG: OJNS( .31 . )=38PREPEAT MAINLPEND

ENDTEST ( I=3I«-5I>195

IFSU: DODUMP DEC(NS,NS*195)RETURNENO

ENDEND

END COMPUTEEND J»AINLP

/" ROUTINE oELCrt COMPRtSSES RESIDUAL PULSES WITHIN THE INPUTBUrt-tK. AN ATAo ASbtMBLf LANGUAGE CKUi.KAN Tu PKOCtSS THISRESIDUAL MAY BE INCORPORATED dETwEEN THE END AND END MAINSTATEMENTS UTILIZING THc CODE COLLECTION HEAD. "/

BP =ZEROCK:

% CYCLETEST 3BUFI .3BP+1. )

ZERO: DODP=36PLEAVE ZERDCK

ENDENDBF=3BP+5

END ZEROCK.CYCLE

bP=3BP*5TEST 36P>j-,95

IPSO: DORETURNEND

cNDTEST 3BUFI . 13BP+1). >= =

IFNuT: DO1 =

ITERATE 5 TIMESBUT-t . i<iiUP*6il ).)=3BUF<.<3bP*3II.)BUF( . ( 33P *JI ) . ) =I=3I+1

ENODP = <iDP + 5END

ENDEND MAIN

END

/h**** LINK MODULE FCR EXcCUTING PL/AT4C PROGRAM.SEXECUI I Vc

* * * * ii /MCOULE LiNK

DcLLARc PkOCSTK(64) RAMRO = PROCSTKuALL MAIN( J

END LINKEOF EcF cOF EOF iiOF EOF EOF EOF EOF

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) 417 MAI N) 418 MAI N) 419 MAINJ 420 MAINj 421 MAIN) 42 2 MAIN) 423 MAIN) 424 MAIN) t25 MAI N) 426 MAIN) 427 MAIN) 428 MAIN) 429 MAIN) 430 MAIN) 431 MAIN) 432 MAIN1 43 3 MAIN) 434 MAI N) 435 M A 1 NJ 436 M A I N) 437 MAIN) 438 MAI N) 439 MAI N) 440 M A I Ni 441 MAIN) 442 MAIN) 443 M A I NJ 444 MAIN1 445 MAIN1 446 MAIN) 447 MAIN) 448 MAIN) <»49 MAIN1 450 AAl HJ 451 MAINJ 452 MAIN) 453 M a i r i

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67

APPENDIX D

PULSE TRAIN SEPARATOR SIMULATION PROGRAMASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LISTING AND OUTPUT

68

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93

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Frazer, P.D., The Electronic Warfare Application ofSpecial Purpose Mi croprogrammcd Minicomputers , M . S . E . EThesis, Naval Postgraduate School, June, 1974".

2. ATAC, Applied Technology Airborne Computer , V. I, II,Itek Corporation, 19 74.

3* Elect ronic Countermeasures , U.S. Army Signal Corps, 19 61

4. User's Manual , 1st ed. , W.R. Church Computer Center,Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 19 7C.

94

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Navay Security Group Headquarters3801 Nebraska Avenue, N.W.VJashington, D.C. 2 390ATTN: CDR H. Orejuela

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