Diplomacy and World War II

1929-1945Short Version

Hoover’s foreign policy-isolationist>economic sanctions

Japanese aggression-Manchuria (1931), defied open door policy and league of nations

Stimson Doctrine-Honor Nine-power Treaty(1922) by refusing to recognize Manchukuo

Latin America 1929, good will tour Arranged the departure of US troops in Nicaragua

(1933) Negotiate treaty with Haiti to remove all US troops

by 1934

FDR foreign Policy (1933-1938)

Good-neighbor Policy Dollar diplomacy-ineffective due to Great

Depression=lack of resource to invest Rise of militarist regimes (GER, ITA) prompts

desire for cooperation in regional defense

Montevideo, Uruguay

Pan-American Conference 1933, US delegates vow to end intervention in internal

affairs of Latin Amer. Repudiation of Roosevelt corollary

1936-FDR personally attended Pledged to submit further disputes to arbitration Warned against European aggression (GER)

Cuba 1934-nullification of Platt Amendment, retained right to

Guantanamo Bay Mexico

Reject corporate demands to seizure of oil properties by Lazaro Cardenas

Encouraged negotiation for settlement

Economic Diplomacy London Economic Conference (1933)

FDR withdrew support, b/c stabilization of currencies could hurt his own recovery plans

Recognized USSR 1933, recognition = increased US trade = economic boost

Philippines Tydings-McDuffie Act(1934)

Philippines independence (1946),gradual removal of US military presence

Election of New President (1935), New Constitution Reciprocal Trade Agreement

FDR favored lowering of tariff = increased international trade 1934, plan by Sec. State Cordell Hull, granted President

power to reduce tariff to 50% for Nations w/ reciprocated comparable reduction of US import

American Isolationists

Strong among Republicans, Midwest Revisionist history

Entrance into WWI mistake Sen. Gerald Nye (ND), 1934, committee conclude entrance was to serve

greed of bankers and arm manufacturers, influenced later isolationist legislation

Neutrality Acts Neutrality act 1935- Authorize president to prohibit arms shipment and US

citizen from traveling on ships of warring nations 1936, forbade extension of loan and credits 1937, forbade shipment of arms to opposing side in Spanish civil war(1936,

General Francisco France>forces of republicanism, royalists) America First Committee(1940)

React to pro-British policies of FDR Mobilize public opinion and engaged prominent people > WW2

Prelude to War

Appeasement Ethiopia (1935) Rhineland (1936) China (1937)-US gunboat Panay destroyed, Japanese

apology accepted FDR tested public opinion, quarantine speech (negative

reaction) Sudetenland, 1938

Munich conference, 1938 (broken March 1939) Preparedness

1938, increased military and naval budget by 2/3, some accepted, belief in that it would be used to attack aggression against western hemisphere

From Neutrality to War (1939-1941) Outbreak of War in Europe

1939, USSR and Germany = nonaggression pact Division of Poland

Invasion of Poland (September, 1939) Blitzkrieg (1940)

Scandinavia, France(1 week) Denmark and Norway surrender June 1940, Britain remains

Changing US policy

1940-acceptance of stronger US defense > aid to Britain

Cash and Carry 1939, less restrictive neutrality act

Warring nations, cash and carry, favored Britain Selective Service Act (1940)

Compulsory military service, 21-35, trained 1.2 mil/1 yr First peace time draft Isolationists outnumbered, people away from Strict

Neutrality Destroyers for Base

50 older US destroyers = military bases on Caribbean British islands

Election of 1940

Wendell Willkie (R) Criticize New Deal, agreed to preparedness and

aid to GB End of two term tradition

54% to FDR (popular) Strong recovery b/c defense purchases, instead

of Keynesian Fear of war, desire for strong leader

Arsenal of Democracy

Four Freedoms Nations dedicated to Free. Speech, Religion, from want, from

fear Jan 6, 1941. Speech to lend money for purchase of US war

material Lend-Lease (March 1941)

End cash and carry, allow obtaining all US arms on credit Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

Affirmed peace objectives, sound peace include self-determination, no territorial expansion, free trade

Shoot on Sight June 1941-extension of protection from submarines Escort ships carrying lend-lease to Iceland

Greer attacked by GER sub = attack all German vessel on sight

Disputes with Japan

1940, Axis alliance German success = Japanese aggression, Dutch East

Indies, British Burma, Indochina Economic Action

Prohibit export of Steel and scrap iron, ex. Britain and western hemisphere

1941-freeze all Japanese credit, cut off access to vital material, oil

Negotiations breaking down Pearl Harbor, 1 day later WAR

Stalin join with Democracies, Europe then Asia

World War II :Home Front

WPB-management of war industries OWM-set production priorities and controlled raw materials Cost-plus system, paid war contractors cost of production and certain %

for profit End of depression, unemployment virtually ends by 1944 1944, US 2> 1 Axis industrial output OPA- regulation of civilian life-freeze price, wages, rents and rationing Unions-Agreement of no strike (John L. Lewis broke)

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike act (1943)-empowered government to take over war-related business threatened by strike

Financials of the War Increase in spending, 100 bil in 1945

Increased income tax, 1945 automatic deduction from paycheck Selling war bonds Borrow money, sell 145 bil war bonds Shortage = savings

The War’s impact on society

Leave rural areas in Midwest to pacific coast (California), defense installations in S (warm, low labor cost)

African American 15 mil left S, 1 mil join armed force

Faced discrimination and segregation, summer of 1943, race riot in NY and Detriot Double V

V > fascism, V > inequality Increased NAACP members CORE, militant movement for African interest Smith vs. Allwright (1944)

Mexican Americans 300000 in military, many in defense industries 1942 agreement-Braceros enter US in harvest season neglecting

immigration procedures Summer 1943, LA soot suit riots, battle between whites and Mexicans

Native Americans -25k in military, more in defense industries. /2 never returned to reservations

Japanese American 20k served in Military 1942, l fear/racism prompts government to order 100k on

west coast to leave for internment camps. Korematsu v. US (1944) , policy upheld

Women- 200k served in non-combat role Acute labor shortage 5 mil enter work force, industrial jobs in shipyards and

defense plants Rosie the Riveter, pay <

Propaganda Maintain morale Encourage sacrifice and conservation Increase war production Office of war information-news about troop movement and

battle Movie, Radios, music

The Election of 1944

FDR (D) and Truman, FDR’s medical health ?

Thomas Dewey (R) FDR, 53% popular vote, 432-99 electoral

World War II: Battlefronts

Fighting Germany Defense at sea, attack by air

Battle of the Atlantic From North Africa to Italy

Operation Torch (NOV 1942), May 1943 success Summer 1943, Sicily.

From D day to VE day June 6, 1944. Doomsday. Belgium December 1944, battle of the bulge

German Surrender, Holocaust discovery April 30, 1945-Hitler suicide. Unconditional surrender of German

army, May 7 6 million Jewish people perished, genocide on Hitler’s part

Fighting Japan

1942- Korea, Philippines, eastern China, British Burma and Malaya, French Indochina , Dutch east Indies, most pacific islands west of Midway

Turning point, 1942 Battle of Coral Sea (may 7-8), invasion of Australia ended June 4-7, Battle of Midway,

destruction of 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes Island Hoping (Chester Nimitz) Major Battle

Leyte Gulf (October 1944)-virtual destruction of Japanese Navy First usage of kamikazes

Battle of Okinawa (April –June 1945)- 50k US deaths, 100k Japanese Atomic bombs

Manhattan project (1942) J. Robert Oppenheimer, 100k people and 2 bil spent Successful test, June 16, 1945, Alamogordo, New Mexico August 6, Hiroshima August 9, Nagasaki 250k Japanese died immediately or after prolonged suffering August 16, Jpanese surrender. Emperor retained as titular head of state but renounced Divinity Formally received on September 2, 1945 aboard Missouri in Tokyo

Wartime Conferences

Casablanca (Jan 1943)- FDR and Churchill agreed to invade Sicily and demand unconditional surrender from Axis

Teheran-Big three in Iranian city, November 1943, Drive to liberate France in spring of 1944, Soviet would invade Germany and eventually join in war against Japan

Yalta, February 1945-black sea coast of USSR Germany divided into occupation zones Free election in liberated eastern Europe USSR enter war >Japan (August 8, 1945) USSR control southern half of Sakhalin island and Kurile island in Pacific, special

concessions in Manchuria New world peace organization formed in San Francisco

Roosevelt’s death April 12, 1945- sudden death Truman becomes president

Potsdam Late July, Churchill replaced by Clement Attlee, Stalin remain

In Germany (July 17-August 2, 1945) Warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally War-crime trials of Nazi leaders

The War’s Legacy

Cost 300k Americans died, 800k wounded

Most deadly after Civil War 320 bil spent, immense amount of defecit spending. 1000% increase in federal spending, 1939-1945. 250 bil national debt

UN 1944, Dumbarton Oaks, Allied representatives from US, USSR,

GB, and CN proposed on the organization. April 1945, 50 nations sent delegates to assemble in San

Francisco, 8 weeks to draft charter. October 24, 1945- UN is borne

Expectations-USSR, A-bomb 1945-US strongest and most prosperous

I got lazy and didn't feel like putting more pictures, it got problematic as I had to search for so many pictures when I could just condense the entire chapter into note form.

Be happy you didn't get the other version, which had 50 slides.

G Luck and stuff on your finals, AP exam/s, Regents, and Summer