DIRECTED ENERGY TEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SENSOR … · DIRECTED ENERGY TEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SENSOR PROGRAM Jeffrey Schleher DET S&T HPM SME [email protected] 2011

Test Instrumentation Workshop 1:Date 11 May 2011

DIRECTED ENERGY TEST SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY SENSOR PROGRAM

Jeffrey Schleher

DET S&T HPM SME

[email protected]

2011 ITEA Test Instrumentation

Workshop Las Vegas, NV 9-12 May 2011

Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.


TOPICS

• High Power Microwave Test Space • Determining HPM Sensor Requirements • Current RF Sensors • DET S&T 3-Axis Sensors • Current Status



High Power Microwave Test Space

Source Propagation Medium Target Platform Target Electronics

Type 1

Surface

Mine

Type 2

Buried

Mines

Type 3

Surface

Mine

IEDs on Guard Rail

IED Between 2

Metal Sheet CM IED Controller

Type 1

Surface Mine

Daisy Chain

IEDs

Ground

Effects

Threat Testing

MIL STD 464B

Internal

Measurements Ground

Effects

Active Denial

Technology Testing

IEMS

APOS

SHEF

APOS

IEMS

STB

IEMS

EOS

APOS

Over Head Attack

C-IED, C-Mine Testing

Power- Platform -Test Source

CTAS

Safety

APOS

IEMS

APOS IEMS

IEMS

APOS

C-IED

Claymore

Mine IED

Type 3

Mine IED

Type 3

Buried

Mine

Metal Sheet

Car Simulation

Weapon System Test EOS

Near Field APOS

Voltage

Potential

Needed

Current

Needed



APPLICATIONS OF RADIO FREQUENCY/MICROWAVE RECEIVERS

• High Power Microwave Test (MIL STD 464B) – U.S High Power Microwave Weapons (C-IED)

• High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (MIL STD 188-125, etc)

• Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (MIL STD 464A) • Space Test (MIL STD 1541) • RADHAZ (DoD 6055.11) • Electronic Warfare Test • Spectrum Verification • Communications Test



Radio Frequency Diodes

PRESENT FREE FIELD SENSORS

D-dot B-dot

Standard Gain Horns Open Wave Guides

EG&G MGL-6 B-dot EG&G ACD-2 D-dot

SGH X-band 12.5 – 18 GHz

Diode Detector

Also Inside Source and

Sometimes Target


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dioden2.jpg


6

SENSOR INTRUSION ON FIELD MEASURED

• At Source – H-field (near field) 20% – E-field (near field) 5%

• At Target – Free Field or Near the Ground – H-field 15% – E-field 10% – Beam Shape 1% – Polarization 10%

• In Target – H-field 15% – E-field 10% – Current 25%

Present Sensor

Intrusion

And, don’t forget any baluns, FO converters, cables, and stands included

* Source various studies using sensors for the applications noted



DET S&T Measured Sensor Intrusion

Material Diameter (mm) Q Loss/pass

Air 0 1696 ~1%

Fiber 125 1651 ~1%

Wire 10 297 6%

Wire 50 131 11%

Wire 70 75 18%



HPM SENSOR TEST SPACE REQUIREMENTS

• Source o Not Required – Diodes

• Propagation Environment o Free Field

Not Required - Horns, D-dot • But faster set-up

o Ground Effect 3-Axis, Non-Intrusive

• At Target o Off Set (away from target)

B-dots, D-dots

o On Surface Single Axis – Non-Intrusive

• Inside Target o Large Cavity

Non-Intrusive, 3-Axis, Moderately Small, Sensitive

o Electronics Bay Small, Non-Intrusive, 3-axis or Single Axis, Very

Sensitive

o On-Board Small, Non-Intrusive, Single

Axis, Very Sensitive

• Inside Explosive Targets (C-IED) o Bridge Wire – Cavity - Electronics

Cheap, Small, Single Axis Sensitive



S&T ALTERNATIVE SENSORS

• E-Field EO Sensors – EO Crystals Pockel Effect – Tailored EO Polymers Pockel Effect – EO Crystals Kerr Effect

• H-Field MO Sensors – MO Crystals Faraday Effect

• Current Sensors – No current project – Broad Area Announcement

• Voltage Potential – No current project

Goals: Non-Intrusive – Wideband – Sensitive – 3-Axis – Small – Cheap

– Able to handle HPM power



Electro-Optical Sensor Technology (EOST)

• NRL is Developer

• Single Access EO Transmission Sensor (Pockel Effect)

• First DET S&T sensor project

• Field Tested at Dahlgren

• Started as LiNbO3 changed to KD*P – greater sensitivity

• Validated at National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)

• Uncertain where Prototype went • PAX River has one

• NRL HPM has one NIST Tested 1 MHz to 10 GHz



COMPACT THREE AXIS SENSOR (CTAS)

PM input fibers

MM output fibers

• 3-Axis EO probe

• Field Tested at PAX River

• Can be Three Singles or 3-Axis

• Prototype Retained by NRL • To work on IEMS Project

• Provides data on all three axis

• Lasers being used for Rail Gun Sensing at NRL

• Prototype available on conclusion of Rail Gun Project

• CTAS also potential for use on classified project at Eglin



Integrated Electro-Magneto-optic Sensor (IEMS)

• NRL is Provider

• 4-Axis EO/MO probe

• Field Tested at PAX River

• Can be Four Singles or 3-Axis EO – 1-Axis MO

• Prototype Retained by NRL

• Awaiting Classified Test

• Lasers being used for Rail Gun Sensing at NRL

• Prototype to PAX River on Conclusion of Rail Gun Project

Four Axis

Prototype

@ PAX

Scope

View

1.3 GHz Source



EXPANDING THE STATE-OF-ART

• Crystal EO material have several disadvantages – Fixed Sensitivity

• Although different axes can have different sensitivity

– Refractive Index issues causes insertion loses with FO used to access crystal

– Hard to work with really small crystals

• Tailored polymers with created EO properties may be the solution



CRYSTAL EO VS. POLYMER EO

• Crystals have fixed sensitivity and insertion loses

• EO effect and insertion loses can be tailored in polymer EO materials

• Lowest Polymer DET S&T (Univ Washington) 120 pm/V

RI ≈ 1.8

Crystal Chemical

Formula

Refractive

Index

Sensitivity

r ij

pm/V

Comment

Lithium Niobate LiNbO3 2.286 r33 = 30.8 Stable, Uniform

properties, commercial

available

Lithium

Tantalate

LiTaO3 2.176 r33 = 30.4 Stable, Uniform

properties, commercial

available

KTP Potassium

Titanium

Oxide Phosphate

KTiOPO4 1.5 r33 = 35

KD*P Potassium

Dideuterium

Phosphate

KD2PO4 1.504 r63 = 24 commercial

available, fragile

Lithium Niobate

(longitudinal

mode)

LiNbO3 2.2 r33 = 7

SBN-75 Strontium Barium

Niobate

Sr0.25Ba0.75Nb

6O3

2.3 r33 = 1400 High incoherence.

Photorefractive, poor

uniformity

SBN-60 Strontium Barium

Niobate

Sr0.4Ba0.6Nb2

O6

2.3 r33 = 235 High incoherence.

Photorefractive, poor

uniformity

DAST 2.7 or 1.9 r11 = 78 Hydrophilic, unstable

Zinc Telluride ZnTe 2.73 r41 = 5.5 Highly inhomogeneous Garzarella, et.al., Non-perturbative, 3-axis electric field Measurements

using fiber attached electro-optic sensors

Progress in Electromagnetic Research, Cambridge, MA, July 2008



DIELECTRIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD PROBES (DEFP)

E = λ / (2 n3 reff L )

EO Polymer

Max-Zehnder interferometer (MZI)

DEFP 4-Probe Sensor Optical Engine

One

MZI Probe

S&T Project Conclusion

• Technology works well

• Polymer used not sensitive

enough

• Laser at 1130 nm required –

Expensive

• Significant insertion loses

• Stress and thermal effects can

be addressed

• Some temporal stability issues

• IPITEK is Provider

• 4-Axis single axis EO MZ probes

• Field Tested at WSMR

• Uses old communications Lasers-Fibers-Optical receivers

• Laser 1130 nm

• Brass board – fibers not range capable

• No DEFP transition planned

• Available to laboratory

• Proof-of-concept



ADVANCED POLYMER OPTICAL SENSORS (APOS)

• IPITEK is Provider

• 3-Axis Very Small EO Probe

• 3-Axis Small MO Probe

• Single Fiber Access

• Modern Communication Lasers

• Laser ≈ 1550 nm

• Brass Board Field Tested WSMR

• MO 0.2 mA/m Hz1/2

• EO Not there yet

• EO Transition WSMR

• MO Transition ???

133359 Ch1_Ch1

-0.01

-0.0050

0.005

0.01

0.0150.02

0.025

-3.00E-

07

-2.80E-

07

-2.60E-

07

-2.40E-

07

-2.20E-

07

-2.00E-

07

-1.80E-

07

-1.60E-

07

-1.40E-

07

-1.20E-

07

-1.00E-

07

Time (s)

Sig

nal

(V)

135127 Ch1_Ch1

-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2

00.20.40.60.8

1

-3.00E-

07

-2.80E-

07

-2.60E-

07

-2.40E-

07

-2.20E-

07

-2.00E-

07

-1.80E-

07

-1.60E-

07

-1.40E-

07

-1.20E-

07

-1.00E-

07

Time (s)

Sig

na

l (V

)



IPITEK SENSORS SIZE

Crystal and Polymer

Slab Coupled Optical Sensor (SCOC)

Intended for electronics boards in single axis format

Sensor

Sensor

Single Axis MO sensor

tested at White Sands



MAGNETIC OPTICAL FIELD SENSORS (MOFS)

Probe in action • Opteos is Provider

• 3-Axis or 3-single axis MO probes

• Laboratory Tested at Opteos

• Brass board – fibers not range capable

• Long setup time

• Temperature Sensitive

• Fiber access not optimal

• MO Proof-of-concept (each axis a different MO material)

• MOFS available to laboratory

Spatial Scanning over DUT with lock-in

-120

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

0.4'' 0.45'' 0.5'' 0.55'' 0.6'' 0.65'' 0.7'' 0.75''

vertical probe location across DUT (")

Am

pli

tud

e

-180

-150

-120

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

ph

ase

amplitude (dBm)

phase (°)

DUT



OTHER WORK

DET S&T is not alone

Magnetic Field : 13_17_53_RG_P14_S3_Shot4

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-40

-20

0

20

Time (msec)

B_Dot data

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

0.5

1

Time (msec)M

agnetic F

ield

(T

esla

)

DecoderC

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Time (msec)

Magnetic F

ield

(T

esla

)

DecoderB

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40

1

2

3

Time (msec)

Magnetic F

ield

(T

esla

)

DecoderA

Prime Photonics

TGG MO 3-axis Probe SRICO

EO Mach-Zender LiNbO3

< 2GHz, ≈1V/m sensitivity

Opteos 3-Axis

EO sensor

at Brooks City Base

Intended for <100MHz



CURRENT STATUS

• Special sensors are required to observe the high peak fields and short pulses of HPM weapons in a variety of applications

• Conventional sensors capable of this feat are very intrusive and may interfere with target response – also expensive

• The DET S&T program has developed advanced sensors using optics capable of sensing these fields without intrusion

• One version of our E-field sensor was tested by NIST • Most, but not all prototypes are promised to specific ranges,

but have already been used at other ranges • DET S&T seeking approach(s) to ruggedize optical sensors and

bring them into general use on the test ranges


Documents

DIRECTED ENERGY TEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SENSOR … · DIRECTED ENERGY TEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SENSOR PROGRAM Jeffrey Schleher DET S&T HPM SME [email protected] 2011