Disaster and Recovery: Working Toward More Resilient Communities · 2018-02-23 · Warning System Increased Resilience Warn local community Warn communities globally Evacuate Shut

Disaster and Recovery: Working Toward More Resilient CommunitiesTHALIA ANAGNOS

AVP GRADUATE & UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS

FEBRUARY 21, 2018

ResilienceAbility to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully

adapt to adverse eventsEnvironment

(built & natural)

Social

Economic

Political

Earthquakes/TsunamisWeather-induced disastersClimate-induced disastersWildfiresHuman-induced disastersInfectious disease outbreaks

Disaster Resilience : A National ImperativeNational Academies Press, 2012

• 60% of government buildings destroyed Incapacitated government

• Airport, ports and many roads inoperable Slowed access to aid

• No access to clean water and sanitation Cholera (6% of population affected)

• 1.5 million people displaced Destruction of social fabric (families, schools,

healthcare, jobs, access to food, etc.)• $8 billion in damage ($15 billion losses)

more than annual gross domestic product (GDP)

2010 Haiti Earthquake – M7.3

Environment (built & natural)

Social

Economic

Political

ResilienceAbility to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully

adapt to adverse eventsBefore

• Determine risks

• Communicate Risks

• Mitigate risks

• Develop capacity to respond

• Develop policies

• Engage the community

During

• Warn community

• Monitor the situation

• Evacuate

After

• Short term

• Communicate

• Restore vital systems

• Food, water, shelter

• Safety

• Healthcare

• Assess damage

• Long term

• Plan for future

• Mitigate risks

• Rebuild

Worldwide trends are fueling the discussion

10 year average

total economic loss

Insurance Industry losses (Swiss Re)

2016 $54 bill

2017 >$100 bill

Explore examples of resilience from the 2010 Chile earthquake Tsunami warning system

Urban planning and urban redesign

Use of base isolation

Chile sits on a convergent plate boundary on the Ring of Fire

S. Central Chile Feb. 27, 2010M 8.8, 3:34 AM

• 500 times more powerful than 2010 Haiti

Plate rupture 550 km long; 80% population felt EQ

3 minutes of shaking

526 deaths

370,000 homes damaged

$30 billion loss (18% GDP)

Tsunami




Subduction earthquake generated tsunami

Nazca Plate

South American Plate

Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami

Tsunami warning center

1. Monitor earthquakes globally

2. CAN EQ generate tsunami?





3. Monitor sea surface height





3. Monitor sea surface height◦ International and Chilean gauges





3. Monitor sea surface height◦ International and Chilean data

4. Model estimated time to arrival






4. Model estimated time to arrivalo Distant or local event






4. Model estimated time to arrival

5. Warn impacted communities

Warning System

Increased Resilience

Warn local community

Warn communities

globally

EvacuateShut down sensitive systems

Move or secure vulnerable

objects

EQ warning systems (Japan, Taiwan, Mexico, US)

Receive via phone, TV, radio, siren◦ Move to safe place (under desk,

away from machinery, …)

◦ Stop surgery procedure

◦ Stop car to side of road or prevent from entering tunnel

◦ Slow high speed rail

◦ Warn plane from landing

◦ Open firehouse doors

◦ Stop sensitive industry processes

◦ Isolate systems to prevent cascading failures




18 minutes after the EQ Constitución was inundated by the tsunami

La Poza

Before

After

City developed sustainable reconstruction plan

Relocate 100 families from La Poza

Social considerations (fisherman, land owned for generations, close to town)




Create forest where La Poza used to be (acts as tsunami buffer)




Create forest where La Poza used to be (dissipate 40% to 70% of tsunami power)

Government partnered with “Elemental” architectural firm to build Villa Verde

Only had $10,000 per house, designed ½ a good house (40 m2, 430 ft2)

◦ Kitchen/lounge, a bathroom and two bedrooms

Villa Verde today

Social housing, but units owned by occupants

Villa Verde today

Urban Redesign


Relocated residents to

safer location

Affordable attractive

homes

Created tsunami buffer

Engaged community in planning

Reduced industrial

runoff into river

Other considerations

Created community green space near the river

Accelerated reconstruction (6 months for plan, 4 years to complete)

Families own their homes

Loss of previous community

Far from jobs and services

Lack of transportation

Fear of forest fires




Why Buildings Behave Badly

Photograph: Claudio NunezAlto Rio Photograph: Primera Compañía de Concepción

Damage &

Collapse

Previous Damage

Heavy Structures

Inadequate Connections

Motion Amplification (Resonance) Ground

Failure

Asymmetric Shapes

Brittle Materials

F = mam = mass of building

a = acceleration of ground

ground acceleration

Animation from www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/engineering/engineering5.html

Newton’s Second Law

Think what this means about how different types of structures respond to earthquakes

k

m

T = 2πk

m

k

m

k

m

increase building period

Building

Height

Typical

Natural

Period

2 story 0.2 sec

5 story 0.5 sec

10 story 1.0 sec

20 story 2.0 sec

30 story 3.0 sec

Resonance

frequency content of ground motion close to building's natural frequency◦ tends to amplify building response

◦ building suffers the greatest damage from ground motion at a frequency close or equal to its own natural frequency

Mexico City earthquake of Sept. 19, 1985

• majority of collapsed buildings ~ 20 stories tall

• T~ 2.0 secondsCollapsed

• different heights & natural periods,

• undamaged even though located right next to damaged 20 story buildings

Minimal Damage

Base Isolators Limit the Ground Motion That Enters the Building

Displacement is concentrated in isolators

Reduces drift between stories

Click Here

isolated building demo.mov

Social Housing at Santa Cruz• first floor completely collapsed

• 2 deaths

• 3 other buildings significant damage

• government demolished all and built new social housing community

• full ownership of units

• 2 x size of previous units

Let’s go down to the basement

Clínica San Carlos de Apoquindo

Not isolated base isolated

Base isolator

Base isolation


Reduced damage

Functional immediately

after EQ

Cost not significantly

higher

Protection of contents

Damage concentrated

in isolators

267 friction pendulum bearings

Bearings reduce EQ force demands on building by 70%

Each bearing can displace up to 20 inches horizontally in any direction

Base Isolation at SFO

SFO International Terminal

Isolators: Earthquake Protection Systems

Base Isolators - Historic BuildingSF City Hall - extensive damage in Loma

Prieta EQ

530 seismic isolators (elastomeric bearings)

26 inch horizontal movement

Additional reinforcing◦ New ground floor

◦ Concrete shear walls around the light courts

◦ Steel collectors to deliver seismic forces to new shear walls

◦ Reinforcing of rotunda tower walls

◦ Installation of steel braces and shotcrete walls at various levels of the dome

Other Bay Area Retrofits with Base Isolators

•Oakland City Hall

•Hearst Mining Building, UC Berkeley

•Ninth District U.S. Court of Appeals

•Asian Art Museum

•Channing House – Palo Alto

•Martin Luther King, Jr. Civic Center Building, Berkeley

•Approach to Golden Gate Bridge

•Richmond-San Rafael Bridge

“…issue a consensus report that integrates information from the natural, physical, technical, economic, and social sciences to identify ways to increase national resilience to hazards and disasters in the United States.”

• Characteristics of a resilient nation

• Goals and actions to be taken to achieve this vision

• “All-hazards” approach

Disaster Resilience : A National ImperativeNational Academies Press, 2012

You have your work cut out for you

Resources: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/ResilientAmerica

Documents

Disaster and Recovery: Working Toward More Resilient Communities · 2018-02-23 · Warning System Increased Resilience Warn local community Warn communities globally Evacuate Shut