Discovering Computers

CHAPTER 6COMPUTER OUTPUT

3-D Printer

Chapter 6 Objectives

Describe the four categories of outputDescribe the four categories of output

Summarize the characteristics of LCD monitors,

LCD screens, and plasma monitors

Summarize the characteristics of LCD monitors,

LCD screens, and plasma monitors

Describe the characteristics of a CRT monitor and

factors that affect its quality

Describe the characteristics of a CRT monitor and

factors that affect its quality

Explain the relationship between graphics chips

and monitors

Explain the relationship between graphics chips

and monitors

Describe various ways to printDescribe various ways to print

Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, thermal printers,

mobile printers, label and postage printers,and plotters and large-format printers

Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, thermal printers,

mobile printers, label and postage printers,and plotters and large-format printers

Describe the uses of speakers, headphones,and earphones

Describe the uses of speakers, headphones,and earphones

Identify the output characteristics of fax machines and fax modems, multifunction peripherals, data

projectors, joysticks, wheels, and gamepads

Identify the output characteristics of fax machines and fax modems, multifunction peripherals, data

projectors, joysticks, wheels, and gamepads

Identify output options for physically

challenged users

Identify output options for physically

challenged users

Next

Differentiate between a nonimpact printer and an impact printer

Differentiate between a nonimpact printer and an impact printer

Four Basic Categories of Output

1) Text (Typewritten material)

2) Graphics (Pictures)

3) Audio (Sound)

4) Video (Movies)

Use: KeepVid to download YouTube movies !

Next

p. 6.2 Fig. 6-1

What is Output?

What is output?Data that has been processed into a useful form, called information

A computer generates several types of output Text

Audio

Video

Graphics

Next

p. 6.2 Fig. 6-1

What is Output?

What is text?Consists of characters that create words, sentences, and paragraphs

What is a graphic? Also called a graphical image A digital representation of

non-text information such as a drawing, chart, and photograph

Next

p. 6.3 Fig. 6-1

What is Output?

What is audio?

Music, speech, or any other sound

What is video? Consists of full-

motion images that are played back a various speeds

Most video also has accompanying audio

Next

p. 6.4

Various Output Devices

What is an output device?

Any hardware component that can convey information to a user

printer

monitor speakers

Click to view video

Various Audio File Formats aiff – the standard audio file format used by Apple. It is like a wav file for the Mac au – the standard audio file format used by Sun, Unix and Java. The audio in au files can be PCM or

compressed with the μ-law, a-law or G729 codecs. midi - an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments, computers, and other

equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other mp3 – MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for downloading and storing music. By

eliminating portions of the audio file that are essentially inaudible, mp3 files are compressed to roughly one-tenth the size of an equivalent uncompressed PCM file while maintaining good audio quality.

m4p – A proprietary version of AAC in MP4 with Digital Rights Management developed by Apple for use in music downloaded from their iTunes Music Store.

ra – a Real Audio format designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The .ra format allows files to be stored in a self-contained fashion on a computer, with all of the audio data contained inside the file itself.

wav – standard audio file container format used mainly in Windows PCs. Commonly used for storing uncompressed (PCM), CD-quality sound files, which means that they can be large in size — around 10 MB per minute. Wave files can also contain data encoded with a variety of codecs to reduce the file size (for example the GSM or mp3 codecs). Wav files use a RIFF structure.

wma – the popular Windows Media Audio format owned by Microsoft. Designed with Digital Rights Management (DRM) abilities for copy protection

Automobile CD Players

Most of the newer CD players can play MP3, WMA and older CD formats

Displays/HDTVs

1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) [older tech]

2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Good tech!

3. LED-backed LCD HDTVs (newer tech)

4. Gas Plasma Displays (High electricity consumer !)

5. Rear projection HDTVs (Can be troublesome)

6. DLP (Digital Light Processing) Not the best

7. OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_LED

LCD TVs .vs. Gas Plasma TVs

Gas plasma TVs consume 30% more power than LCD TVs

As 3-D TVs, plasmas are better than LCDs LCD TVs have a life span of 60,000 hours as

compared to 30,000 hours for gas plasma TVs

Gas Plasma TV

How Computer Monitors Work

Visit the Web site:

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor.htm

CRT Features & Attributes and Dot pitch:

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor8.htm

What is a pixel ?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel

p. 6.4

Display Devices

What is a display device?

Also called a display

An output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information

Information on a display device is sometimes called soft copy

What is a Screen Saver ?

A screensaver is a computer program originally designed to

conserve the image quality of computer displays by blanking the

screen or filling them with moving images or patterns when the

computers are not in use. Today, screensavers are primarily

used for entertainment or security purposes.

They are NOT needed for LCD display devices.

You may password-protect your computer with the screen-saver software

In the days when computer screens came in two colors, black

and either amber or green, a screen saver was needed to exercise

all pixels on the screen to prevent burn-in on the back of the

phosphor-coated CRT. (The phosphors would retain a bit of the

electronic charge)

What is a Screen Saver ?

Video conferencePlay gamesShop

HDTV (high-definition television)

works directly with interactive TV

Flat-Panel Displays

What are HDTVs and interactive TV?

p. 306 Next

Two-way communications technology in which users interact

with television programming

BankVote or respond to

network questionnairesSelect a movie from a

central library of movies

Types of Television

Analog TV

Digital TV

High Definition (HD) TV Signal reception via cable Signal reception thru the air via antenna

Do you know the difference ?

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Internet Television

Internet television allows its users to choose the program or the TV show they want to watch from an archive of programs or from a channel directory.

The 2 forms of viewing Internet television are streaming the content directly to a media player or simply downloading the program/show onto the users computer. With the "TV on Demand" market growing, these on-demand websites or applications are a must have for major television broadcasters.

U-HDTV: Ultra High Definition TVUltra High Definition Video, also known as Super Hi-Vision, UHDV, Ultra High Definition Television, UHDTV and UHD is a digital video format, currently proposed by NHK of Japan.

The new format, with a resolution of 7,680 × 4,320 pixels is four times as wide and four times as high (for a total of 16 times the pixel resolution) as existing HDTV, which has a maximum resolution of 1920 × 1080 pixels.

Next

p. 6.4

Display Devices

What are the parts of a display device?

The screen, or projection surface

Components that produce the information on the screen

A monitor is a separate plastic or

metal case that houses the screen

Most mobile computers

integrate the display and other components into

the same physical caseClick to view

Web Linkthen click Monitors

Next

p. 6.4 Fig. 6-2

Display Devices

In what ways is information displayed on a screen?

Most display devices project information in color

Monochrome means that the information displays in one color on a different color background

Monochrome monitors may use gray scaling which involves using many shades of gray from white to black to provide better contrast

Contains a cathode ray tube (CRT), a large sealed, glass screen

The screen is coated with tiny dots of phosphor material

A pixel, or picture element, is a single point in an electronic image

Three dots (red, blue, and green) combine to make up each pixel

Next

p. 6.5 Fig. 6-3

Display Devices

What is a CRT monitor?

screenCRT monitor

cathode ray tube

Next

p. 6.5

Display Devices

What are typical sizes for CRT monitors?

15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 30, 40 inch sizes

Monitor measured diagonally

from one corner of the casing

to the other

The viewable size is the

diagonal measurement of the

actual viewing area provided

by the monitor

screen size

Viewable image s

ize

LCD Display Devices

What is a flat panel monitor? Uses liquid crystal display

Also called LCD monitor Takes up less desk space

than CRT monitor Consumes less than

1/3 the power of a CRT Less eye strain

Screen saver is not needed

Multiple LCD Flat-Panel Displays

What about using multiple LCD monitors?

p. 303 Fig. 6-3 Next

Some users position two or more monitors side by side or stacked

Allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously

Ports: LCD Displays

How do you use an LCD monitor with a video card?

p. 301 Fig. 6-13 Next

Plug monitor into Digital Video Interface (DVI) porton computer

standard monitorport S-video port

DVI port

LCD Display Devices

• The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display device

• LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI port, and HDMI port, or a DisplayPort

28

DisplayPort

• DisplayPort is a digital display interface developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to transmit audio, USB, and other forms of data.[2]

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 6

Late Model Video Cards

XFX ATI Radeon HD 5670 1 GB DDR5 DVI/HDMI/DisplayPort PCI-Express Video Card HD567XZNF3

DVIPort

DisplayPort

HDMI

The S-Video Port

The S-video port allows you to connect a computer to

hardware such as DVD players, television monitors

and projectors.

Flat-Panel Displays: e-books

What is an electronic book (e-book)?

p. 300 Next

Small, book-sized computer that uses LCD screen Allows users to read, save, highlight, bookmark, and

add notes to online text Download new book content from Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book

Display Devices: LCD Tech

How does LCD work?

p. 6.10 Fig. 6-12 Next

Step 1. Panel of fluorescent tubes emits light waves through polarizing glass filter, which guides light toward layer of liquid crystal cells.

Step 2. As light passes through liquid crystal, electrical charge causes some of the cells to twist, making light waves bend as they pass through color filter.

Step 3. When light reaches second polarizing glass filter, light is allowed to pass through any cells that line up at the first polarizing glass filter. Absence and presence of colored light cause image to display on the screen.

Liquid crystal cells

Color filter

Transparent electrodes

Alignment layer

Polarizing glass filter

Fluorescent tube panel

Uses liquid compound to present information on screen

3 D Monitor without Glasses

EIZO releases World’s First 23" Full HD Naked-Eye 3D Monitor

December 13, 2010 – Eizo Nanao Corporation (TSE: 6737) announced the DuraVision FDF2301-3D, a 23-inch monitor for the industrial market which displays stereoscopic images. The DuraVision FDF2301-3D uses a directional backlight developed by EIZO that enables high-definition display. It will be the world’s first naked-eye 3D desktop monitor available in the 23-inch size and at full high definition (1920 x 1080 resolution).

Displays on Mobile Devices

What are some mobile devices that have LCD screens?

p. 6.09 Fig. 6.10 Next

Notebooks Tablet PCs PDAs Smart phones

Next

p. 6.6 Fig. 6-6

Display Devices: Smart Phones

What is a Web-enabled device?

A device that allows access

to the Web or e-mail such

as cellular telephones and

Pagers.

Uses an LCD display.

Many use monochrome

displays to conserve on

battery power.

Click to view Web Linkthen click Web-enabled Devices

Next

p. 6. 8

Display Devices: Active vs Passive Displays

What are the two technologies used for LCD monitors?

passive-matrix display

• Also called a dual-scan display

• Uses fewer transistors and requires less power than an active-matrix display

• Color often not as bright and images are best viewed when working directly in front of the display

active-matrix display

• Also known as a thin-film transistor (TFT) display

• Uses a separate transistor for each color pixel

• Can display high-quality color that is viewable from all angles

DLP Displays

DLP = Digital Light Processing

Visit:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLP

Note: Rear projection HDTVs are prone to problems;

Not a good choice for a new HDTV !

Next

p. 6.8 Fig. 6-8

Display Devices: Gas Plasma

What is a gas plasma monitor?A flat-panel display that uses gas plasma technology

A layer of gas is between two sheets of material When voltage is

applied, the gas releases ultraviolet (UV) light that causes the pixels on the screen to glow and form an image

Larger screen sizes and higher display quality than LCD, but much more expensive

Gas Plasma Monitors

Gas plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display

common to large TV displays (80 cm or larger). Many tiny cells

between just two panels of glass hold a mixture of noble gases.

The six noble gases that occur naturally are helium (He), neon

(Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radioactive

radon (Rn).

The gas in the cells is electrically turned into a plasma which

emits ultraviolet light which then excites phosphors to emit

visible light. Plasma displays should not be confused with LCDs,

another lightweight flatscreen display using different

technology.[1][2]

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode Organic materials sandwiched between a transparent anode and a metallic cathode glow under voltage. Good contrast, exceptional brightness, very saturated colors. Blue organic material dies out first. But…one-sixth the lifetime of the other technologies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_LED

Small OLED Screen (1.5 inches)

OLED Digital TVs

Some OLED flat-screen TVs are only as thick as

3 credit cards put together. Very expensive ! Sony’s XEL-1 OLED 11-inch TV costs $2,500.00

On the horizon: Wireless models that beam content from a set-top box

or DVD player to a TV without using cables.

800 x 600 the SVGA standard

Next

p. 6.8

Display Devices: Resolution

What is display resolution?

Describes the sharpness and clearness of an image

Resolution of a display device stated as dots, or pixels

1800 x 1440maximum resolution

of most monitors

800 horizontal

pixels

600 vertical pixels

Total of 480,000 pixels on screen2048 x 1536

maximum for high-end monitors

Next

p. 6.9 Fig. 6-9

Display Devices: Resolution

What is display resolution?

The greater the number of pixels the display uses, the better the quality of the image

As resolution increases, the images on the screen appear smaller

800x600800x600

1024x7681024x768

HDTV Resolution

“Full HD” or 1080p resolution 1080p is in LCD TVs with screens >= 40 inches 720p resolution is found in LCD TVs with screens

less than 40 inches Because a 1080p screen has more pixels than a 720p

screen, it can display more and finer detail.

3-D TV

Next

p. 6.9

Display Devices: Dot Pitch

What is dot pitch?

Another factor used to measure image claritySometimes called pixel pitch. The distance between

two dots of the same color inside a pixel on a display.

The smaller the distance between the dots, the sharper the image on the monitor.

Use a monitor with a dot pitch

of .28 millimeters or lower to

minimize eye fatigue

Should be fast enough to maintain a constant, flicker-free

image

A high-quality monitor will provide a refresh rate of at

least 75 hertz

Next

p. 6.9

Display Devices: Refresh Rate

What is refresh rate?

Another factor in a monitor’s quality

Also called vertical frequency or vertical scan rate

The speed that a monitor redraws images on the screen

Measured according to hertz, which is the number of times per second the screen is redrawn

The image on the screen redraws itself 75 times in a second

Video Cards for PC Gaming

For PC gaming on the market today: www.ati.com www.nvidia.comCompare: ATI’s Crossfire & Nvidia’s SLI (Scalable Link Interface) cardsThe SLI card outperforms the Crossfire card Some have 1 GB of SGRAM

p. 301 Fig. 6-13 Next

standard monitorport S-video port

DVI port

Multi GPU Video Cards for PC Gaming(MULTIple-Graphics Processing Units) involves using

two or more display adapters in the same PC to

speed up the graphics animation for gamers.

NVIDIA's Scalable Link Interface (SLI) and ATI's

CrossFire are examples.

Also see GPU, SLI & CrossFire (needs PCIe slots on

the motherboard)

Note: Some video cards for PC gamers may have

768 MB to 1 GB of SGRAM memory on them.

Nvidia’s GeForce 7800 GT Video Card

(Dual video cards)

NVIDIA GeForce 9800M GTX GPU

Extreme gaming reaches new levels with the NVIDIA GeForce 9800M GTX GPUs, delivering optimized performance for immersive gaming on-the-go. With increased performance over previous enthusiast class GPUs, the GeForce 9800M GTX GPUs powers the next generation of

visual computing, blazing-fast mobile gaming, and the ultimate HD

experience with PureVideo® HD technology. This product is also enabled for CUDA applications and is NVIDIA PhysX-ready.

Step 1Step 1Step 2

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p. 6.10 Fig. 6-10

Display Devices

How does video travel from the processor to a CRT monitor?

Step 1: The processor sends digital video data to the video card.Step 2: The video card’s digital-to-analog converter (DAC) converts the digital video data to an analog signal.

Step 3: The analog signal is sent thought a cable to the CRT monitor.Step 4: The CRT monitor separates the analog signal into red, green, and blue signals.Step 5: Electron guns fire the three color signals to the front of the CRT.Step 6: An image displays on the screen when the electrons hit phosphor dots on the back of the screen.

Next

p. 6.10

Display Devices: Standards

What standards exist for video cards?

The Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) is developing a standard interface for all displays

The Digital Video Interface (DVI) is a new digital interface that provides connections for both CRT and LCD monitors

24-bit video card

Uses 24 bits to store information about each pixel

Can display 16.7 million colors

224 = 16.7 million

colors

Next

p. 6.10

What is bit depth?

The number of bits a video card uses to store information about each pixel

Also called the color depth

Determines the number of colors a video cared can display

The greater the number of bits, the better the resulting image

28 x 28 x 28 = 224 =

24 x 220 = 16 million shades of color

8-bit video card (8-bit color)

Uses 8 bits to store information about

each pixel

Can display 256 different colors

28 =2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 =

256 colors

Display Devices

Next

p. 6.11Fig. 6-11

Display Devices: Video Standards

What are various video standards?

The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) develops video standards

The video card must be capable of

communicating appropriate signals to

the monitor

The video card must have enough

memory to generate the resolution and number of colors

you want to display Next

p. 6.11Fig. 6-12

Display Devices

What is needed for a monitor to display images defined by a video standard?

The monitor must support the same video

standard

Both the video card and the monitor must

support the video standard to generate

the desired resolution and

number of colors

Display Devices

What are various video card configurations?

p. 6.08 Fig. 6-8 Next

Color depth determines number of colors video card can display.

Next

p. 6.11

Display Devices and CRT Radiation

What is electromagnetic radiation (EMR)?

A magnetic field that travels at the speed of light

A small amount is produced by all CRT monitors (if you use one)

All high-quality CRT monitors comply with MPR II standards A set of standards that

defines acceptable levels of EMR for a monitor

http://www.closerange.com/working_solutions/TCO.html

Sit at arm’s length from the

CRT

EMR is greatest on the sides

and back of the CRT monitor

LCD monitors do not pose

this risk

Next

p. 6.12 Fig. 6-13

Display Devices: Energy Star Program

What is the ENERGY STAR program?

Program to encourage manufacturers to create energy-efficient devices that require little power when they are not in use

Developed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index

Monitors and devices meeting guidelines display an ENERGY STAR® label

Saving Energy in IT

IT accounted for only 4 % of electricity usage in the year 2008, about 3 years ago.

By the year 2030, IT will consume 40% of the electricity consumption according to the International Energy Agency.

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p. 6.12

Display Devices: HDTVs

How can television sets be used as monitors?

An NTSC converter is used to convert the digital signal from the

computer into an analog signal that the television set can display

High-Definition TeleVision (HDTV) is a type of television set that works with

digital broadcasting signals Supports a wider screen and higher resolution display

than a standard television set Can be used as a computer display device Digital TV converter boxes required June 12, 2009 (as

per the FCC)

Next

p. 6.12

Digital Television & HD Television

Millions of people who watch traditional over-the-air analog TV broadcasts on TV sets with antennas had to buy new HDTVs or set-top converter boxes to receive digital TV signals after June 12, 2009

Satellite TV subscribers were NOT be affected because they already receive digital TV signals.

Cable TV companies convert digital signals to analog signals for analog cable TV customers.

Sale of the analog communications spectrum could raise about $10 Billion for the U.S. Federal government.

What is Digital Television ?

Digital TV does not automatically mean that it is HD

(High Definition), but ALL HD channels ARE digital.

Digital TV frequencies can carry multiple channels so

the numbers are split such as 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, etc.

Many local network affiliates ( e.g. WJLA channel 7)

broadcast a given program as 480i on channel 6-1,

720p on channel 6-2, and 1080i on channel 6-3.

(Note: 480i is the old interlaced TV signal 480 lines tall.) “i” means “interlaced” [2 passes to paint screen]

What is Digital Television ? Cont’d

720p is a progressively scanned, high-definition format

with a 1280 horizontal by 720 vertical pixel resolution.

1080i has an interlaced 1,920 by 1,080 picture.

DTV broadcast quality varies. Network programs look

pretty good, but many local stations simply upscale

their 480i content to 720 and/or 1080 resolutions.

HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface

The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is

an all-digital audio/video interface capable of

transmitting uncompressed bit streams.

HDMI provides an interface between any compatible

digital audio/video source, such as a set-top box, a

DVD player, a PC, a video game system such as the

PlayStation 3 or an AV receiver and a compatible

digital audio and/or video monitor, such as a digital

television (HDTV).

Next

p. 6.12

What is HDCP ?High Bandwidth Digital Content

Protection HDCP prevents copying of digital media across various interfaces.

In early 2006, the ATI company claimed that some of its graphics (video) cards supported HDCP which is an encryption scheme designed by Intel Corp. to control audio and video content well into the future. But HDCP may NOT be that secure !

Back in the year 2001, Dutch cryptographer Niels Ferguson announced that he had cracked the encryption system used in HDCP and he said that an experienced IT person could recover the master key in 2 weeks given 4 standard PCs and 50 HDCP displays.

Note: Some of the newer 50-inch plasma TVs have HDCP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCP

Printers and Ways to Print DocumentsWhat are the various ways to print documents and

pictures?

p. 311 Fig. 6-13 Next

various ways to

print

printercable

dockingstation

mediacard

cable

wirelessprinters

SpeedSpeed

Factors to Consider: Buying Printers

How do you know which printer to buy?

p. 6.13 Next

BudgetBudget Color orblack and white

Color orblack and white

Cost per pageCost per page Paper typesand sizes

Paper typesand sizesPhoto printingPhoto printingGraphics

capabilityGraphicscapability

Systemcompatibility

Systemcompatibility

Depends on your printing needs

WirelesscapabilityWireless

capabilityFuture needsFuture needs

Next

p. 6.12 Fig. 6-14

Printers: Portrait .vs. Landscape ViewsWhat is a printer?

An output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper or transparency film

A hard copy, or printout, exists physically

Two orientations: Portrait & Landscape

portrait orientation

portrait orientation

landscape orientation

landscape orientation

Next

p. 6.13 Fig. 6-16

Printer thru the Internet (Fed-Ex Office)

What is Internet printing?

An Internet service on the Web sends a print instruction to your printer

Printer may be at a different location than your computer or the device that accessed the Web site

e.g. Fed-Ex Office

http://www.fedex.com/us/officeprint/main/

Google Cloud Printing

http://code.google.com/apis/cloudprint/docs/overview.html

Google’s Goal: Create a printing experience that enables any app (web, desktop, or mobile) on

any device to print to any printer anywhere in the world.

This goal is accomplished through the use of a cloud print service. Apps no longer rely on the

local operating system (and drivers) to print. Instead, as shown in the diagram below, apps

(whether they be a native desktop/mobile app or a web app) use Google Cloud Print to submit

and manage print jobs. Cloud Print is then responsible for sending the print job to the

appropriate printer, with the options the user selected, & providing job status to the app.

Next

p. 6. 14

Impact Printers (Contact with paper)

What is an impact printer?

Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an ink ribbon that physically contacts the paper

Generally are noisy because of this striking activity

Ideal for printing multipart forms because they easily can print through many layers of paper

Can withstand dusty environments, vibrations, and extreme temperatures

3-D Printers

3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by successive layers of material[1]. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies.

3D printers have the ability to print parts and assemblies made of several materials with different mechanical and physical properties in a single build process.

Desktop 3-D printer

Dimension 3-D printer

3-D Printing (in Layers)

One variation of 3D printing consists of an inkjet printing system used by Z Corporation. A 3D CAD file is imported into the software. The software slices the file into thin cross-sectional slices, which are fed into the 3D printer. The printer creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder (plaster, or resins) and inkjet printing a binder in the cross-section of the part. The process is repeated until every layer is printed. This technology is the only one that allows for the printing of full color prototypes. It is also recognized as the fastest method.

YouTube Video: 3-D Printing a wrench: (Worth watching) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ-aWFYT_SU

Next

p. 6.14

Impact Printers

What are the levels of quality produced by an impact printer?

Impact printers typically do not print letter quality print

letter quality (LQ)

Output is a quality of print acceptable for business letters

near letter quality (NLQ)

Slightly less clear than letter quality

Used for routine jobs

Next

p. 6.14 Fig. 6-17

Dot-Matrix Printers

What is a dot-matrix printer?

An impact printer that produces printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head mechanism strike an inked ribbon

Most use continuous-form paper, in which each sheet of paper is connect together

The pages have holes along the sides to help feet the paper through the printer

Continuous-form paper

Next

p. 6.14 Fig. 6-17

Dot Matrix Printers

When the ribbon presses against the paper, it creates dots that form characters and graphics

The print head mechanism can contain 9 to 24 pins

A higher number of pins means the printer prints more dots per character, which results in higher print quality

How does a dot-matrix printer work?

Next

p. 6.14 Fig. 6-18

Line Printers

What is a line printer?

A high-speed impact printer thatprints an entire line at a time

The speed is measured by the number of lines per minute (lpm) it can print

Typical speed: 1200 to 3000 lpm

http://www.superwarehouse.com/line_printers.cfm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer

Next

Line Printers

Classic IBM 1403 line printer. Print speeds: 600 to 1200 lines-per-minute (approximately 10 to 20 pages per minute)

Next

p. 6.15 Fig. 6-18

Printers (Band & Shuttle Matrix)

What are the two types of line printers?

Band printer prints fully-formed characters when hammers strike a horizontal, rotating band that contains shapes of numbers, letters of the alphabet, and other characters

A shuttle-matrix printer moves a series of print hammers back and forth horizontally

Works more like a dot-matrix printer

Next

p. 6.15

Printers (3 Types of Non-Impact Printers)What is a non-impact printer?

Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper

Three common types:

(1) ink-jet printers,

(2) laser printers,

(3) thermal printers

Next

p. 6.15 Fig. 6-19

Printers (Ink Jet Printers)

What is an ink-jet printer?

A type of nonimpact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper

Usually uses individual sheet of paper stored in a removable or stationary tray

The most popular type of color printer for use in the home

Print resolution range:

600 to 4800 dpiClick to view Web Linkthen click Ink-Jet Printers

Next

p. 6.15 Fig. 6-20

Printers: Inkjet Resolution

What is the resolution of an inkjet printer?

Also called sharpness and clarity

Measured by the number of dots per inch (dpi) a printer can output

300 dpi 1,200 dpi600 dpi

Next

p. 6.16 Fig. 6-21

Printers: Print Cartridges

Print cartridges…

The print head mechanism contains an ink-filled print cartridge

Each cartridge has fifty to several hundred small ink holes, or nozzles

Cartridge cost:

Black: $15 to $32 (800 pgs)

Color: $20 to $35 (450 pgs)

Step 4: As the vapor bubble collapses, fresh ink is drawn into the firing chamber.

firing chamber

ink dot

Step 2: The vapor bubble forces the ink through the nozzle.

nozzleink

Step 1: A small resistor heats the ink, causing the ink to boil and form a vapor bubble.

bubble

resistor

Next

p. 6.16 Fig. 6-21

Printers: How an Ink-Jet Printer works

How does an ink-jet printer work?print cartridge

nozzleprint head

Step 3: Ink drops onto the paper. ink

paper

Next

p. 6.16 Fig. 6-17

Printers: Laser Printer Technology

What is a laser printer?

A high-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer

Usually use individual sheet of paper stored in a removable tray

Can print text and graphics in very high quality resolution, ranging form 1200 to 2400 dpi

Cost more than ink-jet printers, but are much faster

Speed: Black: 15 to 35 ppm

Color: 4 to 24 ppm

Large business laser printers:

around: 150 ppm

Next

p. 6.17

Printers: Laser Printer Technology

How does a laser printer operate?

Operate in a manner similar to a copy machine

Creates images using a laser beam and powdered ink, called toner

When toner runs out, you can replace the toner cartridge. Toner cartridge prices range from $50 to $100 for about 5,000 printed pages

Next

p. 6.17 Fig. 6-23

Printers: How a laser printer worksHow does a laser printer work?

Step 1: The drum rotates as gears and rollers feed a sheet of paper into the printer.

Step 2: A rotating mirror deflects a low-powered laser beam across the surface of a drum.

Step 3: The laser beam creates a charge that causes toner to stick to the drum

Step 4: As the drum continues to rotate and press against the paper, the toner transfers from the drum to the paper.

Step 5: A set of rollers uses heat and pressure to fuse the toner permanently to the paper.

Hewlett Packard 5200tn Printer

Price: About $2000.00 35 ppm (black & white)Duty cycle:2500 to 10,000 pages per month

Next

p. 6.18

Printers: PCL and PostScriptWhat is a page description language?

Laser printers process and store the entire page before they actually print it

Sometimes called page printersLaser printers require a certain

amount of memory in the device to store a page before printing

A page description language (PDL) tells the printer how to layout the contents of a printed page

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_description_language

PCL (Printer Control Language)

Developed by Hewlett-Packard

A standard printer language that supports the fonts in layouts

used in standard office documents

PostScript

Designed for complex documents with intense graphics and colors

Used by professionals in the desktop publishing and graphic

art fields

Next

p. 6.19 Fig. 6-24

Printers: Thermal Printers

What is a thermal transfer printer?

Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper

Basic thermal printers are inexpensive, but the print quality is low and the images tend to fade over time

Thermal wax-transfer printer• Also called a thermal

transfer printer• Generates rich,

nonsmearing images by using heat to melt colored wax onto heat-sensitive paper

Next

p. 6.19 Fig. 6-24

Printers: Dye-sublimation printers

What is a dye-sublimation printer?A type of thermal printerAlso called a thermal dye

transfer printerUses heat to transfer colored

dye to specially coated paper

Cost several thousand dollars

Can create images that are of photographic quality

Printers: Mobile Printers

What is a mobile printer?

p. 311 Fig. 6-26 Next

Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows mobile user to print from notebook computer, Tablet PC, or PDA while traveling

Printers: Photo Printers

What is a photo printer?

p. 6.17 Fig. 6-22 Next

Step 2. Insert media card into card reader on photo printer.

Step 3. Use menu to select desired image to print, view it on LCD screen, edit if necessary, select size of the print, and then print image.

Step 4. Remove printed photo from the printer.

Color printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures

media cards

photo printer

Step 1. Take photograph with digital camera and store it on media card in the camera.

media card

Next

p. 6.21 Fig. 6-26

Printers: Label Printers

What is a label printer?

A small printer that prints on an adhesive type material that can be placed on a variety of items

Most also print bar codes

Some have built in digital scales and can print e-stamps

An e-stamp, also called Internet postage, is digital postage you buy and print right from you personal computer

Next

p. 6.22 Fig. 6-27

Portable Printers

What is a portable printer?A small, lightweight printer that allows a mobile user to print for a notebook or handheld computer while traveling

Some use ink-jet technology

Others are thermal or thermal wax-transfer

Many connect to a parallel port or USB port

Others have a built-in wireless infrared port through which they communicate with the computer

Wireless Printing: Infrared & BluetoothWhat is wireless printing? Output transmitted to printer wirelessly via infrared

light waves or radio waves Bluetooth printing uses radio waves Bluetooth devices need to be within a 30-foot range

Wireless Printing: Network Shared Printers

If one of the computers on the network has a printer attached, all of the computers on the network should be able to access it -- as long as your printer is designated as a "shared" printer for the network. To make sure your printer is network shared, open the Control Panel (on the computer that has the printer), click Printers and Other Hardware, then View installed printers.

Wireless Printer

HP OfficeJet Pro L7780 has built in 802.11b/g wireless support which is compatible with encryption methods up to WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2)

Up to 35 pages/min black, 34 colors • Legal-size flatbed • Automatic two-sided printing • Wireless networking

Another Wireless Printer

HP OfficeJet Pro 8500-A Ink Jet Printer

Print, copy, scan, fax ( must plug into an ordinary phone line) Automatic two-sided printing 32 pages per minute (black) 31 ppm (color) Can print from Web without being

connected to a PC

USB cable wired connection OR: Wireless (Wi-Fi) networking capable OR: Ethernet cable connection (on a network)

Infrared Printing from a Smart Phone

To print from a smart phone , the user would line up

the IrDA port on the phone with the IrDA port on the

printer.

Apple iPhone 4S

Next

p. 6.22

Plotters

What is a plotter?A sophisticated printer used to

produce high-quality drawings

Used in specialized fields such as engineering and drafting

Use a row of charged wires (called styli) to draw an electrostatic pattern on specially coated paper and then fuse toner to the pattern

HP Design Jet Plotter

Next

p. 6.22 Fig. 6-28

Printers: Large Format Printers

What is a large-format printer?

Operates like an ink-jet printer, but on a much larger scale

Creates photo-realistic quality color prints

Used by graphic artists

Next

p. 6.23 Fig. 6-29

Audio Output: Speakers and Headsets

What is an audio output device?

A component of a computer that produces music, speech or other sounds, such as beeps

Two commonly used audio output devices are speakers and headsets

speakers

woofer

Next

p. 6.23 Fig. 6-29

Audio Output: Speakers and Headsets

What types of speakers are available?

Most personal computers have a small internal speaker that usually outputs only low-quality sound

Many users add sophisticated stereo speakers to generate a higher-quality sound

speakers

woofer

Many users add sophisticated stereo speakers to generate a higher-quality sound

Some users add a woofer to boost the low bass sounds

Speakers and Headsets

What is an audio output device?

p. 6.23 Figs. 6-30–6-31 Next

Computer component that produces music, speech, or other sounds

Speakers and headsets are common devices

subwoofer

speakers

Next

p. 6.25 Fig. 6-32

Other Output Devices: Data Projectors

What is a data projector?

A device that takes the image from a computer screen and projects it onto a larger screen so an audience of people can see the image clearly

Digital light processing (DLP) projector

Uses tiny mirrors to reflect light, which

produces crisp, bright, colorful images that

remain in focus and an be seen clearly even in a

well-lit room

LCD projector

Uses liquid crystal display technology

Attaches directly to a computer

Uses its own light source to display the information shown on the computer

screen

Next

p. 6.25

LCD & DLP Projectors

What are two types of smaller data projectors?

Next

p. 6.25 Fig. 6-33

Other Output Devices: FAX MachinesWhat is a facsimile (fax) machine?

A device that transmits and receives documents over telephone lines

Documents can contain text, drawings, or photographs, or can be handwritten

A stand-alone fax machine scans an original document, converts the image into digitized data, and transmits the digitized image

Max speed: 14,400 bps

Note: the IRS often requires taxation paperwork to be FAXed

Next

Other Output Devices: (MFD)

What is a multifunction device (MFD) “All-in-one” ?Print, Copy, Scan, and FAX

A single piece of equipment that looks like a copy machine, but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine

Sometimes called multifunction peripherals (MFPs), or all-in-one devices

Cost: < $300.00

Many MFD have noweliminated the FAXFunction.

All-in-One Multi-Function Devices

HP Officejet J6480 All-in-One

Printer, Fax, Scanner, Copier (about $169.00)http://www.shopping.hp.com/webapp/shopping/store_access.do?product_code=CB029A%23ABA&template_type=product_detail&jumpid=re_r602_ad_ad_body_ipg_oct08_Dj6480

Smart terminals

Intelligent terminals

Next

p. 6.27

Terminals

What is a terminal?

Dumb terminals

A device that performs both input and output because it consists of a monitor (output), a keyboard (input), and a video card

Three basic categories

Terminals

In contrast, a dumb terminal has no processing capabilities; it must rely entirely on the central computer.

A terminal (monitor and keyboard) that contains processing power. Intelligent terminals include memory and a processor to perform special display operations.

A smart terminal has some processing capabilities, but not as much as an intelligent terminal

Next

p. 6.27 Fig. 6-36

Terminals: Dumb Terminals

What is a dumb terminal?Has no processing power . It cannot function as an independent device

Can enter and transmit data to, or receive and display information from, a computer to which it is connected

Connect to a host computer that performs the processing and then sends the output back to the dumb terminal

Terminals: Dumb Terminals

http://www.commercecomputer.com/3270.html Coax terminals attach to a mainframe host. Also

known as IBM 3270 terminals, they come in various screen sizes, screen colors, keyboard styles, and with or without a printer port.

3471 14" amber or green  3472 14" color, green, or amber, parallel printer port  3472-G 14" graphics color model, parallel printer port  3472-H 14" color, green, or amber with HP-compatible printer port* 3472-D 15" green, parallel printer port

Next

p. 6.28

Terminals: Intelligent Terminals

What is an intelligent terminal?

Also has memory and a processor that has the capability of performing some functions independent of the host computer

Sometimes called programmable terminals because they can be programmed by the software developer to perform basic tasks

More info:http://www.ia.omron.com/product/39.html

Next

p. 6.29 Fig. 6-38

Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users

What is the magnifier command?

Windows Magnifier command enlarges text and other items in a window on the screen

In Windows 7, the

Magnifier is on the

Start Menu

Location of mouse pointer magnified at top of screen

Location of mouse pointer magnified at top of screen

Accessibility Features

On Screen Keyboard

Narrator (Text-to-Speech software)

Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users

What other output options are available for visually impaired users?

p. 6.30 Fig. 6-40

Change Window settings, such as increasing size or changing color of text to make words easier to read

Blind users can work with voice output

Braille printer outputs information in Braille onto paper

Braille keyboards, also

Chapter 6 Computer Output

END OF PRESENTATION