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Discovery of the Cell
• Invention of the microscope
-Robert Hooke: used a simple microscope to look at cork in 1665. He called what he saw “chambers” or “cells”
-Anton van Leeuwenhoek: used a single lens microscope to observe pond water and found a new world of living things.
Cell Theory
• After numerous observations, scientists compiled their thoughts to form the cell theory.
• The cell theory states:
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Does it have a Nucleus?
• Nucleus: membrane bound organelle that contains genetic information (DNA). Controls the cells activities
• *HINT*• “U-CARRY-IT” *HAS A NUCLEUS• Eukaryote *has a nucleus• Prokaryote *does NOT
Prokaryotes vs. Eurkaryotes
Cells do not contain a nucleus
Cells contain a nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound organelles
DNA is found within (no specific area)
DNA is found in nucleus
Ex: bacteria Ex: animal cell, plant cell
Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic cells are divided into two major parts: organelles and cytoplasm.
• Organelles are “little organs” with specialized functions.
• Cytoplasm (both) is the major portion of the cell outside the nucleus.
Nucleus (both)
• Controls most cell processes
• Contains DNA- instructions for life
• NUCLEOLUS (both)
– Region inside nucleus where assembly of ribosomes begin
Nucleus Con’tNUCLEAR ENVELOPE (both)
surrounds the nucleus allows materials to comein and out
CHROMATIN (both)
Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum (both)
• 2 Kinds of ER– SMOOTH= is smooth– ROUGH=has ribosomes on it **“BUMPY”
• FUNCTIONS:• Lipid components of the cell membrane
are assembled in the ER.
• The ER is where proteins and other materials are exported from the cell
Golgi apparatus (both)
• Function: modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials for storage or secretion
• Put the “finishing touches” on proteins before they are ready to leave the “factory”
Lysosomes (both)
• Filled with digestive enzymes
FUNCTION:• Break down lipids, carbohydrates, or
proteins or break down organelles that are no longer useful.
• Clean up the “junk”
Vacuoles (both)
• Sac-like structures that store materials.
• “Storage bins”
• ***It is very large in a plant cell
Mitochondria (both)
• “Powerhouse” of the cells
• Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convient for the cell to use.
• Key function: ENERGY or ATP
Chloroplasts (plant only)
• Only found in plants
• Contain chlorophyll
• Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis