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Disease management in organic grape
production
Annemiek Schilder
Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan
"Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony."
Organic Trade Association
"Organic food is produced according to certain legally regulated standards. For crops, it means they are grown without the use of conventional (synthetic) pesticides, artificial fertilizers or sewage sludges. Also, at all levels, organic food is produced without the use of genetically modified organisms."
Wikipedia
• Regulations for crop production and handling provided by the USDA National Organic Program
• Farms must be certified by accredited certifying agent based on farm plan and on-site inspection
• 3-year transition period before food can be labeled as organic
• Exempt from certification if sales < $5,000/year
List of products approved for use in organic crop production:
Organic Materials Review Institutehttp://www.omri.org
Important grape diseases in the Midwest
• Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
• Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)
• Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola)
• Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)
• Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii)
• Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
• Virus diseases (TRSV, ToRSV, GLRaV)
Non-chemical disease management options
• Select resistant or less susceptible varieties
• Select a suitable site with good airflow and drainage
• Prune and train vines to reduce canopy density
• Leaf removal to decrease humidity and increase sunlight penetration (especially for bunch rot)
• Prune out and remove diseased plant parts
• Clean planting material from reputable nursery
• Minimize plant stress and injury
Organic fungicide options for grapes 1) Copper, sulfur, lime sulfur (not all formulations)
2) Potassium bicarbonate salts (Armicarb, Kaligreen, Milstop)
3) JMS Stylet Oil (paraffinic oil)
4) GantecGold (neem oil)
5) Sporan (thyme oil, rosemary oil, clove oil)
6) Serenade (Bacillus subtilis – biocontrol agent)
7) Sonata (Bacillus pumilis – biocontrol agent)
8) OxiDate (hydrogen peroxide)
9) Regalia (giant knotweek extract)
10) Blightban (Pseudomonas fluorescens)
All of these are contact materials/protectants
Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Multi-Sovran
Flint/Elite
AQ10 + NuFilm
Armicarb
Serenade
Untreated
Powdery mildew severity
% Total leaf area infected
Vidal, 2000
a
d
bc
b
d
Ampelomyces quisqualis c
Evaluation of organic fungicides for powdery mildew control
0
5
10
15
20
8/4/9
9
8/11/9
9
8/18/9
9
8/25
/99
9/1/
99
ControlArmicarbArmicarb/OilStylet oilNova
% L
eaf
are
a a
ffect
ed
Foch, 1999, Sutton’s Bay
0
10
20
30
Untreat
ed
Sanita
tion
Nufilm
Stylet
Oil
Oxidat
e
Kaligr
een +
NuF
ilm
Serena
de +
NuF
ilm
Sanita
tion
+ Sere
nade
+NF
Dith/A
b/Zir+
Nov
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of powdery mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, MI, 2009
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
eda
ab
bc
cc
cd
d d
d
0
10
20
30
Untreat
ed
Serena
de lo
w
Serena
de hi
gh
Sonat
a hig
h
Ser/S
on/K
al/JMS
Sonat
a low
Tetra
sul/S
erena
de
Serena
de/S
onata
Serena
de/K
aligr
een
Dith/A
b/Zir+
Nov
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of powdery mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, 2009
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
ed
a
bcb
b
c c c c c c
All treatments: + NuFilm
Efficacy of different fungicide programs in controlling powdery mildew on leaves of ‘Chancellor’ grapes, Fennville, 2008
3
0
20
40
60
80
100a
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
ed
b
b
cc
Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
0
10
20
30
40
Untreated Serenade Penncozeb
% L
eaf
area
dis
ease
d
Downy mildew severity
b
c
aVignoles, 2001
0
5
10
15
20
Untreated Compost tea Pristine
% L
eaf
area
dis
ease
dDowny mildew severity
bc
a Niagara, 2002
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of downy mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2008
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
a
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
ed
b
bbc
bc bc
c c c
d d
e e
Efficacy of different fungicide programs in controlling downy mildew on leaves of ‘Chancellor’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2008
3
0
20
40
60
80
100a
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
ed
bb
cc
0
10
20
30
40
50
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of downy mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, 2009
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
eda
b
d
c
cd
bc
d d
e
0
10
20
30
40
50
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of downy mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, 2009
%
Leaf
are
a in
fect
eda
b
cbc
d
c c c c c
Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Van-Flint-Van-Flint
Flint-Van-Flint-Van
Elevate (4x)
Serenade (4x)
Vangard (2x)
Rovral (4x)
Untreated
Botrytis bunch rot severity
% All berries infected
Vignoles, 2000
ab
bc
a
bc
cd
cd
d
0 20 40 60
Pristine 1.2 lb 4x
Serenade 6 lb 4x
Oxidate 1:100weekly
Untreated
Botrytis bunch rot severity
% All berries infected
Aurore, 2001
a
a
a
b
Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Flint/Elite
Armicarb
Serenade
Untreated
Black rot severity
% All berries infected with black rot
Vidal, 2000
a
b
b
b
Black rot severity
% Berries with black rot symptoms
0 5 10 15 20
Dith-Elite
Armicarb
Untreated
Concord, 2001
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of black rot in ‘Niagara’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2008
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
a
%
Ber
ries
infe
cted
ghijk
k
abc
hijkhijk
ghijfghiefgh
defgdefg
defcdecdebcd
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola)
0 0.5 1 1.5
Multi-Sovran
Flint/Elite
Armicarb
Serenade
Untreated
Phomopsis rachis lesion severity
% Total rachis area infected
Vidal, 2000
a
c
c
b
b
0 1 2 3 4 5
Multi-Sovran
Flint/Elite
Serenade
Armicarb
Untreated
Phomopsis fruit rot severity
% All berries infected
Vidal, 2000
a
d
cd
bc
c
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
Rac
his
infe
ctio
n
Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of Phomopsis in ‘Niagara’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2009
a
b b
bcbc
c c c c c c c c c
Dormant sprays(copper, sulfur, lime sulfur)
Not all products OMRI-listed
0
10
20
30
40
% R
ach
is a
rea
infe
cte
d
a
bb
bb
Approximate product cost per acre:
$5 $65$6 $73
b
$20
Vignoles, 2004
Effect of single dormant sprays on Phomopsis
Effect of OMRI-listed dormant sprays on Phomopsis
0
10
20
30
40%
Be
rrie
s in
fect
edNiagara, 2006a
b
c c
0
4
8
12
Effect of single dormant sprays on black rot
% B
err
ies
infe
cted
b
Niagara, 2004a
a ab ab
b
c
Effect of single dormant sprays on powdery mildew
0
2
4
6N
um
be
r of
be
rrie
s in
fect
ed Chardonnel, 2005
a
b
b
Conclusions
Disease control in organic vineyards is possible, but there are fewer fungicide options than in conventional production and these are generally not as effective as the best conventional fungicides – therefore they may need to be applied more often
All products are protectants: need to be applied
before infection and are susceptible to wash-off
by rain
Promising products: Serenade, Sonata, Stylet Oil,
Armicarb, Kaligreen
Organic growers need to rely more on site selection,
resistant cultivars, canopy management to reduce
humidity and increase sunlight penetration, and
pruning to remove diseased plant parts
Conclusions
Dormant sprays are a good option (before budbreak)
to reduce overwintering inoculum
NuFilm (or similar sticker/extender) should be used
A good resource for organic grape production
is ATTRA (www.atra.ncat.org)
Other useful resources:
- Grape IPM Pocket Scouting Guide
- Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide
- MSU Fruit Management Guide (E-154)
- MSU Grape website: www.grapes.msu.edu
Conclusions