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Diseases of the Urinary System
Inflammation of the bladder usually caused by pathogens entering the urinary meatus
More common in females because of the shortness of the urethra
Cystitis
(1) Frequent urination (2) Dysuria and a burning sensation during urination
(3) Hematuria (4) Bladder spasm (5) Fever
Symptoms:
Antibiotics Increased fluid
intake
Treatment:
Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney
Can be: Acute or Chronic
Glomerulonephritis/Nephritis
Usually follows a streptococcal infection such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or rheumatic fever
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis from scarlet fever
Cut surface of the kidney with glomerulonephritis
Chills Fever Fatigue Edema Oliguria Hematuria albuminuria (protein in
the urine)
Acute Glomerulonephritis symptoms:
Rest Restriction of salt Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance Antipyretics for fever Antibiotics With treatment kidney function is usually
restored
Treatment:
(1) Follows repeated attacks of acute glomerulonephritis
(2) Progressive disease that causes scarring and sclerosing of the glomeruli
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Early symptoms: hematuria, albuminuria, hypertension
As disease progresses, more glomeruli are destroyed
Edema, fatigue, anemia, congestive heart failure
Finally, renal failure and death occur
Symptoms:
Directed at measures to treat symptoms
Low- sodium diet Antihypertensive drugs Maintenance of fluids and
electrolytes Dialysis: removal of waste
products from the blood by a hemodialysis machine
Kidney transplant when both kidneys are severely damaged
Treatment:
Dialysis
Inflammation of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis
Usually caused by pyogenic (pus forming) bacteria
Pyelonephritis
Chills Fever Back pain Dysuria Hematuria Pyuria
Symptoms:
Antibiotics Increased fluid intake
Treatment:
Kidney stone formed when salts in the urine form a precipitate (settle out of solution)
(1) Small calculi may be eliminated in the urine
(2) Larger stones often become lodged in the renal pelvis or ureter
Renal Calculus /Urinary Calculus
Kidney Stones
(1) Sudden intense pain known as renal colic
(2) Hematuria and urinary retention
Symptoms:
(1) Increase fluids (2) Provide pain medication (3) Strain all urine through
gauze or filter paper to see if the stones are eliminated
(4) Lithotripsy: procedure that is used to crush the stones with shock waves to that they can be eliminated through the urine
(5) Surgery to remove the calculi in some cases
Treatment:
Kidney stop functioning
Can be Acute or Chronic
Renal Failure
Acute renal failure (ARF) Cause by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning,
nephritis, or dehydration Chronic renal failure (CRF) Results from progressive loss of kidney function Causes: chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension,
toxins, and endocrine diseases Waste products accumulate in the blood and affect
many body systems
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Decreased mental ability Convulsions and muscle irritability Ammonia smell of the breath and
perspiration Later stages: coma and death
Symptoms:
Dialysis and control of fluid intake
Diet modifications and restrictions
Careful skin and mouth care
Kidney transplant is the only cure
Treatment:
Tracy Morgan after transplant
Toxic condition that occurs when the kidneys fail and urinary waste products are present in the bloodstream
Causes: (1) Any condition that affects
proper function of the kidneys (2) Renal failure, chronic
glomerulonephritis, hypertension
Uremia
(1) Nausea and vomiting (2) Ammonia odor to the breath (3) Oliguria or anuria (4) Headache and mental confusion (5) Coma and death
Symptoms:
Restricted dietDialysis until a kidney transplant can be performed
Treatment:
Inflammation of the urethra Causes:
bacteria such as gonococcus, viruses, or chemicals such as bubble bath solutions
Urethritis
(1) Frequent and painful urination
(2) Redness and itching at urinary meatus
(3) Purulent (pus) discharge
Symptoms:
(1) Sitz baths or warm moist compresses
(2) Antibiotics (3) Increased fluid
intake
Treatment:
