CROP DIVERSIFICATION AND RAINFED CROP DIVERSIFICATION AND RAINFED FARMING SYSTEMS IN FARMING SYSTEMS IN INDIAINDIA

Dr M.D. ReddyDr M.D. ReddyDr M.D. ReddyDr M.D. ReddyPrincipal Scientist (Agro)Principal Scientist (Agro) & Head, Water Technology Centre,& Head, Water Technology Centre,

Rajendranagar, HyderabadRajendranagar, Hyderabad--500 030.500 030.

11National seminar on "Agriculture diversification in the changing Global ScenarioNational seminar on "Agriculture diversification in the changing Global Scenario-- a a paradigm shift." March 3paradigm shift." March 3--4, 2006.4, 2006.

DiversificationDiversification inin AgricultureAgriculture -- bringsbrings desirabledesirablechangechange inin thethe existingexisting croppingcropping patternpattern towardstowardsmoremore balancedbalanced croppingcropping systemsystem toto meetmeet evereverpp gpp g yyincreasingincreasing demanddemand forfor cereals,cereals, pulses,pulses, oilseeds,oilseeds,fibers,fibers, horticulturalhorticultural crops,crops, fodderfodder andand grasses,grasses, andandfuel,fuel, etcetc.. (Jana,(Jana, 20062006))fuel,fuel, etcetc.. (Jana,(Jana, 20062006))

AimsAims toto improvingimproving soilsoil healthhealth andand agroagro--ecosystemecosystem withwithii ii i ti t ff thth llsociosocio--economiceconomic improvementimprovement ofof thethe peoplepeople..

ItIt takestakes intointo accountaccount thethe economiceconomic returnsreturns fromfromdifferentdifferent cropscrops andand otherother alliedallied farmingfarming forfor thethedevelopmentdevelopment ofof thethe nationnationdevelopmentdevelopment ofof thethe nationnation..

22

Catalysts for Crop DiversificationCatalysts for Crop DiversificationCatalysts for Crop Diversification Catalysts for Crop Diversification

DemandDemandDemandDemandSupply responseSupply response

PricePricePricePriceMarket mechanismMarket mechanismCompetitivenessCompetitiveness

SustainabilitySustainabilityResponse for efficient resource useResponse for efficient resource usePolicy StimulantsPolicy Stimulants

33

Analysis of Crop DiversificationAnalysis of Crop DiversificationState perspectiveState perspectiveRiceRice-- Wheat rotation statesWheat rotation states

PunjabPunjabHaryanaHaryanaUttar PradeshUttar PradeshUttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh

Rice dominant statesRice dominant statesWest BengalWest BengalggBiharBihar

Other statesOther statesAndhra PradeshAndhra PradeshKarnatakaKarnatakaMaharashtraMaharashtraMaharashtraMaharashtraRajasthanRajasthan 44

Agricultural Diversification in IndiaAgricultural Diversification in India

SlowlySlowly pickingpicking upup momentummomentum inin favorfavor ofofyy p gp g pphighhigh--valuevalue foodfood commoditiescommodities toto augmentaugmentincomeincome..

TheThe naturenature ofof diversificationdiversification differsdiffers acrossacrossregionsregions duedue toto widewide heterogeneityheterogeneity inin agroagroregionsregions duedue toto widewide heterogeneityheterogeneity inin agroagro--climaticclimatic andand sociosocio--economiceconomic environmentsenvironments..

Crops,Crops, livestock,livestock, fisheriesfisheries andand forestryforestryconstituteconstitute thethe corecore sectorssectors ofof agricultureagriculture..gg

55

Crop Diversification in the Indian Perspective can be broadly Crop Diversification in the Indian Perspective can be broadly t i d i tt i d i tcategorized intocategorized into

ResourceResource relatedrelated factorsfactors coveringcovering irrigation,irrigation, rainfallrainfall andand soilsoilfertilityfertilityfertilityfertilityTechnologyTechnology relatedrelated factorsfactors coveringcovering notnot onlyonly seed,seed, fertilizer,fertilizer,andand waterwater technologiestechnologies butbut alsoalso thosethose relatedrelated toto marketing,marketing,

dd iistoragestorage andand processingprocessingHouseholdHousehold relatedrelated factorsfactors coveringcovering foodfood andand fodderfodder selfself--sufficiencysufficiency requirementrequirement asas wellwell asas investmentinvestment capacitycapacityyy qq p yp yPricePrice relatedrelated factorsfactors coveringcovering outputoutput andand inputinput pricesprices asas wellwellasas tradetrade policiespolicies andand otherother economiceconomic policiespolicies thatthat affectaffectthesethese pricesprices eithereither directlydirectly oror indirectlyindirectlythesethese pricesprices eithereither directlydirectly oror indirectlyindirectlyInstitutionalInstitutional andand infrastructureinfrastructure relatedrelated factorsfactors coveringcovering farmfarmsizesize andand tenancytenancy arrangements,arrangements, research,research, extensionextension andandmarketingmarketing systemssystems andand governmentgovernment regulatoryregulatory policiespoliciesmarketingmarketing systemssystems andand governmentgovernment regulatoryregulatory policiespolicies

66

Crop Pattern Changes is observed both in Crop Pattern Changes is observed both in N i d SN i d SNation and StateNation and State

PrePre--GreenGreen RevolutionRevolution periodperiod --beforebefore 19661966//6767

PostPost-- GreenGreen RevolutionRevolution isis representedrepresented byby threethree subsub--periodsperiods

TheThe impactimpact ofof thethe GreenGreen RevolutionRevolution hashas mainlymainly beenbeen ononwheat,wheat, especiallyespecially inin thethe irrigationirrigation--wisewise betterbetter endowedendowedNorthwesternNorthwestern partsparts ofof IndiaIndia..No t westeNo t weste pa tspa ts oo d ad a..InIn thethe secondsecond period,period, ii..ee..,, 19761976//7777 toto 19861986//8787,, thethe newnewtechnologiestechnologies havehave expandedexpanded toto SouthernSouthern andand EasternEasternregionsregions andand alsoalso coveredcovered cropscrops suchsuch asas ricerice withwith markedmarkedgg ppincreaseincrease inin growthgrowth andand productivityproductivity..InIn thethe thirdthird period,period, ii..ee.. 19861986//8787 toto 19961996//9797,, isis characterizedcharacterizedbyby aa numbernumber ofof policypolicy changeschanges includingincluding thethe launchinglaunching ofofyy p yp y gg gg ggthethe TechnologyTechnology MissionMission onon OilseedsOilseeds (TMO)(TMO) asas wellwell asaspriceprice supportsupport andand stabilizationstabilization policiespolicies forfor oilseedoilseed cropscrops.. 77

Table 1: All India Temporal Change (%) in the Area Share of Main Crops and

Crop Groups, 1966/67 to 1996/97S.No. Crops TE

1966/67TE

1976/77TE

1986/87TE

1996/971966/67 1976/77 1986/87 1996/97

1. Rice 23.90 24.13 24.75 25.29

2. Wheat 11.99 10.01 9.62 15.03

3. Course Cereals 26.49 29.20 28.09 18.70

4. All Cereals 62.38 63.34 62.47 59.03

5. Gram& Pigeon Pea 7.26 6.48 6.25 6.30

6. Other Pulses 8.06 7.99 7.85 7.45

7. All Pulses 15.32 14.46 14.10 13.75

8. All Foodgrains 77.70 77.80 76.56 72.78

9. Sunflower & Soybean 0.54 0.79 0.91 0.77

10. All oilseds 11.27 11.24 12.07 15.35

11. Fibres 6.28 5.25 5.18 5.72

12. Spices 0.64 0.83 1.02 1.12

13. Fruits & Vegetables 0.75 0.92 1.15 1.40

14. Other Field Crops 3.04 3.54 3.51 3.23

15. Plantation Crops 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.41

16. All Commercial Crops 11.03 10.96 11.36 11.87

17. All Non-Cereals 37.62 36.66 37.53 40.9888

Table 2: All India Temporal Change in Area (000 ha) Composition of Crop Groups, 1966/67 to 1996/97

S. No Crops TE1966/67

TE1976/77

TE1986/87

TE1996/971966/67 1976/77 1986/87 1996/97

1. Rice 35728 38625 41154 42978

2. Wheat 17930 16018 15995 25548

3. Course Cereals 39610 46741 46711 31788

4. All Cereals 93268 101384 103860 100314

5. Gram& Pigeon Pea 10848 10367 10393 10712

6. Other Pulses 12057 12787 13044 12661

7. All Pulses 22905 23154 23437 23373

8. All Food grains 116172 124537 127297 123686

9. Sunflower & Soybean 807 1270 1511 1310

10. All oilseeds 16848 17988 20071 27837

11. Fibers 9383 8403 8618 9716

12. Spices 950 1326 1695 1904

13. Fruits & Vegetables 1120 1480 1913 2382

14. Other Field Crops 4544 5665 5828 5486

15. Plantation Crops 489 667 840 691

16. All Commercial Crops 56238 58691 62402 71389

17. All Non-Cereals 149506 160075 166262 17170399

AreaArea shiftsshifts occurredoccurred 19661966//6767 andand 19961996//9797 fromfrom coarsecoarse cerealscerealstoto oilseedsoilseeds.. TheThe threethree notablenotable aspectsaspects arearepp

First,First, mostmost ofof thesethese areaarea shiftsshifts occurredoccurred duringduring 19961996//9797.. AAprotectiveprotective tradetrade environment,environment, favorablefavorable priceprice policypolicy andand thetheprotectiveprotective tradetrade environment,environment, favorablefavorable priceprice policypolicy andand thetheconnectingconnecting ofof thethe TechnologyTechnology MissionMission onon OilseedsOilseeds (TMO)(TMO)duringduring thisthis periodperiod havehave allall enhancedenhanced thethe comparativecomparativeadvantageadvantage ofof oilseedsoilseeds..

Second,Second, thethe areaarea shiftshift duringduring thisthis periodperiod comescomes mainlymainly fromfrombarleybarley andand pulsespulses otherother thanthan pigeonpigeon peapea growngrown underunder rainrain fedfedyy pp p gp g pp ggconditionsconditions wherewhere asas forfor oilseedsoilseeds thethe areaarea shiftshift involveinvolve mostlymostlyrainrain fedfed areasareas andand alsoalso groundwatergroundwater irrigatedirrigated areasareas..

Third,Third, therethere isis alsoalso aa significantsignificant areaarea shiftshift withinwithin oilseedoilseed cropscrops..GroundnutGroundnut stillstill hashas aa dominantdominant place,place, rapeseedrapeseed andand mustard,mustard,sunflowersunflower andand soybeansoybean areare increasingincreasing steadily,steadily, thosethose ofof

li dli d dd i di d d li id li i d lld llsesamum,sesamum, linseedlinseed andand nigerseednigerseed areare decliningdeclining graduallygradually..1010

The regional patterns of agriculturalThe regional patterns of agriculturalThe regional patterns of agricultural The regional patterns of agricultural growthgrowth

TheThe southernsouthern andand westernwestern regionsregions havehave followedfollowed cropcropdiversificationdiversification towardstowards highhigh--valuevalue commoditiescommodities..diversificationdiversification towardstowards highhigh valuevalue commoditiescommodities..TheThe annualannual compoundcompound growthgrowth ratesrates ofof areaarea andand grossgrossvaluevalue ofof highhigh--valuevalue commoditiescommodities inin thesethese regionsregions arearemuchmuch higherhigher andand thethe differencesdifferences areare moremore duringduring19901990ss..TheThe shareshare ofof highhigh valuevalue commoditiescommodities inin thethe grossgrossTheThe shareshare ofof highhigh--valuevalue commoditiescommodities inin thethe grossgrosscroppedcropped areaarea andand valuevalue ofof agriculturalagricultural outputoutput hashas alsoalsorisenrisen..

1111

Table 3: Share of food grain and non-food grain crops in cropping pattern

d l f t t i I di t t t i ( t)and value of output in India at constant prices (percent).

Region Share of food grain and non food grain crops

TE 1981-82 TE 1998-99

Food grain crops

Non-food grain crops

Food grain crops

Non-food grain cropscrops crops crops crops

Area Value Area Value Area Value Area Value

Eastern 81.63 51.73 18.37 48.27 73.83 43.04 26.17 56.96

Northeastern 70.11 44.43 29.89 55.77 65.06 35.80 34.94 64.2

Northern 77.42 54.92 22.58 45.08 76.86 53.74 23.14 46.26

Southern 62.86 41.82 37.14 58.18 53.08 28.20 46.92 71.80

Western 71.92 44.44 28.08 55.56 61.85 36.10 38.15 63.90

All-India 70.34 48.05 29.66 51.95 65.44 39.85 34.56 60.15

1212

Table 4: Contribution of different commodities in agricultural growth during 1980-2000 (percent)

Commodity 1980s 1990s 1980-2000Rice 21.3 21.5 21.4Wheat 6.8 22.2 15.6Coarse cereals -1.6 2.1 0.5Pulses 7 9 1 5 4 2Pulses 7.9 1.5 4.2Oilseeds 20.4 1.8 9.9Fibers 5.0 -0.4 1.9Sugarcane 7.0 8.8 8.0Beverages 2.7 2.6 2.6Fruits and vegetables 23 7 32 1 28 5Fruits and vegetables 23.7 32.1 28.5Spices 6.4 7.6 7.1Others 0.4 0.4 0.4Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

1313

Drivers of Agricultural DiversificationDrivers of Agricultural Diversification

TriggeredTriggered byby thethe rapidrapid technologicaltechnological changechange inin agriculturalagriculturalproductionproduction thesethese areare broadlybroadly classifiedclassified asas demanddemand andand supplysupplyforcesforces..

DemandDemand sideside:: perper capitacapita incomeincome andand urbanizationurbanizationSupplySupply sideside:: infrastructureinfrastructure-- marketsmarkets andand road,road, technology,technology,SupplySupply sideside:: infrastructureinfrastructure marketsmarkets andand road,road, technology,technology,relativerelative profitabilityprofitability andand risksrisks inin differentdifferent commodities,commodities,resourceresource endowmentsendowments -- waterwater andand laborlabor andand sociosocio--economiceconomicvariables,variables, pressurepressure onon landland andand literacyliteracy raterate

TechnologyTechnologyPolicy supportPolicy supportPolicy supportPolicy supportInfrastructuralInfrastructural DevelopmentDevelopmentInstitutional arrangementInstitutional arrangementReformsReforms inin FinancialFinancial SectorSectorReformsReforms inin FinancialFinancial SectorSector

1414

TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTheThe shareshare ofof nonnon--foodfood graingrain commoditiescommodities inin thethe totaltotal

al eal e ofof agric lt reagric lt re crossedcrossed 5050 %%valuevalue ofof agricultureagriculture-- crossedcrossed 5050 %%ImprovedImproved technologiestechnologies cancan bebe targetedtargeted forfor highhigh--valuevaluefoodfood commoditiescommodities toto increaseincrease productivityproductivity minimizeminimizefoodfood commoditiescommodities toto increaseincrease productivity,productivity, minimizeminimizepostpost--harvestharvest losses,losses, enhanceenhance shelfshelf--lifelife andand improveimprovecommoditycommodity traitstraits likelike shape,shape, color,color, size,size, nutrition,nutrition, etcetc..co od yco od y ss ee s pe,s pe, co o ,co o , s e,s e, u o ,u o , e ce c..TheThe researchresearch inin thesethese commoditiescommodities hashas shownshownpositivepositive impactimpact byby evolvingevolving novelnovel foodfood commoditiescommoditiespp pp yy gginin nonnon--traditionaltraditional areasareas eveneven inin unconventionalunconventionalseasonsseasons..

1515

Policy Support for promoting agroPolicy Support for promoting agro--processing of highprocessing of high--value commoditiesvalue commoditiesvalue commoditiesvalue commodities

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Agency (APEDA) andAgency (APEDA) andAgency (APEDA) and Agency (APEDA) and National Horticultural Development Board (NHDB), National Horticultural Development Board (NHDB), Private sector. Private sector.

Infrastructure DevelopmentInfrastructure Development

HighHigh--valuevalue foodfood commoditiescommodities requirerequire aa differentdifferent setset ofofinfrastructureinfrastructure..BeingBeing perishableperishable inin naturenature shouldshould reachreach thethe consumerconsumer ororgg ppprocessedprocessed inin aa shortshort periodperiod toto minimizeminimize losseslosses..InIn India,India, thethe existingexisting infrastructureinfrastructure forfor agroagro--processingprocessing isisinadequateinadequate butbut demanddemand forfor thethe processedprocessed foodfood hashas beenbeenincreasingincreasing..

1616

InstitutionalInstitutional ArrangementsArrangementsgg

InIn thethe formform ofof contractcontract farmingfarming oror cooperativescooperatives cancan integrateintegrateproductionproduction withwith marketsmarketsproductionproduction withwith marketsmarkets..InnovativeInnovative institutionalinstitutional arrangementsarrangements cancan linklink productionproduction andandmarketsmarkets andand improveimprove thethe marketingmarketing efficiencyefficiency involvinginvolving

llh ldllh ld ii d id i dd k ik i ff hi hhi h llsmallholderssmallholders inin productionproduction andand marketingmarketing ofof highhigh--valuevaluecommoditiescommodities..

ReformsReforms inin FinancialFinancial SectorSector

SteppingStepping--upup investmentsinvestments inin thethe keykey areasareas toto promotepromote highhigh--valuevalue commoditiescommodities andand theirtheir processingprocessing..HighHigh--valuevalue foodfood commoditiescommodities needneed moremore workingworking capital,capital, andandgg gg p ,p ,faceface higherhigher risksrisks inin bothboth productionproduction andand marketingmarketing..

1717

Farming systemFarming system is matrix of

SoilPlantsAnimalsAnimalsImplementsPowerLabourLabourCapital and other inputs

In turn controlled by In turn controlled by

Farming families political economic institutional andFarming families, political, economic, institutional and social factors that operate at all levels

Farmer exercising control and allocate the resources available with them for maximizing their income to various enterprises –crops, livestock and off farm enterprises.

1818

Rainfed AgroRainfed Agro--EcosystemEcosystem (AES)

CCovering 68% of cultivated area (96 m ha)

Supporting Supporting

40% of human, ,60% of livestock population produce 44% of food requirements

The human populationThe human population is likely to reach

600 millions by 2025 from the present 410 millionLivestock populationLivestock population is likely to exceed650 million by 2025 A.D. from the present 500 milliony p

1919

AreaArea underunder rainfedrainfed AgroAgro--EcosystemEcosystem

Decrease to 85 million ha from its present 97million ha by 2025 A Dmillion ha by 2025 A.D.

PopulationPopulation belowbelow povertypoverty lineline accountsaccounts 4444%%pp p yp y

Which is dominated with rain fed agricultureThe average size of farm holding has been declined

over 8585 million out of 105105 million operational holdingsare below the size of 1 haare below the size of 1 ha

2020

CerealCereal basedbased productionproduction systemssystemspp yy

Sorghum, pearl millet, maize with pigeon pea and otherpulsespulses

Mostly located in western and central parts of the countryand semi- arid hot high lands of Deccan plateau

Receives mean annual rainfall of 648 mm with 60-150 daysReceives mean annual rainfall of 648 mm with 60 150 daysgrowing season

AlfisolsAlfisolsVertisols

Aridisols are predominant in this region.

2121

Farming systems in various parts of IndiaFarming systems in various parts of IndiaWestern zone of TamilnaduWestern zone of TamilnaduSorghum + cowpea (grain) 0.33 ha Sorghum + cowpea (fodder) 0.33 ha Cenchrus glaucus intercropped in 0 33 haCenchrus glaucus intercropped in 0.33 haE. officinalisgoat component (5+1) 0.01 ha

Resulted inResulted inHigher productivityeconomic returns provided better employment opportunitiesprovided better employment opportunities improved soil fertility than sole sorghum alone

(Rangaswamy et al., 1995).

E l t ti th hE l t ti th hEmployment generation throughEmployment generation throughDairy cum poultry based system 550 man days Cropping alone 245 man days in a year

Mohammad Ali et al., (1984)2222

DharwadDharwadDharwadDharwad

CroppingCropping patternpattern totaltotal holdingsholdings ofof smallsmall farmersfarmers

Food grains 35.39%Pulses 25.71%Oil seeds 20 7%Oil seeds 20.7%Commercial crops 17.3%Fodder crops 1.17%Backyard poultry (6 birds)Backyard poultry (6 birds)

HelpedHelped thethe farmersfarmers toto stabilizestabilize thethe farmfarm incomeincome..

The animal component (poultry bird) helped the farmersduring the drought year to stabilize the farm income as

m d t lcompared to crop alone2323

BangaloreBangaloreBangaloreBangalore

CropCrop diversificationdiversificationFinger millet 60%Finger millet 60%Pigeon pea 40% areaDrumstick 40% of 60% fingermillet area

with a combinationwith a combinationgavegave

Additional net returns 16 and 48%Additional net returns 16 and 48%As compared to the sole finger millet alone (Rs.11266/ha)

(Reddy and Ramakrishna, 2005)

2424

SouthernSouthern drydry zonezone ofof Karnataka,Karnataka,• SingleSingle cropcrop ofof

Fingermillet,Jowar,Pearlmillet,Redgram,Sunflower and Sesamum• IntercroppingIntercropping ofofIntercroppingIntercropping ofof

Finger milled with crops like cowpea, Dolichos, redgram, fodder,Jowar

(or)( )Niger + Castor

(or)Groundnut + Redgram, horsegram.

• OrchardOrchard cropscrops likelikeMango,Sapota, Guava as pure orchard

• OneOne oror twotwo milchmilch animalsanimalsOneOne oror twotwo milchmilch animalsanimals•• 1010--1212 oror moremore sheepsheep andand goatgoat

Depending on the extent of land available along few local poultryp g g p yfowl are reared besides farming.

2525

Hyderabad,Hyderabad, marginalmarginal farmerfarmer withwith 00..55 hahaBB::CC ratioratio

Cotton 3.47i i 4 43maize + pigeonpea 4.43

milch animal (on an average) Rs.380 per year.At CRIDA

HortiHorti--pastoralpastoral systemsystemHortiHorti--pastoralpastoral systemsystem

In rainfed guava and custard apple Dry forage

Cenchrus 7 tones / hawith 17.5% of crude proteinp

Stylo 5.6 tones

2626

AnantapurAnantapur

SheepSheep ++ GroundnutGroundnut farmingfarming systemsystem offersoffers gainfulgainful employmentemployment ininrainfedrainfed areasareas

Groundnut cake byproduct protein source and cattlefeed

G d t h l f d ttl d hGroundnut haulms as feed cattle and sheep

EconomicsEconomics ofof differentdifferent farmingfarming systemssystems inin scarcescarce rainfallrainfall zonezone ofofAndhraAndhra PradeshPradeshAndhraAndhra PradeshPradesh

FarmingFarming systemssystems NetNet returnsreturns

Farming + Poultry for broilers Rs.43360Farming + dairy with three buffaloes (2 ha) Rs.40606Sole groundnut (2.6 ha) Rs.14872 / ha.g

2727

Table. Comparison of different enterprises of integrated farmer Mr Darshan Singhg g

Yield Equivalent yield Gross returnsEnterprise

Yield t/ha

Equivalent yield t/ha

Gross returns Rs/ha

Rice –Wheat 7.0 + 5.0 14.5 81200Fish + Piggery 4.0 + 3.0 27.5 154000Crop + Dairy 12.5 +4.0 20.2 113200

Source: Gurbachan Singh, 2005

2828

Name of the zone Crop components Other component

Predominant farming systems in different agro climatic Predominant farming systems in different agro climatic zones of Tamil Nadu zones of Tamil Nadu

Name of the zone Crop components Other component

North Eastern Rice, sugarcane, bajra, ragi, groundnut

One or two buffaloes or jersey cross breed cows or

it f 20 t hone unit of 20 goats or sheep

North Western ragi, groundnut, horsegram, rice, tapioca

Sheep or goat or poultry or dairy, p y

Western Millets, cotton, and rice Dairy or poultry or sheep or goat

Cauvery delta Rice Dairy or goat or duck or piggery

Southern Millets, cotton, pulses, rice Sheep or goat or poultry or , , p , p g p yduck

High rainfall Rice, tapioca Dairy or duck

High altitude and hilly Tea, coffee Rabbit or goat or dairy

Balasubramanian (1994)2929

Different types of cropping patterns followed in Konkan regionDifferent types of cropping patterns followed in Konkan region

Situation Farming systems

1) Coastal midland sub region Coconut and coconut based cropping ) g pp gsystem, rice based cropping system

2)Coastal hilly sub region Rice based cropping system, fruit trees

3) Hilly sub region Plantation crops like coconut, arecanut, palmoil etc.

4) Midland sub region Rice based cropping system

5) Homestead based farming system Consisting of perennial trees mainly5) Homestead based farming system Consisting of perennial trees mainly coconut and fruit trees banana, tuber crops and vegetables together with live-stock componentp

6) Fisheries -

Ramteke(2005) 3030

Farming system Per cent adoptionWestern zone Central zone Eastern zone

Predominant farming systems in different zones of Vidarbha regionPredominant farming systems in different zones of Vidarbha region

Western zone Central zone Eastern zoneCrop alone 28-29 25-26 50-51

Crops + dairy 30-31 32-33 7-8

Crops + horticulture 13-14 15-16 5-6

Crops +diary + horticulture 5-6 3-4 4-5

C + i i lt 2 3Crops + psiciculture - - 2-3

Crops + goatary 3-4 2-3 6-7

Crops + dairy + goatary 2-3 1-2 3-4Crops + dairy + goatary 2-3 1-2 3-4

Crops + poultry 2-3 1-2 8-9

Crops + sericulture 1-2 - -p

Agroforestry 2-3 2-3 4-5

Crops + other enterprises 5-6 6-7 5-6( h h hi i i l t d(such as shop, hiring implements and machinery, transportation etc)

Dahatonde and Kamdi (2005)3131

Extent of changes in net return and its relative share in total net Extent of changes in net return and its relative share in total net return (Rs) of the farming system of the sample farmerreturn (Rs) of the farming system of the sample farmer

Components 2000-2001 2001-2002 Increase/decrease or constant over

2000-2001

Field crops 14,114.00 23,249.00 (20.61) 9135.00 [64.72]

Plantation crop 24 250 00 24 850 00 (28 44) 600 00 [2 47]Plantation crop 24,250.00 24,850.00 (28.44) 600.00 [2.47]

Livestock 5,562.00 38,400.00 (43.95) 32,838.00[590 39][590.39]

Fishery -50.00 550.00 (0.63) 600.00 [120.00]

Sericulture 420.00 330.00 (0.38) -90.00 [-21.43]

Total 44,296.00 87,379.00 44,083.00 [97.26](100.00)

3232

Existing of important farming systems in different Existing of important farming systems in different agroagro-- climatic zonesclimatic zones Madhyapradesh Madhyapradesh

Idnetified farming systems Leading district(1) Crop production (a) All districts

agroagro climatic zonesclimatic zones , Madhyapradesh, Madhyapradesh

(2) a+dairying (b) All districts(3) a+ vegetable production (c) All districts(4) a+b+c All districts(5)a+b+poultry (d) All districts(5)a+b+poultry (d) All districts(6) a + d All districts(7) b + d All districts(8) a+b+agro-forestry Mandla, Dindori, Betul,(8) a b agro forestry Mandla, Dindori, Betul, (9) a+c+honey collection Mandla, Dindori(10) a+b+c + mushroom production Jabalpur, Seoni, Narsinhpur(11)a+fisheries Ikamgarh, Seoni, Jabalpur(12) a+singhara cultivation + Tikamgarh, Rewa, Jabalpur, (13) a + beetle vine cultivation (e)_ Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Satna, (14) b+c+e Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Satna, (15) b+c+e Tikamgarh Jabalpur Satna(15) b+c+e Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Satna,

3333

Predominant farming systems in different zones of Himachal pradeshPredominant farming systems in different zones of Himachal pradesh

Farming systems Agriculture–livestock-horticulture

Agriculture-horticulture-livestock-silvi pasture

Horticulture-livesotkc-pastoral-

Livestock-pastoral-agriculture-horticulture

High hills temperate drySub-montane low-hills Mid hill sub-humid High hills temperate wet

agricultureFood and other crops

Wheat, maize, rice, oilseeds, pulses, sugarcane

Wheat, maize, rice, oilseeds, pulses

Maize, wheat, millets, ragi, prunus (Chuli)

Buckwheat, Barley, Prunus (Chuli)

High value crops Vegetables, Ginger, Turmeric Off-season vegetables, Ginger, Turmeric

Seed potato, Off-season vegetables

Off-season peas, Seed Potato, Kalazeera, Saffron, Hops (Humulus lupulus), Other

Fruits Mango, citrus, litchi, peach, Stone fruits, citurs, Apple, Almond, Apple, dry fruits, chilgoza, nutsapricot mango, peach, apricot,

pearPear, Nuts

Flowers Marigold Gladiolus, Marigold, Carnation

Tulip, Lilly, Carnation

---

Medicinal plants Amla, Bhehra (Terminalia belerica)

Amla Bhehra Seabuckthorn Seabuckthorn, Kuth (Saussurea lappa)

Livestock Buffalo, Cow Cow, Buffalo Sheep, Goat, Cow Sheep, Goat, Cow, YakFodder trees Grewia, Celtis, Leucaenea, Grewia, Khair, Bauhinia, Salix, Morus, Salix, Poplar, Robinia, Morus,

Robinia, Khair, Bauhinia Morus Quercus QuercusSubsidiary enterprises

Aphiculture, Silvi culture, Fisheries

Apiculture, Mushroom, Rabbitary

Apiculture Apiculture3434

MajorMajor foodfood cropscrops andand variousvarious possiblepossible farmingfarming systemssystems ofof differentdifferent agroagro--climaticclimatic zoneszones ofof thethe AndhraAndhra pradeshpradeshclimaticclimatic zoneszones ofof thethe AndhraAndhra pradeshpradesh

Agro climatic zone Major food crops Dairy Sheep and goat Backyard poultry

Fishery Apiculture

North Coastal Rice, pulse, ragi, Cattle, buffalo Sheep, goat Backyard Inland coastal Apiculturesesame, sugarcane, cashewnut

poultry

Krishna-Godavari Rice, maize, pulse, sugarcane, coconut, cotton,chillies

-do- Sheep in Prakasam

-do- -do- -do-

,South Groundnut, rice, ragi,

jowar, pulses, cotton, sunflower

-do- Sheep -do- Inland -do-

Scarce rainfall Groundnut, rice, safflower jowar

-do- Sheep -do- Inland -do-safflower, jowar, pulses, cotton

Southern Telangana

Groundnut, castor, sunflower, pulses, rice, jowar, cotton

Buffalo, cattle Sheep, goat -do- Inland -do-

N h Ri i j B ff l l Sh d I l d dNorthern Telangana

Rice, maize, jowar, pulses, cotton, groundnut, chillies, sugarcane

Buffalo, cattle Sheep, goat -do- Inland -do-

High altitude and Rice, maize, bajra, Buffalo Sheep, goat -do- Inland -do-gtribal zone

jJowar, Sugarcane, pulse

g

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PredominantPredominant farmingfarming systemsystem modelmodel adoptedadopted inin threethree agroclimaticagroclimatic zoneszones ofofChhattisgarhChhattisgarhChhattisgarhChhattisgarh

Chattisgarh

Bastar plateau

Northern hills

Farmers perceptionSl.No. Farming system model Farming situation

Adoption of farming system

plainsCrops + milk animal(2 to 3)

2 Crops + draught –animal Small tomarginal

√ √ √ Generally farmers used to keepdraught animal for field

√ Common in all the villages exptinterior area of tribal dominated

√1 Small tomarginal

√

marginal farmers

draught animal for fieldcultivation and transportation bybullock cent.

3 Crops in bari+poultry+fishcatching in ponds or nala

Small tomarginal

√ √ √ Tribal farmers adopt poultry andfish catching mainly for homeg p g

farmersg y

consumption4 Crops (Kharif ) + collection

and sale of forest producelike magua, tendu leaves,

Tribal dominated region

√ √ √ Crops for food consumption and collection and sale of forestproduce for income generation.

harra, chironji, honey andlakh collection, wood etc,

5 Crops + local poultry(meat) + local pig (meat)

Tribal dominate

√ √ √ Tribal farmers of Bastar areadopting this system with local(meat) + local pig (meat) dominate

d regionadopting this system with localbreed of crop and animalhusbandry 3636

VulnerabilityVulnerability ofof IndianIndian agricultureagriculture toto climateclimatehh dd l b li til b li tichangechange andand globalisationglobalisation

ClimaticClimatic changechangeggRajasthanRajasthan -- JhalawarJhalawar districtdistrict

V l bl h i f l b li iVulnerable to the impacts of globalizationKarnataka – Chitradurga district

‘‘DoubleDouble exposed’exposed’ toto climateclimate changechange andandpp ggglobalizationglobalization

AndhraAndhra PradeshPradesh -- AnanthapurAnanthapur

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Effects of crop diversificationEffects of crop diversificationEffects of crop diversificationEffects of crop diversification

Cultivation of vegetables fruits and spicesCultivation of vegetables fruits and spices ––Cultivation of vegetables, fruits and spices Cultivation of vegetables, fruits and spices Big change in life and livelihood of the Big change in life and livelihood of the farmersfarmers –– more rewardingmore rewardingfarmers farmers more rewardingmore rewardingPM Stress on Crop diversification from Food PM Stress on Crop diversification from Food crops to Cash cropscrops to Cash cropscrops to Cash crops.crops to Cash crops.Punjab: Paddy Punjab: Paddy –– Wheat Wheat –– over exploitation of over exploitation of

ddground waterground waterContract farmingContract farming

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Crop Diversification Crop Diversification –– Road aheadRoad ahead

SustainabilitySustainability

State/Region Specific IssuesState/Region Specific Issues

yyLand, Water,SoilLand, Water,SoilDemarcations Demarcations –– Regions Regions ––DistrictsDistricts

Supply IssuesSupply IssuesDemand supply gapDemand supply gapProductivityProductivityProductivityProductivity

Regional imbalanceRegional imbalancePotential in Eastern and North eastern statesPotential in Eastern and North eastern states

Quality and premium variety potential e.g. WheatQuality and premium variety potential e.g. WheatIncreasing demand/supply of Horticulture Increasing demand/supply of Horticulture –– Livestock Livestock productions.productions.pp

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Crop Diversification Crop Diversification –– Road aheadRoad aheadState/Region Specific IssuesState/Region Specific Issues

ComparativeComparative AdvantageAdvantageExistingExisting yieldyield gapsgapsStagnantStagnant productivityproductivityStagnantStagnant productivityproductivityAlternateAlternate croppingcropping choiceschoices

ResearchResearch extensionextension LinkagesLinkagesesea cesea c e te s oe te s o agesagesExportExport OppurtunityOppurtunity

MarketMarket andand InstitutionalInstitutional issuesissuesBackwardBackward forwardforward linkageslinkagesInfrastructureInfrastructureValueValue AdditionAdditionR i itiR i iti l dl d ffRevisitingRevisiting landland reformsreformsMarketMarket ReformsReforms 4040

Designing ProgrammesDesigning ProgrammesFocusFocus onon conceptconcept ofof CropCrop diversificationdiversificationAnalyzeAnalyze thethe suitablesuitable cropcrop diversificationdiversification programmesprogrammesdependingdepending onon environmentalenvironmental andand sociosocio economiceconomicdependingdepending onon environmentalenvironmental andand sociosocio--economiceconomicconditionsconditions..AssessAssess thethe demanddemand ofof aa particularparticular crop/commodity,crop/commodity,ii i li l ff fifi dd k bilik bili dditsits potentialpotential forfor profitprofit andand marketability,marketability, andandprocessingprocessing..TheThe infrastructureinfrastructure roads,roads, technology,technology, risksrisks inin differentdifferentTheThe infrastructureinfrastructure roads,roads, technology,technology, risksrisks inin differentdifferentcommodities,commodities, resourceresource endowmentsendowments waterwater andand laborlaborareare toto bebe analysedanalysed..

ThreeThree toto fivefive minutesminutes programmesprogrammes onon allall thethe aboveaboveThreeThree toto fivefive minutesminutes programmesprogrammes onon allall thethe aboveaboveaspectsaspects areare toto bebe developeddeveloped..TheThe impactimpact pointspoints ofof eacheach ofof thesethese shouldshould bebe includedincludedpp ppforfor adoptionadoption ofof aa particularparticular cropcrop diversificationdiversificationprogrammeprogramme.. 4141

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