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Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production . Kristy Ott Borrelli Ph.D. Candidate Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Outline. Background of Region and Organic Wheat Production Dryland Organic Grain Production from Transition to Certification - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic
Production
Kristy Ott BorrelliPh.D. Candidate
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Outline• Background of Region and Organic Wheat
Production
• Dryland Organic Grain Production from Transition to Certification
• Intercropping winter pea and wheat for optimal soil nitrogen and moisture
• Dryland organic grain management considerations
The Palouse Prairie
• Sub humid Region– 500 mm annual precipitation (21 inches)– 60% precipitation November through March
• Rain-fed annual cropping systems
• Soft White Winter Wheat
• 2 to 3 year rotations– Winter Wheat – Spring Legume – Spring Wheat– Winter Wheat – Spring Legume – Winter Wheat– Winter Wheat – Winter Wheat – Winter Wheat
Papendick, 1996; Cook, 1986; McCool et al., 2001
WA Organic Grain ProductionWhich of the following are your main reasons for NOT
having any certified organic acres? %
Organic weed control methods are inadequate 69.3Cannot get same yields with organic as conventional methods 59.3Organic pest/disease control methods are inadequate 58.9Not worth the time 43.4Transportation and access to organic buyers are limited 36.3Too difficult to get enough nitrogen 35.9Need more information on organic production 33.2Certification is too much trouble 24.3Other reasons 17.8
Jones et al., 2006
Jones et al., 2006
Within the last five years, 2001 – 2005, have you considered transitioning any of your acreage to certified organic?
Dryland Organic Grain Production from Transition
to Certification
(AKA The Boyd Farm Project)
Dryland organic cropping systems
• Identify strategies to minimize economic and management risks for organic grain growers
• To evaluate different transition cropping systems– Do not rely on inversion tillage
– Supply N using legume crops (grain, green manure and forage)
Objectives• To identify how cropping systems in
transition phase impacted grain yield and protein during the certified organic phase.
• To develop a soil fertility management plan for organic grain producers.– Construct a nitrogen budget
Materials and Methods
Experimental Design
Rotation SystemsTransition Phase Certifiable Organic Phase
Year
System 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Control Rotation
1 Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Spring Barley Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
3 yr of Grain Cropping
2 Spring Pea Winter Wheat Spring Pea Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
3 Spring Pea Spring Wheat Spring Pea Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
2 yr of Grain Cropping + 1 yr Green Manure
4 Spring Pea Winter Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
5 Spring Pea Spring Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
1 yr of Grain Cropping + 2 yr Green Manure
6 Fava Bean GM Winter Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
7 Fava Bean GM Spring Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
3 yr Green Manure
8 Fava Bean GM Winter Pea GM Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
Legume/Grass Forage
9 Alfalfa + Oat/Pea Alfalfa + Oat/Pea Alfalfa + Oat/Pea Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
General Agronomics• 2x Seeding Density
• Cereal Crops– BioGro 7-7-2 NPK– Foliar Fish Emulsion 12-0.25-1 NPK– Gypsum
Rotary Harrow
• Pre-plant weed control and soil prep.• 1-2 passes
Rotary Hoe
• In-crop weed management • 3-5 passes
Sub Sampling• Crops and Weeds
– Separated and biomass yield was determined– Total N– Grain N measured separately
• Soil Samples– 1.5 m depth– Inorganic N
Harvest• Green Manure Crops were Flail Mowed
– Residue retained on soil
• Forage cut 1-2x season– Baled as hay
• Grain HarvestedGallagher, R.S., D. Pittmann, A.M. Snyder, R.T. Koenig, E.P. Fuerst, I.C. Burke, & L. Hoagland, 2010. Alternative strategies for transitioning to organic production in direct-seeded grain systems in Eastern Washington I: Crop agronomy. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 34:483-503.
Nitrogen Balance• Net N input = (Fertilizer N + Plant N + Post-
harvest Soil N) – Pre-plant Soil N
– Fertilizer N = organic N when applied to cereal crops– Plant N = crop N + weed N– Pre-plant soil N = post-harvest soil N from the previous year
• Net N Balance = Net N input – N removal (crop)
– Net N input = equation above– Crop N removal = grain or forage crop N only
Transition Phase Results
Cropping System
Net
Sys
tem
N B
alan
ce (k
g ha
-1)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300200320042005
Cash cereal/grain
ns = not significant 2003; ab for 2004; xyz for 2005
xy
z
x
ns†
x
x
x x x
yz a b b b b b b bb
Net System Nitrogen Balance (by year)
GRM last year
3yr GRM
Forage
Cropping System
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
itrog
en (k
g ha
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 200320042005
b
b b b b a b ns
ns†
b b
† ns = not significant (2003 and 2005); ab for 2004
Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (by year)
Cash cereal/grain GRM last year3 yr GRM Forage
Certified Organic Phase Results
Cropping System
SW - W
W - S
B
SP - WW
- SP
SP - SW
- SP
SP - WW
- WP
SP - SW
- WP
BB - WW
- WP
BB - SW
- WP
BB - WP - W
P
For - F
or - F
or
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg·
ha-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pro
tein
(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2006 Spring Wheat Yield (bars) and Protein (dots)
e cde de bcd de abc bcd ab a
y y y
x x x x x x
Cash cereal/grain3 yr
GRM ForageGRM last year
3293 kg ha-1
Cropping Systems
SW - W
W - S
B
SP - WW
- SP
SP - SW
- SP
SP - WW
- WP
SP - SW
- WP
BB - WW
- WP
BB - SW
- WP
BB - WP - W
P
For - F
or - F
or
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pro
tein
(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2007 Winter Wheat Yield (bars) and Protein (dots)
d cd bcd abcd a ab a a abc
y y y y
x x x x x
Cash cereal/grain3 yr GRM ForageGRM last year
5052 kg ha-1
Cropping Systems
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180Sp 2006Fa 2006Fa 2007
aab bc
bc de e
e e
cd
w w wx wx xyz wx wxy yz z
†ns (not significant) for Sp 2006; abc for Fa 2006; wxy for Fa 2007
Soil Inorganic N in Certified Organic Phase
†ns
Summary• Certified organic grain had some of the
highest yields and protein levels following Forage systems in the 1st year– decreased 2nd year
• Green manure in 3rd year of transition resulted in some of the highest grain yields 2nd year– High protein levels both years
Intercropping winter pea and wheat for optimal soil
nitrogen and moisture
Intercropping
• The simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop species on the same piece of land with part of the crop life-cycles overlapping.
(Hauggaard-Nielsen et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2011; Pridham and Entz, 2008).
Benefits of Intercropping• Source of plant N to cereal crops• Suppress weeds• Reduce disease• Stabilize erodible soils • Increase SOM • Provide crop rotation options• Management tool in organic or low-input systems• Reduce time spent growing a green manure
(Walker and Ogindo, 2003; Blackshaw et al., 2010; Hauggaard-Nielsen et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2011; Liebman and Dyck, 1993; Thiessen Martens et al., 2005; Lithourgidis et al., 2011; Hartl 1989; Reynolds et al., 1994)
Objective• Determine the optimal time to mechanically
remove winter pea intercropped with winter wheat
– Improve N input
– Reduce soil moisture stress
Materials and Methods
Experimental Design
• Seeded Mid-October
• Winter Wheat – (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Brundage 96’)
• Winter Pea – (Pisum sativum L. cv. ‘Granger’)
• “Direct seeded” 2.2 m wide Fabro® no-till drill– Wheat 135 lbs. acre-1; 15” row spacing (152 kg ha-1; 38 cm row spacing)
– Pea 200 lbs. acre-1; 15” row spacing (225 kg ha-1; 38 cm row spacing)
Treatments
25% CoverEarly May
50% CoverMid May
75% CoverEarly June
100% CoverLate June
IntercropNo Removal
No IntercropControl
Soil Samples
– Pre and Post season 1.5 m – 0 to 30 cm– Repeated each sampling date– Gravimetric water content– Inorganic nitrogen
Plant Biomass
– 0.3 m2 collected on each sampling date– Repeated each sampling date– Dried and weighed
Grain Yield– Late August
Inter-row Cultivator
Results
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0-3
0 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Control25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0-3
0 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Control 25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
% Soil Moisture (0-30 cm) Over Time
Sampling Date
2010 2011
Soil Moisture (0 – 1.5 m) Pre and Post Season
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0 -
1.5
m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0 -
1.5
m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Treatment
2010 2011ns
a b ab ab b b b
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0-3
0 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0-3
0 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control 25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
Sampling Date
Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (0-30 cm) Over Time2010 2011
Soil Inorganic N (0 – 1.5 m) Pre and Post Season
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0 -1
.5 m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0 -
1.5
m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Treatment
2010 2011
a b b b ab ab b
a b b b b b b
Wheat Biomass Variation with Intercrop Removal Time
Sampling Date5/3 5/17 5/31 6/14 6/28
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3502010 Wheat w/ pea removed2010 Wheat w/ pea all season2011 Wheat w/ pea removed2011 Wheat w/ pea all season
Bio
mas
s Y
ield
(g m
-2)
a
xax
Wheat Grain Yield after Pea Removal for Different Crop Growth Phases
ns
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Treatment
2010 2011ns ns
Mean = 3527 kg ha-1Mean = 5560 kg ha-1
5666 kg ha-1
Summary
• No differences in soil moisture
• No difference in soil nitrogen
• No difference in grain yield or protein
• No difference among plant N levels or biomass yield
Dryland Organic Grain Management Considerations
Agronomics
• Reduced tillage weed control (in crop)– Rotary Hoe– Rotary Harrow– Inter-row Cultivator
• Choose competitive crops and cultivars– Winter Crops > Spring Crops
Agronomics
• Peas established better with wheat
• Biodiversity in intercrop system
Soil Fertility
• Include a forage system during the transition ($)– Supplement soil N following 1st year of grain
production
• Include a green manure during the last year– Multiple years of green manure likely not
necessary
Soil Fertility
• External (commercial) organic fertilizer sources are too expensive
• Adding a source of animal manure may be beneficial
AcknowledgmentsCommittee MembersDr. Rich Koenig (Co-Chair)Dr. Ian Burke (Co-Chair)Dr. Dave HugginsDr. Scot Hulbert
Special ThanksDr. Bill PanDr. Pat Fuerst
Co-AuthorsDr. Rob GallagherDr. Lori HoaglandDr. Kate PainterAmanda SnyderMisha Manuchehri
FarmersPat and Lester Boyd
TechniciansDennis PittmannRod Rood John RumphMargaret DaviesDave Uberaga
Undergraduate AssistantsCharlie ClarkLydia Baxter PotterMadeline JacobsenHeather FuerstNick Boydson Rachel King
Questions?