Diversity and Evolution of Rosids - courses.botany.wisc.educourses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_400/Lecture/0pdf/16Fagal.pdf · of Rosids. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . . Cucurbitales

Diversity and EvolutionDiversity and Evolutionof Rosidsof Rosids

. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . .. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . .

CucurbitalesCucurbitales•• previously recognized group of 7 previously recognized group of 7families (some Nfamilies (some N22 fixers) fixers)•• palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth, palmate leaves, cucurbitoid teeth,imperfect flowers, parietalimperfect flowers, parietalplacentationplacentation

DatiscaceaeDatiscaceaeCucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae

BegoniaceaeBegoniaceae

NN22 fixing fixingcladeclade

Cucurbitaceae - melonsCucurbitaceae - melonsMainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera,Mainly tropical and subtropical family of 118 genera,845 species of 845 species of herbaceous or woody vines with tendrilsherbaceous or woody vines with tendrils(modified inflorescences)(modified inflorescences)

GuraniaGurania in Panama in Panama CucumisCucumis in Wisconsin in Wisconsin

•• flowers flowers unisexualunisexual and andplants usually dioecious,plants usually dioecious,cultivated ones monoeciouscultivated ones monoecious

Male flower Male flower

Female flowerFemale flower

•• fusion of perianth fusion of perianth (Asterid-(Asterid-like!); stamens are weird,like!); stamens are weird,female flower is female flower is epigynousepigynous

Cucurbitaceae - melonsCucurbitaceae - melons

Fruit is a berry with leatheryFruit is a berry with leatheryrind = rind = pepopepo (pumpkin, melon, (pumpkin, melon,pickle, gourd)pickle, gourd)



Echinocystis lobataEchinocystis lobata wild cucumberwild cucumber

Note the many small maleNote the many small maleflowers and few femaleflowers and few femaleflowers going into fruit andflowers going into fruit andspiny pepospiny pepo


Sicyos angulataSicyos angulata - bur cucumber - bur cucumber

Small Small ““burredburred”” cucumber cucumberor pickle-like fruits can beor pickle-like fruits can beseen on bottom rightseen on bottom right

Cucurbitaceae - melonsCucurbitaceae - melons *Fagales*Fagales•• core core ““AmentiferaeAmentiferae”” of Engler & of Engler &Prantl and subclass Prantl and subclass ““HamamelidaeHamamelidae””of Cronquist - of Cronquist - wind pollinatedwind pollinated

NN22 fixing fixingcladeclade

•• trees with trees with unisexualunisexualflowers in flowers in aments/catkinsaments/catkins•• inferior Ginferior G (2-3) (2-3)

•• nutnut - bony 1-seeded - bony 1-seeded

*Fagales*FagalesNothofagaceaeNothofagaceae - southern beeches - - southern beeches -are sister to all othersare sister to all others

•• North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks) North Temperate family of 7 genera, 670 species (1/2 are oaks)

CastaneaCastanea - chestnut - chestnut QuercusQuercus - oak - oak

*Fagaceae - beeches*Fagaceae - beeches

FagusFagus - beech - beech

•• simple leaves simple leaves and nut enclosed by and nut enclosed by subtending bractssubtending bracts

•• FagusFagus (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in north (beech) is characteristic of mesic forests in northtemperate deciduous foreststemperate deciduous forests•• easy to recognize with easy to recognize with gray barkgray bark

Fagus grandifoliaFagus grandifolia - -American beechAmerican beech

•• 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts) 2 pistillate flowers (2 nuts)surrounded by surrounded by one set of bractsone set of bracts

Fagus sylvatica - Fagus sylvatica - EuropeEurope

Fagus grandifoliaFagus grandifolia - N. America - N. America

*Fagaceae - beeches*Fagaceae - beeches

•• Quercus Quercus, the oaks, have bracts below, the oaks, have bracts belowfemale flower that coalesce into afemale flower that coalesce into awoody cup of the woody cup of the acornacorn fruit (nut) fruit (nut)

•• hybridizing group and taxonomically hybridizing group and taxonomicallychallengingchallenging

*Fagaceae - oaks*Fagaceae - oaks

•• White oaksWhite oaks - rounded leaf lobes, - rounded leaf lobes,thinner walled xylem of summer wood,thinner walled xylem of summer wood,fruit matures in 1 yrfruit matures in 1 yr

•• Red oaksRed oaks - bristle tipped leaf lobes, - bristle tipped leaf lobes,thicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrsthicker xylem, fruit matures in 2 yrs


white oakwhite oak red oakred oak

Quercus albaQuercus alba - white oak - white oak

White oakWhite oak - Alleghenian species typical - Alleghenian species typicalof more mesic woodlands in Wisconsinof more mesic woodlands in Wisconsin


Bur oakBur oak - Ozarkian element species of - Ozarkian element species ofxeric oak woodlands and oak savannasxeric oak woodlands and oak savannas

Quercus macrocarpaQuercus macrocarpa - bur oak - bur oak

*Fagaceae - oaks*Fagaceae - oaksRed oakRed oak - more mesic member of the red - more mesic member of the redoak group; black oak, hilloak group; black oak, hill’’s oak are mores oak are morexeric tolerantxeric tolerant

Quercus rubraQuercus rubra - red oak - red oak


•• Castanea Castanea, the chestnuts, have 2, the chestnuts, have 2female flowers per spiny involucrefemale flowers per spiny involucre

Castanea dentata - Castanea dentata - American chestnutAmerican chestnut

*Fagaceae - chestnuts*Fagaceae - chestnuts

Castanea dentata -Castanea dentata - American Americanchestnut original distributionchestnut original distribution

American chestnutsAmerican chestnutsMassachusetts in lateMassachusetts in late1800s prior to 19041800s prior to 1904chestnut blightchestnut blight

Japanese chestnut inJapanese chestnut inConnecticut -Connecticut -resistantresistant

*Fagaceae - chestnuts*Fagaceae - chestnuts

Well known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, andWell known tree family containing walnuts, hickories, andpecanspecans

10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies10 genera and 50 species are divided into two subfamilies

*Juglandaceae - walnuts*Juglandaceae - walnuts

EngelhardiaEngelhardia JuglansJuglans

•• Leaves Leaves pinnately compoundpinnately compound,,alternatealternate•• Leaves often Leaves often aromaticaromatic from resinous from resinouspeltate glands; peltate glands; allelopathicallelopathic

Juglans cineraJuglans cineraButternut, white walnutButternut, white walnut

Carya ovataCarya ovatashagbark hickoryshagbark hickory


•• Trees are Trees aremonoeciousmonoecious

•• Wind pollinatedWind pollinatedfeaturesfeatures

Juglans nigraJuglans nigra - Black walnut - Black walnut


Male inflorescenceMale inflorescence


•• male flowers apetalous and male flowers apetalous andarranged in pendulous catkins orarranged in pendulous catkins oraments on older stemsaments on older stems

•• calyx small; each flower bracted calyx small; each flower bracted

CA 3-6 CO 0 ACA 3-6 CO 0 A 3 3--∞∞ G 0G 0

Juglans regiaJuglans regiaEnglish walnutEnglish walnut



CA 4 CO 0 ACA 4 CO 0 A 0 G (2) 0 G (2)

•• female flowers apetalous and in a female flowers apetalous and in asmall group on this yearsmall group on this year’’s new growths new growth

•• calyx small, persistant, often fused to calyx small, persistant, often fused toinvolucral bractsinvolucral bracts; 2 stigma feathery; 2 stigma feathery


Juglans nigraJuglans nigraBlack walnutBlack walnut


Carya cordiformis Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickoryBitternut hickory


•• fruit a fruit a nutnut - single ovule fused to ovary wall - single ovule fused to ovary wall•• surrounded often by surrounded often by persistant involucral bractspersistant involucral bracts which can which canbecome fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a become fleshy; thus sometimes mistakenly called a ““drupedrupe””

Juglans nigraJuglans nigraBlack walnutBlack walnut


Juglans nigraJuglans nigra - black walnut - black walnut

•• black walnutblack walnut: one of the most: one of the mostprized of all lumber trees for fineprized of all lumber trees for finefurniturefurniture

*Juglandaceae - walnuts*Juglandaceae - walnuts•• shagbark hickoryshagbark hickory: common tree of: common tree ofmore mesic to xeric forests over muchmore mesic to xeric forests over muchof North America - oak/hickory forestsof North America - oak/hickory forests

Carya ovata -Carya ovata - shagbark hickory shagbark hickory

*Juglandaceae - hickories*Juglandaceae - hickories

*Betulaceae - birches*Betulaceae - birchesNorth Temperate family of 6 genera andNorth Temperate family of 6 genera and110 species of shrubs to trees - birches110 species of shrubs to trees - birchesand aldersand alders

•• both female and maleboth female and male (drooping) (drooping)inflorescences are inflorescences are in amentsin aments/catkins/catkins

•• flowers possess flowers possess no perianthno perianth

•• fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara, fruit a small nut or 1 seeded samara,subtended by subtended by 3-lobed bract3-lobed bract

*Betulaceae - birches*Betulaceae - birches

Betula papyrifera -Betula papyrifera - paper birch paper birch

Female inflorescenceFemale inflorescence

Male inflorescenceMale inflorescence


Betula papyriferaBetula papyrifera - -paper birchpaper birch

Betula allegheniensisBetula allegheniensisYellow birchYellow birch


Ostrya virginianaOstrya virginiana - eastern - easternhop hornbeam, ironwoodhop hornbeam, ironwood

AlnusAlnus, the alders, the alders

Corylus americanaCorylus americanaHazelnut, filbertHazelnut, filbert

Myrica galeMyrica gale - sweet gale - sweet gale Comptonia peregrinaComptonia peregrina - sweet fern - sweet fern

•• Small family 3 genera that fix Small family 3 genera that fixatmospheric nitrogenatmospheric nitrogen

•• Dioecious shrubs or subshrubs Dioecious shrubs or subshrubswith sweet aromatic smellwith sweet aromatic smell

Myricaceae - sweet galeMyricaceae - sweet gale

Casuarina -Casuarina -evergreen withevergreen withequisetoid leavesequisetoid leaves

CasuarinaceaeCasuarinaceae•• small family of 100 species - small family of 100 species -the the she oaksshe oaks of Australia of Australia

*Sapindales*Sapindales•• long recognized group of 9 families long recognized group of 9 families•• woody, compound leaves woody, compound leaves•• nectar disknectar disk

RutaceaeRutaceaeGeijera multiflorumGeijera multiflorum

SapindaceaeSapindaceaeAcer platanoidesAcer platanoides

•• 1-2 seeded fruit 1-2 seeded fruit

*Sapindales*Sapindales

Bitter triterpenoidsBitter triterpenoids

•• chemically distinct (lemon smells) chemically distinct (lemon smells)•• preferential herbivory by hemipteran preferential herbivory by hemipteranCalophyaCalophya

CalophyaCalophya on on SchinusSchinus(Anacardiaceae)(Anacardiaceae)

Rhus glabraRhus glabra - smooth sumac - smooth sumac

Woody, worldwide family (70/985)Woody, worldwide family (70/985)with alternate, compound leaves andwith alternate, compound leaves andpungent, often nasty volatiles orpungent, often nasty volatiles orblack exudates (phenolics)black exudates (phenolics)

*Anacardiaceae - sumacs*Anacardiaceae - sumacs•• flowers are small, congested, flowers are small, congested,variously unisexual or perfect butvariously unisexual or perfect butwith diskwith disk•• one-seeded drupes (mango, one-seeded drupes (mango,pistachio, cashew).pistachio, cashew).Rhus glabraRhus glabra - smooth sumac - smooth sumac

SemecarpusSemecarpus

Magnifera -Magnifera -mangomango

*Anacardiaceae - sumacs*Anacardiaceae - sumacs

Rhus hirtaRhus hirta - staghorn sumac - staghorn sumac


Toxicodendron radicansToxicodendron radicans - - poison ivy: variable in habitpoison ivy: variable in habitToxicodendronToxicodendron includes our 3 poisonous speciesincludes our 3 poisonous species


Toxicodendron vernixToxicodendron vernix - poison sumac - poison sumacMulti-stemmed shrub in wetlandsMulti-stemmed shrub in wetlands

*Anacardiaceae - sumacs*Anacardiaceae - sumacs *Sapindaceae - maples*Sapindaceae - maplesLargely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species andLargely tropical woody family of 735 genera and 1600 species andincludes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maplesincludes previously recognized smaller temperate families (maples- - AceraceaeAceraceae, buckeyes - , buckeyes - HippocastanaceaeHippocastanaceae))

•• most have most have opposite, compound leavesopposite, compound leaves•• 1-2 seeded 1-2 seeded drupesdrupes or or samarassamaras

Sapindus -Sapindus -soapberrysoapberry

Acer saccharumAcer saccharum - sugar maple - sugar maple Acer rubrumAcer rubrum - red maple - red maple

*Sapindaceae - maples*Sapindaceae - maplesThe family includes 2 of the most important or dominant treeThe family includes 2 of the most important or dominant treespecies in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red maplespecies in many of our forest types - sugar maple and red maple

CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8 CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 GG (2) (2)

•• maple flowers typically maple flowers typically unisexual by abortionunisexual by abortion. Perianth 4-5 merous, but. Perianth 4-5 merous, butpetals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelderpetals lacking in sugar and silver maples and boxelder

•• nectariferous nectariferous diskdisk is often present in the whorl associated with stamens is often present in the whorl associated with stamens

Acer platanoidesAcer platanoides - Norway - Norwaymaplemaple

Introduced ornamentalIntroduced ornamental

Male flowerMale flower

*Sapindaceae - maples*Sapindaceae - maples

•• superior pistil composed of superior pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 extended styles2 carpels and 2 extended styles


*Sapindaceae - maples*Sapindaceae - maplesCA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 A 8 CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 CA 4-5 CO 0 or 4-5 GG (2) (2)

•• note reduced and probably non-functional stamens note reduced and probably non-functional stamens

Acer platanoidesAcer platanoides - Norway maple - Norway maple

•• fruit is a fruit is a schizocarpschizocarp - each carpel - each carpelseparates into a one seeded mericarpseparates into a one seeded mericarp

•• fruit is also a fruit is also a samarasamara - 2 winged - 2 wingedachenesachenes


One of the most dominantOne of the most dominantmesic forest tree speciesmesic forest tree speciesthroughout Wisconsin isthroughout Wisconsin isthe sugar maple; leavesthe sugar maple; leavessmoothed lobed; flowerssmoothed lobed; flowerswithout petalswithout petals


Acer saccharum/nigrumAcer saccharum/nigrumSugar/black mapleSugar/black maple

Another dominantAnother dominanthydric-xeric forest treehydric-xeric forest treespecies throughoutspecies throughoutWisconsin and easternWisconsin and easternNorth AmericaNorth America


Acer rubrum - Acer rubrum - Red mapleRed maple

Acer saccharinumAcer saccharinum - silver maple - silver maple

Silver maple is characteristic of wet conditions, fastSilver maple is characteristic of wet conditions, fastgrowing, and with whitish underside to leaves; likegrowing, and with whitish underside to leaves; likesugar maple has no petalssugar maple has no petals

*Sapindaceae - maples*Sapindaceae - maplesAcer negundoAcer negundo - boxelder - boxelder•• only only dioeciousdioecious

species of maple andspecies of maple andonly one withonly one withcompound leavescompound leaves

•• initially male only, initially male only,as they age theyas they age theyswitch to femaleswitch to female


Aesculus glabraAesculus glabra - -Ohio buckeyeOhio buckeye

•• horsechestnuts are now included in horsechestnuts are now included inSapindaceae along with the maples.Sapindaceae along with the maples.

•• leaves are palmately compound and opposite. leaves are palmately compound and opposite.


Aesculus hippocastanumAesculus hippocastanum - -horsechestnuthorsechestnut

Ailanthus altissimaAilanthus altissima - tree of heaven - tree of heaven

The tree-of-heaven is originally from Asia,The tree-of-heaven is originally from Asia,widely planted, and somewhat naturalized.widely planted, and somewhat naturalized.

Like most members of the family, the tree isLike most members of the family, the tree isstrongly (pungently) odored.strongly (pungently) odored.

Simaroubaceae - tree of heavenSimaroubaceae - tree of heaven

Largely alternate, compound leaved familyLargely alternate, compound leaved family(except oranges and relatives)(except oranges and relatives)

Family is well known for its volatile terpenoidFamily is well known for its volatile terpenoidcompounds that the leaves & flowers emitcompounds that the leaves & flowers emit

Ptelea trifoliataPtelea trifoliata (hop tree, (hop tree,wafer-ash) - medicinal plnatwafer-ash) - medicinal plnat

Rutaceae - citrusRutaceae - citrus

Citrus sinensisCitrus sinensis

Zanthoxylum americanumZanthoxylum americanumPrickly-ashPrickly-ash

Native clonal and spiny armedNative clonal and spiny armedshrub with pinnately compoundshrub with pinnately compoundleaves; flowers reducedleaves; flowers reduced

Potentially invasive shrub in drierPotentially invasive shrub in drierhabitatshabitats

Rutaceae - citrusRutaceae - citrus

Meliaceae - mahoganyMeliaceae - mahoganyMahoganyMahogany - - Swietenia brasiliensisSwietenia brasiliensis - important lumber tree in - important lumber tree inNeotropicsNeotropics

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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids - courses.botany.wisc.educourses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_400/Lecture/0pdf/16Fagal.pdf · of Rosids. . . gourds, walnuts, and maples . . . Cucurbitales