Rosids – Part 2:Eurosids I - Fabales & Rosales

Spring 2010

“Lower”Core tricolpates

Rosids

(Eurosids II)

(Eurosids I)

“Basal” rosids

Figure 9.3 from the textFigure 9.3 from the text

Core Eudicots: Rosids“Basal” Rosids:

Order Vitales Eurosids I (Fabids):

Order Malpighiales Order Cucurbitales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Fagales Order Myrtales

Eurosids II (Malvids): Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Lecture 4(after spring break!)

Lecture 3

Core Eudicots: The Rosids Lecture 2“Basal” Rosids:

Order VitalesEurosids I (Fabids):

Order MalpighialesOrder CucurbitalesOrder Fabales

Fabaceae – Beans Order Rosales

Rosaceae – Roses Ulmaceae – Elms Moraceae – Figs

Order FagalesOrder Myrtales

Eurosids II (Malvids)

Eurosids I:

Fabales: Fabaceae(The Legume Family)

• Nearly cosmopolitan• Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, pinnately to palmately

compound leaves• Diversity: 18,000 species in 630 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of

angiosperms• Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5,

more commonly connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens usually 10, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified

• Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity; 3 subfamilies but 1 is not monophyletic

• Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins

• Required taxa: Glycine, Trifolium, Mimosa, Cercis, Gleditsia

Fabaceae vegetative characters

root nodules pulvinus

pinnately to palmately compound leaves

Fabaceae floral charactersDiadelphous stamens: 9 + 1

Parietal placentation

Perigynous flower, short hypanthium

Fabaceae fruit and seed characters

non-endospermous seeds

legumes,loments,

etc.

Table 9.2 from the text: Subfamilies of Fabaceae

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae

Actinomorphictubular flowers in heads

many stamens, not fused

Albizia julibrissinmimosa, silktree

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa

-woody or herbaceous-often armed (with prickles)-leafstalk without glands-flowers in heads or rarely racemes or spikes-stamens 10 or fewer-fruits

Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae

Senna obtusifoliasicklepod

pulvinus

Stamens not fused-10 or fewer

zygomorphic flower

Fabaceae: “Cesalpinoideae”: Cercis

Cercis canadensis - redbud

-unarmed-leaves simple, palmately veined-flowers clustered, appearing before leaves-corolla rose to pink-purple

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”: Gleditsia

-armed (with thorns)-leaves 1- or 2-pinnate-flowers small, unisexual or bisexual-staminate inflorescences catkin-like, pendent-fertile inflorescences with bisexual or carpellate flowers

Honey locust

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Crotalaria spectabilis

showy rattleboxbacterial root nodule

monadelphous stamensor more

commonlydiadelphous

stamens

Petals unequal:•banner•wings•keel

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Crotalaria spectabilisshowy rattlebox

Petals unequal:

•banner

•wings

•keel

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Glycine

-leaves pinnately 3-foliolate-inflorescence a raceme-stamens diadelphous-seeds few per pod

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Trifolium

-leaves palmately (or pinnately) foliolate with usually 3 leaflets-inflorescences racemose but often appearing head-like-stamens diadelphous-fruits enclosed by the persistent corolla-seeds 1-6 per pod

Eurosids I:

Rosales: Rosaceae(The Rose Family)

• Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere• Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)• Diversity: 3,000 species in 90 genera• Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present;

sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels 1 to many; ovary can be superior, inferior, or half-superior (perigynous); fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle

• Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within family; leaves alternate, stipules present

• Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries), ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber, perfumery

• Required taxa: Rosa, *Rubus, Prunus, Malus

Rosaceae: Rosa

-shrubs, often prickly-leaves pinnately compound-ovary superior-hypanthium + globose and fleshy, contracted at the mouth-carpels numerous-fruit an achene

Rosaceae: Rubus

-herbaceous to shrubby, usually with prickles-leaves often compound with 3 to 7 leaflets-carpels usually numerous, borne on an elongate receptacle-fruit a drupelet, forming an aggregate fruit (blackberries and raspberries)

Rosaceae: Prunus-trees or shrubs-bark with prominent horizontal lenticels-ovary superior-carpel solitary-fruit a drupe, endocarp stony

Rosaceae: Malus

-trees with simple leaves-ovary inferior, with 5 carpels-mature carpels papery or softly leathery-fruit a pome, lacks stone cells

Eurosids I:

Rosales: Ulmaceae(The Elm Family)

• Widely distributed; maximal diversity in temperate regions of N. Hemisphere

• Trees with alternate, 2-ranked leaves• Diversity: 40 species in 6 genera• Flowers: Small, inconspicuous; tepals 4-9; stamens

4-9; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a samara or nutlet, seeds flat

• Significant features: Leaves simple with pinnate venation, margins simply or doubly serrate, blade base asymmetrical; endosperm of a single layer

• Special uses: Elms provide lumber; some trees used as ornamentals

• Required taxa: Ulmus

Eurosids I:

Rosales: Moraceae(The Fig Family)

• Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions• Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)• Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera• Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5

(-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact, receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a multiple fruit structure (syconium).

• Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the plant

• Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus), breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage orange (Maclura)

• Required taxa: Ficus

Moraceae

Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig

Morus rubra - Mulberry

Maclura pomifera Osage orange

Artocarpus

Dorstenia

Moraceae: Ficus-shrubs or trees-connate stipules enclosing the terminal buds-leaves with entire margins-flowers minute, borne inside the syconium-wasp-pollinated

Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp

Cannabaceae:

The Hemp/Hop

Family• Related to the Elm (Ulmaceae), Mulberry (Moraceae) and Stinging Nettle (Urticaceae) families.

• Wind-pollinated.

• Family with 2 genera:

Cannabis – 1 (2) species.

C. sativa [hemp; marijuana]

Humulus – 2 (3) species

H. japonicus – Japanese hop

H. lupulus – brewing hop