Diversity of Living Things

Ch 4.3

Characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS

• Made up of cells• Grow and develop• Species evolve adaptations to environment• Use energy and produce waste• Reproduce• Respond to stimulus• Cellular organization – Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

Alive or Not?• Grass• Alive• Maple tree• Alive• Bacteria• Alive• Virus• NOT!• Leaf• Only if attached to the tree• Seed• alive

• Water• Not alive (not made up of

cells, etc)• Jellyfish• Alive• Air• Fungus spores, bacteria and

pollen alive; oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide – not alive

• Sun• Not

Classification

• 6 Kingdoms, • All have all the characteristics of living things• listed in order of appearance on the planet:– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria– Protists– Fungi– Plants– Animals

archaebacteria• Most ancient (archaic) • Single-celled• No nucleus in cells• Some produce their own food (and oxygen)• Survive in extreme conditions

– Your intestines– Hot springs (Yellowstone Nat’l Park)– Possibly on other planets– Methanogens Produce methane gas – Thermal vents in bottom of ocean– Between rock layers deep in earth

• Chemically very different from all other life as we know it.

eubacteria• Single celled• No nucleus in cells• Some produce their own food• This is most bacteria we think of• Uses:

– In food such as yogurt, cheeses, fermented foods– Consume oils and other pollutants– decomposers

• Harms:– Cause illness– Rot foods

Protists• “pre” animals, plants and fungi• Many are single celled• All cells have nucleus• Need moist conditions to survive• All algae and seaweed are protists• Uses:

– Algae produces ~70% of earth’s oxygen– We eat seaweed – yum!

• Harms:– Some can make you sick (giardia, malaria, sleeping sickness, etc.)

Fungi

• Why did the mushroom go to the party?• Because he was such a fun guy!

Fungi• Most are multi-celled, except…• Yeast are single-celled• Cells have a nucleus• Gets energy from others (can’t make own food)• Includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, molds• Benefits:– Decomposers– Some are Delicious!– Used in cheeses, like blue cheese

• Harms– Molds, etc– Some are parasites (ring worm)

Plants• Multicellular• Have nucleus• Make own food• Roots to absorb moisture and nutrients• Don’t move• Benefits to humans– Produce oxygen– Food– Shelter, materials, medicine

• Two categories of vascular (have stems) plants:– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms

gymnosperms

• Literally “naked seeds”• Conifers are main group of

these– Pine trees– Produce pine cones– Cone shaped– evergreen

• Evolved before angiosperms

Angiosperms

• Flowering plants• Most advanced • The flower’s ovary produces fruits which bear the

seeds• Pollen + egg cell (inside ovary of flower) = seed

Animals

• Multicellular• All cells have nucleus• Move at some point in life• Get energy from outside sources (can’t

make own food)• Everything from sponges to humans• Two main categories

– Invertebrates– vertebrates

invertebrates

• Lack back bone• Main categories, in order of evolution• Sponges • Jellyfish and anemones• Worms (flat, round and segmented)• Mollusks: slugs, octopi, snails and clams • Spiny skinned: starfish, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea

urchins• Arthropods: insects, crabs, spiders, scorpians, shrimp, lobsters

vertebrates

• Have a backbone• Main categories, in evolutionary order:• Jawless fish• Cartilaginous fish• Boney fish• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• mammals