1

Diversity of Living Things

2

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms

•Protista (protozoans, algae…)•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)•Plantae (multicellular plants)•Animalia (multicellular animals)

3

Protista•Most are unicellular•Some are multicellular•Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic•Aquatic

4

Fungi•Multicellular,except yeast•Absorptive heterotrophs(digest food outside their body & then absorb it)•Cell walls made of chitin

5

Plantae

•Multicellular•Autotrophic•Absorb sunlight to make glucose –Photosynthesis•Cell walls made of cellulose

6

Animalia•Multicellular•Ingestive heterotrophs(consume food & digest it inside their bodies)•Feed on plantsor animals

7

Arthropoda87%

Mollusca5%

Chordata2%

Cnidaria1%

Platyhelminthes1%

Nematoda1%

Annelida1%

Porifera1%

Echinodermata1%

Other12%

The Animal KingdomSomewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth.

About 800,000 species have been identified.

Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within Kingdom Animalia.

The Animal Kingdom• Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated haploid cells (eggs and sperm).

•Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material.

•Some animals can reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics multicellular (eukaryotic; no cell walls)

heterotrophic most animals ingest their food and digest it in some type of internal cavity

Reproduce sexually, asexually, or are capable of both

locomotion relates to ability to obtain food (most are motile; some are sessile)

nervous system to respond to stimuli

The Animal Kingdom

The animal kingdom can be divided into two categories: Invertebrate and Vertebrate

Characteristics of Invertebrates

12

- All invertebrates have . . .

•Do not have a vertebral column•Do not have a bony endoskeleton•Some have an exosckeleton•Do not have a complex nervous system•A few have a closed circulatory system

Invertebrate AnimalsAnimals without backbonesInvertebrate Phylums

PoriferaCnidariansPlatyhelminthesNematodesAnnelidsMollusksArthropodsEchinoderms

Characteristics of Vertebrates

14

- All vertebrates have . . .

•Vertebral column•Endoskeleton•Brain protected by a cranium•Spinal chord•Closed circulatory system

vertebrate Animals- Animals backbones

Classes of Vertebrates• Jawless fish • Cartilaginous Fishes• Bony Fish• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds•Mammals

16

Taxons•Most genera contain a number of similar species•The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans)•Classification is based on evolutionary relationships

17

18

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809One Of First Scientists To Understand That Change Occurs Over TimeStated that Changes Are Adaptations To Environment acquired in an organism’s lifetimeSaid acquired changes were passed to offspring

19

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Idea called Law of Use and Disuse

If a body part were used, it got stronger

If body part NOT used, it deteriorated

20

Lamarck’s Theory of EvolutionInheritance of Acquired

CharacteristicsProposed That By Selective Use Or Disuse Of Organs,

Organisms Acquired Or Lost Certain Traits During Their Lifetime

These Traits Could Then Be Passed On To Their Offspring

Over Time This Led To New Species

21

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Use & Disuse - Organisms Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using ThemBlacksmiths & Their Sons(muscular arms)Giraffe’s Necks Longer from stretching)

22

23

Lamarck’s Theory of EvolutionInheritance Of Acquired Traits

Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring

Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!

24

Lamarck’s Theory of EvolutionTendency Toward PerfectionOrganisms Are Continually Changing and Acquiring

Features That Help Them Live More Successfully In Their Environment

Example: Bird Ancestors Desired To Fly So They Tried Until Wings Developed

25

Lamarck’s MistakesLamarck Did NOT Know how traits

were inherited (Traits are passed through genes)

Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life

Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born