Do an Nhua PVC1-Hoan Chinh

7/28/2019 Do an Nhua PVC1-Hoan Chinh

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n mn hc GVHD: Th.S Tng Th Minh Thu

MC LC:

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V L THUYT............................................................2

1.1.TNGQUANVSNPHM (PVC)....................................................................................21.1.1.S lc v lch s pht trin ca nha PVC.......................................................2

1.1.2.Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th PVC....................................................................31.2. CCTNHCHTCTRNGCA PVC.............................................................................41.2.1. ha tan ca PVC.........................................................................................41.2.2. Tnh n nh nhit...........................................................................................5

1.3. PHNLOIVNGDNGCA PVC...............................................................................71.3.1. PVC cng.........................................................................................................71.3.2. PVC do. .........................................................................................................81.3.3. Platikat............................................................................................................81.3.4. Bt nho..........................................................................................................81.3.5. PVC bt v PVC xp: .......................................................................................9

1.4. PHNTCHLACHNPHNGPHPSNXUT PVC.........................................................91.4.1. Phng php trng hp khi............................................................................91.4.2. Phng php trng hp trong dung dch.........................................................9

1.4.3. Phng php trng hp nh tng................................................................101.4.4. Phng php trng hp huyn ph................................................................11

CHNG II: TNG QUAN V NGUYN VT LIU CHO QU TRNH SN XUT PVC....................................................................................................................14

2.1. VINYL CLORUA (VCM)................................................................................................142.2. CHTKHIU (CHTKHIMO)................................................................................162.3. CHTNNHHUYNPH (POLYVINYLANCOL - PVA).......................................................19

2.3.1. Loi 1 (Agent - 1)...........................................................................................192.3.2. Loi 2 (Agent - 2)...........................................................................................20

2.4. CHTNGTMCHPHNNG (AD-3)............................................................................202.5. CHTNNHNHIT.................................................................................................212.6. CHTCHNGBMDNH (RCS)....................................................................................222.7. CHTBOQUN (INH-1)..........................................................................................222.8. CHTDPTTPHNNG (INH-3)...............................................................................222.9. CHTCHNGNG (ETYLEN GLYCOL)..........................................................................23

CHNG III: PHN TCH LA CHN QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT...........24

3.1. PHNTCHLACHNDYCHUYNCNGNGH..............................................................243.2. CNGNGHSNXUT PVC BNGPHNGPHPTRNGHPHUYNPH...........................26

3.2.1. Quy cch v thnh phn nguyn liu.............................................................263.2.2. Quy trnh tin hnh trng hp......................................................................263.2.3. Mt s dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut xut PVC trn th gii.....................30

3.3. PHNTCHLACHNTHITB.....................................................................................363.3.1. Thit b chnh.................................................................................................36

3.3.2. Thit b ph....................................................................................................383.4. THITKDYCHUYNCNGNGH...............................................................................403.4.1 Bn v cng ngh..........................................................................................403.4.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh..................................................................41

CHNG IV: TNH TON THIT K THIT B CHNH.........................................43

4.1. CNBNGVTCHT..................................................................................................434.1.1. Thng s ban u..........................................................................................434.1.2. Qu trnh tnh ton........................................................................................45

4.2. TNHTONTHITBCHNH..........................................................................................514.2.1. Tnh th tch ca nguyn liu trong mt chu k sn xut .............................514.2.2. Tnh chiu cao v ng knh thit b phn ng............................................524.2.3. Tnh chiu dy thit b phn ng ..................................................................54

4.3. TNHCHIUDYVOTHITB...................................................................................584.3.1. Tnh chiu dy thn v o .............................................................................59

SVTH: Nguyn Xun Minh Page 1Lng nh Nam


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4.3.2 Tnh chiu dy y ca v o ........................................................................604.4. TNHBCHCHOTHITBCHNH.....................................................................................60

4.4.1. Bch ni thn thit b vi np.........................................................................604.4.2 Bch ni thn thit b vi v o.......................................................................61

4.5. TNHCNHKHUYCATHITBPHNNG....................................................................614.5.1. Tnh cng sut lm vic ca cnh khuy ......................................................61

4.5.2. Tnh cng sut m my.................................................................................624.5.3. Cng sut ng c.........................................................................................634.5.4. ng knh trc cnh khuy..........................................................................644.5.5. Kch thc hnh hc ca tm chn v v tr lp t........................................65

4.7. CHNCHNVTAITREO.......................................................................................65

KT LUN.................................................................................................... 67

TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................68

Chng I: TNG QUAN V L THUYT

1.1. Tng quan v sn phm (PVC)

1.1.1. S lc v lch s pht trin ca nha PVC

Lch s pht trin ca PVC bt u t nm 1835 khi m monome Vinyl Clorua

(VCM) c Justus Von Liebig tm ra, l kt qu ca phn ng gia dicloetylen

vi KOH/ru.

T khm ph ca Liebig, nm 1838 Victo Regnauln tin hnh li th nghim

v khng nh s tin cy ca pht minh ny.

Nhng mi n nhng nm 1937 th PVC mi chnh thc sn xut trong cng

nghip.



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Cng nghip v cht do ni chung v v PVC ni ring pht trin mnh nhiu

nc nh: Nga, Anh, c, Php, M, Nht(bng II.1). Cn nc ta nha PVC

c sn xut u tin nh my ha cht Vit Tr, nhng n nay ch c cng ty

TPC Vina l ang sn xut n nh v nh my Ph M i vo hot ng nhngcht lng sn phm khng n nh.

Bng 1.1: Sn lng PVC ca mt s nc (nghn tn).

Quc gia 1980 1981 1982

i Loan

Canada

NhtM

Php

c

450

-

1430-

730

670

950

450

222

11302600

710

580

920

500

195

12202400

790

590

860

Cng nghip cht do t PVC ang v s pht trin rt mnh l v PVC c nhiu u

im tt nh: bn c hc, n nh ha hc v c bit l d gia cng ra nhiu sn

phm thng dng: mng bao gi, o i ma, dp, ng v dy, cc chi tit dng trong

cng nghip ha chtv hn na ngun nguyn liu cng d tm.

1.1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th PVC

1.1.2.1. Trn th gii

Theo d bo ca cc chuyn gia Marketing v lnh vc cng nghip ho cht,

th trng da trn th gii ngy cng tng. Nhu cu nha PVC ca cc khu vc Chu

- Thi Bnh Dng c bit l Trung Quc, n s l yu t ch yu lm tng

nhu cu th trng nha PVC. Mc tng nhu cu PVC ca cc nc t bn gp

khong 2 ln mc tng tng sn phm quc dn ca nc .

cc nc ng u, Chu Phi, Trung cn ng, nhu cu tiu th PVC cng

tng do mc u t vo cc nc ny tng ln.



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Nhu cu v nha PVC theo bnh qun u ngi cc nc pht trin li thp

hn so vi cc nc ang pht trin (chim 2/3 dn s th gii). T nm 1991 1997

mc tng bnh qun v PVC hng nm ca cc nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng l

6,2%, trong khi mc tng bnh qun trn th gii l 5,3%.Nhu cu tng ln nht v PVC cc nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng l Nht:

chim 34%, Indonexia: 14,6%, Thi Lan: 14,1%, Malaixia: 13,9%, Trung Quc:

12,3%.

1.1.2.2. Ti Vit Nam.

Do nhu cu PVC tnh theo u ngi hin nay Vit Nam so vi nhiu nc

cn thp, nn trong cc nm ti tc tng trng trung bnh hng nm s l 40%,

sau gim xung khong 17%, vo cc nm tip theo.

Hin nay nc ta c 2 Lin doanh sn xut bt PVC mt l: Cng ty Lin

doanh gia Tng cng ty Nha Vit Nam vi Tng cng ty Ho cht Vit Nam v

Cng ty Thi Plastic Chemical Public Ltd vi cng sut 80.000tn/nm. Nm 2001

nh my hot ng vi cng sut 100% nm 2002 cng sut Nh my tng len

100.000 tn/nm.

Hai l: Cng ty TNHH nha v ho cht Ph M ti khu cng nghip Ci Mpl lin doanh gia cng ty xut nhp khu tnh B Ra- Vng Tu vi tng cng ty du

kh Petronas ca Malaysia c cng sut l 100.000 tn bt PVC/nm.

Trong nm 2000 c nc ta tiu th khong 150.000 tn bt PVC, nhng ch

p ng c khong 40% nhu cu cn phi nhp khu khong 60% t cc nc trn

th gii. Ngoi vic sn xut bt PVC hai Cng ty Lin doanh trn cn sn xut PVC

Compound vi cng sut 6000 tn/nm, hai Cng ty ny s dng ht cng sut

thit k, nhng vn cha p ng ht nhu cu cc chng loi PVC Compound trongnc m ch sn xut ch yu cc loi PVC lm ph kin cn cc loi PVC dng cho

cc chi tit c chng vn phi nhp khu.

1.2. Cc tnh cht c trng ca PVC.

1.2.1. ha tan ca PVC.

PVC c trng hp thp n = 300 500 tng i d tan trong axeton v kton,

este, hydrocacbon Clo haNhng PVC c trng lng phn t cao th ha tan hn

ch.



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nhit thng, PVC hu nh khng tan trong cc cht ha do, nhng

nhit cao th b trng nhiu v c kh nng tan trong mt s cht ha do.

ha tan ca PVC cn ph thuc vo cc phng php sn xut. PVC nh

tng c ha tan km hn PVC c sn xut theo phng php huyn ph.1.2.2. Tnh n nh nhit.

Nhit chy mm ca PVC cao hn mt t so vi nhit phn hu ca

n.Ngay 1400C n bt u phn hu v n 1700C th qu trnh phn hu xy ra

nhanh hn. Khi tng nhit , HCl c to ra v xut hin mu. Mu ca nha PVC

s chuyn dn t sng n vng, da cam, , nu, v en. S xut hin mu c gii

thch l do s hnh thnh cc ni i cch:

V km theo l s gim dn kh nng ha tan ca PVC. iu ny c gii

thch l do s to lin kt ngang gia cc phn t PVC:


CH2

CH CH2

CH CH2

CH to

Cl Cl ClCH CH CH

2CH CH

2CH + HCl

Cl Cl

H H H H H

H

CH2

C CH2

C CH2

C CH2

C CH2

CCH

2C

Cl Cl Cl - HCl ClCl

H H HH H

CH2

C CH2

C CH2

C CH2

C CH2

CCH

2C

Cl Cl Cl ClCl Cl


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Khi phn hu PVC nhit cao, ngoi HCl cn c cc sn phm ph thp phn t

nhng khng c VCM.

Ph thuc vo thnh phn v mc ch ca nha m c th tin hnh gia cng

nha PVC 140 1750C. Trong iu kin ny c th xy ra s phn hu mt phnPolyme to ra HCl v to ra mch Polyme c ni i, i khi to ra cu ni gia cc

phn t. tng n nh nhit ca PVC, ngi ta thm vo cht n nh c tc

dng lm chm hoc kim hm s phn hu.

Theo cu to th cht n nh c chia ra lm 3 loi: cht n nh hu c, v c

v c kim. Trong cht n nh v c v c kim l quan trng hn c v ngoi tc

dng n nh nhit chng cn ngn nga PVC khi b phn hu trong iu kin gia

cng nhit cao. Ngoi ra chng cn c kh nng bo v cc tnh cht ca vt liu

trong thi gian di khi s dng.

H s gin n ph thuc vo loi lin kt gia cc nhm nguyn t hoc phn

t. H s ny cng ln khi cng lin kt cng yu.

Bng 1.2 : dn nhit ca mt s vt liu:

Vt liuH s gin n

(10-6

C-1

)

dn nhit

(w/m0

C)

Nhit dung ring

200

C (kj/kg0

C)PVC

PS

Thu tinh

50 180

60 80

3 4

0,12 0,30

0,10 0,14

1,25

0,84 1,25

1,34

0,71 1,84

1.2.3. Trn vi cht ho do v cc nha khc.

gia cng v s dng PVC hiu qu th vic trn n vi cc cht ha do c

ngha rt quan trng.

Cht ha do l cht trn vi PVC lm cho PVC tng bn un, gim tnhdn nhit thp, lm gim nh iu kin gia cng v tng thi gian s dng sn

phm. Nguyn nhn ca vic dng cht ha do l do PVC l Polyme mch cng,

nhit ln hn nhit ha thu tinh mi c n hi.

C ch ha do c th c gii thch nh sau: PVC l Polyme phn cc, PVC

cng v t b bin dng l do lc lin kt ni ti gia cc phn t:


CH2 C+H CH2 C

+H CH2 C+H

Cl- Cl- Cl-


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Khi un nng lm chuyn ng ca cc phn t tng ln nn lm suy yu dn

lc lin kt gia cc phn t v lm mm Polyme. nhit thng, cht ha doha tan c hn nhng nhit cao th n trn d vi Polyme v lc n d xen vo

gia cc mch i phn t v lm suy yu lc lin kt gia chng.

PVC c kh nng trn hp tt vi cc polyeste mch thng, cc nha ankyt, cao

su nitryl, nha epoxy, nha phenol focmandehyt

1.3. Phn loi v ng dng ca PVC.

1.3.1. PVC cng.

PVC cng khng ha do l nguyn liu nhit do, cng c s dng ch

to mng, tm, ng, vt phm p

PVC cng l loi vt liu rn c t trng thp, bn tng i cao. Tnh in

mi tt, bn ha hc.

So snh mt s tnh cht c hc th PVC cng hn hn cc loi cht do khc

nh PE, PS, phenol plastv c th s dng lm vt liu xy dng. Mt trong nhng

tnh cht qu gi ca PVC cng l chu c tc dng ca kh v cht lng n mnha hc cao.

a. ng dng lm ng:

T bt v ht PVC c th ch to ng v cc vt phm khc trn my n.

Khc vi ch to mng v tm, y bt phi c chy ln v n nh nhit

cao.

Hin nay Vit Nam vic sn xut ng rt quan trng i vi cc cng ty gia

cng nha PVC bi v n s dng hn 75% lng nha PVC tiu th.b. ng dng lm mng:

Qu trnh sn xut mng t PVC cng bao gm cc cng an: trn cc cu t,

cn trn hn hp, cn tm.

sn xut mng ta dng PVC nh tng hoc huyn ph v cht n nh (3

4% trng lng nha). Cht n nh thng dng l Stearat v Laurat Ca hay Ba hoc

sunphat Ch.



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Qu trnh cn thng tin hnh 160 1700C tc l nhit cao hn nhit

chy ca PVC (150 1600C). Nhit cn cng cao th cng d ng u v ho do

cng nhanh nhng nha PVC s d b phn hu hn.

Mng PVC cng dng lm vt liu cch nhit v chng g.

c. ng dng lm tm:

C 2 phng php sn xut:

- p nng Paket (nhiu lp mng c cn chng ln nhau) trn my p

thu lc nhiu tng. Chiu dy tm t 2 20 mm

- Phng php n nha c lm mm qua u khe. Chiu dy tm t 10

15mm, phng php ny phc tp v nhit chy mm gn vi nhit phn hu.1.3.2. PVC do.

a cht ha do vo PVC s lm thay i nhiu tnh cht c l ca n.T PVC

ha do ta ch to vt liu mm c tnh n hi nhit thng v nhit thp,

thch hp ch to mng (platikat), pat (bt nho), cht do bt, da nhn to v

nhiu vt liu khc. PVC trn vi cht ha do theo phng php nng hoc ngui,

tuy nhin phng php nng vn tt hn nn n c s dng nhiu.

1.3.3. Platikat.

Ch to theo phng php cn PVC vi cht ha do v cht n nh.

Platikat c nhiu tnh cht qu nh: kh nng cch in cao, chu kh quyn,

khng thm m, chu du v Benzen, khng chy, n hi cao.

C th cn mng PVC hoc cn mng PVC vi vi, giy lm phao tm,

m, bng gi

PVC ha do dng bc dy cp, chng g, dng lm cc dng c bo v khi

lm vic vi phng x.

1.3.4. Bt nho.

Mi trng phn tn (cht ha do) cn c tc dng solvat ho ht Polyme

nhng khng ha tan n. S phn tn rt nh Polyme trong cc cht lng khan nc

gi l pat.Thnh phn ca pat gm: Polyme nh tng, cht ha do, cht n nh,

cht n, cht pha long v bt mu.



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Cc cht lng khng ha tan nha nhit thng nhng lm Polyme b

trng nhiu khi un nng, kt qu l khi na lng phn b u khp b mt v

bin thnh mng mng st.

Pat PVC ch yu dng sn xut da nhn to, o qun, giy dp, gng taybng cc phng php cn, p, hoc ph hay nhng trn vi.

1.3.5. PVC bt v PVC xp:

PVC l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cc cht do xp v cht do bt, c cu

to bn, n hi. Theo cu to ca l c th chia ra lm 2 nhm:

- Nhm c l cch nhau (cht do bt).

- Nhm c l thng nhau (cht do xp).

PVC bt c th sn xut bng phng php p gm 3 giai on: trn Polyme vi

cht to kh v cc cu t khc, p hn hp, to bt sn phm.

To bt loi cht do bt cng c tin hnh trong mi trng hi bo ho

nhit 100 1020C.Loi bt mm (n hi) c tin hnh trong nc nng 85

950C.

1.4. Phn tch la chn phng php sn xut PVC.

1.4.1. Phng php trng hp khi.L qu trnh trng hp Monome pha lng khng dng dung mi, Polyme thu

c dng mt khi ln.

Phng php ny t c s dng trng hp PVC v sn phm thu c c

trng lng phn t khng ng u, kh tho sn phm v kh x l, kh thu nhit

phn ng ra ngoi do lm pht sinh nhit cc b gy phn hy Polyme to ra kh

HCl v Polyme c mu. Tuy nhin, phng php ny em li sn phm c sch v

tnh in mi cao v c th dng sn xut sn phm trong sut.

Thnh phn nguyn liu phn ng trng hp khi PVC:

- VCM:100 phn khi lng.

- Cht khi u: 0,02 0,1% so vi Monome.

1.4.2. Phng php trng hp trong dung dch.

c tin hnh theo hai phng php:



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+ Phng php th nht: gi l phng php"vecni", trong mi trng

phn ng l dung mi ho tan c c monome v Polyme nh dicloetan, axeton.

Tch Polyme ra bng cch dng nc kt ta hoc chng ct tch ht dung mi.

+ Phng php th hai: l tin hnh trng hp trong dung mi ho tanmonome nhng khng ho tan Polyme. Trong trng hp ny Polyme dn dn tch ra

dng bt mn.

Phng php ny d iu khin nhit phn ng nhng do nng ca

Monome b nn Polyme thu c c trng lng phn t thp.

Phng php ny t c dng v qu trnh trng hp lu v tn nhiu dung

mi, sn phm thu c c sch khng cao. Tuy nhin sn phm ca qu trnh ny

c th em i s dng ngay cho cc cng on khc nh em i ko si to cc sn

phm vi lt my mc.

Qu trnh trng hp: dung mi c cho vo trc, sau cho VCM lng ri

cho cht khi u vo. Phng php ny tin hnh nhit thp (35 400C).

1.4.3. Phng php trng hp nh tng.

Thnh phn hn hp phn ng gm:

- Monome.- Nc: lm mi trng phn tn to nh tng cha khong 30 60%

monome.

- Cht nh ha: tng cng s to nh v lm n nh nh tng ca h

thng, cht nh ha l cc loi x phng ca axit bo vi hm lng 0,1 0,2 %.

- Cht n nh nh tng.

- Cht khi mo.

y cht khi u tan trong nc v th phn ng trng hp xy ra khu vc

tip xc gia VCM v nc. Polyme to thnh trng thi nh tng trong nc nn

cn phi tch Polyme ra khi nh tng.

Cht khi u thng dng l H2O2, persunfat kim loi kim.

Cht nh ha l cc loi x phng axit bo, trietanol amin dng vi hm lng

0,1 0,5% trng lng nc. Lng cht nh ho tng th phn tn ht Polyme

tng lm thay i vn tc phn ng v trng lng phn t ca polyme.



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i vi trng hp nh tng VCM khng nhng dng hp cht Peroxit n

gin m cn dng h oxy ho kh bo m vn tc trng hp ln hn (nh h

persunfat amoni vi hydrosunfit hoc vi NaHSO4 v h H2O2 - ion Fe).

Ngoi ra cn thm mui m gi nguyn pH (thng t 4 n 9). Muim hay dng l Axetat kim loi nng, pht pht, cacbonat kim loi kim. C khi cn

dng thm c cht iu chnh iu chnh tnh cht v trng lng phn t ca

Polyme.

u im ca phng php ny l c kh nng tin hnh trng hp lin tc. Nh

khuy u v polyme tch ra lin tc nn sn phm rt ng nht, c trng lng phn

t cao, qu trnh tin hnh nhit tng i thp v a phn tn thp. Polyme

thu c dng latex nn phi tch polyme ra khi nh tng bng phng php sy

hoc keo t bng Sunphat Amoni v dung dch kim.

1.4.4. Phng php trng hp huyn ph.

trng hp huyn ph ta cho vinylclorua lng phn tn trong nc, cht khi

u tan trong monome nh:

- Tert butyl peroxyneodecanoate.

- Cumyl peroxyneodecanoate.- Di 2 etyl hexyl peroxydecarbonate.

- Peoxit benzoyl.

Bng cch chn cht khi mo hoc hn hp cht khi mo c th iu chnh

c vn tc trng hp v trong nhiu trng hp nng cao c chu nhit v nh

sng. tng bn ca huyn ph th s dng cht n nh l cc polyme tan trong

nc nh polyvinyl alcol. Kch thc ht polyme thu c trong trng hp huyn ph

ph thuc vo cng khuy trn v cht n nh em dng. Bng phng phptrng hp git ta thu c huyn ph polyme, ht polyme thu c c kch thc ln

hn rt nhiu so vi trng hp nh tng, v cht khi mo tan trong git monome

nn qu trnh trng hp xy ra trong git monome (c th xem trng hp huyn ph l

trng hp khi trong git).

Khc vi trng hp nh tng, trng hp huyn ph tin hnh trong git

monome c bao bc bi lp keo bo v. Bn cht trng hp huyn ph l trng hp

khi. Ngi ta a ra c ch to thnh v pht trin ht polyme nh sau:



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C ch to thnh v pht trin ht polyme trong trng hp huyn ph:

u tin tc nhn to ht l cc cht hot ng b mt di tc ng ca cnh

khuy v sc cng b mt s to thnh cc git cu li ti, cc ht ny bao ly cc n

phn t vinylclorua v cch ly chng khi mi trng chung, git polyme c lp baon nh to thnh.

Di tc dng ca cht khi mo, cc n phn t vinylclorua kt hp vi nha

to thnh phn t polyme, nu kt thc qu trnh trng hp v tch ht monome ra th

ta thu c polyme c b mt rt ln c bao ph bi lp keo bo v. Tin hnh

trng hp tip, kch thc ht polyme tng ln. Khi mc chuyn ha 20 30% th

chng dnh vo nhau v hp li to thnh khi nh rt xp v c trng ln trong

monome ph hp vi thi im bin mt ca pha lng git monome ban u (bt u

gim p trong ni trng hp).

Hnh 1.1: c ch to thnh ht nha PVC

u im ca phng php ny l polyme thu c c kch thc ht ln v

ng u hn, tinh khit cao hn so vi polyme thu c t phng php nhtng do ht to nn d tch ra khi nc bng ly tm hoc lc.

La chn phng php sn xut:Phng php trng hp dung dch sn xut PVC t c s dng do i hi

mt lng dung mi ln v c tinh khit cao vi phng php trng hp khi th

sn lng khong 8% so vi tng sn lng PVC.

Thep phng php ny sn phm c sch cao, dy chuyn sn xut n

gin. khng cn b phn lc ra, do kinh t hn. Tuy nhin sn phm to dng



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khi kh gia cng, ngoi ra n cn nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nn t c

s dng.

Hai phng php trng hp nh tng v trng hp huyn ph vn c xy

dng rng ri (nhng phng php huyn ph vn c s dng nhiu hn) do c uim ng k nh sn phm to ra dng ht, gia cng, vn tc trng hp cao,

nhit phn ng thp v c bit khng xy ra hin tng qu nhit cc b.

Tuy nhin nhc im l sn phm d b nhim bn bi cht n nh v cht

nh ho do c cng on ra v sy trong dy chuyn sn xut.

So snh cc phng php trng hp

PVC:

Bng 1.3: Bng so snh cc phng php trng hp vinylclorua monomer

Phng php

tng hpu im Nhc im

Trng hp gc



14/68


Trng hp

khi

- Phng php n gin nht.

- Polyme c tinh khit cao.

- Vn tc phn ng cao, nng sut ln.-Trng hp ngay trong khun mu.

-D b nhit cc b

do nht cao.

-Sn phm dng

khi kh giacng

Trng hp

trong dung

dch

-Khng c hin tng nhit cc b

-Dung mi lm gim nht gip phn ng xy ra

m diu hn

-Dung mi hu c

c, t tin, d

chy

-Khi lng phn

t thp

Trng hp

nh tng (d

th)

-Sn phm cui cng l latex polyme vi nng

cao (70-80%)

- Phn ng xy ra nht thp

-C hiu qu kinh t cao

C nhiu tp cht.

Trng hp

huyn ph

-S trao i nhit xy ra d dng-Tc phn ng ng u trong ton h

-Polyme thu c c a phn nh, cc tiu

phn polyme(ht) ln hn nhiu so vi trng hp

nh tng.

-Kh phn tch sn

phm.

Chng II: TNG QUAN V NGUYN VT LIU CHO QU TRNH SN

XUT PVC.

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut PVC l VCM, ngoi ra cn ty theo phng php

sn xut m cn c cc cht khc nh: cht nh ha, cht n nh huyn ph, cht

khi mo, cht n nh nhit

2.1. Vinyl Clorua (VCM).

Cng thc phn t: C2H3Cl



15/68


Cng thc cu to:

Khi lng phn t: 62,5 Tnh cht vt l:

iu kin thng VCM l mt cht kh khng mu.

VCM d ha lng, tan t trong nc. Tan trong ru v tan trong cc dung mi

hu c khc nh: Axeton, hydrocacbon thm hay mch thng.

VCM khng n mn nhit thng trong iu kin kh. Khi tip xc vi

nc s sinh ra mt lng nh HCl c th gy ra n mn st v thp.

VCM c mi c th ging Clorofom (CHCl3).

Nhit si: t0s= -13,9 0C.

Nhit nng chy: t0nc = -159,7 0C

T trng -13,96 0C l: d= 0,9892.

nht 35 0C: 0,18 cp.

Chit sut: 404,1n20D =

39,1n40

D =Nhit dung ring: 0,4 kcal/kg .

Nhit ha hi: 75,2 kcal/k .

dn nhit: 0,116 kcal/m.

tan trong nc: 25,7 mg/100 ml 20 0C.

VCM to hn hp n vi khng kh gii hn 3,6 26,4% th tch.

Tnh cht ho hc:

VCM l hp cht phn cc do trong phn t c ni i v gc -Cl. Khi thc hin

phn ng cng Cl2 vo VCM ta thu c 1,1,2-tricloetan. Khi tricloetan kh HCl di

tc nhn kim hay phn hu nhit ta thu c VinylidenClorua:

CH2 = CHCl CH2Cl - CHCl2 CH2 = CCl2

VCM d b trng hp di tc nhn nhit, nh sng hoc xc tc gc t do.


CH2 = CH|Cl

+Cl2

-HCl


16/68


Tnh cht c hi:

Nng cho php ti a l 1ppm th tch cho 8h trong 1 ngy ti ni lm vic.

Khi tip xc vi mi trng c nng VCM cao s gy ra tnh trng chong v mt

nh hng, c th gy ra m di nu tip xc lu.Gn y ngi ta cho rng VCM gy ra angiosarcoma, mt dng him ca bnh

ung th gan nhiu cng nhn tip xc vi VCM c hm lng cao.

VCM ho lng l mt cht gy kch thch da. S bc hi nhanh ca VCM lng

trn da c th gy ra s ng bng hay s "phng lnh".

S nguy him v chy n l vn quan trng nht khi s dng VCM.Kh nng

gy chy n ca VCM l rt ln, im chp chy ca n l -78 0C.

Khi trng hp VCM, lng nhit sinh ra khong 23 kcal/mol.Nu phn ng

trng hp xy ra nhanh th p sut hi s tng ln theo.iu ny rt nguy him v n

c kh nng gy ra s n.

2.2. Cht khi u (cht khi mo).

Cc cht khi mo thng s dng l Peroxyt hu c, hydroperoxyt, cc hp

cht Ozonic, cc hp cht vng azo v diazo tan trong monomeHm lng cht

khi mo thng dng chim khong 0,1 1%.Mt s cht khi mo thng dng thng dng trong qu trnh trng hp:

- Hydroperoxyt: H2O2.

- Benzoyl peroxyt: (C6H5COO)2.

- Axetyl peroxyt: (CH3COO)2.

- Persunfat: M2S2O8 .Trong M l Na, K, NH4.

- Ozonic ca metylmetacrylat:

- Tert_butylhydroperoxyt: (CH3)3C - O - OH.

- Izopropyl hydroperoxyt: (CH3)2CH - O - OH.

- Dietyl este ca axit azo_di_izobutyric:


CH3

CH2 O C COOCH3

O O

CH3

CH3

C2H

5OOC C N N C

COO2H

5


17/68


Cht khi u l peoxit benzoil th:

2(C6H5COO)2 + 4NaOH 4C6H5COONa + 2H2O + O2

- Dinitryl ca axit azo_di_izobutyric:

- Diazo_aminobenzen: C6H5 - NH - N = N - NH - C6H5

Trong peroxyt vn l loi c s dng nhiu nht. Hin nay, trn th gi

ngi ta c xu hng nghin cu v s dng cc cht khi mo c thi gian bn r b.

iu ny c ngha rt quan trng v n lm gim c thi gian ca mt chu k

phn ng v do lm tng hiu sut s dng thit b cng nh lm gim chi ph snxut i rt nhiu.

Thng thng ngi ta s dng hn hp cc cht khi mo trong 1 cht c

thi gian bn r ngn nhit phn ng cn cc cht cn li c thi gian bn r lu

hn. Mc ch l duy tr s ng u v s lng ca cc gc t do trong ton b

qu trnh phn ng, v do lm cho qu trnh phn ng din ra m du hn, trnh

c hin tng nhit cc b pht sinh v kh nng ly nhit phn ng ra cng d

dng hn.Cc cht khi mo c s dng trong ti ny c tn thng mi l: Cat-19

v Cat-29.

Cat-19:

Cng thc phn t: C18H34O6.

Cng thc cu to:


CH3

CH3

NC C N N C

CNCH

3CH

3

C2H

5O

CH3 CH2 CH CH2 O CO 3

2


18/68


Tn gi: Di_2_etyl hexyl dicacbonat.

Khi lng phn t: 346.

Khi lng ring: 0,928 kg/cm3

100

C.Mi: c mi tng t nh hydrocacbon.

Mu sc: Cat-19 c s dng dng nh tng trng (60% peroxyt v 40%

nc v cht nh ha).

Khi phn hu n s to ra kh CO 2, CO.Phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra khi tip

xc vi kim loi nh : st

Cat-19 gy kch thch da v nim mc khi tip xc.

iu kin bo qun: bo qun trong kho lnh nhit di -15 0C v ch s

dng bnh cha lm bng PE, trnh va p mnh.

Cat-29:

Cng thc phn t: C19H30O3

Cng thc cu to:

Tn gi: Cumyl peroxyneodecanoat

Khi lng phn t: 306

S dng dng nh tng trng (peroxyt 50%, nc v cht nh ha 50%).

Khi lng ring: d15 = 0,936 kg/cm3.

D20 = 0,927 kg/cm3.

C mi tng t nh hydrocacbon.

Khi phn hu s to ra kh CO2, CO.

Phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra khi tip xc vi kim loi nh: st

Cat-29 gy kch thch da v nim mc khi tip xc.



19/68


iu kin bo qun: trnh nh nng mt tri v cc tp cht ngoi lai. Bo qun

trong kho lnh nhit thp hn -150C, ch dng cc bnh cha bng PE v trnh

rung ng mnh.

2.3. Cht n nh huyn ph (Polyvinylancol - PVA).Do phn ng trng hp tin hnh trong mi trng huyn ph vi mi

trng phn tn l nc nn ta s dng mt s cht n nh huyn ph nh sau:

2.3.1. Loi 1 (Agent - 1).

Cng thc cu to ca n nh sau :

trng hp n = 700.

Cht lng:

nht dung dch Agent - 1: 4 % l 5,4 0,4 cp ( 200C).

Trng lng ring 300C: 1170 : 1210 kg/m3.

Ch s x phng ha: 71,0 1,5 mol.(% nhm OH).

Thnh phn d bay hi: 3,0 % khi lng (ti a).

Hm lng tro: 1,0 % khi lng (ti a).

iu kin s dng:

p sut np : 10 kG/cm2

Nhit : nhit phng.

Agent-1 c s dng dng dung dch c nng l 7,0 %.



20/68


2.3.2. Loi 2 (Agent - 2).

Cng thc cu to ca n nh sau :

trng hp : n = 2000

Cht lng:

nht dung dch 4% l: 32,0 38,0 cp ( 200C).

Trng lng ring 300C: 1190 : 1300 kg/m3.

Ch s phng ha: 78,5 81,5 % mol. trong sut ca dung dch 4%: ti thiu 90 %.

Thnh phn d bay hi: 5,0 % khi lng (ti a).

Hm lng tro: 1,0 % khi lng (ti a).

iu kin s dng:

p sut np : 10 kG/cm2.

Nhit : nhit phng.

Agent-2 c s dng dng dung dch c nng l 5 %.

2.4. Cht ngt mch phn ng (AD-3).

Mc ch khi a AD - 3 vo trong qu trnh phn ng l ngng phn

ng.AD - 3 tn cng vo cc mch PVC ang pht trin v ngt mch phn ng, c

ch s ni r phn sau.

Tn gi: 2,2-diphenyl propan

2,2-di-p - hydroxyphenyl propan

Diphenylol propan.

Cng thc phn t: HOC6H4 - C3H6 - C6H4OH

Trng lng phn t: 228

Tnh cht vt l:

Mu sc: bt mu trng.

Mi: c mi phenol nh.

Nhit nng chy: 156,60C.



21/68


Nhit si: 2170C.

Nhit dung ring: 0,35 kcal/kg .

Tnh tan: khng tan trong nc, tan trong ru v dung dch kim pha long.

Tnh cht c hi:AD -3 thuc nhm c c tnh thp.

AD -3 gy kch thch da khi tip xc lu, hoc c th gy d ng i vi mt s

ngi.

y l loi nguyn liu c kh nng chy thp.

2.5. Cht n nh nhit.

Tc dng ca AD - 5 l tng cng kh nng n nh nhit ca mch PVC. Tc

dng n nh nhit ca AD - 5 ch yu l trong qu trnh x l sn phm sau ny

(qu trnh thu hi, sy nhit 100 1100C), cn trong qu trnh phn ng

nhit ch c 57,5 580C th khng nh hng g ng k n mch PVC.

Cng thc phn t: C35H50O3

Cng thc cu to:

Tn gi: Octadecyl 3-(3,5 di-t-buytl-4 - hydroxyphenyl) propionat.

Trng lng phn t: 418.

Tnh cht vt l:

Mu sc: s dng dng nh tng trng.

Nhit nng chy: 49 54 0C.

Nhit si: 100 0C.

Kh nng ha tan: khng tan trong nc, tan c trong mt s dung mi

nh: trong Axeton (tan 26% khi lng), Benzen (tan 57% khi lng), Etyl

axetat (tan 42% khi lng), Hexan (tan 31% khi lng)


C ( CH

3)

3

HO CH

2CH

2COOC

18H

37

C ( CH3)

3


22/68


iu kin bo qun:

Cn bo qun ni thong mt v ti v AD - 5 c th b kt ta.Tc dng

ca AD -5 vn tt sau 3 thng nu c bo qun iu kin trn.

2.6. Cht chng bm dnh (RCS).L mt dung dch nha c tnh kim, mc ch khi s dng n l trng ph b

mt thit b phn ng nhm hn ch s bm dnh ca cc nguyn liu cng nh cc

sn phm trong qu trnh phn ng. V do n s lm gim c cc ht PVC b

chai cng.

Tnh cht vt l c trng ca RCS l kh nng ng rn xy ra khi gia nhit v

to thnh mng ph c kh nng chng bm dnh.

2.7. Cht bo qun (INH-1).

Cht ny c s dng vi mc ch ngn khng cho phn ng t trng hp

xy ra trong qu trnh thu hi, lm tinh VCM, trong bn cha. y ta s dng hp

cht c tn thng mi l: Inhibitor-1(INH-1):

Tn gi: p-tert-butylcatechol.

Cng thc:

Tnh cht vt l:

Mu sc: bt mu trng hay mu sng.

im nng chy: 53,2oC

im si: 285oC

im bt chy: 129oC

im bng chy: 160o

C Trng lng ring: d = 1,048

Kh nng ho tan: Tan c trong metanol, hydrocacbon clo ho.

2.8. Cht dp tt phn ng (INH-3).

Cht ny c s dng vi mc ch ngn khng cho phn ng tip tc xy ra

trong trng hp c s c, p sut bn trong thit b phn ng tng ln t ngt m ta

khng kim sot c qu trnh, khi d pht sinh nguy c chy n. y ta s

dng hp cht c tn thng mi l: Inhibitor-3(INH-3):



23/68


Tn gi: -metyl styren

Cng thc: C6H5 - C(CH3)=CH2

Tnh cht vt l:

Mu sc: Dung dch khng mu

Trng lng ring: d = 0,9062 25oC

nht: 0,94 cp 20oC

im nng chy: -23,21oC

im si: 162oC

im bt chy: 53,9oC

Gii hn n: 0,9% trong khng kh.

2.9. Cht chng ng (Etylen Glycol).

Trong qu trnh sn xut nha PVC, giai on ho lng VCM v bn chun

b cht khi mo trc khi cho vo thit b phn ng ta s dng nc 5oC. Do

phi dng cht chng ng vo trong nc ngn chn nc chuyn trng thi rn

va p vi cnh qut hng my bm.

Cht chng ng ta s dng y l dung dch etylen glycol.

Cng thc: HO - CH2 - CH2 - OH Tnh cht vt l:

Mu sc: Cht lng khng mu

Mi: Khng mi

im nng chy: -13oC

im si: 179,2oC

im bt chy: 116oC

Trng lng ring: d = 1,113 20oC

Tnh tan: Tan trong nc



24/68


Chng III: Phn tch la chn quy trnh cng ngh sn xut.

3.1. Phn tch la chn dy chuyn cng ngh.

Bn cht qu trnh:

L phng php trng hp huyn ph khi cho VCM lng phn tn trong mitrng nc c cht khi u tan trong monomer. Bng cch chn cht kch hot hoc

hn hp cht kch hot c th iu chnh c vn tc trng hp, v trong nhiu

trng hp c th nng cao c chu nhit v nh sng. tng bn ca huyn

ph th ta s dng cc cht n nh huyn ph l cc polyme tan trong nc nh

Polyvinyl alcol, keo Gelatin. Kch thc ht polyme thu c trong trng hp huyn

ph ph thuc vo kh nng khuy trn v cht n nh em dng.

C ch phn ng trng hp nha PVC: phn ng trng hp PVC xy ra theo c

ch gc t do gm 3 giai on:

3.1.1. Giai on khi mo to ra cc gc hot tnh.

C th khi mo bng cch dng nhit hoc nh sng, hoc dng cht khi mo

nh: Ter-butyl peroxyneodecanoat, Di-2-etylhexyl peroxidecarbonat, Peroxyt

benzoichay hp cht Azo, Diazo. giai on u cht khi mo phn hy di tc

dng ca nhit hay nh sng to ra cc gc t do:

Gi R* l cc gc t do trn.

3.1.2. Giai on pht trin mch.

Cc gc t do to ra s tc dng vi VCM to cc gc mi. Cc gc mi ny

li tip tc c dng vi VCM thc hin phn ng chuyn gc v do ko di

mch trng hp ra.



25/68


3.1.3. Giai on ngt mch.

S ngt mch ca phn ng gn lin vi s bo ho in t khng cp i, nn

qu trnh ngt mch l kt qu tng tc ca hai gc t do. l s kt hp gia cc

gc Polyme vi nhau (s ti hp gc).

hoc l phn ng bt t phn



26/68


3.2. Cng ngh sn xut PVC bng phng php trng hp huyn ph.

3.2.1. Quy cch v thnh phn nguyn liu.

Nguyn liu phn ng gm:

Monome VC dng trng hp phi th lng nn cn c lm lnh v gi nhit rt thp nh hn -130C l nhit si ca VC. nguyn cht ca VC phi

ln hn 99,96% trng lng, phi m bo hm lng axetylen thp hn 0,002%

trng lng.

Dung mi nc dng trn hp phi l nc ngng tinh khit.

Cht khi u thng dng: Peroxyt benzoil (POB) l cht rn mu vng nht,

d bt la v n khi va chm mnh, c st hay h nng, c th bc chy khi ln

H2SO4. V vy, POB cn c bo qun tt.

Cht n nh PVA thuc h polyme v nh hnh, c tnh k nc cao. Bo

qun trong cc bao vi hay gai. PVA c a vo dng dung dch 5% trong nc.

Xt NaOH dng x l kim nh tng sau khi trng hp, c th dng

dng rn hoc lng.

Ngoi cc thnh phn trn cn s dng: dung dch m, tc nhn chng to bt,

tc nhn iu chnh khi lng phn t

3.2.2. Quy trnh tin hnh trng hp.

Phn ng trng hp VC theo phng php huyn ph thc hin gin on

trong ni cao p (ni hp) lm bng thp chng r, bn ngoi ni c bc mt lp v

gia nhit v lm ngui bng nc tun hon c trang b cnh khuy loi mi cho,

phn ng c tin hnh theo trnh t sau:

3.2.2.1. Np pha lin tc.

Pha lin tc y l mi trng phn tn ca cc git monome, trong c

cha cht khi u, keo bo v, mui m, cht iu chnh v cht chng to bt nu

cn, u tin cho nc t thng cha nc vo l phn ng. Nc trong hn hp

phn ng nhit thng hoc c un nng nu qu trnh ht chn khng,

khng dng nit. Lng nc chim khong 1/3 th tch ni phn ng.

Keo bo v c ho tan trong nc nng 600C ti thit b. Sau i qua b

phn lc gelatin c dng di dng dung dch 5% trong nc. Lng nc ny kh



27/68


ng k nn ta phi tnh tng lng nc dng trong ni phn ng. Thi gian np keo

bo v cng nhanh cng tt v nu chm th keo b lo ho mt tc dng.

Cht khi u cho vo thit b phn ng di dng trn ln trong nc sau

y kn thit b li.3.2.2.2. Ht chn khng thit b phn ng.

Trc khi np VC phi to mi trng tr (khng c oxy) trong hn hp phn

ng v oxy l cht cn tr qu trnh trng hp VC. Oxy phn ng mnh lit vi VC

to thnh vinyl clorua polyperoxit.

Hp cht to thnh tng i linh ng v d dng phn hu trong khi trng

hp VC to ra HCl hoc cc phn t PVC cha nhm khng no hoc nhm cacbonyl

v mt lng nh cacbon monoxit, fomandehit . Cc sn phm ny lm gim pH ca

mi trng v l nguyn nhn chnh gy n mn thit b. Cc sn phm ph cha

nhm cacbonyl lm i mu sn phm gim n nh nhit cng nh cc tnh cht

in quang.

to chn khng ng vi yu cu ta phi dng mt s lng rt ln bm

chn khng do vy nn ngi ta thng s dng cc bc ht chn khng lin tip v

gia cc bc c qu trnh np nit hoc cch khc l ht chn khng thit b phn

ng c cha nc nng n p sut hi ca nc nhm to ra mt mi trng phn

ng hon ton tr.

3.2.2.3. Tin hnh np monome VC.Sau khi vo thit b phn ng vinyl clorua dng lng phn tn trong nc do

s khuy trn. Qu trnh tin hnh trng hp VC bt u din ra trong khong nhit

45 - 550C. Tu theo yu cu v tnh cht ca sn phm. Tuy nhin vi th tch

100m3 tr ln ta chn nhit trng hp khong 600C l thch hp nht cho tt c vn

truyn nhit, trng lng phn t, nng sut thit b.



28/68


3.2.2.4. un nng thit b phn ng.

un nng thit b phn ng trng hp n 600C bng hn hp nc v hi

trong v o ni phn ng v gi nguyn nhit cho n ht qu trnh phn ng,

nu c s iu chnh ln xung ta dng nc tun hon ngoi v thit b, trnh hintng nhit qu cao hay qu thp trong qa trnh phn ng. Do vy trc khi phn

ng xy ra ta phi khuy mnh t c cn bng cho h huyn ph.

3.2.2.5. n nh nhit v p sut.

Khi qu trnh phn ng xy ra th nhit trong thit b s tng, do ta phi

duy tr nhit bng nc lnh tun hon ngoi v o ni phn ng. p sut ni

phn ng duy tr trong khong 6,3 atm ( 400C) n 12 atm ( 700C) cho n khi p

sut trong thit b gim xung bng p sut hi cn bng VC/PVC.

Lc ny chuyn ho t n 80% khng cn VCM t do, trong mt s

trng hp ngay sau khi kt thc polyme ho, tc l p sut bt u gim th ngi ta

a vo mt lng nh cht hm ngng polyme ho trong cc giai on tip theo.

3.2.2.6. Tho sn phm.

Loi b VC cn li trong thit b bng cch gim p sut trong ni phn ng,

VC c tch ngay trong ni phn ng hoc a sang thit b tch. Tho sn phm:phn ng kt thc PVC trng thi bt nho sau khi loi b monome VC cho qua

thit b trao i nhit tip liu v tip tc qua my ly tm khong 20%, sau qua

thit b sy loi b cc ht qu to sau c ng bao.

3.2.2.7. Lm sch ni phn ng.

Vn lm sch ni phn ng rt quan trng v trong qu trnh phn ng cc

polyme to thnh bm vo b mt trong ca thit b phn ng gy cn tr s truyn

nhit, lm gim cht lng polyme, lm tc van iu bt buc phi c lmsch cc thit b theo nh k gia cc m. Hin nay trong cc dy chuyn sn xut

c t ng ho cao ngi ta s dng vi phun nc cao p (khong 300 atm)

lm sch u vi phun c t bn trong thit b phn ng, c th di chuyn ln

xung hoc quay thay th cho cng nhn khi chui vo thit b phn ng c sch.

Giai on lm sch nha PVC:

Sn phm PVC sau khi trng hp c rt nhiu cht bn dnh ln vo nh keo

bo v, VC khng phn ng v nc do cn c lm sch.



29/68


X l kim: vi s c mt ca NaOH s lm phn hu cc gc ca cht khi

u v cht n nh to thnh cc loi mui natri ho tan vo nc keo t nha

v tng tnh n nh nhit ca nha. Nu keo bo v l gelatin ta x l bng kim

khong 10% kim tc dng vi keo bo v to thnh cc mui tan trong nc.NH2 - R - COOH + NaOH NH2 - R - COONa + H2O

Cht khi u l peoxit benzoil th:

2(C6H5COO)2 + 4NaOH 4C6H5COONa + 2H2O + O2

Qu trnh x l kim thc hin nhit nh hn 95 0C trong 3 gi.

Tch VC: c th tch VC ngay trong thit b phn ng hoc a sang thit b

tch rt ngn chu k mt m phn ng. VC tch ngay trong thit b phn ng: un

nng hi nc ln 801000C, VC khuych tn sang hi nc, hn hp ny c ht

ra nh chn khng v phn ly sau khi ngng t.

Phng php ny tn km nn t c s dng, hn na lm tng thi gian cho

qu trnh phn ng.

VC a sang thit b tch: tch qua ct lin tc PVC/VC v nc i t trn

xung, hi nc i t di ln. Hn hp hi v VC tch ra, c ht ln bng bm,

PVC v nc i xung pha di, hm lng VC cn li khong 3%. Nu tng nhit ca qu trnh th hm lng c th gim xung n 1%.

Ly tm v ra nha: dng nc 60700C ra nha trong thit b thn hnh

tr, y nn lm bng thp khng r pha trong c lp cnh khuy. Polyme ln trong

nc c ra bng nc nng 600C t thng lng, sau khi polyme lng xung cho

nc bn chy vo ng thi. Thc hin qu trnh ra nha nh vy t 56 ln theo

t l 0,60,7 hn hp polyme /nc. n ln cui cng ca qu trnh ra ta khng phi

tch nc na m cho tng phn nh vo my ly tm tch nc. Hm m ca bt

PVC sau khi ly tm khong 1622%.

Qu trnh sy kh: sy nha PVC trn bng chuyn hay dng thit b kiu

tng si, thit b sy phun, thit b sy thng quay nhit khng kh sy 120 1400C.

Hm m sau khi sy kh nh hn 0,3%, PVC sau khi sy qua h thng xyclon thu hi,

tu thuc vo yu cu, kch thc v phn b kch thc bt PVC ta tin hnh theo

cc bc nh sng nghinri sau ng bao v lu kho.



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3.2.3. Mt s dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut xut PVC trn th gii.

3.2.3.1. Dy chuyn sn xut PVC ca hng Chisso Corp, Nht Bn.

Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh ca hng Chisso Corp. Qu trnh sn xut

gin on, theo phng php l trng hp huyn ph vinyl clorua. Cc thit b phn

ng tiu chun c kch thc l 60, 80, 100 hoc 130 m 3. Thit b phn ng c cnh

khuy (1) cha nc v cha cc cht ph gia v VC. Trong sut qu trnh phn ng


(1) Thit b phn ng (5) Thit b ly tm(2) Thit b thi bay (6) Thit b sy tng si

(3) Ct ra (7) Thit b thu hi VCM cha phn ng

(4) Thng cha bt nho PVC

Hnh 3.1: Dy chuyn sn xut PVC ca hng Chisso Corp


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nhit c iu khin gi mt nhit nht nh ph thuc qu trnh lm lnh

bng nc. Khi phn ng kt thc ton b sn phm c chuyn xung thit b thi

bay (2). Ti y VC khng phn ng c tch ra. Thit b phn ng c ra v

phun tc nhn chng to cn bm chun b cho qu trnh lm vic tip theo.Bt nho PVC cha VC tip tc c cho qua ct ra (3). Ct ra c hiu qu

thu hi VC t PVC rt ln m khng lm nh hng n cht lng ca VC sn

phm. Sau qu trnh ra bt nho a sang qu trnh tch nc v sy kh sau bt

c chuyn qua cc thit b xiclo cha VC thu hi, sau cho qua thit b nn v

lm lnh ngng t ti s dng cho chu trnh trng hp tip theo.

Tng nng sut ca hng Chissocorp trn th gii t khong 1 triu tn/nm.

Ngoi ra cng ngh tch VC cng c cung cp cho nhiu nh sn xut PVC.

3.2.3.2. Dy chuyn sn xut PVC ca hng Vinnolit, c.

thit b phn ng(1), ban u nc c a vo trc, sau l cc mui

m v cc tc cht cng c a vo, khuy trn. Sau khi VCM c a vo

Reactor, di cc tc ng ha l, polyvinylclorua c to thnh. Sau khi kt thc

qu trnh phn ng trong Reactor, sn phm to thnh l hn hp bao gm: ht PVC,

kh VCM cha phn ng, nc, (gi tt l PVC Slurry).

(1) Thit b phn ng (5) Thit b cha VCM thu hi

(2) Bnh n nh (6) Thit b sy ly tm



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(3) Thit b trao i nhit (7) Thit b sy tng si

(4) Thp tch VCM (8) Xiclon

Hnh 3.2: Dy chuyn sn xut PVC ca hng Vinnolit, c

Sau khi ra khi thit b phn ng, hn hp PVC Slurry c cha trong bnh nnh (2), ti y di tc dng ca cnh khuy mt phn kh VCM cha phn ng

c thu hi. Sau hn hp PVC Slurry tip tc c a qua thit b trao i nhiu

s b (3) ri vo thp tch VCM(4), y hn hp PVC Slurry c phun t trn

nh thp xung v mt dng hi nng (steam air) c thi t y thp ln. Dng hi

ny s ly ton b VCM cn ln trong PVC Slurry.

Ra khi Slurry Stripper th hn hp PVC Slurry c tch gn nh ton b

VCM cn ln li. Lng VCM cha phn ng thu c t thit b (2) v (4) c x

l v a tr v thit b cha VCM thu hi (5) tip tc sn xut.

Sau khi ra khi thp tch VCM th hn hp PVC Slurry (lc ny ch cn bt PVC v

hi nc) c a qua thit b sy ly tm(6), sau li c cho qua thit b sy

tng si sy kh hon ton PVC.

Sn phm khi ra khi Dryer chnh l bt nha PVC thng phm. Lng PVC

ny c cha trong Xiclon (8) a xung h thng my ng gi cng oncui.

3.2.3.3. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut cho nh my.

Vinnolit l mt nh cung cp cng ngh tng th v sn xut nha PVC hng

u th gii. Hng cung cp cng ngh trn gi t khu sn xut nguyn liu n khu

trng hp to PVC vi dy chuyn thit b tin tin, t ng ha hon ton v c chu

trnh khp kn, khng gy nhim mi trng. Nh vy ta quyt nh chn cng ngh

sn xut PVC ca hng cung cp Vinnolit c.Cc cng on chnh:

1. Chun b nguyn liu

2. Chun b thit b phn ng

3. Np liu

4. Gia nhit

5. Phn ng chnh

6. Tho liu



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7. X l kim

8. Tch VCM

9. Hi lu VCM

10. Tch nc11. Sy

12. Sng phn loi

13. ng bao

14. X l nc thi

*Chun b nguyn liu:

Nc khong 40 50 tn/m, lng th tch bng van o lu lng. Nc

dng l nc ngm c x l bng than hot tnh ri cho qua ct trao i ion. Sau

cho qua thit b trao i nhit ri n b cha. trong b cha nc c nhit

khong 400C

VCM lng th tch bng van o lu lng.

Cht khi mo: Peroxyt dng dung dch hoc nh tng c bo qun trong

kho lnh nhit -100C n -200C. Peroxyt c ong bng can hoc bnh. Lng

trng lng, n v tnh l kg.Cht n nh huyn ph PVA, lng trng lng.

*Chun b thit b phn ng:

Ht chn khng bng my ht chn khng loi oxi khng kh. H p sut

xung cn ~ 0 atm.

Ph chn khng bng VCM (bm mt lng VCM vo).

Phun cht bm dnh ln b mt thit b.

(Sau mi m th tin hnh ra cn bm trong thnh thit b mt ln. Ra bngcch dng vi phun nc cao p tch ri cc mng bm).

*Np liu:

Qu trnh np liu vo thit b phn ng chnh theo th t sau:

- Nc.

- Cht n nh huyn ph PVA.

- Cht khi mo: dng Hydrogen peroxyt, ethyl chloroformate, NaOH hoc cc

peroxyt khc ty trng hp, nhit phn hy ca peroxyt.



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- VCM.

*Gia nhit:

Nc nng c a vo v o ca thit b phn ng chnh. Gia nhit cho n

khi t gn nhit phn ng. Khuy trn.

*Phn ng chnh:

Dng nc nng gia nhit thit b phn ng chnh v duy tr nhit t 50

700C ty trng hp (ca loi PVC sn xut).Vi trng hp t 1000 1050 th

nhit phn ng khong 600C.

Thi gian phn ng: tp = 3h30

Thi gian gim p: tga = 1h20

Tng thi gian phn ng: t = 4h50

Cui phn ng sn phm c chuyn ha khong 85%. p sut trong thit b

phn ng cn khong 6 bar.

*Tho liu:

T thit b phn ng chnh xung bn cha trung gian qua mt b trung giannh c gn bm p sut.

Lc u hn hp c tho nh chnh lch cao, khi gn ht do khi lng

hn hp trn thit b phn ng nh v nht ca hn hp cao nn hn hp khng t

chy c. Lc , dng bm b trung gian bm hn hp xung bn cha trung

gian.

T bn cha VCM thu hi hn hp c tho xung bn cha VCM trung

gian, ti y khuy trn hn hp c th vi vi m khc.*X l kim:

Sau khi huyn ph chy ra b cha trung gian th trong huyn ph vn cn

phn ng trng hp. Do cho thm cht AD-3 vo km hm phn ng trng hp.

Huyn ph giai on ny c pH khong bng 3. Sau cho NaOH (d) + Bis

phenol A + Nc (ha tan) vo x l kim.

*Tch VCM:



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Hn hp t bn cha trung gian c bm ln thp VCM tch. Trong thp ny

huyn ph i t trn xung cn hi nng i t di ln. Trong thp c cc a l,

khng gian gia cc a y m tng s tip xc gia hai pha. VCM thot ra i

ln nh thp ra thit b x l VCM.*Hi lu VCM:

Thu hi hi VCM trong b cha VCM thu hi bng p sut m, sau thu hi

VCM cn li khong 1% trong bnh VCM thu hi

VCM dng hi thot ra t thit b phn ng chnh, b VCM thu hi, bn cha

trung gian, thp tch VCM c dn v cc thit b tch bt. Sau cho qua thit b

ngng t ngng t VCM (dng nc nhit thng) ri vo bnh cha VCM

lng.

T bnh cha, VCM lng c bm qua cc thp x l. Gm 2 thp x l.

Thp th nht l thp hp ph, trong thp y NaOH dng rn ht nc. Thp

th hai l thp chng ct tinh ch VCM.

Sau VCM lng c hi lu v thng cha VCM ban u.

*Tch nc:

Hn hp sau khi qua thp tch VCM c a qua mt thng khuy trn trunggian. T thng ny hn hp c bm vo my ly tm. Trong my ly tm, PVC m c

m khong 70% c tch nc xung cn m khong 25 30%.

*Sy:

Bng thit b sy tng si (my sy 1 tng).

PVC t my ly tm c chuyn xung thit b sy tng si. Trong thit b sy

tng si, khng kh nng thi t di ln vi tc dng chnh l to trng thi gi lng

cho bt. Nc nng c bm qua v o c tc dng lm kh vt liu sy.Sau khi sy hm m ca PVC gim xung cn khong 0,2%.

*Sng phn loi:

Bng sng chn ng.

Bt PVC t thit b sy c chuyn qua sng chn ng. Sau khi sng lng

ht th rt t, ch chim khong 0,05%.

*ng bao:



36/68

(t)CA

CA

CAo

CA


PVC thnh phm dng bt trng ht nh (kch thc khong 100 150m)

c chuyn qua xil cha hoc ng bao.

*X l nc thi:

Nc thi t cc cng on c tp trung ri a qua thp x l nc thi, hi tnh thp a v thit b thu hi VCM. Nc thi chy ra h thng thot nc.

3.3. Phn tch la chn thit b.

3.3.1. Thit b chnh.

Qu trnh i hi s khuy trn nn cn s dng thit b khuy trn.

Cn s dng thit b khuy trn

C 2 loi thit b c s dng nhiu nht :

Thit b khuy trn lin tc: Hnh III.3

Cc cht tham gia phn ng c a lin tc vo thit b v sn phm cng

c ly ra lin tc. Sau thi gian khi ng th nhit , p sut, lu lng v nng

cc cht tham gia phn ng khng thay i theo thi gian, thit b lm vic trng

thi n nh.

Thit b lm vic gin on: Hnh III.4



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Thit b phn ng lm vic theo tng m, ngha l cc thnh phn tham gia phn ng

v cc cht ph gia (dung mi, cht tr) hoc cc cht xc tc c a tt c vo

thit b ngay t thi im u. Sau thi gian nht nh, khi phn ng t c

chuyn ha yu cu, ngi ta cho dng thit b v tho sn phm ra.

Bng III.1: Bng so snh cng ngh khuy trn lin tc v gin on

Cng ngh u im Nhc im

Khuy

trn lin

tc

C kh nng c gii ha v

t ng ha cao Nng sut cao do khng tn

thi gian np liu v tho sn

phm

Cht lng sn phm n nh

do tnh n nh ca qu trnh

Chi ph u t cao.

Tnh linh ng thp, t c khnng thc hin cc phn ng

khc nhau, to cc sn phm

khc nhau

Sn phm kh t c hiu sut

chuyn ha mong mun, do

khng khng ch c thi gian.

Khuy

trn gin

on

Tnh linh ng cao : c th

dng thit b thc hin

cc phn ng khc nhau to

ra cc sn phm khc nhau

t chuyn ha cao do c

th khng ch thi gian phn

ng theo yu cu

Chi ph u t thp do t phi

trang b cc thit b iu

khin t ng

Nng sut thp do thi gian mt

chu k lm vic di : i hi

thi gian np liu, t nng, lm

ngui, tho sn phm v lm

sch thit b

Mc c gii ha v t ngha thp

Kh iu chnh v khng ch

qu trnh do tnh bt n nh ca

phng thc lm vic gin on.



38/68


Thit b chnh trong dy chuyn sn xut PVC l thit b trng hp. Cu to t

thn hnh tr, y v np hnh elip, c v bc gia nhit bng hi nc bo ha hoc

lm lnh bng nc lnh.

Ni c trang b cnh khuy chn vt khuy trn hn hp phn ng vi vntc 500 vng/pht. Trn np c ca lm v sinh, cc u ng dn, knh quan st, u

ng lp nhit k v p k. Di y ni c lp van tho sn phm. Bn ngoi cng ca

ni c lp v bc cch nhit (bo n) bng bng thy tinh. Ni c bng 4 tai hn

vo thn ni. Vt liu ch to thn ni v cc chi tit bng thp khng g loi

0X21H6M2T.

3.3.2. Thit b ph.

a. Thit b ngng t

Trong qu trnh phn ng, VCM s phn ng c khuy trn trong thit b phn ng.

Do , s cmt phn hi VCM bay ln. V vy cn c thit b ngng t c th

ngng t thu hi lng VCM bay hi .

a. Bn cha nguyn liu VCM

Nguyn liu c sn xut Malaysia nn dng lng v vn chuyn n Vit

Nam bng tu bin, nhp bng ng thy qua cng Th Vi. Sau c tn chavo 2 thit b hnh cu OSBL-A/B hai bn ny tn cha VCM bm vo l phn

ng nh bm.

Dung tch ca mi thit b l 2800 m3, ng knh 17,5 m. Tuy nhin trong qu

trnh tn cha, ch cha trong khong 80 - 85 % phn khng gian trn cho qu trnh

gi.n n khi nhit tng, mc ch trnh trng hp nhit mi trng cao dn

ti p sut trong thit b tng cao gy nguy him. Do cha nguyn liu p sut cao

nn la chn bn h.nh cu. VCM tan rt t trong nc, d ho tan trong cc dung mihu c.

Hai bn cha ny c th chu c p sut 10bar, 100C. Tuy nhin bn ch

hot ng 5bar, 35C.

b. Bn cha trung gian

Bn cha trung gian c s dng cha hn hp sn phm thu c sau khi tin

hnh xong phn ng t thit b phn ng. Hn hp sn phm sau phn ng gm bt

PVC, nc, VCM cha phn ng, Mc ch ca bn cha trung gian l ni cha



39/68


tm thi sn phm thu c t thit b phn ng nhm chun b lng nguyn liu n

nh cho thp tch VCM, ng thi y mt lng VCM cha phn ng c thu

hi.

y ta s dng 3 bn, trong bn A c dung tch cha c sn phm ca 2 mlin tc, hai bn B v C c dung tch mt m sn phm. Tuy thit k 3 bn nhng ta

ch s dng 2 bn. Bn A c dung tch ln nht cha trc tip sn phm thu sau phn

ng, sau hn hp t bn A c tip tc cho qua bn B. Bn B ny c nhim v

cung cp nguyn liu n nh cho thp tch VCM. Bn C d tr phng khi m sn

phm b h hay khng t yu cu v cht lng th ta cho qua bn ny nhm ko nh

hng n dy chuyn sn xut v cht lng sn phm cui

b. Thit b cha dung dch huyn ph PVC.

Thit b bn cha trung gian.

- ng knh: 5200 mm

- Dung tch 300 m3

Sn phm ca l phn ng gm PVC tn ti di dng huyn ph trong nc,

VCM cha phn ng, xc tc cn d ... c gi l slurry. Ti bn cha trung gian

dng cha slurry sau mi mt m phn ng. Ti thit b ny phn VCM chaphn ng s c tch p sut cao, sau c a v bnh cha VCM thu hi.

Thit b c khuy lin tc trnh PVC lng xung y.

c. Thit b tch VCM.

Nhim v ca thp ny l phn tch lng VCM cn li trong bn cha trung

gian bi do yu cu ca sn phm l nng VCM cn li trong PVC nh hn 1 ppm.

S dng dng hi nc qu nhit stripping. Nhit dng hi dng phn tch

VCM l 1100C. Cu to ca thp nh sau:

ng knh thn thp 1300 mm.

ng knh phn cha lng: 900 mm.

Thp gm 48 a, b dy a 35 mm, khong cch gia cc a 200

mm.

Mi a gm 1300 l, ng knh mi l 9,5 mm.

p sut v nhit thit k: 3,5 bar v 150C.



40/68


p sut vn hnh (bnh thng/ln nht): 0,4 / 0,7 bar.

Nhit vn hnh (bnh thng/ln nht): 114 / 120C.

Thit b vi phun c ng knh 14,3 mm.

Thp c thit k vi tc np liu 43 m3/h vi 30 - 40% PVC rn. Theo

thit k c bn P nh thp = 0,4 bar ph hp vi hu ht cc loi sn phm, tuy nhin c

th thay i trong qu trnh iu khin. Thi gian lu vi sn K66 l 3,5 pht.

d. Thit b ly tm tch nc c hc.

Ti thit b ny, do qun tnh v s khc bit v trng lng ring, nc s

c tch mt phn ra khi huyn ph PVC. Tu vo tng loi m hm lng nccn li trong PVC sau khi ra khi thit b ly tm l khc nhau trong khong 22%

30% ( i vi K66R l 24%).

e. Thit b sy tng si.

Sau khi qua thit b cha trung gian PVC tip tc c tch nc trong thit

sy tng si. Nhim v ca thit b ny l tch nc trong PVC, sao cho sn phm u

ra PVC ch cha khng qu 0,2 % nc. Thit b ny dng dng nc nng chy

trong cc panel v khng kh nng sy PVC. Phn trn ca thit b c thm b phnCyclon , mc ch thu hi PVC b li cun theo dng khng kh nng. B phn

Cyclon c 2 bc hn ch tht thot PVC. Trc khi dng kh nng ny c x ra

ngoi kh quyn, n s c tch bi trnh gy nhim mi trng.

f. Thit b sng.

Sau khi c sy kh, PVC mi ch t tiu chun v m. t c tiu

chun v kch thc, PVC c a qua thit b sng. y cc ht ngoi khong

kch thc mong mun s c tch ra. Sau PVC t tiu chun s c vn

chuyn qua khu vc ng gi.

3.4. Thit k dy chuyn cng ngh.

Nh la chn dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut cho nh my mc 3.3.3 trn, sau

y s l bn v cng ngh thit k cho nh my.

3.4.1 Bn v cng ngh.



41/68


3.4.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh.

Qu trnh np liu vo thit b phn ng chnh theo th t sau: u tin l nc,

sau l cht n nh huyn ph PVA, v cht khi mo: dng Hydrogen peroxyt,

ethyl chloroformate, NaOH hoc cc peroxyt khc ty trng hp, nhit phn

hy ca peroxyt v cui cng l np VCM.

VCM t bn cha nguyn liu (13) c a vo bn cha trung gian (14)

cng vi lng VCM thu hi trong cc chu k sn xut trc. Trc khi vo bn cha

trung gian th c VCM thu hi v VCM t bn cha nguyn liu u phi i qua ct

tch nc v cht c ch (Hydroquinol) bng NaOH hoc KOH rn. Ngoi ra n cn

phi i qua b phn lc cc tp cht c hc. Sau , VCM c chuyn vo thit b

phn ng (1) vi lng cn cho tng m sn xut bng bm thng qua cc thit b o

lng.Sau th qu trnh phn ng s bt u. Khi phn ng polyme ha kt thc,

sn phm ra khi l phn ng l hn hp huyn ph. Sau l hn hp huyn ph ny

gm PVC, nc, VCM cha phn ng c bm a n bn cha trung gian (2).

Hn hp huyn ph sau khi c tch s b VCM ti bn cha trung gian (2) s c

bm a qua thit b trao i nhit (3), v sau a ti thp tch VCM (4). Phn

ln VCM cha phn ng s c tch ra. Sau dng sn phm thu c y thp

s trao i nhit tip vi thit b trao i nhit (3) v c bm a ti thit b chatrung gian (6). Ti thit b ny, cn n nh lu lng bm cho thit b tch nc ly

tm (7). Thp ny s tch lng VCM cn li do yu cu ca sn phm, chng c

dng hi nc nng i t di y thp ln cun theo v i ra ngoi. Sn phm ra

khi thit b (7) s t c hm lng nc khong 22 30% ty thuc vo loi sn

phm m nh my sn xut.

Khng kh s c ht qua thit b lc kh (8) sau a ti thit b calorife

(9). Ti y, khng kh s c gia nhit ln n nhit khong 90 o C nh trao i



42/68


nhit vi dng hi nc nng ti thit b (9) ny.Sn phm ra khi thit b s (7) c

hm lng VCM nh hn 1ppm kt hp vi dng khng kh nng c gia nhit

t thit b (9) s c bm a qua thit b sy tng si.. Ngi ta tip tc sy kh

PVC thit b sy tng si (10) thu c PVC t yu cu vi hm lng ncphi nh hn 0,2%.

Bt PVC thnh phm c vn chuyn qua b phn ng gi nh h thng kh

thi. Khng kh ngoi tri c qut ht qua thit b lc bi, sau y qua thit b

trao i nhit nhm h nhit khng kh xung khong 30 oC (do sau khi qua my

thi nhit khng kh tng ln ng k) nhm mc ch ngng t hi nc trong

khng kh, gip cho vic tch nc ti thit b lc hi nc c d dng hn. Bt

PVC s c dng kh chuyn n sil cha(11).

t c tiu chun v kch thc, bt PVC c a qua thit b sng

(12). Sau bt PVC t tiu chun s c chuyn qua khu vc ng gi v c

lu gi trong kho trc khi c tiu th trn th trng.

H thng ng gi sn phm gm c ba dy chuyn. Trong hai my hot

ng lin tc, my cn li d phng trong trng hp mt trong hai my kia gp s

c. Qu trnh ng gi c thc hin bng dy chuyn t ng, ng sn phm thnhtng gi 25kg hoc 600kg.



43/68


Chng IV: Tnh ton thit k thit b chnh.

4.1. Cn bng vt cht.

Mc ch ca vic tnh cn bng vt cht l bit c lng cc nguyn liu

cn cung cp trong qu trnh sn xut, t ta c th lp k hoch chun b nguyn

liu d tr cng nh cho qu trnh sn xut ca nh my, trnh trnh trng thiu ht

nguyn liu lm gin on qu trnh sn xut. Vic tnh ton cn bng vt cht cn

gip cho ta xc nh chnh xc gi thnh ca sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut t

iu chnh gi thnh ca sn phm cho ph hp v gip cnh tranh trn th trng.

Ngoi ra, vic tnh cn bng vt cht s tnh c thit b c kch thc, trng lng

l bao nhiu b tr v xy dng nh my t c chnh xc, an ton trong qu

trnh lm vic.

4.1.1. Thng s ban u.Ty theo loi nguyn liu v t l gia cc nguyn liu m ta thu c cc loi

nha PVC c trng hp khc nhau v ngoi ta t cho chng cc tn gi khc

nhau.

V d trn th trng c cc loai nh K-58 th trng hp trung bnh l n = 700, loi

K- 66 c trng hp trung bnh n = 1020, loi K-71 th trng hp trung bnh l n

= 1270. Qua cc s liu tham kho thc t trn th trng Vit Nam em nhn thy hn

90% nhu cu PVC c s dng v sn xut l loi K-66, do y em tnh toncn bng vt cht v mi s liu em s dng cho loi K-66.

Bng 4.1: n phi liu cho qu trnh sn xut PVC huyn ph loi K-66 nh sau:

Tn nguyn liu Phn khi lng

VCM 100

H2O 100AG-1 566 ppm ( so vi VCM)

AG-2 283 ppm ( so vi VCM)AD-3 40 ppm ( so vi VCM)



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AD-5 20 ppm ( so vi VCM)Cat-19 345 ppm ( so vi VCM)

Cat-29 150 ppm ( so vi VCM)

Ch lm vic ca nh my gm c

- S ngy trong nm: 365 ngy

- S ngy ngh sa cha v bo dng : 15 ngy

- S ngy ngh l v tt : 5 ngy

- S ngy sn xut ca nh my trong mt nm : 345 ngy

- Hiu sut phn ng to nha : 87%

- Tn tht do chun b nguyn liu: * VCM : 0,2%* Ph gia : 0,1%

- Tn tht trong qu trnh trng hp : 0,15%

- Tn tht sau khi trng hp trc khi qua x l : 0,1%

- Tn tht trong qu trnh tch VCM : 0,3%

- Tn tht trong qu trnh ly tm: 1%

- Tn tht trong qu trnh sy : 1%

- Tn tht trong qu trnh sng : 0,7%

- Tn tht trong qu trnh ng bao : 0,2%

- m ca PVC sau khi ly tm trc khi sy : 29%

- m ca PVC sau khi sy : 0,3%

Bng 4.2: Trnh t cc bc din ra trong qu trnh phn ng nh sau:

Qu trnh Thi gian (pht)Trng lp mng mng (RCS) 15

Np liu 45Gia nhit 45Phn ng 220Gim p 80Tho liu 50

Tng thi gian 455Nh vy: tng thi gian hon thnh mt chu k sn xut l:

455 + 5 = 460 pht (hay 7,6667 gi)

Trong 5 pht l thi gian ra thit b sau tng m sn xut.



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4.1.2. Qu trnh tnh ton.

Tnh cn bng vt cht cho mt tn sn phm

Cng sut ca nh my l 100000 tn/nm, do cng sut tnh theo mi gi

sn xut l:

24*345

100000=12,0773 (tn/gi.)

Trong mt tn sn phm do m ca PVC sau khi sy l 0,3% nn lng

PVC

kh tuyt i l:

100

)3.0100(*1000 = 997,0000(kg )

Do tn tht trong qu trnh ng bao l 0,2% nn lng PVC thu c trc

khi ng bao l:

2.0100

100*997

= 998,9980(kg)

Lng nha tn tht l: 998,9980 997,0000 = 1,9980 (kg)

Do tn tht trong qu trnh sng l 0,7% nn lng nha PVC kh thu c

trc khi sng :

7.0100

100*9980.998

= 1006,0403(kg)

Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh sng l: 1006,0403 998,9980= 7,0423

(kg)

Do tn tht trong qu trnh sy l 1% nn lng nha PVC kh thu c trc

khi sy:

1100100*0403.1006

=1016.2023 (kg)

Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh sy l: 1016,2023 1006,0403= 10,162

(kg)

Hm m ca PVC trc khi sy v sau khi ly tm l 29% do lng PVC m

sau khi ly tm v trc khi sy l:

29100100*2023,1016

= 1431,2708(kg)



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Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh sy l 1431,2708 1016,2023= 415,0685

(kg)

Do tn tht trong qu rnh ly tm l 1% nn lng PVC kh thu c trc khi

ly tm l:

1100

100*2023,1016

= 1026,4670(kg)

Lng nha tn tht khi ly tm l: 1026,4670 1016,2023 = 10,2647 (kg)

Do tn tht trong qu trnh x l tch VCM l 0,3% nn lng nha thu c

trc khi x l l:

3,0100

100*4670,1026

= 1029,5557(kg) Lng nha tn tht trong qu trnh x l tch VCM

1029,5557 1026,4670 = 3,0887 (kg)

Do tn tht sau khi trng hp trc khi qua x l ng i vi nha l 0,1% nn

lng nha thu c sau trng hp:

1,0100

100*5557,1029

= 1030,5863(kg)

Long nha tn tht sau khi trng hp trc khi qua x l

1030,5863 1029,5557 = 1,0306 (kg)

Vy tng lng nha kh tuyt i tn tht trong sut qu trnh sn xut

1030,5863 997 = 33,5867 (kg)

Lng VCM cn thit sn xut ra mt tn PVC sn phm l:

015,00345,0100

100*5863,1030

++ =1030,0764 (kg) Do hiu sut phn ng chuyn ha VCM thnh PVC l 87% nn lng VCM thc

t cn phi c:

87

100*5863,1030

=1184,5820 (kg)

Lng VCM khng tham gia phn ng l :

1184,5820 1030,5863 = 153,9957 (kg)

Do tn tht trong qu trnh phn ng l 0,15% nn lng VCM cn c l:



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15,0100

100*5820,1184

= 1186,3615 (kg)

Lng VCM tn tht trong qu trnh phn ng l:

1186,3615 1184,5820 = 1,7795 (kg) Do tn tht trong qu trnh chun b nguyn liu VCM l 0,2% nn lng VCM

thc t s dng

2,0100

100*3615,1186

= 1188,7390 (kg)

Lng VCM tn tht trong qu trnh chun b nguyn liu

1188,7390 1186,3615 = 2,3775 (kg)

Lng VCM 99,96% thc t cn sn xut l:

96,99

100*7390,1188

= 1189,2147 (kg)

Khi lng cc ph gia tham gia vo qu trnh phn ng

MAG-1 =1000000

5820,1184*556= 0,6586(kg)

MAG-2=1000000

5820,1184*283=0,3352 (kg)

MAD-3 =1000000

5820,1184*40= 0,0547kg)

MAD-5 =1000000

5820,1184*20= 0,0237 (kg)

MCat-19 =1000000

5820,1184*345= 0,4087 (kg)

MCat-29 =1000000

5820,1184*150= 0,1777 (kg)

Nhng do tn tht trong qu trnh chun b nguyn liu i vi cc ph gia l 0,1%

nn khi lng thc t ca cc ph gia cn chun b cho mt tn sn phm l

MAG-1 = 1,0100100*6586,0

=0,6592(kg)

MAG-2 = 1,0100100*3352,0

=0,3355(kg)

MAD-3 = 1,0100100*0547,0

= 0.0548(kg)



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MAD-5 = 1,0100100*0237,0

= 0,0237 (kg)

MCat-19 = 1,0100100*4087,0

= 0,4091 (kg)

MCat-29 = 1,0100100*1777,0

= 0,1779 (kg)

Trong cc ph gia s dng ngoi cht khi u (Cat-19, Cat-21) v AD-5

trng thi nh tng. Cn Agent-1, Agent- 2 v AD-1 dng rn, nn trc khi cho

vo hn hp phn ng c ha tan trong nc to dung dch vi Agent-1 c nng

7%, Agent-2 c nng 5%, cn AD-5 ha chung vi NaOH theo t l 4/3 thu

c dung dich c nng 10%.

Lng nc dng ha tan Agent-1 to dung dich c nng 7%

7

)7100(*6592,0 = 8,7579 (kg)

Lng nc dng ha tan Agent-2 to dung dch c nng 5%

5

)5100(*3355,0 = 6,3745 (kg)

Lng NaOH dng ha tan cng vi AD-5

3

4*0237,0 = 0,0316 (kg)

Lng nc dng ha tan AD-5 v NaOH to dung dch c nng 10%

10

)10100(*0316,0 = 0,2844 (kg)

Ta c :

Khi lng ring ca VCM l 899 kg/m3 nhit phn ng l 58 oC

Khi lng ring ca PVC l 1400 kg/m3

Do khi phn ng trng hp VCM thnh PVC xy ra th s gy ra hin tng

gim th tch trong ni phn ng

gim th tch trong mt tn PVC c tnh theo cng thc sau

41,01400

1

899

15.59

11=

=

= xxMV

PVCVCM

VCMgiam

(m3)



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Nh vy, ta cn phi b sung thm mt lng nc l 0,41 m 3 vo trong qu

trnh phn ng m bo gi tr H/D khng i (H: chiu cao ct cht lng trong

thit b, D:ng knh thit b).

Khi lng nc b sung: MH2O = Vgim * = 0,4100 * 1000 = 410 (kg) Theo l thuyt th lng nc ly vo bng vi lng VCM ban u nn ta c

Mnc = 1189,2147 (kg)

Tng lng nc dng trong qu trnh phn ng

Mnc = 410 + 1189,2147 = 1599,2147 (kg)

Lng nc thc t cho vo ni phn ng lc u

Mnc = 1599,2147 (8,7579 + 6,3745 + 0,2844) = 1583,7979 (kg) Ta c tinh khit ca VCM l 99.96%, do cn li 0.04% l tp cht v i ra

theo nc nn khi lng ca 0.04% tp cht ny l

Mtp cht =100

04,0*5863,1030= 0,4122 (kg)

Khi lng nc i ra

Mnc = 1599,2147 + 0,4122 - 3 = 1596,6269 (kg)

Trong 3 kg l khi lng nc cn d li trong nha.

Bng 4.3: Bng cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phmSTT Tn nguyn u vo (kg) u ra (kg)



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liu Lng vo Tham gia Lng ra Tn hao1 VCM 1189,2147 1030,5863 154,4714 4,1570

2 H2O 1599,2147 3 1596,2147 0

3 NaOH 0,0316 0 0,0316 0

4 AG-1 0,6592 0 0,6586 0,00065 AG-2 0,3355 0 0,3552 0,0003

6 AD-3 0,0548 0,0547 0 0,0001

7 AD-5 0,0237 0,0237 0 0

8 Cat-19 0,4091 0,4087 0 0.0004

9 Cat-29 0,1779 0,1777 0 0,0002

10 PVC 0 0 1000 33,5867

11 Tng cng 2790,1212 1034,2511 2751,7315 37,7453Ta nhn vi bng Bng 4.3 vi h s 12,0773 tn/gi) ta c:

Bng 4.4: Bng cn bng vt cht cho mt gi sn xut:

STTTn nguyn

liu

u vo (kg) u ra (kg)

Lng vo Tham gia Lng ra Tn hao

1 VCM 14362,5 12446,7 1865,597 50,20534

2 H2O 19314,2 36,2319 19277,96 0

3 NaOH 0,381643 0 0,381643 0

4 AG-1 7,961356 0 7,95411 0,007246

5 AG-2 4,051934 0 4,289857 0,003623

6 AD-3 0,661836 0,660628 0 0,001208

7 AD-5 0,286232 0,286232 0 0

8 Cat-19 4,940823 4,935993 0 0,004831

9 Cat-29 2,148552 2,146136 0 0,002415

10 PVC 0 0 12077,3 405,6367

11 Tng cng 33697,13 12490,96 33233,49 455,8613

Bng IV.5: Bng cn bng vt cht cho 1 chu k sn xut

(Ta nhn bng cn bng vt cht 1 gi sn xut vi h s 7,6667 gi)

STTTn nguyn

liu

u vo (kg) u ra (kg)

Lng vo Tham gia Lng ra Tn hao

1 VCM 110113 95425,11 14302,97 384,9093

2 H2O 148076,2 277,7791 147798,3 03 NaOH 2,925942 0 2,925942 0



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4 AG-1 61,03733 0 60,98178 0,0555535 AG-2 31,06496 0 32,88905 0,0277766 AD-3 5,074098 5,064837 0 0,0092617 AD-5 2,194455 2,194455 0 0

8 Cat-19 37,87981 37,84278 0 0,0370389 Cat-29 16,4723 16,45378 0 0,01851510 PVC 0 0 92593,04 3109,89511 Tng cng 258345,8 95764,45 254791,1 3494,952

Bng 4.6: Bng cn bng vt cht cho 1000000 tn PVC

( Ta ly bng cn bng vt cht cho 1 tn sn phm nhn vi h s 100000)

STT Tn nguyn

liu

u vo (kg) u ra (kg)Lng vo Tham gia Lng ra Tn hao

1 VCM 118921470 103058630 15447140 4157002 H2O 159921470 300000 159621470 03 NaOH 3160 0 3160 04 AG-1 65920 0 65860 605 AG-2 33550 0 35520 306 AD-3 5480 5470 0 107 AD-5 2370 2370 0 08 Cat-19 40910 40870 0 409 Cat-29 17790 17770 0 2010 PVC 0 0 100000000 3358670

11 Tng cng 279012120 103425110 275173150 37745304.2. Tnh ton thit b chnh.

4.2.1. Tnh th tch ca nguyn liu trong mt chu k sn xut .

Th tch ca VCM trong mt chu k sn xut c tnh theo cng thc sau:

VCM =PVCM

mVCM=

899

00,110113= 122,484 m3

C 1000 kg bt PVC th cn mt lng nc l: 14362,50 kg (lng nc ly

bng lng VCM tham gia ban u)

Vy sn xut c lng nha PVC trong mt chu k sn xut (110113) th

cn lng nc:

MH2O=1000

00,110113*2147,1189= 130947,9983 kg

Th tch nc cn dng l

VH2O= OpHOmH

2

2=

1000

9983,130947= 130,948 m3

Ta c khi lng ring cc ph gia thm vo trong qu trnh phn ng l:



52/68


AG-1 = 1,21x103 kg/m3 v AG-2 = (1,191,3)x103 kg/m3

AD-3 = 1000 kg/m3 , Cat-19 = 990 kg/m3 v Cat-21 = 942 kg/m3

Do AG-1 v AG-2 c ha tan trong nc vi nng thp nn ta c th cho

khi lng ring ca AG-1 bng khi lng ring ca AG-2 l 1200 kg/m3

Th tch ca cc thnh phn ph gia

VAG-1= 1-pAG1mAG

=1200

0373,61=0,005 m3

VAG-2= 22

pAG

mAG=

1200

0649,31= 0,026 m3

VAD-3= 33

pAD

mAD=

1000

0741,5= 0,005 m3

VCAT-19= 1919

pCAT

mCAT=

990

8798,37= 0,038 m3

VCAT-29 = 1919

pCAT

mCAT=

942

4723,16= 0,017 m3

Tng th tch ca nguyn liu ban u

V nl = VVCM + Vnc + V AG-1 + V AG-2 + V AD-3 + V Cat-1 + V Cat-2

=122,484 + 130,948 + 0,005 + 0,026 + 0,005 + 0,038 + 0,017 =253,613 m 3

Tnh th tch ca thit b phn ng (Vtb)Th tch thit b c tnh theo cng thc sau:

nl

tb

VV =

Vi l h s y ca thit b phn ng v 0,6 0,7

Ta chn = 0,65

Th tch ca thit b phn ng l

Vtb = 65,0613,253

= 390,174 m3

4.2.2. Tnh chiu cao v ng knh thit b phn ng.

Chn loi thit b c thn hnh tr, y v np c hnh dng elip. Trn np thit b

c gng thit b ngng t dng ng chm, cnh khuy c gn pha di y thit

b .

Ta c cng thc tnh th tch ca thit b nh sau:



53/68


32

2..

3

2.2.

2.

+

=

DH

DVtb (1)

Vi D ng knh ca thit b (m)

H chiu cao ca thn hnh tr (m)h chiu cao ca y v np thit b

Ta chn thit b phn ng c t s

D

H= 1,4 ; h =

4

D

Thay H = 1,4.D vo phng trnh (1) ta c

V tb = 1,44

*4,1 3D+

8*3

*4,1*4 3D=1,623D3

D =

623,1

174,3903

1

= 6,22 (m)

Suy ra:

Chiu cao ca thn thit b hnh tr

H = 1,4.D = 1,4 . 6,22 = 8,708 (m)

Chiu cao phn li ca np v y thit b

h = 4D

= 422,6

= 1,555 m

Chiu cao ca thit b phn ng l

Htb = H + 2.h = 8,708 + 2.1,555 =11,818 (m)

Vi chiu cao v ng knh ca thit b nh trn th ta kh ch to c thit

b v kh khn trong qu trnh lp t, do ta chn 4 thit b phn ng.

Th tch ca mi thit b phn ng l

Vtb =4174,390 = 97,543 m3

ng knh ca mt thit b phn ng

Dtb =

623,1

543,973

1

= 3,917 m D (m) Qui chun D = 4 m

Chiu cao thn hnh tr ca thit b

Ht = 1,4.D = 1,4.4 = 5,6 (m)

Chiu cao phn li ca np v y thit b



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h =4

D=4

4= 1 (m)

4.2.3. Tnh chiu dy thit b phn ng .

4.2.3.1. Tnh chiu dy thn thit b.

Thit b c thn hnh tr, cc chi tit c hn vi nhau, lm vic chu p sut

cao.

Do ta chn vt liu l thp khng g, c bn ha hc v bn c nhit.

l thp X18H10T.

Lu :-ng hn cng ngn cng tt.

-Ch hn gip mi.

-B tr cc ng dc cch nhau t nht l 100 mm.-Hn v tr d quan st.

-Khng khoan l qua mi hn.

Theo cng thc XIII.8 [STQTTB.T2 - Trang 360], chiu dy thn hnh tr l:

CP

PDS t +

=

..2

.

Trong :

Dt : l ng knh trong ca thit b D t = 4 (m) : h s bn ca thnh hnh tr theo phng dc

C : h s b sung do n mn, bo mn v dung sai v chiu dy, (m) .

P - p sut bn trong thit b, N/m2

Theo bng XII.4 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 309 310 ] thp X18H10T c :

Chiu dy tm thp 30 50 mm.

Gii hn bn ca thp ta c:

k = 550.106 N/m2 (gii hn bn khi ko)

ch= 220.106 N/m2 ( gii hn bn chy)

Theo cng thc XIII.1 -2 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 355 ] ng sut cho php ca thp

theo gii hn bn c xc nh nh sau:

[ ]

.k

k

kn

= N/m2

[ ]

.ch

ch

chn= N/m2



55/68


Vi nk, nch : h s an ton theo gii hn bn ko v gii hn chy

: h s iu chnh

Tra bng XIII.2,3 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 356 ].

nk = 2,6nc = 1,5

= 0,9

Vy: [K]=6,2

10*550 6

*0,9 = 190,385*106 N/m3

[CH]=5,1

10*220 6

*0,9 = 132*106 N/m3

Ta ly gi tr b hn trong hai kt qu va tnh c ca ng sut tnh ton

tip.

Ly = 132.106 N/m2.

: ph thuc vo phng php hn v ng knh.

Tra bng XIII.8 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 362 ], chn = 0,9.

i lng b sung:

C = C1 + C2 + C3 (m).

Trong :C1- B sung do n mn, xut pht t iu kin n mn ca mi trng v

thi gian lm vic ca thit b. i vi vt liu rt bn, ta c th ly C 1 = 1 mm ( tnh

theo thi gian lm vic t 15 20nm).

C2 - i lng b sung do hao mn, i lng ny c chn theo thc

nghim. Chn C2 = 0.

C3 - i lng b sung do dung sai ca chiu dy, ly 0,8 mm

Nh vy:

C = 1 + 0,8 = 1,8 mm.

Do mi trng ca ta l hn hp hi (kh) - lng. Nn p sut lm vic (P)

bng tng ca p sut hi ( Pmt = 8,6 kg/cm2 ) v p sut thy tnh P1 ca ct cht

lng.

Theo cng thc XIII.10 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 360 ] p sut thy tnh ca ct

cht lng c xc nh nh sau :P1 = g.1.H1 N/m2



56/68


57/68


50248,1339,0.10*57,891

10.132.

3

6

>==

Pnn thun tin cho qu trnh tnh ton

ta b qua gi tr ca i lng P mu s ca phng trnh trn

Suy ra:

[ ]0168,010.8,1

9,0.10.132.2

10*57,881.4

.2

. 36

3

=+=+= CPD

St

(m)

Quy chun ly S = 17 (mm)

Kim tra ng sut ca thnh thit b theo p sut th thy lc bng cng thc

XIII.26 [STQTTB.T2 Trang 365 ].

( )( )

2/

2,1.2

.mN

CS

PCSD chot

+= XIII.26 [STQTTB.T2-Trang 365]

Trong : Po l p sut th tnh ton. Po c xc nh theo cng thc:

1thoPPP += N/m2

Vi:

P1 = 0,544.105 N/m2

Pth - p sut th thy lc ly theo bng XIII.5 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 358 ]

5,111446210*57,891.25,1.25,1 3 === PPth N/m2.

5,116886210.544,05,1114462 5 =+=oP N/m2.

( )[ ]( )

6

6

6

6

10.333,1832,1

10.220

2,110.814,128

10.814,1289,0.0018,0017,0.2

5,1168862.0018,0017,03

===

=

+=

ch

Tha mn iu kin ca biu thc trn nn ta chn gi tr chiu dy ca thn

hnh tr thit b l S = 17 mm

4.2.3.2. Tnh y v np thit b.

y v np c ch to cng loi vt liu vi thn ( X18H10T ) v c ni

vi thn theo phng php hn.

p dng cng thc XIII.47 [ STQTTB.T2 - trang 385 ] chiu dy y v np

l :



58/68


[ ]C

h

D

Pk

PDS

b

t

hk

t+

=

2.

...8,3

.

(m) [2]

Trong :

hb - chiu cao phn li ca y, hb = 1 m.h - h s bn ca mi hn hng tm.

Theo bng XIII.8 [ STQTTB.T2 - Trang 362 ]. Chn h = 0,9.

k- h s khng th nguyn,tD

dk =1 .

y:

d - ng knh ln nht ca l khng tng cng. i vi y v np c

l tng cng hon ton th k = 1.

Xt[ ]

50248,13310.57,891

9,0.1.10.132..

3

6

>== kP

. Nn b qua gi tr P mu ca

cng thc [2].

[ ]0176,00018,0

1*2*9,0*10*132*8,3

10*57,891*4

2.

...8,3

.6

32

=+=+= Ch

D

k

PDS

b

tt

(m)

Ta c 10 < S C < 20 do b sung i lng C thm 1 mm, nn S = 0,0186

m

Quy chun S = 0,019 (m) = 19 mm

Kim tra ng sut thnh ca y v np thit b theo p sut th thy lc

bng cng thc : XIII.49 [ ST.2 - Trang 386 ].

( )( )

6

2

10.333,1832,1....6,7

...2=

+=

ch

bh

obt

CShk

PCShD

( )[ ]( )

662

10*333,18310*3,1590018,0019,0*1*9,0*6,7

5,1168862*0018,0019,0*1*24=

+=

Tha mn iu kin trn. Vy ta chn chiu dy thp ca y v np l

S = 19mm.

4.3. Tnh chiu dy v o thit b.

Chiu cao ca thn v o ly cao hn chiu cao cht lng trong thn thit b 0,2

m.



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Nh vy chiu cao ca v o l:

Chiu cao cht lng trong thn H = 2,704 m

Hvo = H + 0,2 = 2,704 + 0,2 = 2,904 (m) Quy chun Hvo = 3 m

Thnh trong ca v o cch thnh ngoi thit b l: 0,24 (m)

4.3.1. Tnh chiu dy thn v o .

Chiu dy v bc thn hnh tr c xc nh theo cng thc:

CP

PDS T +

=

]..[2

.(m) [3]

Trong :

DT - l ng knh trong v o.

174,407,0.2017,0.24 =++=TD m Quy chun DT = 4,2 m

= 132.106 N/m2

= 0,9

P - p sut lm vic ca v o, y ta dng tc nhn gia nhit cho ni phn

ng l nc nng c nhit t = 90 oC. Tng ng ta c p sut P = 9,811.104 N/m2.

Xt gi tr 507,16949,0.

10.701,0

10.132.

5

6

>==

P

c , nn thun tin cho qu

trnh tnh ton ta b qua gi tr P mu ca cng thc [3].

00285,000112,09,0.10.132.2

10.811,9.2,46

4

=+=S (m) Quy chun S = 0,003 m

Kim tra ng sut thnh v o theo p sut th thy lc bng cng thc XIII.26

[STQTTB.T2 Trang 365 ].

( )[ ]

( )

610.333,183

2,1..2

.=

+=

coT

CS

PCSD

Vi 54 10.472,110.81,9.5,1.5,1 === PPo N/m2.

( )[ ]( )

66

5

10.333,1832,1

10.777,1829,0.00112,0003,0.2

10.472,1.00112,0003,02,4==

+= c

Vy tha mn iu kin. Nh vy chiu dy thp ca v o S = 3 mm



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4.3.2 Tnh chiu dy y ca v o .

Theo cng thc XIII.47 [ STQTTB.T2 - trang 385 ], chiu dy y v o l:

[ ]C

h

D

Pk

PDS

b

TT +

=1

.2.

...8,3

.

(m) [4]

Trong :

hb1 l chiu cao phn lm ca y v o:

05,14

2,4

41 ===

T

b

Dh (m)

Xt gi tr 507,16949,0.10.701,0

10.132.

5

6

>==

P

c , nn thun tin cho qu

trnh tnh ton ta b qua gi tr P mu ca cng thc [ 4 ].

Nh vy:

00327,000118,005,1*2*9,0*10.132*8,3

2,3*10*472,1*2,46

5

=+=S (m)

S = 3 mm (0,003 m)

Kim tra ng sut thnh ca y v o theo p sut th thy lc bng cng

thc XIII.26 [STQTTB.T2 Trang 365 ].

( )( )

6

1

1

2

10.333,1832,1...6,7

...2 =+= k

b

obT

CShPCShD

( )[ ]( )

66

52

10.333,1832,1

10.396,181

9,0.00118,0003,0.05,1.6,7

10.472,1.00118,0003,0.05,1.22,4

==

+=

k

Tha mn iu kin, nhng ta c S C < 10 mm, do tng b dy y v o

ln 2 mm

Nh vy vi chiu dy y v o S = 5 mm l tha mn. Vy S = 0,005 m

4.4. Tnh bch cho thit b chnh.

4.4.1. Bch ni thn thit b vi np.

Bng 4.7: Bng s liu bch ni thn thit b vi np



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Kch thc ni (mm) BulngDt D Db D1 Do h db Z (ci)

3800 4000 3920 3870 4019 50 M36 68

4.4.2 Bch ni thn thit b vi v o.Bng 4.8: Bng s liu bch ni thn thit b vi v o

Kch thc ni (mm) BulngDt D Db D1 Do h d

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