6/25/20111 Khi qut Nhit k thy tinh Nhit p k Nhit k in tr Nhit k
nhit in S dng nhit kChng 2: o nhit Nhit l g?- i lng vt l, c trng
cho trng thi nhit -mc nng ca vt- L i lng lm c s so snh, nh gi mc
nng ca vt ny so vi vt khc Thang o nhit - Celcius: 0C- Kelvin: K-
Fahrenheit:0F- Rankin: 0R1 - Khi qut Mi lin h gia cc thang o nhit
Theo lnh vc o nhit :- Nhit thp t s 00C- Nhit trung bnh 00C < t s
1800C- Nhit cao t > 1800C o nhit 1 - Khi qut15 , 273 ) ( ) (0+ =
C t K T32 ) (59) (0 0+ = C t F tF67 , 491 ) (59) (0 0+ = C t R tR
Phn loi phng tin o nhit Da vo cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca dngc o- Gin
n, bin i p sut ca cht cm nhit haydatrnsthay i th tch, kchthccavtcm
bin nhit k cht lng; nhit p k; nhitk c hc- Bin i in tr cakim loi,
bndn nhitk in tr1 - Khi qut6/25/20112 Phn loi phng tin o nhit -
Datrnhiu ngnhit in nhitknhitin hay cp nhit in- Nhit k in t - s dng
u d (sensor) int: diode, transitor, IC- Bin i cng bc x ca vt nng
nhit cao nhit k bc x hay ha k- Nhitk sdng cmbinthchanh, nhitksng m,
kh ng.1 - Khi qut S dng o nhit : -200oC 750oCDavosginnv
nhitcachtlng trongnhit k: Vt= V0(1 + bt) Cu to2 - Nhit k thy tinh
cht lng4321 Nhit k thy tinhNhit k phng th nghim- Khc trc tip trn v
thy tinh- Thy tinh trong sut hn- Tit din ngthy
tinhbntrongnh,thonNhit k k thut- Khc trn giy lt vo v thy tinh- Thy
tinh khng trong sut2 - Nhit k thy tinh cht lng u im- n gin, chnh xc
tng i cao- Khng cn thit b h tr- Khng cn nng lng hot ng Nhc im- D v,
d nhe, c ti ch.- Qun tnh nhit ln- Khng t ghi kt qu, truyn kt qu i
xa2 - Nhit k thy tinh cht lng6/25/20113 Cu to3 - Nhit p k Cu to: ty
thuc vo kt cu ng n hi- ng n hi mt vng- ng n hi nhiu vng3 - Nhit p k
u im- Cu to n gin, bn c hc- C th t ng ghi kt qu- C kh nng n nh rung
Nhc im:- chnh xc khng cao- C th truyn kt qu o i xa (khong 20m)3 -
Nhit p k S dng o nhit : -185oC 550oCDa vo s gin n chiu di ca hai vt
rn c hs gin n v nhit khc nhau- Hai vt rn c lp nhau: nhit k
dilatomet- Thanh lng kim: nhit k lng kim4 - Nhit k c hc6/25/20114 S
dng o nhit :Da trn s bin i in tr ca vt do s bini nhit ca n gy nn.S
bin i in tr ph thuc vo nhit ct trng bng biu thc sauRt= R0(1+ot.t)5
- Nhit k in trNhit kin trChuyni s cpThit bo th cpBphncmbin:
phntcmbin; chtcchin; v bo v nhit k.- Phn t cm bin: kim loi v bn dn-
Vt liucch in: Cch in; bn c hc; chunhit tt- Vt liu lm v bo v: bn c
hc; khng thmnc; dn nhit tt; nh; khng gy tc hi hahc vi vt liu phn t
cm bin5 - Nhit k in trYu cu phn t cm bin nhit + Tinh khit, bn ha
hc+ Khng thay i tnh cht vt l+ Khi t nng khng b oxyhoa.+ H s nhit in
tr ln+ Quan h tuyn tnh unhc im SVthamkhogio trnh5.1 - Nhit k in tr
kimloi H s dn nhit cao: Oxit mangan; Oxitng; Oxit Coban.(gim 3%/) H
s nhit ca in tr ln v in trsut cao: nhit k in tr bn dn c kchthc nh
gn Mi lin h gia in tr v bin i nhit theo quy lut phi tuyn tnh (hm m)
u nhc im SV tham kho gio trnh5.2 - Nhit k in tr bn dn6/25/201155.2
- Nhit k in tr bn dn o nhit bng nhit k in tr phi xcnh
intrcaphntcmbinnhit:+ Phng php dng von k ampe k+ Phng php dng mch
cu+ Phng php Lgomet+ phng php b5.3 Mcho Mch o dng volt ke
ampeke:5.3 MchoI = constRd1Rd2Rd3Rd4Rt OD V Dng mch cu cn bng5.3
MchoCBKoCRtRdItCR1R2D BANR3I2I1I3II06/25/20116 Nguynl: onhit
bngcpnhit in,da trn c s ca hiu ng nhit in S nguyn l cp nhit in:6 -
Nhit k nhit inA B12 3A B21 S mch o:6 - Nhit k nhit inA
B123A21TBTB43t0t tt0a b Yu cu vt liu:- Sut in ng cao, quan h vi
nhit : tuyntnh- Tnh cht nhit in n nh- Thnh phn ng nht- Bn ha hc
nhit cao- Dn in tt- C th thay th c6 - Nhit k nhit in Cc loi nhit k
nhit in hay gp:6 - Nhit k nhit inLoiVt liu lm cp nhitinKhong
o(oC)Nhit ti a (oC)T ng/Constantan -200 400 400J St/Constantan -200
700 900E Chromel/Constantan -100 700 900K Chromel/Alumel -200 1250
1300SPlatin/(90%Platin + 10%Rodi0 1300
1600B(70%Platin+30%Rodi)/(94%Platin+6%Rodi)300 1600 18006/25/20117
Phng php o nhit :6 - Nhit k nhit inabtt0Thit b ot0TBT1T2TN...Cng tc
chuyn mch Nguyn nhn gy sai s khi o+ Do nhit u t do ca cp nhit
inkhng n nh hoc khc vi nhit u t do khi khc .+ Do s thay i in tr
trong mch o dn nsai s khi o bng thit b o th cp.+ Do v tr v cch lp t
nhit k nhit inkhng ng yu cu k thut6 - Nhit k nhit in o theo phng
php tip xc+ Dng c o theo phng php tip xc: nhitk chtlng, nhitk
intrvnhitk nhitin.+ Dng c o nhit theo phng php khngtip xc: nhit k
bc x hay cn gi l ha k7 S dng nhit ka) b) c)d) e) f) Khi qut p k thy
tnh p k c hc p k pittong p k in Cc loi p k khcChng 3: o p
sut6/25/20118 p sut l g?i lng vt l, biu th lc tc dng ln mt nv din
tch.p sut c th phn b ng u hockhng ng u ln b mt chu lc Trnghp lc phn
b ng u1 khi qutSFp = Cc dng p sut+ p sut kh quyn+ p sut tuyt i+ p
sut d+ p sut chn khng+ chn khng:+ Hiu p sut p sut vi sai1 khi qut%
100 .BPDCK= Mi quan h gia cc p sut1 khi qutBie u die n a p sua t d
Bie u die n a p sua t cha n kho ng Pt = 0 Pt = 0Pkq = 1 (theo a p
sua t tuye t o i)Pkq = 1 (theo a p sua t tuye t o i)Pkq = 0 (theo a
p sua t d)Pd PtPtPckPkq = 0 (theo a p cha n kho ng)Pt > PkqPt
< Pkq n v o p sut+ Theo SI: pascal Pa (1Pa = 1N/m2)+ Atmtphe k
thut at1at=1kg/cm2 =735,5mmHg = 9,81.104 Pa=10mH2O+ Atmtphe vt l
atm; 1atm = 760mmHg=10,33mH2O+ Tor; 1Tor = 1mmHg = 1133.322 Pa=
13,595.10-4 kg/cm2+ Bar, 1bar = 105pa = 750mmhg+ PSI (n v s dng h
Anh, M), 1PSI = 0,07 at1 khi qut6/25/20119 Phn loi dng c o p sut-
Theo dng p sut cn o:p k chuyn dng:+ Baromet: o p sut kh quyn+ Chn
khng k - p k chn khng+ Manomet: o p sut dp k a chc nng:+ p k o p
sut tuyt i t 0+ Manomet chn khng+ p k vi sai, micromanomet1 khi qut
Phn loi dng c o p sut- Theo nguyn l hot ng+ p k thy tnh+ p k c hc+
p k pittong+ p k in1 khi qut Nguyn l hot ngTheonguyntc psut thy
tnh. Cht lngthngdng: nc, thy ngn hoc ruPhn loi+p k ch U manomet ch
U+Vi p k+Baromet thy ngn u nhc im+n gin, r tin, chnh xc kh cao+Cng
knh, d v+Khng cho php o c p sut cao2 p k thy tnhCu to - nguyn l hot
ng2.1 p k cht lng ch UPoPkqh6/25/201110 u imn gin, c th o p sut ti
khong 200KPa ty thuc vo bn ng thy tinh v kn ca hthngNhc imPhi
cchiucaomcchtlng ti hainhnhca p k, t xc nh chnh ct lng.C hai nhnh u
t thng ngnnkhi chnh p sut ln th ct cht lng s dng rt cao,ng p k phi
di2.1 p k cht lng ch UCu to - nguyn l hot ng2.2 Vi p
khPoPkqPolhPkqCu to - nguyn l hot ng2.3 Baromet thy ngnPChn khng
tuyt iChn khng tuyt i Nguyn l hot ngDa theo s bin dng c hc ca cc
phn tn hi di tc dng ca p lc. V vy, p k chc cn c gi l p k n hi Phn
loi+ p k ng n hi+ p k mng n hi+ p k xiphong3 p k c hc (n
hi)6/25/201111 p k ng n hi mtvng Nhc imThngxy ras nhitr.Mt khc gc m
do n hica ng mt vng thng nh(7 80)nn i hi phi c ccu truynng nhy
quakim ch th3.1 p k ng n hi p k ng n hinhiu vngS vng xon 2 9; gcm u
t do c th n540; nn kimch thquaymt gcrngtrnthang o.3.1 p k ng n hi
Phn t n hi c s dng l cc vt liu nhi nh: vi, tm cao su, thp, ng
thau,Mng n hi: mng phng, mng gn sng, mng n hi c l xo, mng hp n, mng
hpkp.3.2 p k mng n hi Cu to3.2 p k mng n hi6/25/201112 u imt b nh
hng bi va p, mi trng n mnha hc Nhc im- Kch thc mng ln- Qu ti c s
bin dng d- Saislnkhinhit mitrng xungquanhcao- chnh xc khng cao3.2 p
k mng n hi p k xiphong kim ch th p k xiphong t ghi3.3 p k
xiphongNguyn l:Davoscnbng lctorabi psut o,vi trnglngvt i
trngvcapittng ttrong xilanh.Tr s p sut c xc nh bi khi lng cavt i
trngvpittngvi dintchhiudngca pittng4 p k pittongFGFG GP =+=2 14 p k
pittong Cu to6/25/201113 Nguyn lHot ngdatrnnguynlbin i intr. p sut
bin i lm in tr thay i Phn loi+ p k bin tr+ p k in tr lc cng (p k
Tenzo)+ p k p in5 p k inp k bin tr hot ng da vo tnh cht thayi in tr
ca mt s vt liu di tc dng cap sut.Vt liuthngdng: cht bndn,
maganin,constantan, vonfram, nikel, crom, bchkim,Thc t hay dng
mangan.Khi p sut thay i, in tr ca maganin cngbin i theo mi quan h
sau.5.1 p k bin tr) . 1 .(0P K R Rp+ = Cu to5.1 p k bin trUNPNguyn
lp k in tr lc cng l dng c o p sut hotng trn c s hiu ng Tenzo.Hiu ng
Tenzo: khi dy dn b bin dng c hcth in tr ca n cng thay i.S bin i in
tr theo hiu ng Tenzo cn gil bin i in tr lc cng5.2 p k in tr lc
cng6/25/201114Cu to s mch o5.2 p k in tr lc cngRTKURBP12R1R2RtURABo
hien th ket quaPhn t cm bin o p sut cao5.2 p k in tr lc
cngRT1RT1RB1RB2RT2PYu cu in tr lc cng+ Vt liu ch to phi c nhy cao.+
H s nhit gin n chiu di nh.+ Vt liu l dy in tr phi c in tr sut ln.+
Cn phi b nhit trong mch o.5.2 p k in tr lc cngNguyn tc hot ng:Dahiu
ngPIEZO-Tcdnglcchcvo vt liu, trn b mt vt liuxut hin intch, cn bn
trong xy ra s phn cc, v ngcli.Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng p in mt s
loi vt liu: tinh th thch anh, mui st,bari titanat5.3 p k p
in6/25/201115Cu to p k p in thch anh.5.3 p k p in u imkhng b tr,
thun li o p sut bin i nhanh Nhc imbindngcc phntp inrt nh(khong vi
micrmt)t p dng cho vic o p sut tnh.Khc kh5.3 p k p in Sinh vin
thamkho gio trnh6 Cc loi p k khc Chn p k ph hp- Mc p sut cn o.- Tnh
cht l, ha ca mi trng cn o. Ch cc iu kin; yu t dn n sai sh thng- Cu
to ca phn t tip nhn.- Cch lp t p k.7 Cch s dng p k6/25/201116 V tr,
cu to ca phn t tip nhn c khc nhauph thuc vo loi p sut p sut tnh-
psut oti mt imtrongdngluchtkhng b kch ng.- Phn t tip nhn phi dch
chuyn theo hngdng lu cht, vi vn tc bng vn tc dng chy.7.1 Cu to; v
tr lp t phn ttip nhnYu cu v tr, cu to lp t- Khoan l mbo trc lvung
gc hng dng chy- ng knh l tip nhnkhng nn qu ln+ Vi kh: d s 1,5mm+ Vi
lng: d = 2 4mm- B mt khoan l v thnhng phi phng phiu7.1 Cu to; v tr
lp t phn ttip nhn psuttonphn(psuthm, psutim ti hn)7.1 Cu to; v tr
lp t phn ttip nhn im tip nhn p sut v p k nn b tr trnon ngthng-
phatrn, hochai bnthnh ng trnh gy tc ng dn p sut Khi o p sut lu cht
c nhit cao, vn tcln, h thng b rung, ng dn p nn un chUhoc xon li.
Trc p k phi lp van kha7.2Cch lp t p k6/25/201117 Khi qut Lu lng k
chnh p bin thin Lu lng k chnh p khng i o lu lng bng lu tc k Lu lng
k th tchChng 4: o lu lng Lu lng l g?- Lu lng khi lng- Lu lng th
tch- Lu lng mol Trng thi lu cht- Lu lng lng- Lu lng kh- Lu lng hi1
khi qut Phn loi lu lng k- Da vo chnh p bin thin- Da vo chnh p khng
i- Da vo vn tc dng chy- Da vo phng php th tch- Da vo c s nhit hc-
Da vo phng php, nguyn l c bit1 khi qutNguyn l:Da vo s gim tit lu t
ngt ca dng lu cht.Phngtin o:s kthpgiathitbtitlu vhiupk o
chnhlchpsuttrcvsautit lu.Cu to:2 lu lng k c chnhpbinthinChnh lch p
sutChnh lch p sutGin o p sutp CK Q A =4_2124|.|
\|=Ddg dKt6/25/201118 Phn loi thit b tit lu:- Thit b tit lu l
phn t cm bin ca lu lngk c chnh p bin thin.- Lu lng hiu p sut trc v
sau tit lu.- Hiu p sut ny c o bng hiu p k Ty vo cu to v v tr lp t,
thit b titlu c th c phn loi- Mng tit lu- Vi tit lu- ng tit lu2 lu
lng k c chnhpbinthinMng tit lu:Dng a mng, tit din tit lu hnh trnhoc
vin phn, cnh sc nhn2 lu lng k c chnhpbinthinng o p sutB phn ly muVi
tit lu: Vi tit lu l thit lu c tit din titluhnh trn nhng phn ming vo
c dng thuhp dn, phn gia c dng hnh tr2 lu lng k c chnhpbinthin ngtit
lu: Thngsdng ngVentury. ngVenturylthitb ctitdintitluhnhtrnnhngphn
mingvothuhpdn u, phngiacdnghnhtr, cnphnmingloehnhcn2 lu lng k c
chnhpbinthinu o p sut thpu o p sut cao6/25/201119 Nguyn l:- Dng
luchtchybaotrmquaphaohocconi v chng lun lun trng thi cn bng.- Khi
phaohoccon i chuyn ngth titdindng lu cht i qua s thay i.- Kt cu ca
s bin i tit din c tnh ton saocho m tit din vi lu lng ph thuc
tuyntnh+rotamet+ lu lng k phao+ lu lng k pittong3 lulngkc chnhpkhng
i Cu to Rotamet- Thng l ng mica hnhcn, con i bntrongcth dch chuyn
c.- Phao(con i) ccuto:aphng, hnhtr, nhngthng l hnh cn3 lulngkc
chnhpkhng i - Rotamet Hot ng Rotamet- Lu lng cng ln th coni cng c y
ln cao.- Khilc tc dngbidnglu cht cn bng vi trnglc ca con i th con
is t trng thi cn bng3 lulngkc chnhpkhng i - Rotamet Hot ng Rotamet-
Lulng cxc nhtheokhongcchdch chuyn ca con i.- Ti v tr cn bng3
lulngkc chnhpkhng i - Rotamet2 2 2_1274 , 14. dGdGFGP P P = = = =
At6/25/201120 Hot ng Rotamet- Lu lng qua rotamet c xc nh qua
cngthc3 lulngkc chnhpkhng i - Rotamet( ) s kg GdFP P F Qm/ , .. .
596 , 12 . .02 1 0pop o = =( ) s mGdFP P F Qv/ ,. . 596 , 1 2. .3
02 1 0popo = =- F0 l tit din sng gia thnh trong ca ngRotamet vi mp
ngoi ca con i titdinc ng knh dLu khi s dng rotamet:- Mi Rotamet ch
dng olulngchomt lu cht nht nh.- Khi lpRotamet vo h thng lun lun
phib tr dng lu cht chuyn ng t di ln.- Dng lu cht cn o lu lng phi
tng itrong sut c th nhn thy con i3 lulngkc chnhpkhng i - RotametS
th nghim kim nh rotamet:3 lulngkc chnhpkhng i - Rotamet1234 u im-
Kt cu n gin.- C th o c lu lng nh.- n gin v d dng khi o.- Khong o
tng i rng.- C th s dng olulng ca cclu cht ctnh cht ph hy mnhNhc im-
Khng thch hp olulng dng lucht nhit cao 1000C, p sut cao (>
0,50,6 MPa).- Khng cho php truyn kt qu o i xa.- D v3 lu lng k c
chnh p khng i -Rotamet6/25/201121 Nguyn tc hot ng- Lu lng c xc nh
da trn c s vn tcdng lu chtC th phn chia thnh ba loi chnh- o lu lng
bng lu tc k kiu tuabin.- o lu lng bng ng lu tc (ng o vn tc)- o lu
lng bng cc lu tc k khc4 olulngbnglutc k o lu lng bng lu tc k kiu
tuabin- Tuabin vi cnh thng, cong t trong dng chy- Vn tc vng quay ca
tuabin t l vi vn tc dngchy- Ph bin dng lutc k tuabin c b bin i scp
theo nguyn l cm ng in t4 o lu lng bng lu tc k12346 7 5u cm binCnh
qutKhung olululngbng nglutc(ngpitot)- o lu lng dng chy qua tit din
khng il xc nh vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy- Lu lng: Q = vtbF- Ti mt
im bt k trong dng chy4 o lu lng bng lu tckgvg PPTP22+ =( )t TPP Pv_
2= olululngbng nglutc(ngpitot)- i vi ngdnctitdinkhng i th psut tnh
vpsuttonphn hai imgnnhau thay i khng ng k C th gn pk ch U o p sut
ng4 o lu lng bng lu tc kd s 0,035D6/25/201122 o lu lu lng bng ng lu
tc k kiucm ng in t4 o lu lng bng lu tckKD1 2 3 4 5 6 o lu lu lng
dng phong tc k4 o lu lng bng lu tckLulngkthtchdng olulngchtlng c
nht n 3.10-4 m2/sLu lng k th tch c chnh xc tng icao- Lu lng k kiu
bung.- Lu lng k kiu pittng.- Lu lng k kiu bnh rng hnh van.- Lu lng
k kiu bnh xe ln.- Lu lng k dng bnh nh lng5 lu lng k th tch o lu lng
bng bnh nh lngKt cu n gin, chnh xc kh cao,thngdngkim nhphngphp
olulng khc- o lulng bng bnh nh lng trong hthng h- o lulng bng bnh
nh lng trong hthng kn5 lu lng k th tch6/25/201123 o lu lng bng bnh
nh lng trong h thngh5 lu lng k th tch65417II412 3I olulngbngbnh
nhlngtronghthng kn5 lu lng k th tch1234567 89I IILulng k bnh rng
hnhvan v bnh xeln5 lu lng k th tch 2 13 34 5 Khi qut o mc cht lng o
mc vt liu riChng 5: o mc cht lng vt liu ri6/25/201124 Mc k l dng c
o mc cht lng v vtliuri c sdngrngri trongsnxut, ch bin v vn chuyn
cht lngPhn loi theo nguyn l hot ng:- Mc k c hc: mc k phao ni, n hi-
Mc k thy tnh: mc k phao chm, p sut, plc.- Mc k in: mc k in dn, in
dung- Cc loi mc k khc: mc k ng v phng x,sng v tuyn v sng m1 khi qut
Phn loi dng c o mc vt liu riTheo mc ch s dng- Bo mc: bo mc trn hoc
bo di.- Thc thm liu- o mc lin tcTheo nguyn l hot ng-Theo nguyn l p
lc: mc k mng n hi,-Da trn c s ng dng nhng tnhcht in:mc k in dn v in
dung,1 khi qut Mc k c hc: da trn lc tc dng c hcca lu cht ln phn t
cm bino Mc k phao ni2 o mc cht lngMc k c hc: da trnlctcdngchccalu
cht ln phn t cmbino Mck phaochm:sthay i lc y lnphao. Lc y t l
visucaphaochmtrong mc cht lng2 o mc cht lng6/25/201125Mc k p lc: p
lc khng kh nn qua ng hc mt u nm trong mc cht lng bn cha2 o mc cht
lngMc k hiup k: dng o mccht lng nmtrong bnh h hoc chn khng2 o mc
cht lng- +m1hhPP( )mP Pgh =.1p t tnhca vt liu rikhc c tnh ca lu
cht.B mtvt liuri thngnhpnhph thuc votngtcgiaccht vmi lin kt gia cc
ht vthnh thit b chaMc k mng n hi3 o mc vt liu ri123Mc k tip xc c1 -
ti c in2 - phanh in3 rng rc r le4 ti trng5 - xenxin cm bin6 ng h th
cp7 B iu khin3 o mc vt liu ri6/25/201126H thng theo di x liu3 o mc
vt liu ri12 o mc bng cn3 o mc vt liu ri1234 o nng dung dch o pH o
khi lng ring o m o nht Phntch thnh phn hn hp khChng 6: o thnh phnhp
cht o khi lng ring bng lc y thy tnho khi lng ringaFGV . gCml mg =
p6/25/201127 o khi lng ring bng kh nno khi lng ring1 22 1APV2 1Kho
ng kh ne nHgHP A= p Cng thc xc nh nhto nhtS ) l / (FA A v A= u
Av/Al gradien vn tc, s-1. AS - din tch b mt lp phn b lc ma st
ni,m2. F lc ma st ni (N) n v o nht ng lc hc: Pa.s S dng cc n v nht
ng lc: Poa (P) cc s l Centipoa (cP), c lin h vi n v trongh SI:1P =
0,1Pa.s; 1cP = 1mPa.s Nht k mao dno nhtl312 Nht k bi rio
nht6/25/201128NameTitleNameTitleNameTitleNameTitleNameTitleNameTitleTeam
Organization
