Do Now 1. All living things are made of _______ 2. What is the nucleus important for? 3. What’s one fact about prokaryotes copyright cmassengale1

Do Now• 1. All living things are made of _______

• 2. What is the nucleus important for?

• 3. What’s one fact about prokaryotes

copyright cmassengale 1

Unit 3:Cells!


• When sound waves hit our eardrum, they set up vibrations that move into the inner ear, where millions of tiny hairs convert them into electrical impulses, which our brains interpret as sound. Loud sound can damage these hairs. If it's brief and not too loud, the hairs recover, but prolonged, loud sound kills the hairs. The more of them we lose, the less sound we can hear.



•1 in 6 teenagers already have permanent damage!


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Basic Structure of a Cell

copyright cmassengale

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Living Levels:

1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)

2.TISSUE (cells working together)

3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)

4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory

…)

5.ORGANISM


Robert Hooke, 1664• Monk• First to view cork cells under

his microscope

• Interesting story on Hook and Sir Issac Newton


What is a Cell?A CELL IS…• The smallest unit of LIFE• the smallest unit biologists study

Levels of Organization of living things:

CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM


What is an ORGANELLE?

• Cells have smaller parts inside them called ORGANELLES

• This means “LITTLE ORGAN.”

• They perform special functions for the cell to keep it (and the organism) alive

• ALL cells have organelles


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Which Cell Type is Which Cell Type is Larger?Larger?

Three Basic types of cells include:

_________ ___________ _________ Plant cell Animal cellBacteria

How many

organelles can you identify?

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Number of CellsNumber of CellsAlthough ALL living things are

made of cells, organisms may be:

• Unicellular – composed of one cell

• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.


Re-loop: What is the PURPOSE of all cells?

• The purpose of ALL cells is that they make PROTEINS!!!!!

• Proteins control almost everything in living organisms, so all organelles are working to help make them!

• Think of your cells as PROTEIN FACTORIES!

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What is CELL THEORY?

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

3. New cells come form existing cells (cell division)

There are 2 types of cells

PROKARYOTE

EUKARYOTE

Prokaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticEukaryotic

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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Size Smaller and simpler (most are unicellular)

Larger and more complex (most are multicellular)

Evolutionary Age

Older Younger

Nucleus? Do NOT have a nucleus (DNA floats around the cell and looks like a twisted string)

DOES contain a nucleus (DNA is inside the nucleus)

Organelles? ONLY: Cell Wall, Cell Membrane and Ribosomes

Everything

DNA? DNA is free float in the cytoplasm DNA is inside the nucleus

Examples Bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi

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Prokaryotes – the first Prokaryotes – the first cellscells

• Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA

• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)

• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins


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Eukaryotes

• Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

• More complex type of cells

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Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with

organelles


Huge Size Difference!

Eukariotic Cells are BIGGER!

Prokaryotic Cells are

TINY!

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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell

Animal Cell


Cell Project!


Right corner if you’re a VISUAL learnerLeft corner if you’re an AUDITORY learner

Front if you’re just a straight forward learner

Cell Project

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Rubric – This is EXACTLY how you’ll be graded!

Utilize all your resources to put together your project (ipad, miss

k, group mates, text book)

Expectations:Roles:

Individual Project: 3D model

1. What is an organelle

2. Name 3 organelles that prokaryotes and eukaryotes

share


Do Now, 9/25/12

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OrganellesOrganelles



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OrganellesOrganelles

•Very small (Microscopic)•Perform various functions for

a cell•Found in the cytoplasm•May or may not be

membrane-bound


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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Centrioles


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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles


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Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins

• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell


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The Cell Membrane is The Cell Membrane is FluidFluid

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing


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•Nonliving layer•Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria

•Made of cellulose in plants

Cell wallCell WallCell Wall


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Cell WallCell Wall• Supports and

protects cell• Found outside of

the cell membrane


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•Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell

cytoplasm


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•Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

•Found in ALL cells

More on CytoplasmMore on Cytoplasmcytoplasm


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•Controls the normal activities of the cell

•Contains the DNA in chromosomes

•Usually the largest organelle

The Control Organelle - The Control Organelle - NucleusNucleus


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Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is

found

DNA is spread out And appears as

CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming

as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells


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What Does DNA do?What Does DNA do?DNA is the hereditary

material of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins


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MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)

• “Powerhouse” of the cell

• Generate cellular energy (ATP)

• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria

• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria

• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)


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MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a

DOUBLE membrane

Prokaryote eating prokaryote theory!

Has its own DNA


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Interesting Fact ---Interesting Fact ---

• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization

Therefore …• You inherit your

mitochondria from your mother!copyright cmassengale

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Rod shape

Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )


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What do mitochondria What do mitochondria do?do?

Burns glucose to release energy (ATP)

Stores energy as ATP

“Power plant” of the cell


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Endoplasmic Reticulum - EREndoplasmic Reticulum - ER

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Functions in Synthesis of cell products

& Transport


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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)(Rough ER)

• Has ribosomes on its surface

• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell


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Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)

• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface


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Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface

• Is attached to the ends of rough ER


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Functions of the Smooth Functions of the Smooth ERER• Makes

membrane lipids (steroids)

• Destroys toxic substances (Liver)


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Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)


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RibosomesRibosomes• Join amino acids to make proteins• Process called protein synthesis


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RibosomesRibosomes

Can be attached to Rough ER

OR

Be free (unattached

) in the cytoplasm


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Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened

sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side

((trans facetrans face) and ) and receiving side (receiving side (cis cis faceface))

Transport

vesicle

CIS

TRANS


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Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesLook like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell


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GolgiGolgi


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Golgi AnimationGolgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by

VESICLEScopyright cmassengale

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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage• Small or absent in animal cells• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole• No vacuoles in bacterial cells


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Contractile Contractile VacuoleVacuole

• Found in unicellular protists like paramecia

• Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis)

• Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting)

Contractile vacuole animation


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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Use energy from sunlight to

make own food (glucose)• Energy from sun stored in

the Chemical Bonds of Sugars


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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by

DOUBLE membrane


• Contains its own DNA

• Never in animal or bacterial cells

• Photosynthesis – food making process

Prokaryote or Eukaryote?


Prokaryote or Eukaryote?






Identify…• A. walls, roof, floor• Hallways• Machines• Hallways with

machines attachd to them

• Hallways without machines attached to them

• The control center


•The machine shop

•The packaging center

•The storage area

•The power generators

Documents

Do Now 1. All living things are made of _______ 2. What is the nucleus important for? 3. What’s one fact about prokaryotes copyright cmassengale1