Do Now #3:

• Which essay has the more effective Which essay has the more effective argument: argument: Self-Reliance Self-Reliance or or The The American Scholar? Why? American Scholar? Why?

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?

• Types of Logical Appeals (Logos)Types of Logical Appeals (Logos)– Use deductive or inductive reasoningUse deductive or inductive reasoning– Allude to history, mythology, literatureAllude to history, mythology, literature– Provide testimonyProvide testimony– Draw analogies, create metaphorsDraw analogies, create metaphors– Provide and classify evidenceProvide and classify evidence– Cite authoritiesCite authorities– Use facts and researchUse facts and research– Argue from precedentArgue from precedent

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?

• Types of Emotional Appeals (Pathos)– Use language that involves the senses– Include connotative language– Include a bias or prejudice– Use description– Use figurative language– Include an anecdote– Develop tone, reveal emotions or attitudes

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?

• Types of Ethical Appeals (Ethos)– Make the audience believe the writer is

trustworthy– Demonstrate that the writer put in research time– Convince the audience that the writer is reliable

and knowledgeable– Show concern about communicating with

audience– Present a carefully crafted and edited argument

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?

• Emerson makes use of aphorisms (Brief, wise observations).– “Books are the best of things, well-used;

abused, among the worst.” (The American Scholar)– “A man is a god in ruins.” (Nature)– “Nothing can bring peace but yourself”

(Self-Reliance).–What rhetorical appeal do these make?

Aim: How effective are Emerson’s rhetorical appeals?