Do Now:Do Now: List 5 things that List 5 things that you would want if you ever you would want if you ever

wanted to expand your wanted to expand your country’s territory?country’s territory?

Louisiana Purchase: Louisiana Purchase: Real Estate Deal of the Real Estate Deal of the

Century!Century!

Glacier National Park: MontanaGlacier National Park: Montana

What You Need to Know by the What You Need to Know by the end of this:end of this:

A.A. Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of our nation’s Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of our nation’s territoryterritory

B.B. Thomas Jefferson purchased it for about $15 million Thomas Jefferson purchased it for about $15 million dollars from Napoleon, the Emperor of Francedollars from Napoleon, the Emperor of France

C.C. When you boil it down, it cost less than 4 cents an acre.When you boil it down, it cost less than 4 cents an acre.

D.D. It provided us the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, New It provided us the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, New Orleans, and the entire Mississippi River.Orleans, and the entire Mississippi River.

E.E. It also kept the French and British from fighting a war It also kept the French and British from fighting a war between each other in our own backyards.between each other in our own backyards.

TJ’s DilemmaTJ’s Dilemma

• The French were currently engaged in a long war with the British

• Napoleon secretly reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish, which worried Jefferson

•There was a chance that New Orleans could be closed to US trade, which would be catastrophic to the US economy

•Question: How would Napoleon controlling Louisiana cause a problem for the security of the US?

How did we get this good deal?How did we get this good deal?

At first, Napoleon wanted to have a huge overseas empire to supply him with raw At first, Napoleon wanted to have a huge overseas empire to supply him with raw materialsmaterials

Soon, he became preoccupied with affairs in Europe, especially defeating the Soon, he became preoccupied with affairs in Europe, especially defeating the BritishBritish

Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France in order to buy New OrleansJefferson sent Robert Livingston to France in order to buy New Orleans

Instead, Livingston asked to buy all of Louisiana- any problems with that?Instead, Livingston asked to buy all of Louisiana- any problems with that?

Napoleon’s emissary agreed to the deal… SURPRISE!!!!Napoleon’s emissary agreed to the deal… SURPRISE!!!!

Napoleon thought that maybe he could avoid a world war with Great Britain if he Napoleon thought that maybe he could avoid a world war with Great Britain if he no longer controlled Louisianano longer controlled Louisiana

So, he decided to get rid of it for whatever price he could get.So, he decided to get rid of it for whatever price he could get.

Why did we want it?Why did we want it?

1.1. We needed to control the We needed to control the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

2.2. We wanted to control New We wanted to control New Orleans, which was a major Orleans, which was a major port.port.

3.3. We also wanted to add to We also wanted to add to our territoryour territory

4.4. Would avoid the British and Would avoid the British and the French from fighting in the French from fighting in our backyardour backyard

5.5. Obviously, it was a good Obviously, it was a good price.price.

Thomas Jefferson: The man who made the deal

What We Got:What We Got:

Just the factsJust the facts 840,000 square miles of territory840,000 square miles of territory 15 million dollars15 million dollars Complete control of both the Mississippi and Missouri RiversComplete control of both the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Control of New OrleansControl of New Orleans Less than 4 cents an acreLess than 4 cents an acre Access to the Great Plains and Rocky MountainsAccess to the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains More landMore land

Review Questions:Review Questions:

1. Who did we buy the Louisiana Purchase from?

2. Why did he want to give it up?

3. How much did we get it for?

4. Why did we want to buy it in the first place?

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark Congress agreed to finance Congress agreed to finance

Jefferson’s call for an Jefferson’s call for an expedition to explore the expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory- why Louisiana Territory- why would they need to have an would they need to have an expedition?expedition?

Jefferson chose his private Jefferson chose his private secretary – secretary – Meriwether Meriwether LewisLewis, to lead the , to lead the expeditionexpedition

Lewis chose Lewis chose William ClarkWilliam Clark as his companion officer, as his companion officer, who also was a who also was a cartographercartographer

They were accompanied by They were accompanied by around 80 or so soldiersaround 80 or so soldiers

Expedition began in the Expedition began in the Spring of 1804 from St. Spring of 1804 from St. Louis, MO.Louis, MO.

Goals of the ExpeditionGoals of the Expedition Search for river routes to Search for river routes to

the western oceanthe western ocean Make contact with Native Make contact with Native

Americans living in the Americans living in the territoryterritory

Gather information about Gather information about the territory, especially the territory, especially trade routes and natural trade routes and natural resourcesresources

1805 – French fur trapper 1805 – French fur trapper and his wife, Sacajawea and his wife, Sacajawea were hired to help, were hired to help, Sacajawea was a very Sacajawea was a very useful translator. useful translator.

The expeditionThe expedition Expedition reached the Expedition reached the

Pacific Ocean in 1805Pacific Ocean in 1805 Returned east by 1806Returned east by 1806 Journey lasted 2 years and Journey lasted 2 years and

4 months, was a success 4 months, was a success and filled in many of the and filled in many of the details of the vast land to details of the vast land to the west: Lewis drew the west: Lewis drew thousands of pictures, and thousands of pictures, and Clark mapped the entire Clark mapped the entire territoryterritory

Additional information was Additional information was

gathered by Zebulongathered by Zebulon Pike Pike who traveled as far west as who traveled as far west as the Rockies and then south the Rockies and then south into Spanish-held territory into Spanish-held territory between 1806-1807between 1806-1807

Jefferson’s RoleJefferson’s Role

Even though TJ didn’t want the Even though TJ didn’t want the government to grow, he had to government to grow, he had to in order to settle Louisianain order to settle Louisiana

Eventually, he also did some Eventually, he also did some other things that went along other things that went along with this…with this… Louisiana helped Jefferson gain Louisiana helped Jefferson gain

more support in the South and more support in the South and West, but hurt his support in the West, but hurt his support in the NortheastNortheast

His first term ended with His first term ended with success…success…

He easily won re-election in He easily won re-election in 1804, because Federalists 1804, because Federalists realized he had not destroyed realized he had not destroyed the country like they had the country like they had thought.thought.

Aaron Burr’s a characterAaron Burr’s a character

- Although he was still Vice President, Aaron Burr was ostracized by Although he was still Vice President, Aaron Burr was ostracized by JeffersonJefferson

- Soon he became associated with a Federalist plot to have New Soon he became associated with a Federalist plot to have New England secede from the United StatesEngland secede from the United States

- Either way, he agreed to run for Governor of New York as a Either way, he agreed to run for Governor of New York as a FederalistFederalist

- Even though he most likely wasn’t a part of the plot, Hamilton Even though he most likely wasn’t a part of the plot, Hamilton published a series of scathing articles in New York that questioned published a series of scathing articles in New York that questioned his characterhis character

- Burr lost the election, and blamed Hamilton for itBurr lost the election, and blamed Hamilton for it- He challenged Hamilton to a duel- Hamilton agreed because he He challenged Hamilton to a duel- Hamilton agreed because he

didn’t want to be seen as a cowarddidn’t want to be seen as a coward- Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach and had to lay low for a bit Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach and had to lay low for a bit

because he was wanted for murderbecause he was wanted for murder- Afterwards he was involved in an alleged scheme to take over Afterwards he was involved in an alleged scheme to take over

Mexico and the SouthwestMexico and the Southwest

The Embargo ActThe Embargo Act

TJ had some issues to deal TJ had some issues to deal with internationally as wellwith internationally as well

Great Britain and France Great Britain and France started harassing our shipping started harassing our shipping just as they had 10 years just as they had 10 years beforebefore

France declared that any France declared that any neutral vessel that stopped at neutral vessel that stopped at a British port would be seizeda British port would be seized

Britain declared that all ships Britain declared that all ships headed for continental Europe headed for continental Europe had to first stop in Britain or had to first stop in Britain or its cargo transferred to a its cargo transferred to a British shipBritish ship

In other words, the US was In other words, the US was left with few options regarding left with few options regarding international tradeinternational trade

EscalationEscalation In early 1807 a British naval vessel, In early 1807 a British naval vessel,

The LeopardThe Leopard attacked an American attacked an American ship, the ship, the ChesapeakeChesapeake and 21 and 21 Americans were killedAmericans were killed

Congress was in recess, so Jefferson Congress was in recess, so Jefferson and Madison needed to try to solve the and Madison needed to try to solve the problem on their ownproblem on their own

TJ had a difficult decision to make: TJ had a difficult decision to make: risk going to war? Risk independence?risk going to war? Risk independence?

He told his ambassador to Britain, He told his ambassador to Britain, James Monroe to get the British to James Monroe to get the British to renounce impressment, but that was renounce impressment, but that was unsuccessfulunsuccessful

Britain did agree to return three of the Britain did agree to return three of the four captured sailors (the other one four captured sailors (the other one was hanged, oops!)was hanged, oops!)

He finally persuaded Congress to pass He finally persuaded Congress to pass the the Embargo ActEmbargo Act

This political cartoon is from 1807This political cartoon is from 1807

1.1. What does ‘ograbme’ represent?What does ‘ograbme’ represent?

2.2. What is it trying to say? What is it trying to say?

3.3. Why would someone want to publish this in a Why would someone want to publish this in a newspaper?newspaper?

4.4. Is it pro or anti Embargo Act?Is it pro or anti Embargo Act?

5.5. What kind of influence would a cartoon like this have on What kind of influence would a cartoon like this have on the public?the public?

Issues with the Embargo ActIssues with the Embargo Act TJ created the Embargo Act b/c:TJ created the Embargo Act b/c:

1. couldn’t declare war on England and France at the same time1. couldn’t declare war on England and France at the same time2. felt that the economic results for both would be catastrophic2. felt that the economic results for both would be catastrophic

- The act said that all international trade would be illegal- why not just Britain and France?The act said that all international trade would be illegal- why not just Britain and France?

- Merchants across the country were outraged, because their exporting businesses were Merchants across the country were outraged, because their exporting businesses were devastated by the act and many simply just violated it because it was not strictly enforced.devastated by the act and many simply just violated it because it was not strictly enforced.

- Federalist opposition mounted and soon Jefferson’s popularity waned, and he reluctantly Federalist opposition mounted and soon Jefferson’s popularity waned, and he reluctantly agreed to get rid of the Embargo Act if England and France agreed to allow neutral shipping agreed to get rid of the Embargo Act if England and France agreed to allow neutral shipping free access to the seas.free access to the seas.

- France agreed, England didn’t… which led us to another problem with England in a few years France agreed, England didn’t… which led us to another problem with England in a few years time… the War of 1812.time… the War of 1812.

- Nevertheless, Jefferson retired after his second term and Madison won a close victory in 1808 Nevertheless, Jefferson retired after his second term and Madison won a close victory in 1808 to ensure the Dem-Republicans a future.to ensure the Dem-Republicans a future.

Native American Problems In addition to mounting pressure from Great Britain, James

Madison faced threats from Native Americans in the Midwest

Often, these threats resulted in attacks on American settlements, and people were put into danger

Newly elected members of Congress from southwestern states like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun pressed Madison for action.

Most Native Americans had left the ‘old west’ and moved past the Mississippi, but the ones that remained felt pressed by the increased westward migration of settlers

In 1795, several tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in which Native Americans agreed to abandon 2/3 of Ohio, pushing them further westwards

4 Choices for Native Americans1. Accept White Culture: adapt some of the white

customs and try to live with them.

2. Blend the two cultures: take some NA cultural attributes and combine them with white customs

3. Reject any notion of White culture: go back to NA customs, and do not try to assimilate in any way whatsoever

4. Military Action: Defend the customs through violence

Question: Why might the Native Americans have no choice but to violently resist Westward migration?

Accepting White Culture

Little Turtle, leader of the Miami people in Northern Indiana had been a war hero in the early 1790’s

Little Turtle made peace with the white settlers after the Treaty of Greenville

Learned to accept and ultimately adopt some of the whites’ customs

Some Native Americans followed his lead

Blending the Cultures

“Handsome Lake” - a Seneca Native American chief/spiritual leader had fought with the British during the Revolution, faced a similar challenge

He lived on reservations after the war, and realized that whites and NA’s would have to coexist if there was to be peace.

1799 – Handsome Lake called for a rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend Native American customs with those of the White Americans

Refusal to Comply

‘The Prophet’ or Tenskawatawa felt that Native Americans should live separately, rather than together, from whites

He established a settlement at Prophetstown, Indiana for NA’s to live in apart from whites

As time went on, he began to develop a more belligerent attitude towards whites, which was encouraged by his brother Tecumseh

Midwest Battles By 1811, Little Turtle and Handsome

Lake’s peaceful plans came to an abrupt end

The Prophet and Tecumseh protested the agreement reached by certain NA tribes and the US government at the Treaty of Fort Wayne, which effectively tricked out the Native Americans from Indiana

When Tecumseh was away trying to recruit other southern tribes to his cause, Governor William Henry Harrison attacked the Prophet at Tippecanoe

After the battle, Harrison burned Prophetstown to the ground.

Although no one really won, it made a name for Harrison and killed the morale of the Native Americans.

Questions to Ponder1. Why do you think Native Americans such as Tecumseh

and Tenskawatawa were willing to fight?

2. What role do you feel the US government played in creating this situation?

3. What do you think the government felt after seeing the resiliency of the Native Americans?

4. Do you see any future problems arising after the defeat of the Prophet and Tecumseh?

War of 1812: First Attack on Sovereignty

James Madison walked into a difficult situation when he took over as President in 1809.

Great Britain continued to harass our sailors, ‘impressing’ them into service in the Royal Navy, and generally disrupting our international trade

In addition, he faced the political pressure created by the Native American resistance out west

Soon, all of these factors boiled over into the War of 1812, which most people say was fought for no reason, but whose results greatly changed the destiny of our country.

Generational Shift Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, those two

new Congressmen, led a group nicknamed ‘War Hawks’ who argued that the British needed to be removed from North America

Clay and Calhoun were both born during the Revolution, so they didn’t experience the struggles of the Founding generation

They also were very proud of the US’ accomplishments like the Louisiana Purchase, which is why they wanted to stand up to the British

They happened to be from very strong Jeffersonian areas: the South and West

Clay was elected Speaker of the House, so he controlled a great deal of influence over whether or not to declare war

Battle Map

War!!

Madison was soon swept into war fever as well

Eventually, he wrote a message to Congress asking for a declaration of war against the British

Publically, impressment and the arming of the Native Americans were the reasons why we declared war

However, there was also the desire for further expansion into Canada- why wouldn’t they make that public too?

The Game Plan

A few American generals felt that the British would be vulnerable in Canada because the British were too focused on Napoleon in France

When they attempted to invade Canada, the Canadians and British drove us back onto American soil, which damaged morale

Some success was found at sea, where the US Navy gained a good reputation, especially on the Great Lakes

On the Great Lakes, both the British and Americans constructed hastily built navies because there was no direct water route to the lakes from the ocean

Reality Sets In Even though the British were fighting on two sides of the globe, they proved

their superiority in almost every land battle

Despite the being preoccupied with Napoleon in Europe, the British navy still maintained a blockade of the entire coast

Once Napoleon was defeated in early 1814, the British were able to bring their full attention on us

They invaded Chesapeake Bay and landed just north of Washington, the US was not able to stop them from burning the city

Some people encouraged Madison to move the capital, but he refused and Congress was forced to meet in whatever buildings they could find

Then they attacked Baltimore, but the US was prepared for that, and scored a few victories

By the end, the country was almost bankrupt, trade destroyed, and Madison’s reputation was severely tarnished

Some Bright Spots The war officially ended in 1815,

when the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Two weeks after the treaty had been signed, the British army attacked New Orleans, which was defended by Andrew Jackson’s 5,000 men.

Jackson scored a complete victory and he invaded Spanish controlled Florida under secret orders from Madison.

As a side note, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner during a battle in Baltimore harbor.

Aftermath Officially, the war ended in a

stalemate, but had the British been able to focus only on us, it may have ended differently

It led to the birth of nationalism, which is a sense of pride in one’s country

England ceased to seize our ships and take our sailors, so in the end we got what we wanted in the first place.

Madison retired after the 1816 election, and he was succeeded by James Monroe, who sought to further expand our territory and our reputation around the world.