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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 053 628 FL 002 506
AUTHOR Obolensky, Serge; And OthersTITLE Persian Basic Course: Units 1-12.INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.;
Foreign Service (Dept. of State) , Washington, D.C.Foreign Service Inst.
PUB DATE May 63NOTE 397p.
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16Grammar, *Instructional Materials, *LanguageInstruction, Language Skills, *Oral Communication,Orthographic Symbols, Pattern Drills (Language),*Persian, Pronunciation, Reading Skills, Sentences,Speaking, Substitution Drills, *Textbooks,Uncommonly Taught Languages, Written Language
ABSTRACTThis basic course in Persian concentrates on the
spoken language, illustrated by conversation based on everydaysituations. After a thorough grounding in pronunciation and in basicgrammatical features, the student is introduced to the writing systemof Persian. Some of the basic differences between spoken and writtenstyles are explained. Imitation of a native speaker is provided, andthe course is designed for intelligent and efficient imitation. Eachof the 12 units has three parts: new material to be learned (basicsentences), explanation (hints on pronunciation and notes), and drill(grammatical, variation, substitution, narrative, and questions andanswers) . (Authors/VM)
co
reNLC1
C)C=1
U-I Serge Obolensky
Kambiz Yazdan Panah
Fereidoun Khaje Nouri
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENTOFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
persian basic course units 1-12
it! Reprinted by the Center for Applied Linguistics
of the Modern Language Association of America Washington D C 1963
0
It is the policy of the Center for Applied Linguistics to makemore widely available certain instructional and relatedmaterials in the language teaching field which have onlylimited accessibility. This policy calls for the republica-tion of works which are out of print and of items which arenormally limited in their distribution to members of theorganization under whose sponsorship they were prepared, suchas government agencies, special university programs, and priv-ate business concerns. The users of these reprints shouldbear in mind that in many instances they are incomplete orprovisional in nature and that the Center has chosen toreproduce them either because, even in their present form,they are better than other available works, or because insome respect they may serve as supplemental to existing mater-ials. Whenever appropriate, the authors' names are indicated.The kinds of prices set for the reprints vary considerablydepending on the nature of the financing of the projects, butin every instance the price is determined in the light of thefact that the Modern Language Association is a non-profitprofessional association.
A publication of the Center for Applied Linguisticsof the Modern Language Association of AmericaWashington, D.C. May 1963
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This Basic Course has been reprinted with the permission ofthe Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State.
3
PREFACE
This volume is an introduction to the Persian language. With it asa foundation the student may continue with either further conversationalpractice or with reading. It is being published in this tentative formto meet the immediate need felt for a beginning text in Persian. Theauthors feel very strongly that a thorough revision is necessary, in-corporating different types of drills and using the shorter unit approach.
The linguist in charge of the text was Serge Obolensky, of sheDepartment of Near East and African Languages, Foreign Service Institute.Carleton T. Hodge, now Professor of Linguistics, Foreign Service Institute,served in an editorial capacity throughout the preparation of the text.
While the present text is new, both as to Basic Sentences and Drills,a certain amount of grammatical material from the earlier FSI SpokenPersian has been utilized. Such materials have been thoroughly revisedand where necessary restated.
Howard E. SollenbergerDeanSchool of Languages and Area StudiesForeign Service InstituteDepartment of State
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
vii
Introduction 1.1
Unit 1 1.7
Basic Sentences 1.7
Grammatical Notes 1.11
1.1 The spelling used in this course 1.11
1.2 Vowels 1.13
1.3 Stress 1.14
1.4 Pitch 1.15
1.5 Juncture 1.17
1.6 Styles of speech 1.18
1.7 /befmrma'id/ 1.19
1.8 Negative prefix /ne-/ - /nm-/ 1.20
1.9 The suffix /-e/ - /-he/ 1.20
Drills 1.21
Persian Orthography 1.30
Unit 2 2.32
Basic Sentences 2.32
Grammatical Notes 2.38
2.1 Consonants 2.38
2.2 Connective /e/ ( ezafe') 2.46
2.3 Forms of address 2.47
2.4 Verb endings 2.48
2.5 Verb prefixes /mi-/, /be-/ 2.51
2.6 The present stem ('present', 'optative','imperative') 2.53
2.7 The past stem (t-stem) 2.56
2.8 Compound verbs 2.58
2.9 Separate pronouns 2.59
Drills 2.61
Persian Orthography 2.75
Unit 3 3.81Basic Sentences 3.81Grammatical Notes 3.89
3.1 Pronoun: Separate pronouns (continued). . 3.89
3.2 Pronoun: Pronominal suffixes 3.89
3.3 The plural suffix /-a, -ha/ 3.92
3.4 The verb 'be' 3.93
3.5 The suffix / -L/ 'pertaining to' 3.95
3.6 The indefinite /-i/ 3.973.7 rsoril kmrdin/ 'to start, to begin'. . . . 3.98
3.8 The suffix /-o/ - /-ro/ _ /-ra/ 3.99
3.9 /mal/ 3.100Drills 3.101
Persian Orthography 3.116
a II
viiiUnit 4 4.126
Basic Sentences 4.126Grammatical Notes 4.131
4.1 /vsodin/ 4.1314.2 Word order: The verbal sentence 4.1314.2.1 The simple verb 4.1314.2.2 Adverbs and adverbial phrases 4.1334.2.3 Objects 4.1344.2.4 Adverbs and objects 4.1354.2.5 Specific subject and emphatic subject . 4.1354.2.6 Alternative statements 4.1384.2.7 Sequence of simple sentences 4.1384.2.8 Optative in second verb phrase 4.1394.3 Suffix /-tirt 'comparative' 4.1404.4 Superlative 4.1404.5 Ne%, compound verbs 4.141
Drills 4.142Persian Orthography 4.152
Unit 5 5.162Basic Sentences 5.162Grammatical Notes 5.168
5.1 Degrees of politeness 5.1685.2 Verb form in I-el: Present perfect . . 5.1725.3 Verb: Impersonal compound verbs 5.173
Drills 5.174Persian Orthography 5.182
Unit 6Basic SentencesGrammatical Notes
6.1 Prepositions6.2 The stem form of the verb6.3.1 The use of /qblsez [gmbrmzWbefore' and
/bT'adwz [Ibt'd'mzi/ 'after'6.3.2 The use of /1 'd/ and /pis/ 'then' . . . .
6.4 /be-/ and /be'in/ before abstracts in /-1/6.5 Verb: Imperfect6.6 Verb: Future tense
DrillsPersian Orthography
6.1906.1906.1966.1966.202
6.2026.2036.2046.2056.2056.2066.215
Unit 7 7.225Basic Sentences 7.225Grammatical Notes 7.233
7.1 Verb: Passive voice 7.2337.2 Counters 7.233
Drills 7.235Persian Orthography 7.241
ix
Unit 8 8.247Basic Sentences 8.247Grammatical Notes 8.252
8.1 Verb: Past perfect 8.252
8.2 /-e/ - /-he/ after modifier 8.253
8.3 Verb: Progressive form 8.253
8.4 Pronoun /xod/ 'self' 8.254Drills 8.255
Persian Orthography 8.262
Unit 9 9.270Basic Sentences 9.270Grammatical Notes 9.277
9.1.1 /hmr, her -/ 9.2779.1.2 /han- -mm, him -/ 9.277
9.1.3 /lime /, /hmme- htmi/ 9.278
9.1.4 /hic, hic-/ 9.2799.2 Verb: The causative suffix /-un-
[-an-, -ani-1/ 9.2799.3 New verbs and verb uses 9.2809.4 Numerals: Ordinals 9.280
Drills 9.281Persian Orthography 9.291
Unit 10 10.298
Basic Sentences 10.298
Grammatical Notes 10.305
10.1 Verb: The verb /nesambin/ 10.30510.2 Pronoun: Modifying object of verb or
preposition 10.30610.3 Preverbs 10.307
10.4 Use of tenses 10.307
10.5 Verb: Pistadin vaystadmn/ 10.309
10.6 Verb: Imperative (familiar form) 10.309
10.7 New verbs and verb uses 10.309
Drills 10.310
Persian Orthography 10.318
Unit 11 11.326
Basic Sentences 11.326Grammatical Notes 11.333
11.1 Expressions of time 11.333
11.1.1 /v.kxt/, /key/ 11.333
11.1.2 Words for 'instance, occasion' 11.3,34
11.2 Word usage: /xab/ and associated verbs . 11.33411.3 Prefix /bi-/ 'without' 11.33411.4 Prefix/heem-/ 'also, too, the very same'. 11.335
11.5 Compounds with suffix /-e/ 11.336
Drills 11.337
Persian Orthography 11.346
x
Unit 12 12.356
Basic Sentences 12.356
Grammatical Notes 12.36412.1 Kinship terms 12.36412.2 Adverbs in /n/ 12.36812.3 Uses of /ke/ 12.370
12.3.1 /ke/ 'when' 12.37012.3.2 /ke/ as an emphatic particle 12.37012.4 Verb: The verb /xabidn/ 12.370
Drills 12.371
Persian Orthography 12.379
SPOKEN PERSIAN
Introduction
THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE
Persian is spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, thoughit is not the only language of any of these areas. It is the officiallanguage of Iran, used for all instruction in schools, for most news-papers and in government work. While it is the most widely usedlanguage in the country, the exact number of speakers is not known,or the proportion of Persian to other languages in the country. Itis the language of greatest prestige and anyone who Ins had anyeducation is able to speak it, even if it is not his mother tongue.Many others learn it orally as a second language.
The situation is somewhat different in Afghanistan, where bothPashto and Persian are official languages. Due to the long period ofhigh prestige which Persian has enjoyed there, most publications havebeen in Persian and it is widely known.
In Tajikistan Persian is called Tajik. While there is consider-able difference between Tajik and Tehran Persian, this is not aquestion of boundary lines but of increasing differences in thelanguage as one goes from one place to another within the area wherethe language is spoken. For example, Afghan Persian is quite closeto Tajik, the local Persian dialect of Meshed is similar' to AfghanPersian, and so on. (The term Tajik in Afghanistan does not referto language but to certain groups of people. Anyone who speaksPersian, /fars1/1 Tajik or other, is a Persian speaker Aarsiwd.n/.)
There is a 'standard Persian! used for literary work in Iranand Afghanistan (with some differences), but local spoken varietiesof the standard exist all over the speech area. In addition to these,there are also local dialects which are Persian. These are notmodifications of the standard language but sister dialects of it.
Finally, there are the languages closely related to Persianspoken in the area. These inclade Tat, Talish, Gilaki, Mazanderani(around the Caspian), Kurdish, bakhtiaril Luri and others in centraland western Iran, and the more distantly related Ossetic (in theCaucasus), Pashto (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and Baluchi (mostly inPakistan). These languages are known collectively as Iranian.
Persian is known from written sources which cover at leasttwenty-five centuries. The oldest definitely datable documents arethe cuneiform inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings, beginning inthe sixth century B.C., the language known as Old Persian. Probablycomtemporary, possibly even earlier, is Avestan, the language of the
t
P.1.2
holy book of Zoroastrianism,but only late manuscripts are known, andit is uncertain when the prophet Zoroaster lived. The language of theSassanians, Pahlavi, continues the history of Persian and is assignedto Middle Persian.
Beginning with the ninth century A.D. we have what is tradional-ly known as Modern Persian, that is, Persian written in Arabiccharacters. Naturally a considerable number of changes have takenplace in the language since the ninth century, 1-t the prestige ofwriters such as Ferdausi, author of the epic po,..1 Shahname, has madethis !early modern! period the classical one for Persian. Writersof the classical period and their language are the prime subject ofthe Persian literature classes in Iran and elsewhere today. Theyenjoy a prestige far above that of classic English authors in Americasand it is highly recommended that the student of Persian learn some-thing of this literature after he has acquired fluency in the spokenlanguage and ability to read modern Persian literature.
The Arabic alphabet was adopted for (and adapted to) Persianafter the Islamic cow-uest in the seventh century A.D. This is thealphabet used today. A large number of Arabic words are also borrowed,much in the manner of Latin, Greek and French loanwords in English,The structure of English is still basically Germanic. The structureof Persian is still Iranian. Arabic belongs to a separate languagefamily, Semitic. It must not be inferred from the number of wordsof Arabic origin in the dictionary that most of the words used inspeaking Persian are from Arabic. Just as in English (where we use!fire!, not 'conflagration! or !help!, not !assistance!, in ourordinary speech), Persian has fewer Arabic loans in the ordinaryspoken lwiguage and more in the formal style, whether written orspoken.
Although Persian has borrowed the Arabic alphabet, it hasdeveloped its own styles of both handwriting and printed forms.The difference is, of course, greater in the hand4ritten styles.
Persian belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Indic and ;ranian) branchof the Indo-Hittite family of languages. This family includes Indic(the languages of Northern India and Pakistan, ,ach as Hindustani(Hindi-Urdu], Bengali, Gujerati, Marathi, and ancient Sanskrit; aswell as Singhalese in Ceylon), Iranian, Anatolian (Hittite, etc.),Armenian, Slavic (Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Russian, Polish, Czech,etc.), Albanian, (reek, Italic (Latin [whence the Romance languages,French, Spanish, Italian, etc.], Oscan, Umbrian, etc.) Celtic(Welsh, Irish, Breton), Germanic (Gothic, English, Dutch, German,etc.). English and Persian are, then, related languages, but therelation is too distant to be immediately useful. Some overallsimilarities such as the use o: nouns, verbs and adjectives, arehelpful, but the vocabulary is often not similar even when directlyrelated.
P.1.3
This Course
This course is the first step toward learning the Persian
language. All of the lessons are in the spoken language. They
represent Persian as illustrated by conversations based on everydaysituations. After a thorough grounding in pronunciation and inbasic grammatical features, the student should learn the writingsystem of Persian. Since Persian is not written in the ordinaryspoken style (just as English is not), another style of speech mustbe learned for reading. Some of the basic differences between theordinary spoken style and the written or formal style are explainedin this Unit and in Unit 2. Reading may be begun very early, butlearning to read should not keep the student from the primary goalof learning the language. Progress in the language may be hinderedby trying to read too soon.
Some obvious facts concerning any language must be kept inmind by the learner. In the first place, there is no one correctway of speaking Persian or any other language. Minor differencesof pronunciation, form, vocabulary and usage are found amongspeakers of the standard language. The student should expect theseand follow the usage of his tutor. If the tutor's normal speechvaries from that in the book, his or her manner of speaking shouldbe followed.
How to Study
The best way to learn any language is to listen to a nativespeaker of t!lat language and then imitate exactly what he says.This course is designed to help you to imitate intelligently andefficiently. Each unit consists of essentially three parts: newmaterial to be learned (Basic Sentences), explanation (Hints onPronunciation, Notes) and drill (Grammatical Drill, Variation Drill,Substitution Drill, Narrative, qtestions and Answers). The following
is the suggested class procedure:
Basic Sentences
Steps 1 to 3 may be done with books open or closed. It is
preferable to have them closed.
Step I Go through the Basic Sentences. The tutor says each wordor phrase to be learned in Persian. The class repeats theword or phrase in unison. The tutor then says the itemagain, and the class repeats. Each item is treated inthis way (Persian - class repetition - Persian - classrepetition),
Step 1 is optional. If preferred, study may begin with Step 2.
P.1.14
Step 2
Step 3
Step
Step 5
Step 6
.Go through the Basic Sentences (or a section thereof)again, with the Persian then said twice for each student.Each student repeats (twice) after the native speaker.The linguist corrects pronunciation.
Repeat the Basic Sentences in this manner a number oftimes. Omit the build-ups, drilling only the sentencesthemselves. The tutor says the sentence for eachstudent, who repeats as before. Continue this untilthe students can say the sentences without difficultyand at a normal rate of speed.
Go through the Basic Sentences, the tutor saying adifferent sentence for each student and the studentrepeating and giving the English equivalent. This isto be done with books closed. Go through the BasicSentences several times and vary the order of thesentences or of the students so that each student hasan opportunity to repeat a number of differentsentences.
Give the students the English for the sentences andhave them give the Persian equivalent. The tutor shouldgive the correct form (for them to repeat after him) ifa mistake is made in either pronunciation ar structure.If there is too much hesitation in this exercise, Step 3should be repeated, with the English equivalents given.
Variation drill on Basic Sentences. The Basic Sentencesare to be drilled but with changes (substitutionsmainly) rossible within the limits of grammar andvocabulary. No new words or forms are to be introduced.The changes possible will be limited in the early units.
Grammatical and Substitution Drills
Drill the sentences given by going through Steps 2through 6 as above. Stress Step 6. Follow specialinstructions where given.
Narratives40.,Step 1 The tutor reads through the whole Narratives at natural
speed, as if he were reading a story. The students listenfor comprehension, books closed.
Step 2 The students summarize in English as much as they under-stood of the Narrative from Step 1. They should giveas complete and accurate account a their memory allows.(Books closed.)
Step 3
Step 4
PoIs5
The tutor reads each sentence for each student, eachof whom repeats. (Books closed, preferably).
Go through sentence by sentence for comprehension:The tutor says each sentence, and the students taketurns repeating them. Each student translates thesentence he repeats. Any grammatical unclarities areresolved by questiong the linguist.
Step 5 Repeat Step 1. (Books closed).
Step 6 Step 3 is repeated and drill continued in this manneruntil the students are thoroughly familiar with thematerial.
Step 7 The students take parts and act out the dialogs. The(where tutor may take one of the parts the first tine or two.applicable) Then the students act it all cot themselves. Continue
this until any student can take part and go throughthe dialog like an actor.
Step 8
Step 9
Questions are asked in Persian by the tutor andanswered by the students in Persian. The students shouldnot give !yes! or no answers but try to answer thequestion as completely as possible using the wordscontained in the question.
The students should memorize the Narrative and relatethe story to the tutor.
Questions and Answers011The questions and answers given are to be drilled as stated
below, but they should not be considered complete. Any question whichis within the limits of the students! grammar and vocabulary may beused. Any answer given is considered correct if it is good Persian.
Step
Step 2
Note:
The tutor asks each student a question. The studentrepeats the question, then gives an answer. Theanswer is corrected, if necessary, by the tutor, whogives the answer as it should be. The student repeatsthe correct answer.
The tutor gives the student the answer which iswritten in the book. The student repeats. This isnot a correction but simply further drill.
Correction of the students! Persian by the tutor shouldconsist of the tutor's giving the correct sentence andhaving the student repeat it. Explanations are a
P.1,6
waste of time. The student should rely on thelinguist and the book for grammatical explanations.
Homework
1. Read any Hints on Pronunciation or Grammar Notes in theunit.
2. Memorize Basic Sentences already heard.
3, Review Grammatical and Variation Drills.
Whether working with a tutor or with records, the student mustrepeat each Persian word, phrase or sentence in a loud, clear voice,trying at all times to imitate the pronunciation as closely as poss-ible. Everything should be mimicked, even the veakerst gestures,and especially his tone of voice. The meaning of the Persian is tobe kept constantly in mind. The English equivalents are to be usedas necessary to remind the student of the meaning. In the first fiveunits the student should not attempt under any circumstances topronounce the Persian before he has heard it.
Symbols Used in the Basic Sentences
On the English side, parentheses and quotation marks are usedtogether (1...!) when 2 more literal translation is given in additionto the ordinary English equivalent. Brackets [ 1 are used to indicatewords in the English equivalent which do not have an equivalent in the
Persian. Parentheses ( ) indicate words which are in the Persian butnot in a normal English equivalent. Note that on the English sidewe have what is ordinarily said in English in this situation, notnecessarily a literal translation. The use of parentheses andbrackets as explained above should make the situation clear in eachcase.
Parentheses in the Persian spelling are used to indicate soundswhich are sometimes omitted. Brackets are used to indicate a moreformal pronunciation to be used when learning the formal style.Alternate pronunciations of the same word or alternate words aregiven after a slant line 1.
Slant lines are used in the Notes to set off Persian sounds orwords within an English text. English letters and words are under-lined when used as examples.
P.1.7
Persian Basic Course
Unit I
Basic Sentences
Hello.2 3 1#smlAm.
2 3 1 #or seeldm taildykom.
health, condition, state hal
your health hdletun [hdletan]
manner, way, sort tclwr
how, how[about] (twhat manner') cet6wr
how is cet6wre
3 1
How are you? hdletun cetowre#
bad bead
isn't nist
grateful mann&
or mote.geekkdr
thank you (tItm grateful') ma mndrimm
or motegiekk4rea /
motMck4rxm
or
Not bad, thank you.
you
your health
How are you?
15a1
arsi2 3 1./1 2 Y1 Al
bad motegmkk4res4
sours
lisle sours
2 3lisle sours cetawr4
P.1.8
Persian (language) farsi
to understand fahmid&
you understand mifahmid
Do you understand Persian?2 3
IIII
farsi mifahmid
yes b;de
I understand mifahmam
3 1 A 31 AYes, I understand. b4le'4 mifahmana
31ANo. nee:
to know dunest& (danest4n]
3Do you know? midunid
I know midunam [midanam]3 1
I don't know. nemiduname
what ci [a]
to say, to tell gofteln
o1 (more polite) farmud4n
you said Oftid
or (more polite) farmudid
2 3 1
What did you say? of gatica
3 1
or a farmudid.
I said eftam
this tin
what is [it]? dye [oist]
3 I 2
I said, what's this? eftam; tin ciyeT
17
-11.111
that
3 1
Whatts that ciye.
hotel
tin [ IL]
[(the hotel
place
here
there
where
P.1.9
hotgl
hateli (colloquial) ] r
ig
tinjg
tanja [tanjd]
kojd
where is [it]? kogst
2 3 I 2 I#Wherets [the) hotel? hotgl; kojgst.
2 3 2 1#[[Whereto the hotel? hotel6; kojast.]]
3 I 2The hotel is there. hotgl; tunjast.
3
Did you say its here? 2g6fidt tinjAst
No, I said, it there. n&i./ :6ftami t unligstf
restaurant
[(the restaurant
hand
right, straight, true
r6storgn /resturgn
resturani (colloquial)jr
det
rest
itts straight ahead; itts true rests
to the right (t right hand') dgete rest
it's on the right aste rests2 3 2 1 4
(The] restaurant's on the right, restoren; d&ste raste:
[[The restaurant's an the right.2
3 I aresturani, dmete risteOr
'As these forms are too colloquial it is recommended that they be
omitted. They are retained here only because they are on the tape.
P1.10
washroom deessgu'i [dmetguti]
or dEessrugu'i [dmstrugulf]
left dip
to the left ('left hand') aste cam
[The) washroom's on the left.
to go
got
Go straight ahead.
2 3 I 2 1 n
dessguli, a tfste ape,
rieftee'n
berid
3 1 yrgst bericU
Classroom Expressions
ready hazer
Are you ready?
turn
It's your turn.
Go ahead! Please!
beginning
2 3hazerid
nowbeet
2 3 2 1.//
nowb&te, gomIst:
3 1
befmrmatid.
gord
to perform (auxiliary verb kawdefan
used to make compound verbs)
to begin gord kran
let's start gord konim
3 12 1
Please, let's start! befmrmalid; gord koniel
one y13 [yiSk]
degree, time
another, other, more, further
18
mmttAbebartebe
dige [diem.]
P.1.11
3 1 2 1#[Please] repeatl ye martmb6; Aig4,
(tone more timet)
translation terjome
to translate tmrjom4 kmrdaln
3 12 1
Please translate. b4fmrmatid; tarjome konid.
lesson ars
end, wholes complete, all teem [tmm4m]
to become god&
to end, to be finished tLolAm god&
3 2 1
The lesson is finished. dArs; tmmgm god.
3 1 #It's enough!, base. [bmetmet]
Notes
Note 1.1 The Spelling Used in this Course
The Persian of these lessons is written in a transcriptionmeant to help the student listen. It is an attempt to put downsystematically on paper the sounds that the tutor will say, orthat will be heard on the records. It should be emphasized thatthe printed material is just a reminder of that which is saidand not a substitute for it.
The transcription used here is an adaptatioq of the latinalphabet to Persian. It is based directly on spoken Persian andis not a transliteration of ordinary Persian spelling. It is
not, strictly speaking, a !phonetic! transcription. For example,the letter /k/ stands for one sound before the vowels /upola/ andfor another sound elsewhere. Since the pronunciation is predictableon the basis of where it occurs, a single letter may be used forboth sounds. It is the same as using the letter /t/ in English forthe different sounds in toE (with a strong puff of breath), atop(without a puff of breatfil, pot (released with slight breath70not released), butter (a flap of the tongue), etc. In English thesedifferent soundg-in-pattern together as /t/. In the same way thetwo sounds of /k/ (or of /g/, or of /4/, etc,) pattern together inPersian. To a Persian speaker (of this dialect) they are the =samething'.
P.1.12
Our transcription is, then, organized to fit the pattern ofthe Persian language. The letters and other symbols used are:
Vowels iemuoaConsonants
Voiceless ptksgefxh?Voiced bdgzgjvq rlmnyw
Stress Weak (unmarked) Strong
Pitch Low 1 Mid 2 High 3 Extra High 4
Juncture Close (no space)Open: Space between words
?Single bar? or ///?Double bar? 1 or /?/?Double-cross # or /./
Length (at end of phrase) above the line /:/ or on the linecombined with /9/ as / ;/ or with 1.1 as 1:1.
These letters should not be confused with those used forwriting English or any other language. Every language has a uniquesound system and any symbols used to write a language must bedefined in terms of that language. English and Persian have, then,different sound systems. However, where the Persian and Englishsounds are similar, the same letter is used in the transcriptionhere as is used in English. This is particularly true of theconsonants. This does not mean these sounds are identical. /t /,
for example, is different in English and Persians even though thesame symbol is used. It is very important to realize the possiblediversity of sounds covered by a single symbol (as noted above for/k /), the actual sound being determined by the context. Theseletters are symbols which pattern together as a language system.Such a system of symbols has been devised for English, and is comingmore and more into use by linguists and for the teaching of Englishto speakers of other languages. This system provideb a symbol foreach part of the language pattern (such as ft, i, op u/ or stresses
/2 pitches /1 2 3 4/9 etc., as discussed below).
The following notes are rough hints on the pronunciation ofPersian. English sounds are given for comparison, but they aredifferent sounds. Only careful listening can give the student thePersian vowel sounds.
2fr
Note 1.2 Vowels
LetterIMININ OM los I. MD
Nearest Enellah Sound; DescriEtim
ae Like our a in hat but actually betweenthat sounT and-the 4 of father.Technically: a loi7 frog-567ml.
a Like the vowel of hall but withoutlip-rounding.Technically: a low back unrounded
vowel.
e
i
0
Like our e in set at with tonpue alittle higher.-Technically: a (higher) mid front
vowe].
Like the i of machine in its thigh!quality, but without the gliding ofthis sound ill English.Technically: a high front vowel.
Like o in rote but pronounced veryshort in Persian, without the w glidethat English has at the end.
Technically a (higher) mid back kogrounded vowel.
bddmamanna5
hglhalgrest
P.I.I3
ExamEles
!bad!
'grateful!
!no!
!health!!now!
!right!
berid lgoil
cetOwr Chow ?!
heletun !yourhealth
nfst !isn't?midunid 'you
know!
d6g6ftid
u Like our u in rude (or oo in boot)but again-shorFEd witEut the` f;glide of English.Technically: a high back rounded
vowel.
mairdu'lrldunem
!two!
!yousaid!!where?!
!thankful!
II know'!kind!
Note: The simple Persian vowel is usually very short. Compare Persian/bed/ and English bad. There are certain conditions under whichPersian vowels are -Igngthened, and these will be noted in due course.At present it is sufficient to note that they are generally muchshorter than similar English sounds.
Also note that the quality of the vowels is remarkably clearwhether they are accented or not. The /e/ of /heletun/ is as clearlyand /e/ as that of /logrid/. Do not use the tulle sound of English(technically /6/, the u of but or a of sofa) for unstressed(unaccented) Persian vowels. Be sure you st,y a clear /e/ in
Aet6wre/, jlodlet, etc. Do not use the air of iqy for final /e/ (as
in /b41e/). The same care should be taken of the other vowels.Say a clear /m/ in /g6ftmm, mfdunmm, mffmhmmm/, a clear but short
P.1.14
/o/ in /some, kojg/, a clear /i/ in /fin, ting, b4rid/.
Note also the difference between the /o/ of /Isagykom, gong,eftid, hotel, kojA/ and the /ow/ of /cet6wre /. The /Ow/ is more likeEnglish, such as the ow of crow, the 2a of boat, the o of note, etc.The /o/ is much shorter than tge sounds in crow, boat, note, all ofwhich have a w off glide at the end. Round your lips for Persian/o/ (ox. /u/) as you cay the consonant in frortt of the /o/ (or /u /)0
The /ow/ of /cet6wr/, like English o of note, is not a simplevowel but a combination of vowel plus m. Tgei:e are also (as inEnglish) combinations with /y/. The commonest combinations are /ey/(much like ay of say) and /ay/ (something like ov of boy, butbeginning with a deep aw sound): /key/ !when!, 7tgy/ Meat.
Compare:se !three! key !when'
d6 'two! tabj6w 'beer!
The student should be careful not to pronounce Persian simple/e/ and /0/ like the /ey/ and /ow/ combinations. He may find him-self doing this, especially at the end of words, since English doesnot have simple vowels of this quality at the end of words. Listencarefully to the tutor for the contrast between /se/ 'three' and/key/ twhen21 and between iacv 'two' and Pabgw/ 'beer'. Cut the/e/ and /o/ short when they are not followed br /,y/ or
Be careful, too, not to confuse the sounds of the letters /lea/and /a/. They represent entirely different sounds to the Persianspeaker. It will be especially useful for you to practice thefollowing word pairs in which the two sounds are contrasted. Dothis after the tutor. Don't try it alone.
n6 !not Y4 tort
dgst !hand' rest !right!
dm tit hdl !health!
d6r tint car !four!
Note 10 Stress
The accent mark is /'/. This is used to indicate the loudersyllables. A weak syllable is not marked. There are two mainvarieties of /7, a louder and a less loud or secondary. Eachphrase has at least one strong loud stress. AU other stressedsyllables (syllables with /1'j) are secondary in loudness,. A simplerule tells which /'/ is the loudest. The last stress /7 in aphrase is the loudest except that stresses following a shift to alower pitch are secondary. For example, in a sentence /g6fteem tin
P.1.15
dye/ the loudest stress is on /Of -4, the /g6f-tend /4111/ beingsecondary. If the same sentence is broken into two phrases wehave: /g6ftmm, tin ciye/, there both /g6f-/ and /cf./ are loud, eachbeing the loudest in its phrase. /tun/ is4still secondary. A thirdway of saying the sentence is /g6ftmm tin dye/. This is only onephrase and the loudest syllable is /fin/. /g6f -/ is still secondaryand so is bi-/, since the latter is on low pitch (/1/; see Note 1.4).Stress (which is loudness) and pitch (which is hight of tone) must becarefully distinguished. Since the loudest syllable is often thehighest in pitch, there is frequently a tendency to confuse the two.
Note 1.4 Pitch
The numbers /1 2 3 4/ are used (above the line) to indicatelevels of pitch or tone. /1/ is low, /2/ mid, /3/ high, and /4/extra high. (No examples of /4/ have occurred.) English pitch hasthe same number of levels, but they combine into patterns differentlyand often sound different from the Persian (as in questions, forexample).
Examples of Persian pitches are:
2 3 1 a 3 1 a 2 3 2 1
mmmninmm: tun ciyeT hota; kogst:
3 n 2 3
mifammicif hale soma cetowre.
Note: The pitch number is placed over the consonant preceding thevowel which actually carries the pitch. In the case of a fall fromone pitch to another on the same vowel, the second pitch is on theconsonant following. These levels of pitch are not absolutep likemusical notes on a scale, but are high or low relative to each other.There is even some variation on a given pitch level. For example,there is noticeable variation before /2/. In fact, the type of end-ing the phrase has will always affect the ritch (see below and Note1.5 Juncture). A significant (meaningful) change in the pitch levelis made when a new number is given.
The following diagrams, showing relative pitch levels and someof, the variations due to different phrase endings, will help to makethese remarkn clear:
Here the pitch falls from /3/ to/1/ on /m/. This is the pitch ofa final stressed syllable with
/31/.
P,1,16
mennanan. tan eiye.
hale gem./ cetowre.
restortin, dote raste.
_Jr--
hotel, kojAst.
hAle come C-e;;;;i.
In these examples the pitch fallsto /t/ on the syllable followingthe stress. The fall is actuallymore gradual than is shown herebut is fairly abrupt,
This the same pitch pattern asmosinaman (that is, /231/ butover a longer stretch.
Here we have two phrases. Theone ending in /,/ has /3/ asthe last pitch. The second,ending in /./, falls to /1/.This sequence of /2 3/ followedby /2 1/ in the last phrase, istypical of sentences consistingof several phrases (ending in
id and 1./).
Comparing the diagrams of pitch levels with the numbers assigned, wesee how a number indicates that the pitch is maintained until a newnumber is given. Variation of pitch on a number is most noticeablebefore /2/. Following are diagrams which illustrate such variation.The last syllable before /1/ is always long with the first pitchpattern given under numbers 2) and 3).
1) The main stress is on the last syllable before /2/.
aste rast: The final syllable rises at theend and is, of course, long.
2) The main stress
diets riste?
aste riste?
3) The main stress
mifaehmi d;
zn.t.ftehrnid1
is on the next to the last syllable before /2/.
There are two possibilitieshere: rising on the lastsyllable as before or goingdown in pitch with length,
has two or more syllables following it before /2/.
The two main possibilitieshere are a drop in pitch, butnot to the next level down,with a slight rise at the end(or a waver on the last syllable)or a continuation on a high leveland rising, particularly at theend.
P.1.17
The same type of intonation occurs before /7/ whether the laststress is on /3/ or /2/.
Following are diagrams of the patterns most frequently met inclass drill. if the student becomes familiar with the way thesework, he will be able to dispense with the use of the numbers abovetheline and use only punctuation as a reminder system. (Numbers,
will be used for anything out of the ordinary).
1) Single phrases
Before /./
Before /1/2
2) Two or more phrases
2
2-
32
7 23
2
22 j
1
If the phrase begins with the loud stress, the patters will be /3 1/rather than /2 3 1/ or /3 ,/ rather than /2 3 ,/.
Note 1.5 Juncture.
In order to describe the pitches, it has been necessary todiscuss the ways phrases may end, the phrase final junctures. Thesehave been indicated by special signs above the line along with thepitch numbers and by the use of punctuation on the line itself.This double representation is to draw attention to the meaning of thepunctuation marks as used here. Later the symbols above the linewill be omitted except for special cases. The student should bythat time be able tooperate correctly using only the punctuation.
There are three types of phrase endings in Persian: /, /, /2/and /./. The special signs for these are /1/, /11/, and /#/respectively. We will refer to them by their punctuation marks, butthese marks are not used in the same way or with the same values asin English or Persian spelling. The system used here assignsspecific sound values to the punctuation marks.
The comma /,/ (special sign /1/) indicates that the last pitchindicated is carried on evenly to the comma and that a change ofpitch usually follows the comma. There is not necessaMay a breakor pause. The syllables immediately before /,/ are slightlylengthened (see below).
P.1408
A question mark /?/ (special sign /11/) indicates a rising pitchor a slump, nearly always with a lengthening of the last syllable,as defined above. A question mark is not used to indicate a questionbut only this type of intonation. There are many questions both inPersian and Exiglish which have no intonation differences from anordinary statement. Only those questions which have this specialintonation are marked by /2/ in this course.
There is another feature of Persian phrasing which occurs inconjunction with the phrase fir:?1 junctures. This is a lengtheningor drawling at the end of the phrase. Such a lengthening regularlyoccurs with /2/ and is not specially represented there. Otherwiseit is represented by a colon above the line t:// and a raised dot /'/in the punctuation system. The raised dot with a comma 1,1 is/;/, and the raised dot /'/ with a period is hi. As many sentencesmay be said with or without this lengthening, it is rarely marked,.but the student should be prepared to find, say, what has been written
/,/ varying with /;/ (/:1/) quite frequently.
English and Persian have many similarities in their intonationpatterns, but there are important differences. Very special attentionmust be paid to the intonation of each Persian sentence. It shouldnot be treated as if it were an English sentence. The pitch numbersused will help the student to say things correctly but only carefullistening and imitation will give the correct pronunciation.
Note 1.6 Styles of speech.
This note draws the student's attention to variations in theway a Persian may say a word or a phrase. This is still only abrief statement of a very complex situation. Persian is much likeEnglish in its variations and the way in which they relate to style.In English, for example, we may say 'don't you' (/dwnt yiw/ in aspelling like we use for Persian) or in a more formal style 'do younot' ( /duw yuw nit/). Actually, we don't usually say either one,but rather Idonchat (/a6wnCe/). The latter looks substandard, aswe write it this way only in funny papers and novel (or other)dialogue aimed at point ng up the fact it is colloquial. Of course,'doncha' is perfectly standard and used by standard speakers all ofthe time; but it is not written standard. (Another example is 'sad'for 'said'. Both are identical in sound. 'Seri' is a graphicvariant to show that actual speech is being represented.) The sameis true of Persian. There are many forms in these units which looksubstandard to a Persian who sees them written down. They areperfectly standard and used by standard speakers regularly. Theyjust look substandard, as they are net normally written.
This note deals with a classification of s7;ch variants intodifferent styles and compares the forms of certain words in thesestyles. There are, of course, other types of differences in
g2 6
P.1.19
Persian. There are personal differences. One speaker may use /e/where another uses /m/. There are geographic dialect differencesand social dialect differences. As we are concerned here only withstandard Tehran speech, these other variations are not discussed.
The differences following what we call variations in style workin a very regular fashion. The following sentences are selectedfrom the Basic Sentences and are given in two different styles.The student should compare the two version:, as he goes over them.
1. hAletun cetowre
2. hale soma cetowre.
3. rill:Junin
4. midunmm.
5. cf Oftid
6. 'fn dye
7. Ilia ciye.
8. restoran, dste r4ste.
9. assgulf awe ape.
lo. rAst berid
11. hazerin
12. yemmrtebel
13. bee
[hdletan cetowrmst]
[hAle soma cetowrast]
[midanid]
[m/danmm]
[ce goftid]
[ tfn cfst]
[tan cfst]
[restoran, d4ste r&stast]
[dmstgull aste *met.]
[rast beravid]
[hazer hmstin]
[yek martma,ye dig4r.]
[begs Itest]
The left hand column gives the sentences in the !informal, style.This style is the way the people ordinarily talk. The right handcolumn (in square brackets) gives the same sentences in the'formal' style. The formal style is used for speeches, lectures,radio broadcasts and on certain occasions calling for a type ofspeech which is considered more elegant. The written Persian is inthe formal style. The informal style however, is used both inmodern written Persian and in radio broadcpsts whenever it isintended to quote the actual everyday speeen. More on the differencesbetween the ordinary informal,style and the written formal style willbe explained in later units.
Note 1.7 /b4farmatid/
The imperative form /hefmrmatid/ is used as a polite suggestionto another person that the next move is up to him, that the speakerdefers to him. There is no single English equivalent. 'Please','after you', there you are, sir', 'come on in, 'take a seat', 'helpyourself', etc. are all equivalents in given situations.
bei
P.1.20
Agfarmalid/ may precede another imperative. This gives a verypolite tone to the utterance and indicates the speaker's deference:
bgfmrmalid bgrid. Please go.
bgfmrmatid tmrjomg konid. Please translate.
It may also be used as a general deferential verb meaning 'go aheadand do whatever the situation calls for'. In this resnect it maysometimes be said to replace the imperative of a verb more specifical-ly suited to that situation. For example:
befmrmalid funjg. Please go there. instead of bgrid lung.
befmrmatid. Please go ahead. instead of 'read', 'eat',
'go', 'come', or what-
ever the occasion calls
for.
The student should note the situations in Basic Sentences, Variartion Drills. and free conversation where AgfEeri,:alid/ is used.
Note 1.8 Negative prefix mne-/..-9/m-/
miduham
ngmidunmm
The prefix /ne-/ is used before verb forms beginning with /Mi-/to form the negatiNs. Compare:
mifahmid
mifahmam
midunid
ngmifahmid
ngmiSmhmwm
ngmidunid
Most other forms of the verb have the prefix /nm-/:
g6ftsan
Note 1.9 Suffix /4/ . /i-tuc/
hotgl kojgst.
resturgn kojAst.
hotelg kojist.
resturang kojist.
nhoftern.
Where's [the] hotel.
Where's (the] restaurant.
Where is the hotel.
Where is the restaurant.
In the first two sentences the question is general. The speakerwants to know if there is any hotel or restaurant in the vicinity.Tha third and the fourth questions refer to a specific hotel orrestaurant ('the hotel' and 'the restaurant1). Both the person Whó
Polo21
is asking the question and the person who is supposed to answer it,know already what hotel or restaurant they mean.
This suffix, /-4/ after consonants and /-14/ or /44/ aftervowels, may be added to nouns and is used by some speakers in informalspoken Persian. It may be used when the noun in question is quitespecific, i.e. when the person involved in the conversation knowsprecisely what person or object is being talked about. This enffix isalways stressed and is not used in formal or written Persian. Thesuffix is often combined with /tin/ or "1n/, as in Pin hoteld/"In hotelg/and when referring to a person.has a pejorativeconnotation.
GD. 1.2
Grammatical Drill
Initial0=1.tAesk tears kaim
tiks photograph ann
!meal' unions sang
les& alasl ifEAD
tmkndn now getdc
Vowels
Medial Final
levin increasing gEmdn
immvij waves ming
fmniy4t security dmmavind
Imnjomsen society mmmndn
teendazd size kmbdd
/a/ lib water gih
lamadg ready an
tammdg has come nagoft4
tamuza learning cap
tahestg slowly nim
tan that mat
tagmhf advertise- mistmeet
tazadi freedom mac
gig)
little nee
art
stone
night
doubt
thought
shame
Damavand
thankful
dark blue
Shah dam(
comb ti
unsaid pidvd
print dmv4
name fagi
astoni.lied b&sa
yogurt pan
kiss
no
learned
until
leader
medicine
atmosphere
many
Pasha
Tani acquaintance
P.1.22
/e/
Initial
tgrice
tavAz
t e'sm
temz&
testekin
temtehgn
testefadg
tesbgt
tensgf
temkgn
tejaeg
tehdgs
/i/ tfn
listed&
tisteh
!USA
timgn
tin4k
tizgh
tfd
tiyaat
1134
/6/ tomfd
fonvain
tobovv4rt
todebg
tostid
that which damgd
voice PAYe
Medial
name sahgb
signature hedaysIst
glass momkgn
examination sepals
use sakgt
proof sadegf
justice negan
possibility negmean
permission ngsf
creation mes
this
to stand
station
creation
faith
now
explanation
festival
visiting(patient)
necessitat-ing
hope
title
paternity
men ofletters
professor
bfd
tfp
zmmfn
bihus
hive
piganf
hfckme
zfn
zistifn
dfn
goftsfin
kind
btn
pest
hdkm
Final
bridegroom tmbg
foundation fan&
owner
guidance
possible
afterwards
silent
simplicity
sign
to sit
half
copper
willow
brigade
earth
name
neviemndg
nerve
pests
tikke
give
sade
ke
dide
gmnide
tutf
bsrlf
sing
unconscious kaff
widow koloftf
forehead sostf
nobody smthf
saddle gugf
to live deni
religion k4mi
to say to
dull de
root kilt
mail cd
order gap6
cloak
non-exist-ence
letter
writer
grandchild
pistachio
piece
method
simple
that
seen
heard
parrot
evil
tray
enough
thickness
weakness
superficial
receiver
a woman
a little
you
two
kologram
if
hat
P.I23
Initialmo......WWW.101110
Medial Final111M11110004modom ....twass.1.11.4m11
tosldp style h6sn beauty
tostAn province bogyeid foundation
toma main bongSh institution
tomumf general somb61 hyacinth
tobohAt glory moffd useful
/u/ to he, she bdd was peetd blanket
tutu iron slid profit.
mu hair
tdd lute zdd quick kmdd squash
'tin that kilh mountain td inside
lif ouch/ kugideen to endeavor amd uncle
tust£ master
Tunj4 there
tut August
rust he is
/eV
mmmndn grateful bibd odorless
kucek small begu sayL
knee street smbd pitcher
WI owl.
su side
gdg ear jd brook.
/a/
nernmoist,
,nam name
bfedbad bAd wind
no n4 dampness
C1831 breath am trap
I mad cane taa repose
zed he hit ad birth
M4d length ad Mede
cp left eh print
palls then as guard
belnd knot bgnd bandage
Tad& lack tad& man
Am little kAm desire
keel foam Idf (Persian
letter)
Stri 31
Pole24
/Eel /a/
tetik single tik vine
belz linen biz open
Ygid hand yid memory
balm city of Bam bin roof
tammd4 has come lamad4 ready
gozagt4n to pass gozagteEn to leave
lag pulp kdg alas
ieen collecting gm bowl
14iz from liz greed
gAz kind of pastry az gas
violet drunk mist yogurt
semi& value swain territory
&lit valley d> he had
/ay/
/y/
Diphthongs
k4y. when
PgY trace
dey (Iranian month)
mey wine
meydin square
peymin pact
ney reed
zeytlin olive
meymin monkey
b4yt verse
orphans
ma rsare left wing
h4ry alive
favyAz generous
in 32
Ay/ (continued)
InrYgm days
smyygd huntell
IWYgg man of pleasure
=Dryer luminous
/ay/
/ow/
tea
bayggn file-keeper
;;ayggh place
tvcg bundle
vdy oh!
ley sediment
gayan worthy
payggh base
now new
j6w barley
m6w vine
r6w5 Spouse
nowbeet turn
dowl&t government
gowkit glory
nowrdz new year
mowz4 subject
mOwj wave
P01025
GD. 1.8 Negative prefix
Drill on negative prefixes /nee / and /114/. Repeat the following
sentences after your tutors then put them into the negative: Example:
Tutor: mfdunmm hotgl kojget.
Student: mfdunmm hotel kojgst.
ngmidunmm hotgl kojSst.
3Sre
P.1.26
1. mfdunid fun restordn cetowre.
2. mifmhmid.
3. eftidhilettmcettrwre.
4. liars/ mlfMhmid?
5. flora. mifehmmm.
6. Often tin restorgne.
7. eftid rest berid?
8. mfdunmm hotel kojgst,
9. some midunid2
10. fmrmddid hotel diets ape?
11. terjomg konid.
12. deers tmmgm god.
Variation Drill
3 1
hAle some cetowre.
2 3 1# 2 3 2 1 #motegmkkeram. some, cetowrid.
2 3 1 #hglean We.
3 IIegtowr
3 Inemidunmm.
2 3 1 # 3 1 3
ce fmrmddid. goftid; amifmhsom
31# 3 I 2 1 # 2 1 3 1agoftmm; a Omifehmmm. ttani; nemidumm!
2 3 1 2 1 4!hot4le some, kogst:
3 1 2., 1
114MiCIUMM; hotel kojist!
348
2 3 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 3,1
cet6wr nemidunid: hotgle soma, chaste c&pe restorane:
2 1 2 3 1# 2 3 1 2 1#mersi, mmmndnmm:- restorgn; kogst5
23 2 1restorgn, lunjast.
2 3 n
kojg 2
2 3 2 3 1 #lung, d*Ste cape hotele.
2 3
rgst goftid
3 1 B1141e :
2 3 2IIII
goftid, aste che hoZgle
3 1 a 2 1
dteste c &pe hotgle!
.2 1 ji
motegmkkermmr.
Substitution Drills
P.1.27
Substitute the words given after each sentence for the underlinedword or words of the sentence. All substitution drills are to becarried out according to the following Model Drill.
Instructor: hgletun cetowre.
1st Student: hgletun cetemre.
Instructor: hke soma.
2nd Student: hgle soma cet6wre.
Instructor: hoteletun.
3rd Student: hoteletun cetSwre.
etc.
P.1.28
1. hdletun cetowrs.
hale some
hoteletun
restordnetun
dassguli
hotS1
restordn
2. bald !list, motegakkeram.
mamminam
mersi
3. farsi midunid.
mifalunid
n4midunid
4. restorer d4ste rAste.
hotel
dastgurf
tin
t.rin
5. restordn delste riste.
aste ape
kojdst
IinjAst
lAnjdst
bold 'list
6, hotel kojAst
rinje
rung
7. tun hotels
restorin
ars
dastgurf
cf
8, War-Arid lord konim.
lord konid
9.
terjom4 konid
nowb4te &mist
'WA
lung
rest berid.
dote ap
(gists rdst
rung
P.I.29
to. filftam tin aye.
Dermddid
midunid
nemiaVnid
goftid
nAgoftid
mifahmid
nemifmhmid
Persian Orthography
The Persian text as hers is for use after the introduction
of the script, at which time instructions will be given.
As this text is for reading purposes, the order of the
sentences in the drill sections is not necessarily the same as
it is in the transcription.
P I .30
diet.tp_m Coe.
0.0)4 .121..st t1....1
5 J.grro
iAt Cti
44.414
e.:4A I
4.,....140 I )11...414.
4
c J:J3
P.2412
Persian Basic Course
Unit a
Basic Sentences10.1IMI.WA
name t gam/vim
Javadi (a last name) jmvadi
3 1 " #My name is Javadi. I Awns non, jEevadlye
gentleman, sir, mister
Mr. Javadi
Hello, Mr. Javadi.
Fereydun (a manta first name)
My namets Fereydwn.
lady, wife, Miss, Mrs,
Afshar (a last name)
Zhalg (a womants first name)
Hello.Mrs. Afshar.
Hello Miss Zhale.
God
guardian
Good-bye.
you are
Iran
Iranian
tall
'aggro jamadi2 3 1SWUM taclaye javadi.
fereyddn
2 3 2 ol #t4SMe an; fereydune.
2 3 1
selgm xanome tmfgar.
2 3 1
wan late xanom!
xodg
hafgz2 3 1 axodi hafts:
hAstid
Iirkirani
Are you an Iranian?
America
American
I am an American
I am
No, Itm an American.
and
Afshar and
they are
Messers Afshar and Javadi are
Iranian.
request, begging, asking
to request, ask, beg
please (tI make request!)
amount, value, worth
little
a little, somewhat
slow, slowly
slower, more slowly
speech, word
to hit, to strike
to speak
speak!
41
P.2.33
2 3
soma tiranl hmsti4
emrika/t amrikd
temrikatf /tamrikaI1
emrika I Span
hAstmm
3 2 1 4nab; temrikat4ymm: /
2 1
tamrikati hastmm.
vA
tEefgdro
h4stmn [h4stand]
2 3taqSye teriro jmvadf;
2 1
tirani hastmn.
xag [xatieg]
xag kmran [xaheg
kmrdeln]
xagmikonen [calleg
mikonam]
gtmadr
loin
codri keied
ymvdg
ymvagar
hArf
zadten
hArf zmdga
bArf bezmnfd
P.2.34
Please speak a little slower.2 3 I 2 3 I
xaeg mikontuni, ktreni YEETagtElaar
2 1
h&rf bezmnid#
good; well xdb
I don't understand n4mifmhmm
2 3 1 2 1I don't understand Persian well. farsf xdb; nemifmhmmme
very, much, many xeyli
or besy4r
You speak Persian very well.2 3 1
some X4Yli xdb fars1 hArf
mizmnidf
to pardon, to excuse bmxgidetn
excuse [me]: b4bmxgid
this (as object) '/no [Ifnra]
in Persian (Ito Persian') befarsi
you say, you're saying mfgid [mIgulid]
31 v # 2 3Excuse me, how do you say this b4bmxsid. Iino befarsl;
2 1 4/
in Persian? cf. migid:
watch, clock, hour saftgt
we say, we're saying migim [mEgu'im]
We call this a watch in Persian.
how much, how many; calnd / caln
some, several
What time is it
2 3 2 1
lino befars/; Balch migime
42
2 3 1 4WA (Andel:
ha, shn saysridge Dnigu7D3d1
two
two &clock salgte d6
He says it's two el chock. 2 3-1 2nige5 saggte dOst:
movie sineWsima
when k4y
to begin, start (intr.) gord godgn
(it) begins gord mice [gord
migmvaad]
nto want xastg
I want mixam [mixahmm]
2 3
mixam bedunmm sinemA 145r1
goru raise.
3 I2mixatid begmm, sinem& k4y
gord migJ
lid (t1 want ) to imow when
the. movie starts.
*You -want me to tell [you] whet.. the
movie starts
Yes, please.
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
P.2.35
2 13
1:41.1e; xahgg mikonam.
se
car [war]
PLj
gig [sgg]
hf [haft]
h4g [hat]
nAh
P.2.36
ten di
to come lumaan [ t amman]
you come, you're coming; miya id
you'll come
When will you come?
I come, I'm coming;
I'll come
I'll come at three.
How about Mr. Javadi and Mr.
Afshar?
they
they come, they're coming;
they'll come
They'll come at five.
we
3 1
key miyalid.
InlYam [IniYaYEen]
3 2 1
mAni, sate se miyame
2 3facleye javadlo laciSye taefsar
cetowr
tune /tuna [tom]
m/yand [m/yayand]
2 31 2 3 1. #
lune; sal4te panj miyan.
me
Smith lesmit
we come, we're coming, we'll come m/yalim3 I 2 3 2
We'll come at seven o'clock and Mr. a; satalte haft miyalim; vas3 2
Smith at eight (o'clock). laggye lesmit, sa'&te
he, she
he said
he, she, it comes; is
coming, will come
hat.Id
gcift
miyad [m/yayesij
When did he say held come?
He said at eight.
Where are you going?
I'm going to the movies.
to have
you have
Do you have a watch?
No I don't (have).
What time are you coming?
P.2,37
2 3 1
td kdy goft miyad.
3 2 1 4eft; satellite higgt:
2 3 1
gorrA koja mirid!
3 I 2 1#arm; sinem4Y
dagth
darid
2
saga* dAricd
31 ji 3.1needaresn:
2 3 1
sateete ckad miyatid.
3 1I don't know. ndmidunem.from lAm
2 3 1
Where should we go from here? 'az linjA koja berim.
2 31#Letts go to the movie. brim sinea.
Classroom Expressions
question b.:41 [soldl]
pl. soalAt [sotalgt]
to ask a question (with NO sosl [sotAl] kerdain
answer jmvdb
to give dad&
to answer jaw& dad
2 3 12I'll ask a question, and you men soul mils:memo; omet
1
answer [me]. imrclb bead:
P.2.36
to read
to study
Letts begin class.
its impossible, one cannot
(lit does not become!)
this way, in the manner
No, it's not possible to Eay
it this way.
one must, one should, it is
necessary
You must say [it] this way.
Notes
Not.: 2.1 Consonants
Xurida!nixondfil [xandtai]
ars xundeln
2 3 2 .1#gord konim; bed4rs xundan.
n4mige [nemigamad]
Tintowr
3 °12 3, ' #
nal017. lintowr nernise gab.
bay&
2 3 1
bay& 11ntowr begid
Most Persian consonants will sound familiar to a speaker of English
but he must not he deceived by similarity. The /x/ and /q/ will be
completely new, but the /t/ and the /k/ are also new in their own way.
The students should treat each sound as a new one. Here are scale of the
striking differences:
It d n/ are made with the tip of the tongue touching the
back of the upper front teeth.
/p t k/ In American English we pronounce /p t k/ in several
different ways. For example, at the beginning of a
word or of a stressed syllables but not after /s/1
these consonants are aspirated, that is, there is a
puff of breath after them. But after /s/ or at the
beginning of an unstressed syllable they are
ti46
P.2.39
unaspirated (have no such puff of breath). Notice
the difference between the aspirated /p/ or pin or
opinion and the unaspirated /p/ of spin or upper.
Persian /p t k/ are always aspirated, no matter whether there is an
/s/ in front of them or not, or whether they begin a stressed or an un-
stressed syllable. The Persian word /dokt6r/ sounds like daw -kyuh -tore,
because the /k/ is completed before the /t/ is begun. There isn!t a
vowel there, but only the release of the /k/. This is true of all such
consonant groups. Compare the following Persian and English words and
listen for the differences in the sound of //t..
hEtstid !you are, hasty mostmrgh !toilet! mustard
zahmkti !any trouble! natty rasturgn !restaurant! restaur-
Oftam !I said! rafterant
che
pij
peydg
kafg
kojg
/k g/
Examples of &/ and ZkZ
litts left! happy sdpan 'soup alsol supper
!five! punch pets !then, pass
!finding! payday,potatoes
doktOr !doctor! doctor
!cafe!
!where2!
cafe
cajole
kdr !work! car
have two pronunciations which sound very different to a
speaker of English. Before vowels made in the back of the
mouth, /u o a/, Persian /k/ and /g/ sound very much like
English /k/ and /g/ in kayak and gown. In all other positions
they are palatalized, that is, they sound something like ky
and gy. These other positions include /k/ and /g/ before the
vowels /I e mi and at the end of a syllable (before another
ccnsonant or at the end of a word). One way to make these
palatalized /k/ and /g/ sounds is to place your tongue in
16P4 7
P.2.40
position to say /y/ and then, holding your tongue close
to the roof of your mouth as you have it for /y/, say /k/
or /g/. Another way is to put the tip of the tongue in
back of the upper teeth and then say /k/ or /g/. At all
times the student should listen care, .illy to the Persian
speaker and iaitats. Ns have slightly palatal /k/ and /g/
in English in such words as key, keel, keep, geese, geezer,
but Persian palatalization is much stronger. With some
Persian speakers palatal /k/ and /g/ approach Persian /c/
and /j/. Some Persian speakers have the palatalization only
before /i e m/0)
/1/ is higher toned than in English. Raise the middle of the
tongue closer to the roof of the mouth with the sides of
the tongue touching the upper teeth, much as you do for
making /y/. E.g. /bEfile/ !yes', /seaki/ 'greetings',
Anly1/ 'wish'. Note the difference between /1714y1/ and
English 'mail'.
In is made with the tip of the tongue flapped or trilled
against the ridge back of the upper front teeth. The
student should never use an English /r/. There are three
main varieties of Persian /i/: a single flap (sometimes
in between vowels), a trill (two or more flaps - at the
beginning of a word, next to a consonant and usually
between vowels), and a whispered trill (at the end of a
word before a pause or open juncture / , 3 ./ LI On)
Listen carefully to these words again:
r4st 'right' b4rid 'got'
riyil trial' darSd 'you have'
car 'four' dciezar 'two rials'
cAdri
fars/
cejur
Now listen to the contrast between these Persian
words:
farsf 'Persian' contrast
la little'
'Persian'
'what kind'
and English
tfarce'
P.2041
siggr 'cigarette' contrast teigapt
ilnra 'that (obj.)1 contrast 'UNRRA'
causes no difficulties when it occurs at the beginning of a
syllable. It is easy for us to ay /hal&/ qlowl and /hgl/
!health' (at least so far as the /h/ is concerned:). However,
Persian /h/ also occurs at the end of syllables in Persian:
AmifEhmmm, d411/. Here there are two possible pronunciations:
1) a more careful one, where a clear breathed [h] is heard
2) the normal colloquial, where /h/ jwt lengthens the vowel,
with a glide effect. The first pronunciation is hard for
English speakers, but the student must learn it to be able to
speak Persian properly. It occurs naturally in a normal,
rather deliberate, type of speech. Since it will probably be
some time before the student can speak rapidly well, it is
best to know how to speak slower properly.
The breathed [h] at the end of a syllable sounds difficult,
but it is only putting a breath of air at the end very similar
to that at the beginning. Listen carefully and repeat:
deth mif&hmid mehmunxune qahvg nclh
The glide type of /h/ is very similar to something we
have in English. Compare a simple vowel in English like the
o (phonemically /a/) of hot with the long vowel and glide of
calm. Or compare comma and calm. Comma and hot both have a
short /a/ sound (like the /a/ of father). Calm has a long /a/
with a glide. In rapid speech Persian has a very similar
glide and lengthening replacing /h/. It is important to note
that theme' /h/ is not ordinarily 'left outs in this position but
replaced by something else. (This something else is, we shall
see, the same type of glide we have for Persian /1/ before a
consonant). The glide is toward the 'center' or suhl position
(phonetically [e]). The student should listen carefully and
P.2.42
/1/
imitate his native speaker whichever pronunciation he may be
using and be sure he can say both.
is a sound which also requires some explanation. In careful
formal speech it is a stoppage of breath, a glottal stop [9].
You hear it frequently in English. If you say very slowly and
deliberately, lin English', you will have it before each of
these words. It occurs regularly in Persian words said the
same way: /tin /, /:engelis//, /nun /, etc. You sometimes hear
it in English as a substitute for /t/ in such words as bottle
(said bahlul). You also hear it clearly in uhmuh.ItilmmoM
Between vowels in informal spoken Persian /f/ may be just
a kind of trough in between the vowel peaks, so that both
vowels are said distinctly. This is the type of speech one
should first try to master. In rapid spoken Persian it usually
disappears and the vowels run together. A number of different
types of contractions may result. For example:
Vowels said distinctly: sat Contracted: seat
What is /h/ between vowels in formal speech may be replaced
by the trough kind of /I/ in the colloquial (never by the stop
[9] of /1/) and may then have the same type of contraction:
Forma?: mIxahid Informal distinct: m/xatid
Contracted: mixayd
Other values of /f/ will be discussed when examples have
occured.
The following two sounds will be entirely new to the student, and he
will need to pay particular attention to them:
/x/ This sound is made farther back in the mouth than a Ac/, and
instead of completely stopping the air by pressing your tongue
against the roof of your mouth, you let the air slide through.
It sounds somewhat like clearing your throat. It is the same
/q/
P02.43
kind of sound as the ch of German ach, but is made farther back.
To make /x/ press the back of the tongue against the uvula
(pendant at back of mouth) and the back part of the roof of the
mouth and breath air through. There is often some trilling of
the uvula in addition to the other friction. The sound should
be voiceless like /s f, 5/, not voiced as /z, v,
xdb !good! x4yli !very! =am !I want!
xancim !lady! xodg !God! toxin 'seed, egg!
There are two varieties of /q /: a stop variety and a fricative
variety.
The stop variety is like a far back !hard! g. This sound
completely stops the flow of the breath (as do /k/ and /g/).
To make it one should press the back of the tongue against the
soft palate and uvula and say g as in go. (This sound is
technically described as a voiced postvelar stop, represented
by the symbol (G)).
This sound occurs usually at the beginning of a word, e.g.
Pqattl/ !murder!, /q4bz/ !receipt!, /46m/, !Qom!. It is often
heard in the middle of the word when there is also a stop
variety of /q/ elsewhere in the word (e.g. at the beginning or
at the end of the word), e.g. homqome/ !canteen!, /daqiq/
!delicate!. It is always a stop when occuring double /44/,
e.g. /mange/ !dancer!, /bmqq41/ !grocer!. In such combina-
tions with other consonants as /mq /, /1q/, /61/ in the middle
of the word /q/ has the stop pronunciation in some of these and
the spirant (fricative) in others. In combination with the
above consonants at the end of words the /q/ is regularly a
stop, e.g. /1(Smq/ !depth!, /dig/ !creation!.
The fricative variety of the /q/ sound is made in the sam:
place in the mouth (pressing the back of the tongue against the
soft palate and uvula) but lets the air slide through (as in
P.2.44
/x/). The difference between /x/ and the fricative /q/ is the
same as the difference between /s/ and /z/. /q/ and /z/ have
the buzzing of the vocal cords (voicing), /x/ and /s/ do not.
(This sound is teehnically described as a voiced postvelar
fricative [y] . The fricative varxety occurs between vowels,
in certain conronant groups and sometimes at the end of the
word, e.g. Paq&/, tgentlemxinl, Amesqr4b/ 'went', /dem&q/
'nose'.
Between vowels /q/ is regularly a fricative rather than a
stop. In consonant groups and at the end of a word there may
be variation - in some groups /q/ is regularly a stop in others
regularly a fricative. In many there is free variation -
either the stop or fricative may be used.
e.g.9
m6rq 'hen' 'west'
reelq 'friend' reaqz 'kernel'
The difference between the two sounds in these words is not significant.
Which is used does not matter.
while there is some free variation at the end of words and in
certain consonant clusters, /q/ is regularly a stop at the beginning of
words and regularly a fricative between vowels. This pattern is clear
and is easily seen when a word with a stop /q/ gets a prefix which results
in the /4/ being between vowels. For example:
Stop Fricative.....q4dr 'amount' c4vdr 'how much?'
qAbz 'receipt' doqmbze 'with tworeceipts'
Other words show both the stop and the fricative, the stop at the
beginning of the word, the fricative later:
qurbaqe 'frog' qay4q 'canoe'
One should not confuse /q/ with /g/:
qgz
qollgb
'goose!
!hook!
ggz
golgb
!gas'
!rose water!
There are dialects of Persian in which the stop and fricative
varieties of /q/ are two different sounds which occur in contrast with
each other. In such a dialect the differen,a between two words may
depend only on the /q /. For example, in standerd Tehrani kazi/ may be
'judge! or !warrior!. In a dialect in which the two varieties of /q/
were distinguished, hazi/ is !judge! and Ayazi/ !warrior!. The Kermani
dialect, Afghan Persian and Taiik are three dialects in which such a
difference is made. Examples of words with the atop in Tehrani and the
fricative in these other dialects are:
qiygs 'help! gill !giant, ogre!
(pram&
cleyr
!reparation'
!other!
gonce
gal4b
thud,
!conquering!
qeyralt tzealt qAz !goose'
qmzAl !lyric poetry! qamtar !plunderer!
qmzgl !gazelle' mOrq then'
gees
corger4
tfaintine
I/gargling!
malqz 'kernel'
Your speaker will probably use the stop variety of /q/ for these
words but he may use the fricative. Imitate whichever he uses,
Analysis
Persian grammar is not complex. There are not many endings, and
most forms are quite regular. Like English, the is a lot conveyed by
word order rather than special endings; but the order is different. The
Basic Sentences are really the student's grammar. They give the forms
of Persian words and their use in natural sentences. They are not only
to be memorized but to serve as a basis for making new sentences, using
them as models. The grammatical notes in these units are to help the
student understand the Persian forms he has already learned in the Basic
Sentences and to guide him in making new combinations.
53
P.2.46
Note 2.2 Connective /e/ (tezaf4)
hAl-e soma
dAst-e rest
deist-e elp
t4am-e m4n
xonc:m -e ImfgAr
sateet-e and
sal&-c do
your health
right hand
left hand
my name
Miss Afshar
what time
two o'clock
Each of these examples has two words connected by /e/. This /e/
has been separated by a hyphen (-) to make bhe division dlear. There is
a general meaning which we may assign to this /e/: when connective /e/
is used, whatever follows tells something about what precedes. In /h&le
gomcV we learn whose health is being talked about. In /d4ste rest/ and
/a4ste c&p/ we learn what hand (in the context, in whicn direction) it is.
/ theme mean/ tells) whose name it is. About the /kan6m/ 'lady' we learn
that she is an Afshar. About the hour (sat4t) we learn it is two.
The student must not confuse connective /e/ with the /e/ meaning
'is'. The /e/ of /ande/ in the sentence /sat& ande/ means tisi.
This /e/ 'is' may be /Ye/ after vowels, as in /clye/ 'what is [it]?1;
but /st/ may also be used: /cist/.
Most cases where connective /e/ is used are equivalent to English
adjectival plus noun. The English translations of the examples above
give examples of this: right hand, left hand, my name, etc. The English
construction may have an adjective, a noun, a verb, a phrase or any
number of things modifying the noun, that is, acting as an 'adjectival'.
The position and stress of the English word determine the fact that it
modifies the noun. Quite the same is true in Persian, except that the
modifiying word or phrase comes after the noun plus connective /e/. We
say 'left hamit; Persian says 'hand -e left,. The word after connective
/e/ may be an adjective, such as 'good': /restorAne Alp/ 'good restaurant'.
It may be a noun: /restorAn-e hotel/ !the restaurant of the hotel'. It '
may be a pronoun: /hAle soma/ 'your health'. It may be an adverb:
/ret4ne halg/ !going nowt. It maybe a phrase: /hotele Abe taq45re
taMr/ !Mr. Afshar is good hotelt.
Note 2.3 Forms of address
salgm taclaye jamadt.
saagn. xanome safgar.
salgm gale xanom.
He' .'o Mr. Javadi.
mrs. Afshar.
Hello Miss Zhale.
Pegg/ rivir.i with the ca nective /e/ and /xancim/ iMrs.t or TMisst
always precede the last name of a person. When the first name is used
/xandm/ follows it as in P:ale xar.W. This can be either a single or a
married woman. In a more formal speech /xan6me vaggye tafggr/ can be
used for 'Mrs. Afshart. Otherwise there is no distinction between !Miss!
and !Mrs.! in spoken Persian. In very formal speeches, radio, newspapers,
etc.. /band/pl. /banovAn/ is used for 'Mrs.' and /augizg/ pl. /augizean/
for ?Mies! without the connective /e/. In that case both first and last
names are used, e.g. /band iEaldye jmvad//, /augize maary6ne tafggrh
When a masculine first name is used, it is followed by /kgn/ without
the connective /e/ as in /fereyddn xgn/. Somewhat less familiar than
this but more familiar than Paggye jaNadi/ will be /lacigye fereyddn xgn/.
If the person addressed is considered to be socially inferior to the
speaker (servant, chauffeur, gardener, etc.) the first name without the
connective /e/ is followed by /laq6/ as in Aereychin 2agg". With some
names /4aci4/ may be put before it, e.g. /twig rezg/. The form /fereyddn
tacig/, /tacig rezg/ is also used by the members of the family, close
friends, etc. when addressing each other. Here is a summary of the
preceding with some additional details:
Forms of Mr. Javad Mariam Zhale
Address Javadi (his wife) this daughter)
1) very familiar /ja,vgd/ bary4m/
(used axrong relativesor close friends)
55
P.2.48
2) Familiar /jam& lacp1/
(used when addressing orservants, etc. or by /Imp rezi/members of a familywhen addressing eachother) has a connotationof endearment.
3) Polite-Familiar
/mazy& xanom/ /gale xanom/
hamid xiln/ //ale xanom/
4) Polite-less Familiar /saggye jmvEld/ /maryalm xanom/
5) Polite, ,Informal /vagg.ye lesvad htan4mo mmry-Im /name ialli
x4 a/ xona/ xanom/
6) Formal /faci&ye jmvadf/ /Scancime javadl/ AcanOme larvae./
7) Formal (to show more /Scaneme laclAye
respect to a lady) jmvadi/
8) Very formal /bawl mary4me /dugize nleye
(official sreeches, jmvadi/ jamadf/
radio broadcasts, news-papers, officialdocuments. etc.)
Further special and deferencial forms of addressing people will be taken
up in later Units.
Note 2.4 Verb endings
midunmm I know
mixam I want
erten I said
Each of these verbS ends in /-m/, and they all refer to the speaker,
III, as the actor (or subject). The verb of the Persian verbal sentence
always indicates by its ending whether the subject or actor is III, 'you',
the, she, itt (the same ending serves for all three of these - see below),
Net or 'they'. The separate words (pronouns) for these, such as /meal/
!I!, are used
Han goftmm/
form, such as
vary clearly:
P.2.49
for aaphasis or contrast (compare /g6ftmm/ IT said! and
II said!). If we compare the !If form of a verb with another
!you!, we see the endings indicating these forms (I, you)
mldunam
mldunid
mizam
mixatid
gatem
Oftid
I know
ycu know
I want
you want
I said
you sail.
The !I! ending of /m/dunam/ and /gat& is /..E2v/; the 'you! ending is
/-id/. The !I! ending of hnixam/ is /-m/, the tout ending is /-lid/.
Whether /-/ or /-m/ (/-id/ or /-lid/) is used depends on the last sound
of the verb stem (see below) to which it is added. If the verb stem ends
in a consonant /-mm/ or /-id/ is used; if it ends in a vowel, /-m/ or
/-lid/ is used (/mixa-/). Here are examples showing the present and past
e-.pings we have had in Units
1) Present Endings:
and 2:
mifmhmam
in yam
II know!
!I comet
mlyalim
m/gid
twe come,
fry!: salt
mfge the says! rotyatid !you come!
miyad
mtgim
the comes!
twe say!
hastand
miyand
!they are,
'they comet
2) Past Endings:
Oftam II said! farmddid !you said!
Oft The said!
From these examples we see that the present ending /.41em/ or /-m/ is
!I!, /-e/ or /-d/ is !he! (also ishel, it or with a noun subject as in
binemd sallete d6 goru mige/ !the movie will start at two!), /-im/ or
/-11m/ is Iwo!, /-idig or /-lid/ is !you! and /.4and/ or /-nd/ 'they'.
P.2.50
These forms are used both to correspond to English present tense
forms and to English future forms. There is also a future made like
English with a form for twill! which is less common in spoken Persian and
which will be explained in Unit 25.
There are other vepb endings which have rnt yet occured in our Basic
Sentences. These are:
1) a more faMiliar for for 'you'. This is /-i/ or /-ti/ in present-
future tense as in /Miduni/ !you (singular familiar) know', Amixati/
'you (singular familiar) vantt; and /-i/ in the simple past tense
as in /g6fti/ 'you (singular familiar) said!.
2) the simple-past twe' ending /-im/, as in /g6ftim/ we said!.
3) the simple-past !they! ending /- and /, as in /gOftand/ !they said'.
There are two sets of present-future endings: those occuring after stems
ending in a consonant (consonant verbs) and those occuring after stems
ending in a vowel (vowel verbs). As the simple-past endings always occur
after consonants, there is only one set of these endings. The 3rd person
singular of the simple past (he, she, it) has no ending (or, has the
ending - zero). The verbs /reftein/ tgo/ and /tammezn/ ?comet will serve
as examples of the complete set of these endings:
Present-futurea ammo
Consonant Verb Vowel Verb%MO
mirmm itm going, Itll go miyam I'm coming, I'll come
miri you're going, you'll go miyafi you're coming, you'llcome
mire he (she, it) is going,will go
miyad he (she, it) is coming,will come
mfrim we're going, we'll go miyatim we're coming, we'llcome
mirid you're going, you'll go miyatid you're coming, you'll
come
P.2.51
mIrmnd they're going, they'll go miyand they're coming, they'llcome
Simple-past
rgftaam I went rgftlm we went
rkfti you went raftid you went
rgft he (she, it) went r&ftmnd they went
The endings /-and/ as in /rEatmnd/ or /Mfgmnd/ and /-nd/ as in Amiyand/
are used in slower and more precise speech. They are ban/ and I-n/
respectively in rapid spoken Persian. The ending /-id/ is often replaced
by / -in/ in colloquial speech. It should be also noted that in very
colloquial informal speech the it/ is completely lost, so that the set
of endings of a vowel verb becomes as follows:
mfyam, mlyayy, miyad, miyaym, miyayn, miyan.
The singular familiar /-i/ form is used only when speaking to one
person, and this person is a child, close relative, or someone the
speaker is on very familiar terms with. It is always used in addressing
the Deity. Iranians use it when addressing servants, peasants or people
generally whom they consider to be socially inferior. As a general rule
non-Iranians should use the /-id/ form rather than
Note 2.5 Verb prefixes Ami-/, /be-/
mixam bedunmm sinemA key sore mi5e. I want to know when the movie
starts.
mixatid began, sinemg key goru Do you want me to tell [you]
raise? when the movie starts?
berim sinemA. Let's go to the movie.
twz linjA kojg berim. Where shall we go from here?
The present-future forms discussed in the last note (Note 2.4) all
began with /mi -/. These examples give forms beginning with /be -/.
59 01
P.2.52
The forms in /be-/ are used here: after another verb, as in the first
two examples, or used independently, as in the last two examples. (Other
usages of this form will be discussed in later units.) Used after another
verb it is most frequently equivalent to an English verb phrase with
Ito..! (!tc) know!, Ito tell! in the above exaqles). But note that the
form /be-/ like the /mi-/ form, has an ending which indicates the subject
(or actor). It is more accurate to translate !me to know!, !me to tell!
(I want me to know, you want me to tell). We may, a little mare
clumsily, translate with !that! clauses: !I would like that I know when
the movies start!, !Do you want that I tell leJen the movies start!.
However we may translate literally, we see that in this usage the form
in /be-/ is associated with the preceding verb, and that it always
indicates the subject by its ending. There is no form in (Tehran)
Persian meaning just !to go! in such sent noes as !I want to go!, !do
you want to seeT1, the told me to got. The form in /be-/ is used and
changes its ending depending on who is doing the action indicated.
The last two examples illustrate the independent use of the form
in /be-/. Here it has the sense of !let (so-and-so happen)!,
!would that...!. Further examples of both uses are in the Grammatical
Drill.
The /Mi -/ prefix is not an indication of present tense. It rather
indicates action which takes place over a period of time (other usages
of this prefix will be discussed in later units). Used with the present
stem, as in our examples here, it covers continued action in the present
or the future. This action may be continuous or intermittent. (There is,
however, a special construction for action in progress at a specific
time) .
The /be -/ prefix indicates indefinite action, action which may take
place. It refers to time after that of the preceding verb if there is
one: (Amixam Peram/ II want [now] to go [future with respect to the
wanting, which is present]!). It is used when the action is desired,
possible, mandatory, doubtful, conditional, etc. particularly after
60
P.2.53
verbs such as !want, like, tell! and words such as !must, should,
possible, impossible!.
Note 2.6 The Present Stem (!Presentl, !Optative!, !Imperative!).
Compare the forms in iMi-/ and those in /be-/ of the verb !go!:
mirmm mirim b4rmm berim
mini mind beri berid
mire mirand bere berand
The endings of both these forms are the same, Tr the verb is stressed,
the stress is on the /Mi-/ or /be-/ in most cases, If we take away the
Ami-/ and /be-/ prefixes and also the suffixes indicating the subject,
all we have left is /-r-/. This is the part of the verb which means
!go! in this form. This we call the !present stem! of the verb.
Following is a list giving the present stem, the form in /Mi -/ and
the form in /be -/ of the verbs from Units i and 2. (For convenience the
formal shape of the present stem, where different, is added in brackets,
though the use of this is not explained at this time.) The third person
singular is given as an example. The other persons may easily be made
by substituting the appropriate endings.
The formal endings of the verb are:
After a Consonant After a Vowel
91111 iD1 ..lam -Jim
-i -id ...11. -lid
-md -meld -feed fend
Examples:
mirammm mirmvim mfyaymm miyalim
mireevi mirmvid mlyati mfyalid
mfrmmmd mirmvmnd mf9a9sat miyaymnd
P.2.54
Present Stem
a-
bmal-
dun- [dan -]
fthm-
d. [dmh-]
faarma-
Form in
miyad
mibmxge
michine
mifahme
!he's coming!
the forgives!
The knows!
The understands!
mide the gives!
mitmrmad the says,commands?
g- [gu-) mige
(&ri,tmr49me,xahee) kon-
soremikone
r- [rmv-] mire
S mige
xa- (xah.] mixed
xun- [xan-]
men-
hmet-, zero
dar-
mixune
mimene
hmst, e,-st
The says!
The begins!
the goes?
the becomes!
the wants!
the reads!
the hits!
!is!
dare the has!
Form in /be -/
biyad !that he come!
babmxge !that he forgive!
bedane !that he know"
befeehme that he under.stand!
bade !that he give!
bk!!3rmad !that he say!
bege ?that he say!
gord bekone that he begin!
b6re
bgge
bexad
bexune
bezane
bge
OmM
!that he go!
?that he become!
that he want?
!that he read'
?that he hit!
!let it be!
It is preferable to give the verb /kon-/ Idol in combinations, such
as /guru kon-/ !begin! as we have here. (Compare also /xaheg mikonam/
II do requesting!..) In such a combination there is ordinarily no /be-/
prefix on /kon./. The prefix on /kon-/, when used, is either /be-/ or
/104kone, btikoneb
Before a stem beginning with /a/ (or any vowel other than /i/) we
have Amiy-/ and /biy-/ instead of /mi-/ and /be-/: Amiyad, biyad/.
6 2I a
P02.55
Before a stem which has the vowel./O/1 as /kon-/ for example, we may
have either /be-/ or /bo-/ (soma speakers preferring one, some the other).
To summarize, we have two verb prefixes used with the present stem:
/mi -/ (Amiy-/ before mcst Inwe).$) and /be-/ (Aly-/ before most vowels,
optionally /bo-/ if the following syllable has /o/). The form in /mi -/
is used as a general present and future. It will be referred to as the
present. The form in /be-/ and that with no prefix, as with /gorli
kone/, are used as !would that touly !should ...I, ?may ...I, !let
(so-and-so happen) ! and folicwing other verbs (often where English uses
!to I as [he wants] !to go!, [he wants] in.e to go!, etc,) It will be
referred to as the optative. There is also a command form of the verb
with the prefix /be-/. /bebmxgid/ !excuse mel !, /bAgid/ lbel!. This
form will be referred to as the imperative. The polite imperative in
/-id/ is the same form as the optative form with /-id/. In the familiar
singular hcwever, the ending is zero, and some verbs have special forms.
The familiar imperative will be discussed in later units.
The verbs !be! and !have! are irregular. The verb ?be! has two
present stems: /hEst-/ and /bas -/. The first one, without the /6i-/
prefix, is used to form the present (see details in Note 3.4), the
second, without the /be-/ prefix, forms the optative. There is a imi-/
form based on the stem /bag-/, namely /mlbagmd/ !is?, but it is used
only in written Persian and, very seldom, in formal spoken. The verb
!have! has the present stem /dar -/ which does not usually take /mi -/ or
/be-/ prefixes expect where it is a part of some compound verb. The
optative of this verb is:
dagte bagEm dagte bagim
dagte bagi dagte bagid
dagte bage dagte bagEnd
The simple verb may have the negative prefix - /nemirmm/ ?I'm not
going!, /n4rEftEm/ ?I didn't go? (Note 1.8). The imperative and optative
have the prefix /n4i-/for the negative - /n4did/ tdon?t, /a4dmm/
IshouldnIt I give?? (The old negative imperative prefix was /44 which
63 CI
P.2.56
is sometimes still used in poetry, quotations and proverbs.) The special
imperative and optative form /bas -/ has /n4bag-/ as the negative stem.
Note 2.7 The Past Stem (t -stem)
The simple past forms of the verbs :to go: and :to hit: are:
rEeftem rAftira
rAfti rtetid
rAft rSaftend
adem adim
adi adid
ad zerEdiend
All that is left after the personal endings have been taken away is.
/reft-/ and /zed-/. These are the :past stems/ of these verbs. It
should be noted that the past stem always ends in /t/ or /a/ (like the
past of most Lnglish verbs) and that it could more properly be called
the t -stem since the stem does not necessarily imply the idea of past
time. The past stem ends in /t/ if the preceding sound is a voiceless
consonants as in /reft-/, /goft-/, /aagt./ and in /d/ when the preceding
sound is either a vowel as in /baxiid -/, /tamed -/ or a voiced consonant
as in /kerd -/. The stress of the simple past regularly falls on the
syllable before the ending. Once both the present and the past stem of a
Persian verb are known it is easy to form the present, optative,
imperative, past and most other forms by adding the proper prefixes and
endings which are (with rare exceptions) alike for all verbs.
Although the Persian infinitive forms /tmhmidAn4 /aunestein/,
/goftaln/, etc. are translated in our Basic Sentences by Ito understand',
Ito know:, :to say:, etc., their use should not be equated with the use
of Ito: plus a verb in English. (See Note 2.5 where the optative is
described as a frequent equivalent of Ito: plus a verb in English.) The
Persian infinitive is a noun and is more accurately translated by :the
act of (doing so-and-so): or by the '-ing, form in English when it is
64
P.2.57
used as a noun. From now on in addition to listing verbs in thee'
infinitive form we will give the present stem in parentheses. Vhenever
there is a formal form of the same stem it will be given in square
brackets, e.g. /rmftaln (r-[rmv-]). The Persian infinitive is always
equivalent to the past stem plus /-mn/.
Here is a complete list of the verbs that have already occured in
Units 1 and 2. The verbs are listed in the infinitive form. The
dictionaries list verbs as 'infinitives and in their formal form, which
is given here in square brackets. The verb tto bet is not listed here
as it will be discussed later.
Infinitive Present Stem Meaning
turred4n [ tam:141] a- to come
bmxgian bmxg- to forgive
dadaln d- [dash -] to give
dagtaln dar- to have
dunest4n [danestaln] dun- (dam-) to know
fmhmidthn fmhm- to understand
farmud4n farms- to command
gofteen go. [gu] to say
hetrf zmdmn }Art zmn- to talk
retAn r- [rev-1 to go
god& g- [gem-] to become
gcrd kardAn gord kon- to begin (tr.)
gord goan gord g- (fir -] to begin (intri)
tTalm [tmmgml godmn tam dm [tank'] to end (intr.)
g- (gmv-)
P.2.58
Infinit-Lve Present Stem MearAng
tmrjome kmrein taarjome kon- to translate
xahg kgardan xaheg kon- to request
xastaln xa. [xth] to want
xunan [Ranan] xun- [xan-] to read
man Z8221- to hit
Note 2.8 Compound Verbs
Five of the verbs in the above list consist of two separate words:
a noun plus a simple verb: !do!, !become! and !hit!. Thus in /44rf
ma :1/, /h4rf/ means !word! and /zman/ !to hit! (!to hit the word!
!to speak!) in /gord /gord/ !beginning! and /kueran/ Ito dot
(!to do the beginning! = !to begin!), in Amara goam/, AmmAm/ is !end!
and /goan/ is !to become! (!to become end! = to end!), etc.
Verbs which consist of two such parts are called !compound verbs',
As the number of simple verbs in Persian is relatively limited, the use
of compound verbs is very extensive. Compound verbs usually consist of
a noun (sometimes an adjective or an adverb) and a simple verb. In
addition to the three verbs /karan/, /goan/ and /Man/ which have
occurred in our first two units, there are about ten more (such as !have!,
!take!, !bring!, !find!, !eat!, !come!, !draw!, !carry!, !see!, !give!)
which may occur as the second part of the compound. ThaT will be discussed
later as they appear in the Units. The verbs most frequently used in
compounds are /karan/ which often forms transitive (abbreviated tr.)
verbs (those taking objects) and /godeen/ which forms intransitive
(abbreivated intr.) verbs (those describing action by the subject but
not having an object) as in /act's° gord kard/ the began the lesson! and
/ars gord god/ !the lesson began!. There is nothing difficult about
the forms of these verbs, since only the simple verb part gets personal
endings and proper prefixes. The following point, however, should be
noted:
1) In all compound verb forms with the personal endings
6663
P. 2.59
(-ean, -i, etc.) the stress is not on the simple verb
itself but on the noun or other word before it: /h4rf
mizmnmml, /gorit god/, Affirjome konid/, etc. The
compounds thus sound like single words.
2) Compound verbs with /kmrd&n/ or /sod n/ as the simple
verb often do not have the /be-/ prefix but preserve
the simple form. The use of /be -/ or simple form of
the veib depends on the speaker. Some speakers say
/gord konid/ some others /gord bokonid/, still others
use the be-/ or s.i.nple form interchangeably. Compound
verbs with /zman/ or any other simple verb have
usually the regular /be-/ prefix.
Note 2.9 Separate Prnouns
fesme maln, jmvadlye
mein sate se miyam
gift d key miyad
ma, saute hegftmiyatin
hale soma cetowre
soma, koje mirid
tent-A, satmte Onj miyand
These are examples of the use of the separate pronouns. The com-
bination of connective /-e/ plus separate pronoun, as in Mane meal /,
/hgle soma/ generally corresponds to English Imp, !your', tour!, etc.
e.g.
tesme m4n
lesme td
tesme ma
tesme soma
leame lanhA
tray namet
this names
tour namet
tyour name'
ttheir name!
When these pronouns are subjects of the verbs 1/MAn drEen/ II gor,
/soma migid/ 'you say!, etc.) they are slightly emphatic. Attention is
P.2.60
drawn to the fact that this particular person is or these persons are
doing so-and-so. In most cases such emphasis is not called for by the
situation and the separate pronoun is not used. The personal ending of
the verb irdicates the person involved.
In addition to the above separate pronouns there is another one /t15,/
which is the familiar word for 'you!. It is used between people who know
each other very well, particularly close relatives; it is used in address-
ing God; it is used by elder people when they address people of younger
r;eneration; and it is used in villages and among laborers in a more
familiar style of speech than that of the present course. The student
should recognize /to/ but should avoid its usage until he has sufficiently
mastered the language.
SUMMall
11161. It mg !we!
to !you!, (fam.) or !you!
to 'he!, !she' fung/rnhg !they!
(lig& [iiiin]) [laring.]
For use of this form see Note 3.1.
GD. 2.1 /k/, /g/
Grammatical Drill
/k/ before vowels
P.2.61
Non -nalatalized before /u, o a/ Palatalized before * 2. e m/
kgr !work! icier 'deaf'
kgm !desire? IA !little!
haf4 tcafet kmfg iPanl(of scale)
kamel ?perfect' keemdl 'perfection'
k4n 'miner loin tdiggert
kgrd 'knife! kegrd the did!
kgj !pine! kgj !crooked!
kojg ?where?! kilo !kilogram!
kandid !candidate! king !spite?
kod;m ?which? kfst !who is it?!
kabing 'cabinet' kise 'purse!
!nix. !blind! kg !that'
kugian 'to endeavor' kengr tsidet
kOnd !dull! kegidgh tto draw'
/g/ before vowels
ggr tstationt tiff (poetical
form)
ggz !gas! az 'a sweetmeat'
69 0,,
P.2.62
Non-palatalized before /III os. at Palatalized before ti: el mt
egt !meat, gls 'hair!
glr !tomb' giti *world!
di !ball' g6rm twurmt
gom tlostt gel 'clays
el 'flower' &; llm tcaviett
eft the said! mige the says!
lee= !bridle, lmed !kick!
g/ at the end of a syllable
yek !ones keirk 'wool'
doktOr 'doctor! bozOrg tbigt
sag !dog! kucek tsmall!
r4g, 'vein! "mid& ta little!
nmsdik tneart leeruseek tdollt
kom&k 'helps pArk 'park'
fm14k 'heaven! kAbk 'partridge!
sAng 'stone! Ong !mute,
erg !wolf'
/1/
bcte lyest mal !property!
seam !greetings! lazem !necessary!
h41 'condition! lotf !kindness!
74 tn3
P.2.63
LI/ (Continued
moiteet 'aware' lmnd4n 'London'
mal4k 'king' mm'llm 'evident'
teltefAt !favor' lamp 'bulb'
clabd1 'accepting' lakpUt 'turtle'
cgttl 'murder' nozdl 'in:serest'
gate). 'murderer' musel 'Mosul'
lat
'killed'
'naked'
mel&l 'nations'
rus Russian' porsideln 'to ask'
rast 'right' bmrdarIttn 'to pick up'
rem itamel !Ara 'nobles'
raz/ 'satisfied' 2artrdf 'sides'
rixt4n 'to pour! 2ehr4z 'obtaining?
ref(' 'friend' lebrgm 'persistence!
mire the goes' tesris 'insisting
vordd 'entrance' ddr 'far'
'Aro 'got' bAr 'burden'
darid 'you have' dir 'late'
'ardor 'quiet' vaezir 'minister'
borian to cut' beldr 'full moon:'
bordetn 'to carry' gar 'tomb'
71
P.2.64
/x/
xedm&t 'service' bmrxordgr 'beneficial'
x&r 'donkey! mix: 'cuneiform'
xmb&r 'news' 'extiygr 'will'
xoran !to eat' lesttxr 'pool'
Xdk 'pig' tellz Ibitzer"
xabida5n to sleep' r6x 'face'
xamlig 'silent' surgx 'hole'
bebmdid 'excuse me! me l& 'locust'
payt&t 'capital' mix 'nail'
poxtEgn Ito cook' sfx 'skewer'
qaled
qmlil
gmmsalw
acin
qazf
gova
qmbilg
qmssgb
qessg
gat'
gsebz
qmziyg
/q/
'purpose'
'little'
Namsar!
ciolA 'Teak!
qmdim 'ancient'
gobbS !dome!
Qum! geldr 'amount!
!judge' q4sm 'sort'
'forces' qamqoa 'canteen'
'tribe' golq41 'bubbling'
'butcher! gelqeltik 'tickling'
'story: qarciar 'croaking'
'murder' dmqfq 'delicate'
'receipt' qmbqtab 'double chin'
!case' rmqfq
P.2"65
/q/ - (Continued)
clodq6d !cackling! !acid !gentleman!
raga !rich! rofaqg !friends!
Iebqd !maintenance! morqabi !duck!
raqqS3 !dancer! maqr413 !west;
deqqait !attention! doqabze !with two
baqq41 !grocer! receipts!
batrq !electricity! ceqsvir !how much!
t4bq !conformity! raw& !proud!
Alq !creation! dank !nose!
16mq !depth! mOrq !hen!
lelqd !throwing! IA !horn!
flelq4b !titles' &lig !disorder!
to lqih !inoculation! gnilk !whip!
mAqz !kernel! qurbaq4 !frog,
GD. 2.2.1 Connective /-e/
xanome jmmadi kogst.
taqdys javadi, lirandst.
hdle xanome IomS, cet6wre.
farsiye an, Abe.
y4 wertebe digs, bAgid.
14ffma xan6me jeavadi, ciye.
hale laeys !emit, cetowre.
xsame laqaye jasvadi, firaniye.
73
P.2.66
hgle xanome taclaye tesmit, cetowre.
berestorgne tun hotel raft.
resturgne tun hotel, xdbe.
hotele tamrikati, dIste che sinemgst.
restorgn, aste rgste tun sinemAst.
midanid farsiye ?awe jmvadi cet6wre 7
dastgutiye tin resturgn, tunjgst.
xan6mo taggye nemiyend.
bedastgutlye tun hotel, raft.
mixatid berestorgne tun hotel berim 2
midunid tesme tun tags, dye.
xoda hafeze gomg.
xanOme tun taga, farsi nemifmhme.
satAte so ii cAnde.
ea:Ate hagt, tamed.
migand, sate hAfte.
xan6me mAn tinjast.
xancime Roma, kojgst.
satAte eAn, miyad.
ma sate gig miyatim, ?wive tesmit, satmte cgrp
yesoale xdb, bekonid.
xandAne soma, xdb nist.
jmmgbe taciaye jamadil bid bud.
74 tA"
P.2.67
GD. 2.4-7. Verbs
mist= biyam behotele soma. mire beresturAn.
biyatid, berim berestorAn. m/xad berebehotel.
xaheg mikonmm, tmrjome konid. begomA cl mige.
soma key mixatid biyatid. eft. biyad ring.
midunid sinemA key goru mige 2 goftmnd, ma nemidunim.
fmnriddid '6:me taq4 cfye ? mixard h4rf bezmomnd.
tam4dmnd ting, besinem4 berim. mlxad biyad
nemidunmm, tesme tin ta4a cye. raft bet& hotel.
begid biyad tinjA. mixad gom£ lino bedunid.
berid daste ap, resturSn tunjast. berid deste rAst. restiir4n
bean begid dxstguti kojAst. tungst.
begid tmrjore akone. er!-. tT7.1om4 konid.
beld begid, bere restorAn. °taste rSst nemire. dmste ap
sate yek tunja berAnd, xiibe. mire.
begid berand lung. rest, rkt tunjA.
bemAn, migid ? goft be&mAl seat ande
begid saute cmhArl or kone. xeyli ymvag haerf !ad.
befbermatid begid besinemA bermnd. mifmhmtd, el mige 2
lino befmrsil beld begid. mifahrid, of goft ?
begid biyad ling. mifmhme. ymvAShmrf n4zanid.
begid. tmrjome kone. bean migid ?
befmraltid begid, lunjA arend. befarsi agid. nemifmhme.
timno befarsi, sat nemigmnd. begid yemAg hmrf asmne.
;#7
P.2.68
mast berid. dmstguli &este rgste. mixad, bersturgn bere.
mixad, bedmstguti bere. amixad bgfmhme.
xAst, bere tunjg. eftmm, arid.
eftmnd, tinjg miyand. lino befit n&gid.
farmi arf asmnid. soma befit bamrmatid, hArf
rigid, berand sinemS. nmzmne.
agid, nemidunmm. xanOme run taq4, farsi
agoftmm, seek h45te. ngmidunmnd.
tiro betaggye lmf5gr, danest4ne farsix_xube.
bedid. yavgg herd n c nid. mlfmhme.
besotgle lin xan6m, jmvgb bedid. deers xandie soma, xdb nist.
bgrunid. mifahmid. and solgl kaIrdim.
ye sat beld dadmnd. xAstmm, r un.o begomg b4dmm.
eft. pEenj satmt dArs mixone. tag ye jmvadi, besotgle tagaye
teamit, jmvgb dad.
Substitution Drills
SD. 2.2 Connective /-e/
Substitute the words given after each sentence for the underlined
word or words of the sentence.
1) hotgle soma kojgst. 2) tin hotgle gomgst.
restorgn nowb&t
xanOm ars
sat& sal&
sinema xanom
4sm
76
P.2.69
3) sa tztte peen j. kog hEestid . 14) h4le soma c4towre.----d6 so xan6m xan6re soma
dEgh car I aq4 faq4ye teellir
Imeg t heft / li tunh4
gig ah tale xaam xanOme taq4ye
yek xaame jeevadi. I Edgar
7 raidonf.d ? 4sme Tun restorin dye.
!tin hot 41
tun xanom
to
xanome mEtn
tin laq4
xanome lacigye jmvadl
tun siner4
SD. 2.4-6. Present and Optative
Use the proper form of the verb (where indicated by parantheses) in
making the suggested substitution.
1 1 Tarsi xub inifehmen.
11161 (danestien) mit (lanes teen )
(fahmida'n) m4 --- (heart mken )
(fEelmagn) t u (danes 'Val)
(danestEtn) ma - (feetunian 1
soma (Wert mad& ) man ----- --- (haarf zEedEen)
gong (danes tem ) soma --- (fatimidein)
(himrf zmd4n) t ian (haarf mean)
77
P.2,70
2) farsi xub nemidunam.
maw (fahmid4n)
mg (dunestn)
(nadmideln)
(tanesteln)
mg (fahmidEgn)
t4 (dunes tT1 )
going (dunes tin )
soma ----(fahmideen)
igiln (fahmideen)
mem (harf man)
soma (harf z re& )
mg (hal =Fed& )
(twee zadthn)
3) nemidunam salmte And miry),
mg ( ) - - - - -- _--_( )
gorqg ( ) _--- ( )
1 4(
N
/ ( )
rigtIn ( )(\ )
saskte A mire. 5) mixam beram einem&
m61.1 --( ) miratid ( )
soma -- (. ) r6xad ( )
mg - (. ) mica t ' m ( )
tigan -- ( ) mixand ( )----
6) mixam
mixad
mixand
mixatim
mixatid
sinemg key gord mige.
4
78
P.2071
SD. 2.9 Pronouns
Use the proper form of the pronoun to agree with the verb form being
substituted.
1) men satatte se miyam. 2) m4n sal& adarmm.
( ) - mSyalid. ( ) aidario.
( ) -- miyand ( ) ddarid.
( ) -- miyatim. ( ) adare.
( ) miyad. ( ) adarmnd.
3) some xeyli xvb Tarsi haparf mizmnide
( ) mizmnam.
( ) mizmnim.
( ) mizmne.
( ) - - -- mizmnand.
Use the proper pronoun as indicated by the English given in parentheses.
!) hele
ONO OM OM 11116
gom6 cetowre.
(n 7)
(their)
Cour)
(her)
5) d6rse me tan& god.
wores.miw (rny)
(his)
(their) .....
- - (your)
P.2.72
Question and Answer Drill
solglo jmvab
1) midunid, Testae tun restoran eye.
a dm nemidunam, lesme fun restoran dye,
2) gatid, destgulf dmste rIste ?
nEg.gatem, restoran daste aste.
3) bexaame Imfggr eftid daste rest berg, ya r&st,
- gatmm bere d4Iste r6st, n4 rast.
4) beZa14 a immudid.
- baale xan& Oftwo., lacFlye lesmit Temrika'Ist.
5) nerdfmhmid cf migna
n4,nerrafatunaan.
6) eftid, laciaye iesmit 'iranist ?
n&igortmm, lemrikaqst.
7) dgrs tmmgm god 7
- 1341e. deers tmmgm god.
8) farmddid fersi midunid ?
nee. eftmm farsi amidunmm.
9) farmddid saute pfij sinemi mirand 2
me. eft= sinemd nemirmnd.
P.2.73
to) beld goftid b&ste ?
bevel nggoftmm. begomd Often.
11 begald ci migid ?
beieale migmm, biyad
12) sahketun kojdst.
13) migid salgtetun lungst ?
bgle, lungst.
14) mifmrmalid, nemidune dmstguli kojdst ?
- b&le. nemidune, dmstguli kojSst.
15) bebecgid. goftid besinema mirim ?
- nee. rign lino nAgoftmm.
18) Amixalid berid besinema
mixam berestordn berm.
17) mixad bedmstguli bere ?
- nee. mixad tmrjome bekone.
18) eftid belll biyad ?
- baele, be goftmm, biyad.
19) raiVemnalids bere
- nee. Mn lino amigmm.
P.2.74
2o) m/xalid, bedunid sinemS key gorti raise ?
nee.mixam bedunmm /aqAye lesmit, key miyad.
21) goftld, laggye 'emit miyad ling.
nee, goftmm xanOme lesmit, miyand lingo
22) mixaTid bedunid ars key tmogm mige ?
laclaye fesmit, mixad bedune ars key team mige,
23) mifawmalid blyad ling
n6, migam bere lunjg.
24) mixad lung bere ?
ne% mixad bere Lehot41.
I j..3 ILL
S 401 L
p Jj 6J
J Comj
4.7-1-0 I
P 2. 75
Crust .3 I ).T. C.A I
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:.roJ
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P.2.77
J Jolt C.A 44% I co t:1J-
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c L;rt-t" CA-t silo
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86
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P 2 80
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88
Persian Basic Course
Unit
Basic Sentences
Smith gets talking with the pilot on arrival in Tehran.
9114.12
now half
which, what .koddm (kodgm]
to which, at thick bekodzn
airport forudgg [forudggh]
to arrive rmeidAn/resian
At what airport have we arrived
at now?
pilot
Mehrabad
Wye Now we've) arrived at
the Mehrabad airport.
near
vicinity, nearness
vicinities
guest
house
mababgn
Smith
89
P.3.81
(rims.), (res.)
2 3 1
halg bekoddm forudga residim.
mehrabgd
2 3hall beforudgghe mehrabgd
I
residim.
nmsdik
nmsdiki
nandikig (isezdildhg3
mem& [mehan]
=Mg [xan4]
P.3.82
hotel
Excuse me, sir, where is a good
hotel in this vicinity?
policeman
to turn, to wrap
mehmunxune
3 1bgbmxgid laqa.
2
mehmanxangye
[mehmanxang]
2 31tin nmedikig;
1 41
xdb kogst:
pasebgn/paseblIn
pician (pic-)
Easebgn
Go straight ahead, turn to the
right, there is a hotel there.
2 1 41 3 12rgst berid: bgpicid, aste
1 2,ff
3 1 2 1#rgst. yv mehmunxurug tunjast:
Smith
hungry
Itm hungry
a restaurant
also, too, either
I'm hungry. Does the (Ithist)
hotel have (also) a restaurant?
gorosa
gorosame [gorosa hmstmm]
restor4ni/resturAni
am / -am
a 12 1 .0 2
meal, gorosame tin mehmanxang3
restorgnimm darei [restorgni
hmm darned. ]
pasebgn
in, at
is, there is
Yes, there's a good restaurant in
the ('this t) hotel.
from
da/r
h&t
3 1# 2 3 2
bEele. ye restorgne xdb; deer#
tin mehmanxane halite
SmithIMINONM1111.11
90 EY
city Uhr
far
Is this airport far from the
city?
paseb&
dur
2
1Sn forude lEez acre?
sir, madam, dear, my dear gorbdn [gorb4n]
sir or madam (politeAnformal)
No, sir it's not too far.
Smith
3 1 4i 2tug x4ylimm [x4yli
hem] ddr nist:
that (conj.), that; which, k4
who (relative)
How came? A gentleman told [me]
that the airport is far from
the city.
P.3.83
3#1 B 2 1
Cet0Wr: 315 t aqa t i benin goft
3 I 2 1
ke forudg4; lEez eaehr ddie4:
asebln
they, he, she tisiuz [ligin]
mistake legteb4 [tateb4h]
a mistake legtehthi
to be mistaken 'esteba keran
['egteb4 fermuan]
He's mistaken.
Smith
2 3 1
Tegtebd fEermuda3nd,
well, allright, O.K. x6b
91 St!
P.3.84
O.K. Thank you very much.
waiter
wish, desire
to wish
to eat, drink
3 1 2 1
x6b; motgakkerm!
Smith (in the restaurant)
What are you going to have2
Excuse me, what did you say2
humble statement
gars6n
Smithm=11 1
gars6n
gars6n
meyl
meyl dagtAr. (dar-)
meyl karan I'mey1 farmudeln
3 1
ci meyl mifs9rmitt tid!
3 1# 3bebaxgid. ce gofti4
lePrz
to say, to state term kardeln
I said, sir, what are you going
to have?
SmithNO .. ON=
3 1 41 2 3 1
**bun: I4rz kardam of meyl
mifarmalid#
food, medl qa2A
2 3 1
I'd like some Iranian food. ye qmseye t irani mixame
kind, aort
What kind of food would you
like to have?
soup
gars6n
Smith
92
3 1cejur qmadi meylmifmrmatid.
sup
meat pith
apple sib
earth, ground man
potatoes sibramini
Soup, meat and potatoes.3 2 1#sipol gdsto, sibzmmini.
Megato eat, to drink xordin (xor-)
What kind of food would the lady
like to have?
2 3 1 2 1
xanSmetunl cSjur qamati
mixorand.
Smith
this same, this very, 'that's hmmin
all!'
in this manner, same thing h&nintowr
The lady [will have] the same
thing.
alcoholic drink
Do you have alcoholic drinks in
this restaurant?
P.3.85
23 I 2 1xanemen; halndntotal [xlm%
hEaa]
Irardb2 3der tin rester n main% darid/
01212
wine &rib
water
barley
beer labejdw/labOw
its beer labej6w;
93
P.3.86
all hmmg
better beht4r
the best ('best of all') Igz hmmg beht4r
Yes, sir, we have drinks, and our
wine and beer are the best
('that it's wine and beer are
best of all').
Smithallulwiewnw
3 1 4b4le clorbanY mmgrdb darim ke
3 3 I 2gMrAb VM Tabegw6; 'mz
1
hong behta3ret
then, well then pees
bottle botri
for bmrSye
for us bmrgmun [l ergyeman]
to bring lavmrdeln / Tavoran
(ar- [av4r] )
or Yg
thing ciz
a thing, something, anything aim
hors d'oeuvres, snack; taste mez4
2 3 i
Well, then, bring (for) us a xah mikonmm; yek botriye
bottle of beer or a bottle of
wine and also some hors d'oeuvres,
please.
94 Ix
labeicw; ya yek botriye gmrgb,
231vm cizi hmm bmrgye mien4;
2 1
beerd3reman bi,yarid
garsdn
beverage (non-alcoholic)
Do you want something to drink?
Smith
cup
coffee
afterwards, later
after (before a noun)
lunch
drinking water
kindness
to give (polite)
Yes, give us two cups of coffee
after dinner and some (drinking)
water right now.
sweet
sweetness, cookies
And bring some cookies for the
lady, please.
quick, fast
faster
P.3.87
ta Samidmni
2 3lagamidmni hen m4y1 miftermatidl
fenjdn [fenjAn]
qmhvd
b&td
breidan [b41dtemz]
nahSr
Tabexordzin / tabxord4n
16tf
16tf kmrd4n
31 4 2btreleY d6 fenjan qMhve b40dme
3 I 23
nahAr, q4dri fabxoran;
2 1 di
held l6tf konid:
gIrin
Kirin/
a 3 2xandi" mikoram; qesxlriam
312bEertiye xandm biyarid.
ClasemocmlIzessions
tdnd
95 at!
tont& [tondt421
P.3.88
2 3 1
Say [it] a little faster. Odri tont&r begid:
book ketgb
your book (as object) ketgbetuno [ketgbetanra]
page, phonograph record ssefi [safhg]
open viz / vd [bdz]
to open viz [biz] karan
2 3Open the bcok at page lo. smaye d he ketibetuno biz
konidf
door d&r
Please open th0 door.
2 3 2 1
xahes mikonam; dEfiro bdz konid!
aware, conscious molts:fit
to understand, to get the idea
Did you understand?
with
together
Please repeat (say) all together.
to clone
books
Now close your books; .
property, belonging to
(vith the coon. A.0)
Is it your book?
96,
moltEefit Xode In
2 3
moltzefit gociid1/
bg
bah&n
2 3 2 1
xaheg rnikonam; hang bah& begid;
bast& (beerd-)
ketabi / ketabhg [kot6b]
3 I 2 1halg ketEbhituno; bgbmndid.
2
lin ketab mgle
P.3.69
Notes11....111
Note 3.i Pronoun: Separate pronouns (continued)
tildn leltebd fmrmadiend Hess mistaken.
In addition to the separate pronouns discussed in Note 20 there is another
pronoun /'116n/ [lain] 'they', which is used in polite conversation to
refer to the third person singular they or tele, (referring to persona
only; an animal is always referred to aelifai4 It is considered very
impolite to use the pronoun /'d/ when speaking about a 3rd person
especially when that person is present. /td/ can be used only when
one speaks about a child, a member of the family or other close relatives
about a person with whom the speaker is on very friendly terms'; about a
servant or about anybody wham the speaker considers as belonging.to, a
socially lower class, led/ is always used with reference to persons in
a story, to persons unknown to the speaker, to historical characters,
etc,. /td/ is also used when two parties are speaking about a person
equally known to both of then, or about a person completely unknown
to either one of then.
Note 3.2 Pronoun: Pronominal Suffixes
hlletun oetowre. How are you.
xanemetun cjur qmsiri
mixormnd.
se:16mm himintowr.
win gorosrefue,
yek botriye &w b barimun
biyarid.
mmirdb darim ke lerib ve
fabON Ime hens behare,
hall ketibatuno bebmndid.
Mist kind of food would the
lady like to haveZ
The lady willhave the same thing.
Ilm hungry.
Bring us a bottle of wine.
We have drinks, and our wine and
beer are the best.
Now close your books.
P.3.90
These are examples of pronominal suffixes. There are two different
forms of each, one after consonants, as in /Xanom.,mm/s the other after
vowels as in /bmrg-man/.
Here is the complete set of these suffixes:
After Consonants After Vowels11hgl-mm bmrg-m
hgl-et/cet bmrg-t
hal-es /Mg berg-j
hgl-ewun berg-mun
hil-etun beard-tun
hat -egun bmrg-gun
Many speakers (in more formal style) have /m/ in the 2nd and 3rd
person singalar (-mt, -mg) and [-ymm, yeman, yetan, yegan]
after vowels, as in:
bmrgymm
bmrgymt /-yet
bergymg /-yeg
bmrgyeman
bergyetan
bergyegan
In very colloquial /almun, altun, algun/ also occur, Words ending
in /-e/ usually have /6/ before the pronominal suffixes as in :
xune thouset gorosnd 'hungry!
gorosnAne Orly hungry is I )
xuntt gorosntte
xunAg gorosage
xunalmun gorosntmune
unAun gorosntune
xunIgun gorosnAgune
Some speakers however, may have ikuats xunegs xuatun, xunegun/.
P.3.91
In normal informal Persian the range of uses of the pronominal
suffixes is very wide. In a normal informal situation a4 Iranian would
say /ketibetun kojist/ !wherets your book!, or /ye botri Tabj6 berimun
biyarid/ !bring us a bottle of beer! rather than /ketibe some kojist/
andbek botriye tabj6w beriye mi biyarid/, but as soon as he feels that
a more formal speech is required by the given situation he would
probably say /ketibe some kojist/. In very formal speech and written
Persian the use of pronominal suffixes becomes very restricted and high
literary style avoids their use completely.
The separate pronouns are also sometimes used for' emphasis, i.e.
whenever the speaker wants to emphasize that such and such a thing or
person belongs to him and not to somebody else, as in AmanOme mrlin
Tamed/ !my wife came! (not yours) but if the word modified by a pronoun
is a direct object of the verb the pronominal suffix would be used most
of the time even in the emphatic informal rather than a separate pronoun,
as in ikandmmmo tavord/ the brought my wife t, or the brought truer wife!.
In addition to /bmim, berig, beat/ etc., the pronominal suffixes
are frequently used in colloquial Persian after prepositions:
/tee -/ !from, of, about!
imam
leezet / to
tegz4N tivag
Immemun / Imam=
tmeitun / Immitun
fmzegun !maim
/ba -/ twitht
bim /bahim / beim
bit / beat / bait
bag' / bah / bail
bimun / behamun / biamun
bitun / behatun / biatun
bagun / bdhasun / bid=
P.34192
/be-/ to
bem / bell&
bet / ballet / beet / beast
beg / beheg / beeg / behteg
begun / behemun / beemun
betun / behetun / beetun
begun / bghegun / beegun
Note 3.3 The Plural suffix /-a, -ha/
1. hali ketabh4tuno bebmndid.
2, tin nmedikie mehmanxaneye
xdb kogst.
3. tune sate miyan.
4. supo, gugto
5. deer 'in retorAn mngrdb
darid.
The suffix /-4/ or Lin deliberate
Now close your books.
Where is there a good hotel in
this vicinity.
They'll come at five.
Soup, meat and potatoes.
Do you have alcoholic drinks
in this restaurant?
informal and formal) /-111/
indicates plural. The addition of this suffix is the most frequent way
of forming the plural of nouns in Persian. (There are several other
plural suffixes and a number of other, special, plural formations [e.g.
/koto'b/ 'books'], which will be discussed in later units.) The plural
suffix is always stressed. Words ending in /e/ usually have /=h4/ but
some of them have /-e/ in informal and then drop the final /e/ as in
/ruznam4/ 'newspapers', /ruznamhd/ 'newspapers' or kuznanuth Plural
forms of /61/ 'we' and /some/ Anahlt/, aolmah1/ are sometimes used
in colloquial Persian to refer to more than one person (usually where a
group of people are involved). /me/ is often used to refer to the speaker
himself (one single person) in place of )64n/, and /gong/ is regularly
used to refer to one person (polite 'you') in contrast to /t6/ (familiar
lyouv).
In sentences 4 and 5 the words /sib.vmaini/ 'potatoes' and /n rub/
100)
P.3.93
'alcoholic drinks' do not have plural suffixes.
The difference in meaning between the 'singular' form of a noun and
the 'plural' is not the same as in English. English uses the singular
for a single item and also as the modifier: la book', 'a book collector'.
The plural is used whenever more; than one item is involved (other than
as modifier): the books', 'five books'. Persian usage is quite different.
The singular, for example /ketAb/, may indicate a single item ('a book'),
an unspecified quantity (considered en masse, collectively), and is used
after numbers and other quantity words. The plural, here /ketabha/, is
used when a specific group considered as individual items is meant. For
example:
fun ketAbe. That's a book.
ketAbi ke lunjA bud. The book which was there.
Onj ketab favdrdam. I brought five books.
ketAbo 'avord. He brought the book.
ketAb 'avord. He brought some books.
ketabhAra 'avord. He brought the books.
/ketabAro
Note that the singular is used after numbers and bend/. This is
the most striking difference between English and Persian.
Note 3.4 The Verb 'be'
mamminan. gratefdl.
hotel kojist. Where is the hotel?
haarid ? Are you ready?
dye. What is it
nowbite goast. It's your turn.
&fete ape. It's on the left.
101i:4u,Y.
P.3.94
These examples of suffixes meaning !I am! /..elmh 'you are! /4d/,
and !is' or it .is /-e, -ye, -st/. Except for /-st/, which is the usual
form of !is' when the word to which it is suffixed ends in a vowel, these
suffixes are the same as the personal endings of other verbs (Note 2.4).
The /-st/ is more formal than /-ye/. Both are frequent /tin cist/ or
Pin dye/. Being suffixes, these forms of the verb to be, are never
used alone. Compare these forms:
ye rasturdne xib, der 'fn There's a good restaurant in the
mehmanxane hest. hotel.
soma Iiranf hastid: Are you an Iranian?
famrikati haste m. I'm an American.
These are longer forms for !is! /hefist/, 'you are! /hestid/ and 'I
am! /hEesteail. In the third person the long form indicates existence
('there is!, 'there exists' a restaurant). The other long forms may be
used for emphasis or to avoid adding a suffix /-i/, /4m/, or /-13/, to
a word ending in MI ( /lemrikall hestim/ for Pemrikall'im/). Thiv
long form may be stressed and is the form used whenever one wishes t.'
put stress on the 'am', list or !are' of a sentence. The long forms
of the 7erb to be! have the same endings as the simple past. Our
present(future) of Ito be! is, then:
After Consonants After Vowels Laelyorm
.yen -itn -lam -tits lAstem hetstim
-id heasti hAstid
-e -en(d) -st, -ye -teal (d) haSst bieten(d)
Aylilam dth nist.
beld nfst.
It isn't too far.
It isn't bad.
The negative of the verb Ito be! in the present is the stem /nist-/
plus the same endings as /hest-A
nistam I'm not, I won't be nistim we're not, we won't be
nisti you're not, you won't be
nist he (etc.) is not, he
wont be
The simp:e past of the verb 'to be'
13.3.95
nistid you're not, you wont: be
nistmnd they're not, they won't
be
is:
budrk: wss' buds twe were'
budi 'you (fam.,) were' budid tyouweret
bdd 'he, she, it was' budOn(d) they were'
Note 3.5 The suffix /4/ 'pertaining to'
soma 'Irani hmstid.
n&. lamrikati hmstmm.
ye qmsgye *Irani mixam.
lagamidmn1 hmm mgyl mifeermatid?
vm xahgg mikonmm, qmdrimm girini
bo.aye xanSm biyarid.
'In nmmdikig, mehmanxangye
xub kojgst.
one you an Iranian.
No, I'm an American.
I'd like some Iranian food.
Do you want something to drink?
Ard bring also some pastry for
the lady.
Where is there a good hotel near
1072
The suffix /4/ (1-'1/ after vowels) has a general meaning
'pertaining to
a) Examples of the suffix when added to a noun:
lemrikg
Tagil
xarigm
zmmln
mein&
Iran
America
gentleman
lady
earth
guest
'Irani
lemrikaff
laqati
xanomi
zmmini
mehmuni
101)01
Iranian, an Iranian
American, an American
character of a gentleman,
generosity
character of a lady
terrestrial, land (adj.)
party, entertainment
P.3.96
As seek': by the above examples, the word formed with /-1/, meaning
tone pertaining to ...1, may be a regular noun, as /Mehmdn -mehmunf/
or may be restricted in use to the modifier position, or as predicate,
as Amin - zmmini/. Many /-f./ formations are used both as regular
nouns and also frequently as modifiers, e.g. Ammrikatli in Pamrikatf
hmstmm/ an American' and AmmAye lamrikall/ 'American food'.
/'-1/ formations from geographical names are regularly used both as
independent nouns and as modifiers.
b) Examples of the suffix when added to an adjective:
'oak bad bmdf evil, badness
rist right, :rue rasti truthkitm
little karat scarcity
xdb good xubi goodness
neezdfk near nm2dikf nearness, vicinity
gorosng hungry gorosnegf hunger
ddr far durf remoteness
girin sweet girini sweetness, paswy
t6nd quick tondi quickness
From these examples we can see that when this suffix is added to
adjectives, the resulting word is either an abstract noun corresponding
to the quality described by the adjective (good - goodness, bad - badness,
etc.) or a specific item characterized by this quality (sweet - pastryp
near - vftcinity). After /e/ this suffix is /4f/ as in Aorosnd -
gorosnegf/.
c) Examples of the suffix when added to a verbal noun (linfinitivet).
TagamidAn 'drink' lagamidmni 'drinkable', 'something
to 4TInki
xordeln teat' xordmni 'eatable' 'something
to eat'
did& 'see' didmni 'visible' 'worth seeing',
l(paying a) visit'
Vt
P.3.97
raft& 'go' raTtani tabout to go
(foreer) 'dying'
tamed& ?come' 'madam! tcomingt, 'expected
to comet
thaxgid4n 'excuse' bocgidlemi 'pardonable'
Here the suffix is used with implication of capacity, fitness oz
worthiness to be acted upon, something like the English suffix - able
(-ible,-ble) but the basic meaning is still 'pertaining to (such and
such action)'.
Note 3.6 The indefinite /-i/
'in mehmanxan restorini ham Does the hotel have also a
dare2 restaurant?
b4le. ye restorAne xtib, deer tin Yes there is a good restaurant
mehmanxane ha st. in the hotel.
ye tacliti ban4n goft ke forudgi One gentleman told me that the
to z gmhr ddre. airport was far from the city.
ye clazgye iranf mixam.
cejur cimati mey1 mifarmalid.
ltd like some Iranian food.
What kind of food would you like?
vm cizi ham bmrAye maze, and also bring us some hors
bardyenan biyarid. d'oeuvres. ('something for
hors d'oeuvres')
The suffix /-i/, (/-ti/ or /Of after vowels) adds the notion of
iEdefiniteness, singularity or particularisation. /ketibi/ ta book'
(any old book); /resturini/ ta restaurant' (any old restaurant).
Combined with /yek/ tone' it emphasizes the singularity of the noun.
/yek ketdbi/ ta book' (just one book); bek resturini/ to restaurant
(just one restaurant). The suffix /-i/ is usually omitted when the
noun is already preceded by /yek /. /Yek ketAbi/ or h&c ketab/ means
exactly the same thing to an Iranian speaker. When added to a noun
P3.9e
phrase the /-i/ is usually suffixed to the modifier /ketgbe xdbi/ or
/y4k ketgbe xdbi/ 'a good book', 'any goal books. It may, however, be
added to the modified noun /ketgbi xdb/. Then the connective /-e/
(sezafg) is not used. As /-i/ of particularisation this suffix is used
in questions preceeded by such question words as /c4/ 'what', 'which'
/c4jur/ 'what kind', when the emphasis is on one particular thing or
person out of many other such things or persons. /ce ketgbi mixasid/
'which book do you wants (i.e. which one from among others); /cgjur
mgyl mifarmaEid/ 'what kind of food (from among others) would
you like to have?' The suffix ( 4) here has the effect of singling out
one particular thing from among the others. The same /-i/ of
particularisation is added to the nouns followed by the relative pronoun
/ke/ sthats, 'which!, 'who', 'wham', etc. as for example in /ketgbike
xunam, xdb n&bud/ 'the book that I read wasnst good'; /xancSmike sing
bud siranist/ 'The lady who was here is an Iranian.'
In negative phrases or sentences this suffix has the meaning 'not
anys; snot a single one' as in /ketgbi axundam/ II haven't read a single
books; /kancimi Jinja nabud/ 'There wasn't apy woman here.' The indefinite
/-i/ is always unstressed and so different from the /-1/ 'pertaining to
!characterized by'. (Note 3.5)
When there are two or more indefinite nouns, the /=1/ suffix is
normally added to the last one only.
The /-1/ suffix, when added to nouns in the plural means 'some',
tfewt, 'any' as in /saqahl vm xanomhki sinjg budand/ 'there were some
gentlemen and ladies here'.
Note 3.7 /gord kardaln/ to start, to begin'
Instead of being followed by the optative form this verb is often
used with a preposition /be/ followed by the verb describing the action
in the 'infinitive' form. e.g. /gord kard bexunan/ sHe started to reads,
/gord kairdim beharf zad4n/ 'we started talking', etc.
Note 3.8 The Suffix 1-o/ . /-ro/ N /-ra/
Group
lino befarsi ci migid.
[linra befarsi c4 migulid.]
P.3.99
How do you say this in Persian.
halg ketabgtuno b4bmndid. Now close your books!
[halg ketabhavet&nra bPaandid.]
Group a
seek dgrid2
ye qmzgye tired mixam.
q4dri labxordsln 16tf konid.
Do you have a watch?
I'd like some Iranian food.
Give [me] some water.
In group t the objects of the verb ('fn, ketAbetun) have a suffix
/-o/ or /-ra/ (formal). In group 2 none of the objects have such a
suffix. In group 1 we have !this? (specific thing) 'your book'
(not just any book), In group 2 we have =watch' (in general), lsome
Iranian food' (not 1,his particular dish), 'some water* (not that
particular glass of water).
The /-o/ N /-ra/ N /-ro/ suffix must always be used when the object
is a proper name: //ewe jmvadiro bmxgidmnd/ 'they pardoned Mr. Javadil;
a pronoun: /lino amixam, bedid/ 'I don't want this, give [me] that
[one]l; /gomgro mibmxgmm/ 'I pardon you', a word modified by a pronoun;
/ketabgtuno b&z konid/ 'open your books'; ketgbo bedid/ !give [me]
that bookl; or when the object is logically specific (compare the use
of 'the' in English in the same situation), as in /ket4bo bedid/ 'give
[me] the book'. Nhen the direct object is not specific, indefinite,
general or collective this suffix is not used, as in /gmrgb bedid/
'give me wine! or /ketgb bedid/ !give me books (not newspapers/). As
can be seen from the grammatical drills (GD 3.8), the use of the
P.3.100
/-ra/ N /-ro/ N /-o/ suffix is not restricted to the specific direct
object of the verb only, but depends actually on the degree of
particularization of this object. It may, therefore, be added to the
nouns having the indefinite /-i/ suffix whenever this 1-i/ implies the
meaning of to particular one! rather than !any old one!.
The /-ra/ N /-ro/ /-o/ suffix may be also used with the verb
/goft4n/ !to say', !to tell! when English has an indirect object, e.g.
!Tell the lady to come here.! can be said in Persian both jkantSmo
begid beyad ling/ and /bexancim begid blyed finja/. When used with
this suffix the verb hoftain/ can also have the meaning of lto mean!,
e.g. /lino migid/ !do you mean this ones! (See further examples in
GD 3.8).
In normal informal speech the /-o/ suffix is generally used after
consonants and sometimes after vowels, the /-ra/ or / -ro/ suffix is
used only after vowels. In formal speech only [-ra] is used both
after vowels and consonants.
Note 3.9 /al/
tin ket&b, mile gm:4st? Is it your book?
The word /al/ !property!, !belonging!, !wealth! is often used to
express possession. The equivalents of English !mine!, !yours!, etc.
are expressed as follows:
male mi :mine,
male to :yours: (fam.)
male :11 :his, hers:
mule ma Tours,
male soma 'yours:
made lanhi :theirs:
Grammatical Drills
P.3.101
GD 3.1 /t d
Initial---a
0111111INEM ineINNINNIM
Medial
IMO
Final
t6nd
tedvin
t fast'
'collection'
get&raftim
'I said,
'we went'
goft
nowb&t
'he said'
'turn'
telgerlif 'telegraph' trakt6r 'tractor' bist 'twenty'
tir 'arrow' doktSr 'doctor' tabdt 'coffin'
ter 'net' dastAr 'order' karxanejit 'factories'
tarik 'dark' rear 'behavior' pit 'tin'
dir 'late' =este 'tired' 'amid 'he came'
dist 'hand' pardi 'curtain' did 'he saw'
'tail' gabrdir 'mayor' dordd 'greeting'
deemed 'nose' modir 'manager' sepabb6d 'Lt. General'
ddr 'far' pear 'father' lost& 'professor'
dar 'gallows' sandliq 'box' mowlid l(fixed) time'
nim 'name' fend6q 'hazel nut' ndn 'bread'
arm. 'smooth' bmdnim 'infamous' bibin llookil
nesb&t trelati-nl bacicarie 'trunk' paw:lb/in 'policeman'
nird 'force' xani 'house' tmmadden 'civilization'
nowbit 'turn' pang' 'cheese' Doman 'suspicious'
nur 'light' namadondh 'ninety-nine I xorcitin 'to eat'
GD 3./ /h/
Initial Medial FinalYAMhezir 'thousand' mixt& 'trouble' mah 'mouth'hg3ba
'imprisonment' marhamit 'favor' gonall 'sin'
hald 'nowt mehrabin 'kind' vazai 'clear'
hasir 'mat' maw 'abolition' rdh 'soul'
horm6z Illormort mihr 'month of Mehr' sahih 'correct'
hoviyit 'identity' xahi5 'desire' farih 'joy'
109
P.3.102
GD. 3.1 /h/ (Continued)
InitialNO ANNAN. 11111MII
Medial.111.11.11Mam
Final
hie !nothing! mohandes tongineert xah !whether!
hada ?bearer! mar !seal! rah 'roads
hers tgreedt mohajer !emigrant' pa ndh trefuget
hile ttrickt mazhAb !religion! legtebdh terrort
howsele =patience! mahi !fish! gabfh ?similar!
hurt 'Houri' bohr&n ?crisis' gab& 1phantomt
hoveydd tevidentt babdr !spring? loh 'board!
hdg tintelligencet nandr 'lunch' zeh tcatgutthEevEts
!fancy! xahAr tsistert beh !quince'
GD. 3 r /1/Initial Medial FinalIN-_-----
EqS 4r teffectt tett& !granting?
tAhvazt motmen tbelievert
takblv 'greater' masta tresponsiblet
foal- tOmart marli !visible!
!Ow tiff& Mtn 'rank!
towcidt !times! taetlif tcompilationt
'eskal 'difficulty' matra tfamoust
temtehdn !examination! tatam tgreatt
tehtem61 !possibility' tatyld tconfirmatitav
tut 'August' tetlAn !notice'
tA 'he' teed& ?numbers!
tomumi 'public! tettegid 'belief!
tirdn ?Iran! tmtrif tdescriptiont
tizid !Godt tatasset 'regret'
lijdd 'creation! tstzim Mows
tadAm 'man! rAty ?vote'
taftdb !sun! sty !endeavor!
talAt 'tools A's 'despair!
CO 110
GD. 3.a Pralominal Suffixes
EeZ nahAretun, mamanam.
%clays tesmit bedmete Opeg raft.
hmrf zmaneg xub nist.
dunestme tarsi, terAgun xdbe.
nowbmtetun ntebud, halrf bezmnid.
tabgwg xeyli .xub
tavoranegun beforudgahe MehrabAd.
tavdrdanam berestorAn, ke qmzigo
baoramo, began xdbe ya
pasebttn moltmAt /mod ke tesmetun
ciye.
tun halrfetun, xub nEtbud.
gmrAbetun, mam4g xube.
larAbeg beht4r tam tabgge.
tailaye !emit, ye oizig raise.
GD. 3.6 Indefinite /4/
pasebini ham lunja ni bud.
y4 resturdni der tin naedikiyA hmst2
deer gmhre going forudglhi hast?
budand vae haerfi nAmmdand.
cizi m/dune2
deer tehrAn, sinemAti hast2
ye sat4ti *ling budand.
P.3.103
restorAneg, namdike hoaletune.
hothetun, dmssgutlg kojAst.
gorosagune, ya
hazgreg konid.
fmrmddmnd, satmtetun tinjAst2
fabeg beht4 tam supeg bud.
ketdbegun, beryAr xube.
smfag xub nAbud.
ketibegun, hamig egteb1 dagt.
tenRlisfg behtsersz farsitune.
hregun behteer tam g4hremune.
Warmatid begid, fenjune qahvigo
16tf kone tinja.
tarjome Immmiihusn behare; ya
xundalnam.
xanOmi Jinja t
bagoma h4rf be
der tin resturAn
hast, ya
jAti netraftim.
satetti hmm dagt
supo gdgti deer
n4midand.
am4d, vie xAst
zmne.
dmstgutiti
in resturAn
111
P.3.104
ye TabjciTi ham baraye xancim biyarid.
cizi ham bema 16tf konid.
Ting nahgri ngmidand.
Tabxordigni ham Tinja nist.
ketgbi Tay6rdo.eft, bgxunid.
magrdbi benmi adad.
der Tin gahr, forudgghi baz
amikonand.
masgTi ham bamagrAbeman nemidid2
der resturgn, gdgti brag
4,46rdand, vie Nord lard bexordAn.
der Tun ketgb ye Tegtebghi bud.
mgrsi. beciasg, mgyli nadaram.
xgst, ye sa'&ti beam bede.
Tin restorgn, gsmi /Aare?
GD.
ye botri gargbi bargmun Tavardand.
ketgbi inja nAyavordend.
gahvgli hem baraye xancim biyarid.
gilase TAbi ham linja
ketgbi .b£z lard, vae Nord lord
bexundaln.
ye ketbi ben& bediu.
hArfi bema nAzadand.
mazgTi bammgrub nemixorid2
nAitiorban. TArzi nidardm.
ye garsOni xAst bagomg heir!
bezane.
der Tin resturAn garsgni nist,
bema qamg bede 2
dam. Tin gghr hotel° restorini nist2
3.8 Specific Direct Object Suffix 7-6/ N /-r6/ /-rd/
1.
2.
gargbo mey1 konid.
qmsgro baorim.
9.
10.
tone-Or hArfetunobezanid.
dArso tamdm konim.
3. ketgbo bexonid. ketgbo 16tf konid injg.
4. garsOno begid biyad inja. 12. tarjomAro Nord komin.
5. TabexordAno 16tf konid TinjA. 13. sinemgro goft112
6. an safe Tas ketAbo xundid. 14. xmlabgno migid.
7. hAmino mixam. 15. gdgto Apo mAyl kardid?
8. hgrfetuno bezmnid. 16. Tin sear° bexonid.
112
17. faun qa3zSro X6rdand
18. ketibo teirzmikonan, qdrbun.
19. tabgro migid ya/mabo.
20. pasebdno begid biyad
21. imzAro 16tf konid
22. ketAbo biStene
23e dArso tamAm kmrdam.
24. qamAro bedid bemin.
hiksten.
OD. 3.9
gor osne
tin ketib male mAne.
tin clezi mAle tatlaye jamadist.
xuneye taclaye javadi, male lust,
ya nA6
tin kett.b, tun Taggst.
tin male &mast?
tin forudgA male tin Aare.
gdite tin restor&i, male kojAst?
qamAtike tavord, mile tun
restorgne.
tin mile ane, vm fdn male /oast.
tinhl male tunast.
tin cizhS male restorAne
forudgahe mehrabide.
113
P.30105
25. mazio magidbo
26. fenjdno bedid betacIA.
27. sathAie ketdbiro bdz kardo;
gord kard bexundAn.
28. ketibiro bmraye ma
tavordand.
a9. ye safh4 14BZ ketibiro
xund
sath mile xanOme.
hotAle tacidye tesmit male IA
sod.
tin tabxordan male main nist.
mole xanome jmvaalz4.
tin mehmunxune mile taclaye
jeevadi niet.
gierib male magi nist.
tin nonzgl, male magi nist.
tin /irinihaye xdb, male kogst.
xuned male tunAst.
tin zamin, male forudiahe
mehrabSde.
koddm xund male iomast.
P.3.106
S.D. 2.6-8 Verbs
Change the underlined verbs into present tense.
tam kojg tamadid. yek qmsgye xdb baraymm Iavord.
taterz kardmm, fig& linjg nistand. ketgbetuno biz kmrdid.
ketabgtuno bastid.
ligAno ngbmxgid.
sa'&t naldagtmm.
ketgbetuno bgz ngkarda m.
ketgbetuno ngbastim.
pasebgn tam gmhr %mad.
cizi bmrgyem n6avordid.
lgrz akardam Ianhg raftmnd.
bebmxgid, Iegtebgh farmudid.
fmhmidi, ci gator'.
xeyli tOnd lamadand. ycevgg h&rf zmdim.
yek botrf. Iabejow Iavardand. yek fenjen qmhve lotf kardid.
lagamidmni ngdagtim. mey1 dagtid berim sinemg?
ce ay' kardid2
salgtetuno biz kardand.
laclaye lesmit xeyli legteba kard.
moltmfet nggod ci goftid.
aste rest Ricida m.
ligdn kojg rgftand.
nkEehmidam ce fmrmudid. held beforud residim.
las sinemg lamadim. bald harf mgmeedim.
xeyli gmrgb Iavordim. arse mg gord god.
laggye lesmit lin ketgbo bemmn arsetuno key sore kardid.
16tf kardand. mey1 ngdagtmm berm restorgn.
cetemr, cizi meyl nakardid. sinemg salgte hmgt tmmam god.
ligdn xeyli xdb tarjome kardmnd. moltmret godid:
lamgdamo yek ketab bgz kmrdmm.
lanhg dgste cgp picidand.
11.0
lam ligdn xaheg kardmm linjg
biyand.
11111MIIMIFF.M110...--1111grgo........
tegteb& fmrmddid.
nAxastmm lino begmm.
xeyli h&rf zedend.
deers salete di tam&n god.
'awe lesmit dmrsego rib:0nd.
ldsme hotelo xand.
Questions
S.D. 3
restorSn iodzes ya
kethe gomd and smni dare.
ketabgro bgz kerdid.
cent moltefgt nemigid.
moltiefet godid ci gonna
ce sa taeti fez xunti mirld.
nahgretun cetowre2
qmatun xube: megrbetun cetowre.
Oftid hot41 nezdike forudgAt2
nowbAte kist.
xanOm Oftend ketabharo bgz konid:
cerd ketabhgro ngmibendid.
resturgn kogst.
sinea halg bgzes tang mirid7
resturgnegans kogst.
laggye jemadi ketabhgra tmrjoa
kerds ya xan6meg.
P.3.107
sinemg nsfreftern.
cizi nhcordid.
arse a sallte noh sort god.
ketgbo dadmm betaqgye jemadi.
cimamo dadend.
midunid hall sinemg bgzes ya net.
cg ssergrixo bgz kardid.
tOnd mizenend?
molten% neMigid tun taqd ci
migend7
!awe lesmit ce salEtti bexua famed.
kOy ling lamedid.
xaam vm tacidye tesmit migand,
sinemd kdy sort age.
xanome leumit nezdike salAte d6
IEM linja reft?
bah& sort kardand behead zeds1n2
pasebgn kojgst.
nahgr tAtalte and mixorid.
hall clezg mixorid,ya bAld.
4! 115
P.3.108
kfretun teztn m Nod?
bardyenandr sibmaninimixorid?
laqdye tesmit xailmbdne?
ketdbo bdz kardid?
gomi mixahid xmlmbdn begid?
nAgoftid ye fenjun bardtun
birrarid?
midunid lacid vae xan6me jmvadi
kojd raftemd.
tan *acid lemrikasist ya 'Irani.
'fez restordn besinemd, xeyli. duce?
*igen tired hastand?
ddrse sero hale tmmiam kardid?
tin geed xdbe, ya nse.
tabejow, behtfr t aez tin mixahid?
jamdbe lin soalo didid?
lardbe xdb deer sin gahr nAdarand?
midunidodastillutiye forudah
kojdst.
11= goa xandg kard ketdbetuno
bebandid2
forungdh begAhr nasdike, ya ddre.
kojd, mind.
saute ydk kojd nandr mixorid.
lac:Aye 'emit ce tegtebihi lord.
I4sme Tun forudgi ciye.
kAy. famadid.
midunid, j6w ciya?
nowb&te tdst, ya nowbette gamdu
bdbmaid, behtar tam tin ratdarid?
ars° xdnlid?
UetAbo bemAn ndmidid?
S.D. 8 Specific and non-specific direct objects.
Use the proper direct object form, as
given in parentheses.
ketAbo biyarid
(a book)
(your book)
(the wine)
(Mr. Smith)
amnia =No
011101111101.
1111111
116
indicated by the English
(that book)
(beer)
(coffee)
(Mrs. Smith)
-a-
401.11.1
(that gentleman) - --
(the glass)
(that policeman) ---
kettibo
(this door)
(this bottle ofwine)
(the restaurant)
(the watch)
(an airport )
(a restaurant)
(an hotel)
(that hotel)
(that airport)
(that restaurant)
(a bottle of adrink)
ketAbo
(coffee)
(your coffee)
(her book)
bdzkEerdsfind
111111410
beam dad.
117
P.3.109
P.3.110
(their bottleof wine)
(wi,ne)
(the beer)
(a glass of beer)
(a good book)
(that good book)
(this)
(that)
(a watch)
(the pod watch)
(an answer)
(his watch)
(their answer)
ket4bo
(books)
(that book)
(wine)
(a glass of wine)
(beer)
(the watch)
(a watch)
(your watch)
(soft drinks)
f.! 118
111.M. dim dm
dm dmemllim
mVMMOVM.
if1.1110.1.
nEradarid?
--a
111111101110
P3.111
(their books)
(i qr watches)
(my books)
ketibo
(the door)
(a door)
(the doors)
(that door)
(your book)
(my book)
(his book)
(the door of therestaurant)
(one door of thathotel)
mibEendmme
11111MIM
6.1
10.1
Conversation - Variation Drill----------
der restorin
garsOn: maim qcxrban, ci m4y1 dagtid.
Smith: deer tin restorin megrdbe xdb darid2
g: bale. cjur magrdbi m4y1 dagtid.
S: ye botri labj6w terAm biyarid.
g: xan6metun, a awl mikonend.
S: ligin yek fenjan cediv6, mixorend,
g: nahrir ci men mikonid.
5: bifildriznegrdb begoma migem.
0%1.19
P.3,112
Mrs. Smith: bmraye An, ci gofti biyare.
S: yek fen* qmhve.
Mrs. S: near nigofti biyare:
S: nee. bmIdmz marl% be t u migem.
Mrs. S: pees beEraye main begid qmziye firani biyare. tS ci mixori.
S: minmm hmmintowr.
g: befolmalid clorbun. ?In paribe some, vae tiamm qmhveye xancim.
cize digs, mey1 nemikonid?
S: belle. qemaye tiradye xub bmrimun biyarid.
g: bebmxgid facia. qmerlye 'Irani hall hazer nist. ye saute digs
hazer mige.
S: qmeiye teinrikati cetowr.
g: bebmxgid. ci fmrmudid.
S: eftmm qmzeye lei rikali cetawr.
g: rte, ilingm mar nist.
S: pAs ci hazer darid.
g: xeyli bebecgid. cizi hazer nidarim.
S: xenan. gars& mige cize hazer nist. mixahi cekir bekonim.
Mrs. S: p613 berim berestcrine forudgi. lanji qmzeye darmnd.
S: xob. berim.
deer law
!ma bebEmcgid, midunid sinetniye xib kojiist?
bEele. yeki dar tin zuezdikiyi hist.
michmid key biz mile.
11)0
P.3.113
nee gorban. m nemidunon. Idn %gal midune.
tgqa. tin sinemg ce satmti biz mile,
bamdn h&rf mizmnid2
bagamg hterf mimenmm.
xgyli bebmaid. tin sinemg hall biz mist.
midunmn biz nist. mixam bgdunern cg saldti baz mile.
catdte cgr slorbune
xgyli motegeakkgram. xodg hafgz.
NARRATIVE
ask [(Mr. Javadi)] [to do tam [(taggye jamadf)] xahgg
so-and-so l keerddn
ask [(Mr. Javadi)] [for tam [(tagya jamadf)] sotgl
information] kiwi&
Tehran tehrgn / tehrdn
deer forudgghe mehrab;d1 taqaye tesmft tme taqgye jamadi xahgg kard
ke deer restorgne forudgg bahmm nahgr bexormnd. qmmaye restorgn xub nabud.
garsdn, teen taqaye lesmit sotglkard ke, meegrdbmm mdyl.darand, ya
nee.
tesmit jmmib dad ke, d6 botri tabj6w berg= biyarid.
bEetdmz nahAr, taqaye tesmito jwvadf, attend hotgle tehrgn ke der
Uhr bud. der mehmanxang, xandme tesmIto /i14 hmm budard..
ialg goft. xdnome tesmft, qmhvg mey1 darid, ya mardb.
xandme tesmit Oftmed yi fenjun qmhvg, behare.bAld galg 183Z gars&
sotgl kmrd. dmesguti ddste ape, ya ddste rest.
121
P.3,114
garsOn goft. cgirbun, d&ste rIste.
laclaye lesmit vie lagayejEmadl, mmgrAb xastEnd, gars6n goft.
cize digs m4y1 daridZ
jmvadi goft. cizimm bmraye mme4 biyarid, gale goft. satiate gigs
heave bah& berim besinemA.
jEvadi xast bedune, sinemd satiate cki lord mile.
nEzdike hotel, jmvadi bepasebAn goft. einem& kojast. pasebAn goft.
*bun, cptdri tem Ting ddre.
leen& goft. midunid, satiate gn gord mile. paseban goft digs
Idno nemidunmm. laclaye jmvadf befaclaye lesmit goft ke, gomA farsfro
xeyli xdb h&rf mizEnido, mifahmid. vm hmm goft ke firaniA, farsiro x4yli
t6nd hArf mizenan. xanome fesmit begale farmud. xAnom, moltmfet godid
ke tin *acid, fenglisiro behtar 'az mien h4rf mizmne:
gale goft. b4le midunmm.
sotallt
1. faqaye tesmft vie tagaye jEmadi kojA budand.
2. laciaye lesmit tme taciaye javadi cf xaheg kard.
3. gold deer forudgahe mehrabld nahar xordid, ya nee.
4. cimaye resturAn, chow bud.
5. clEzaye restoran, xdb bud, ya
6. gars6n 'as lei:Faye lesmit cf sofal kmrd.
7, gars6n befaqaye Tesmft cf goft.
8, deer mehmanxan41 Ial4 bexanome jmvadf ci goft.
9. faqaye fesmito jEvadi ci xastEnd.
I: 122
13413.115
to. josvadi, of xast bgdune.
it, jEevadi bepaseban ci goft.
12. pasebin of goft.4
13. sineml IEez resturan ddr bud, ya raezdhc.
114. xan6me 'emit bei.a.14 ci goft.
IS. gond tenglisi tondt&r mizanid, ya tarsi.
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P.40126
Persian Basic Course
Unit ti
Basic Sentences
Alborz
night saeb
tonight lemg4b
work, job, occupation kdr
to work kdr karan (kon-)
2 3 1
What are you doing tonight? temgceb cekdr mikonid.
ParvizONO MM.= M. WO M,
honestly, really
correct, exact, right;
correctly, exactly
vallS.
dorOst
2 3 I 2 1
I really dontt know. valid; dorOst nemiduneanf
to think, to believe gman karan / gasman karan
house, home manzel
that I be bdgam
2'3I 2
1
I think Itll stay home. gman mikonam, manzel bagcem.
Alborz
Would you like to go to the
movies?
/Manzelam.
2 3 2
meyl darid; baham besinemd
berimi
Parviz
imagination, thought
to intend
Yes, what time do you intend to
go (shave the idea or intention
of going92
Alborz
limits, extent
about, approximately, around
(with olnn. /=el)
Around eight otclock.
Parviz
previously, before
before, prior to (followed
by a noun)
dinner
Well, then, come over to our
house for dinner before going
to the movies.
Alborz
but
trouble, inconvenience
P.46127
xiyAl
xiyAl dagan
3 1 & 2 3 1 2
bele: ce sal4ti; xiyAle
reeftelno dari.dt
hoddd
deer hoddd
2 3 1 Adeer hoddde satAte halt:
gashl or pig
Velams [114b1 14e] or
pigmz 14e]
sam
2 3pees atlas rmftsgne besinemA;
2 3 1 2.
beraye sum, beranzhe mist1
biyatido
P.4.128
2 3 2
But I don't want to inconvenience veeli nemixam; begoma
you. bedEemf
Parviz
nothing hie
no trouble at all hie zmhm&ti / hiczammti
to see, to meet, to visit did (bin.)
well, happy, good, pleasant, xcg
gay
glad, happy
Itts no trouble. [My] wife will
be very glad to see you, too.
X0ghil
2 3 4.1
hic zwhmEtti nist: xanom hmm
3I22Ims did4ne soma, xeyli
xoghdl migmnf
(one who is) expecting, montezer
waiting
to wait montmzer sodeai / bud&
by all means, certainly hmtmAn
to come (polite) txdrif lavmrdain
(ar - [av4r-])
We'll be expecting [you] to
come, by all means.
Alborz
Very well. Thank you very much
for your kindness.
2 3 2
montozdr hmstim; hstmein tarif1
biyarid. ./Montezeretun
minim....
2 3 1 4/ 2 3, I 2
besyir het lotfetan; xeyli
1
nmenminen4/
condition 'art
provided (that) begcerte linke
that you be biaid
Provided both you and [your] wife
be my guests at the movies
after dinne)
Parvi zIMMIIMPOW,O
...)11140129
2 3
beg&rte !inke gomAo xanOm hmml
2 3 f 2
beetdmz slm; einem.; mehm4ne
mstn bagide
every, aay, each helr
as ('in any way that ,l) hmr tOlfr ke / hclEr tOwrike
Well, as you wish. 3 I 21 4/
Xeob, her tOwrice meyle goingstZ
Classroom Expressions
today lemniz
period, cycle, course dowre
to review dowre kmran
We're going to review today.2 3 1 2 1
temrliz; dowre mikonim,
apology mezerctl,
to apologize mmizeralt xasteen
late dir
to be late dIr lamadn or
dir kmrdsln
I apologize for being late.
patience
43.
2 3 2 1
mezerett mixam; ke dfr lammdmm,
sEtbr
P.4.130
to be patient, to wait
until, so that, within, as
soon as, by the time that
Please wait a bit until it's your
turn
leaf, sheet of paper,
play card
to turn over (a page, a
leaf)
Turn the page over.
s4br keard4n
t&
2 3 2
qdri seer konid; t& nowbtte
goa beresee
were©q mean
2 3 1
saehdiro vmr4q beranid.
chalk, plaster gEtc
small, little kucik [kucek / kuak]
big, large, great boz6rg
to write nevegtan (nvis -[nevis])
2 3 I 2 1 2That chalk is [too] small, write !tin glAc; kucike. baflin g44ce
3 1
with that large ones boz6rg benvisid
class kelSs
cigarette sig1r
to pull, to draw kegidaln (keg-)
to smoke
Please smoke after class.
sier kegian
2 3 12 3 i
xaheg mikonam; bmtdes kel&s;
2 1
Bier bekegid.
NOTES
Note 4.1 Arodek/
sinemg, key gord mige.
xanOm didgne soma, X4yli
xoghgl migan.
montamgretun migim.
134,4411131
When will the movies start?
[117] wife will be very happy
to see you.
We'll be expecting you.
The verb /godaln/ 'become' is sometimes used in Persian where
English has the future. These are cases where the statement is not one
of simple equation Tx is yl (or 'is x yll in a question), but where there
is a change, a 'becoming' something one is not. In the above sentences
the movie 'becomes started' (it has not yet started). The wife !becomes
glad' at the guests arrival; it isnot a present situation. We become
'one[s] who wait' /montazgr/.
The verb /raise/ is not used for such a question as /kojget/ 'where
is he' or 'where will he be'. 'He' is not changing in this situation;
he is not becoming something. /mile/ (or another of the present forms
of the verb /godAn/) is used where there is a change of status involved.
Note, however, that the verb 'to be' is usually also possible in the
same sentence, as in imontezer hmstim/ or /Montasgr
Note 4412 Word Order - The Verbal Sentence
Note 4.2.1 The Simple Verb
mlfahmam. I understand.
Oftid You said.
bgrim Let us go.
bgbmxgid. Excuse me.
These are examples which have occurred of a verb alone serving as
a complete sentence. This is, of course, the simplest form of the verbal
P.4.132
sentence. Note. however, that every verb here has an ending indicating
the subject - Men/ :II, 1-1/ 'you' (singular familiar), /-id/ 'you'
(polite singular, plural), whether the verb is present, optative, past
or imperative. The simple verb always indicates the subject as 'It, tyout
(singular familiar or polite singular, plural), the (she, it)', 'we',
'they" but does not apedfy it in any greater detail.
The simple verb may have the negative prefix - /nemirmm/ "I'm not
going', /n4reeftmg/ 'I didn't go' (Note 1.8). The imperative and optative
replace the /be -/ with /681-/ for the negative - /n4binid/ 'don't look',/b4rsem, ya n4vmm/ 'should I go or shouldn't 12' " Pronominal suffixes
may be added to some verbs - /aidmmeg/ !I saw him'. Usages of these
will be taken up in a later note.
Our simple verb has then the following structure:
Present (ne-) mi-\
Optative (Affirmative be-
Negative
Negative nEe-Present Stem
Imperative Affirmative be.
zero
Past
Negative nee-j
(nee -)nee-)
Imperfective (ne-)J mit - stem
-on
-1i t
-e
-im
-id -'id
-End -nd
-zero
-id -tid
-mm
zero-im
-id.end
(Pronominal
Suffix -
where used)
(Pronominal
Suffix -
where used)
The negative imperative in literary Persian (mostly in poetry) may
also have ,4n&. /: 164binid/ 'don't look' /m&gu/ 'don't speak t.
P.4.133
Examples of each of these are:
mi- mibinmm II see'
ne- mi- ntmibinmm !I don't see'
be- bebinmm that I see'
zero twjami konma 'that I translate'
nm- nEtbinmm !that I not see'
be- bhinid !see)!
zero tmrjome konid Itranslatel!
nm nbinid 'don't see'
didmm II saw'
nes- adidam fI didn't see'
mididmm 'I was seeing'
114- nemididmm !I wasn't seeing!
(Note: the imperfective past (mi-past] has not yet been used in the
Basic Sentences. It is given here for completeness' sake.)
Note 4.2.2 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
hal& beforudgah residim. We have now arrived at the air-
port.
gomA x4yli xdb, farsi hmrf You speak Persian very well.
rgst berid.
saf&te gig biyalid.
Go straight ahead!
Come at six o'clock.
Words such as /hal4/ !now' we call adverbs. In Persian prepositional
phrases (sum as /1mr tehrin/s /begom4/) are used in the same way as
(occur in the same places as) adverbs. Nouns are frequently used adverbi-
P.4.134
ally, also, so that we have PinjA/ 'this place' uses as !here!,
/lemg4b/ 'this night, this evening' used to indicate the time ('where
are you going tonight ?') as well as being used as a regular noun
('tonight is cooler than last night!). In the sentences quoted above
we have /hala/1 /X4yli /r&st/, and /sa'&te gig/ as adverbs.
Prepositional phrases and noun phrases used as adverbs we may call
!adverbial 'phrases!. Adverbs (including adverbial phrases) may come
before or after the verb.
Note 4.2.3 Objects
jam-lb bedid.
sigAr darid?
ci mixAid.
game biyarid.
tmrjome mikonim.
xaheg mikonmm.
Answerd (r give an answer2)
Do you have a cigarettes
What do you wants
Bring coffee.
We'll translate. ('make a transla-
tion!)
Please. (!I'm making a requesto!)
The words canswer!, !cigarette!, !what!, !coffee! indicate what is
'given', !had!, !wanted! or !brought!. They are the 'object' of the verb
in Persian (as also in English traditional terminology). [This does not
mean they would be the object of the verb in any language. Each language
has its own way of stating things, so each has its own unique linguistic
structure.] The words !translation! and 'request' are what one may call
!compound! objects, a' !make translation! (meaning !translate!) and
make a request' (meaning !please!) are combinations of object plus verb
which may replace simple verbs in the sentence structure (see Note 2.8 on
Compound Verbs).
The object usually comes before the verb, as in these examples.
When the object is specific, [-re] (/-ro/, /-o/) is usually used (see
Note 3.8). There are also suffixes such as /-mm/ !also! (independent
form /hewn /) which may occur after the object, as in Adpmm mixam/ 'I
want soup, too!.
Note 4.2.4 Adverbs and Objects
a 0 Vlemleb cekgr mikonid.
0 a Vfarsf xub nemifthmaam.
P.4.i35
What are you doing tonight2
I don't understand Persian well.
a - a 0 - Vgeedri yew halwf bemnid. Speak a little slower.
Here a is put over adverbs, 0 over objects and V over verbs. The
compound verb is shown by connecting the 0 and V with a hyphen. Adverbs
which belong together may also be connected with a hyphen. We see from
these examples that adverbs may occur before or after the object.
Note 4.2.5 Specific Subject and Emphatic Subject
IIt
1 sdpmm mixam.
2 main sdpo gdgto sibmmini
mixam. soma cetowr. mAn
ygfenjun qmhvg mixam.
mamndnam.
2 meal lemrikafitam.
2 meal xmlmbgnmm.
'you' familiar
1 didi?
2 to kojA
'you' polite, plural
mifeehmid?
2 gomAo xanOm Biwa mehmline
mien bead.
2 soma gEsihr mirid2
413t
I want soup, too.
I want soup, meat and potatoes.
How about you I want a cup
of coffee.
Thank you ('I'm grateful!).
Ism American.
I'm a pilot.
Did you sees
Where were you
Do you understand?
You and [your] wife be my
guests at the movies.
Are you going to town?
P.4.136
!hes she, it or Noun subject
1 IA 'list. It not bad.
2 qahviye van restortin betide. The coffee to (gof!) that
restaurant is bad.
Examples with !we! and !they! could also be given, but the above
sentences should be enough to make the principle clear. As stated in
Note 4.2.1 above (The Simple Verb), every verb form (present or past)
indicates the subject. You always know whether the subject is II! (/-am/,
/ -m/ ending), 'wet cyout singular familiar (/-1/), !you!,
polite or plural ( / -id /), some other person or thing !he, she, it! (/-e/,
/-d/, -zero), or several of them !they! ( /- send /, /-nd/). In the above
sentences all those marked i have the subject so indicated by the verb -
and only by the verb.
Examine the examples numbered 2 under II! and 'your (both familiar
and polite). In every case there is some degree of emphasis on the !I!
or !you!. Contrast !Did you see [anything]or and 'Where were you7t.
Another, closers contrast is /kojA budi/. 'Where were you?! and /t6
kog budi/. !Where were pull. The examples numbered 2 all have the
independent pronoun used as subject in addition to the indication of the
subject in the verb. This use of the independent pronoun may be called
the !emphatic subject!. The student should go through the above sentences
to note the emphasis given by this use of.the pronoun. [For !I! and !you!
different pronouns are sometimes used to show a more deferential attitude
toward the person addressed (see Unit 5). These are /handl,/ for 'I' and
barkir/ for !you!. These are less used than formerly, however, and
/meal/ and /goa/ are perfectly polite. For !he! the 'form showing more
deference is !they!.]
When the subject is same other (third) person, persons or thing, a
separate pronoun subject is emphatic (if, for example, /Id/ the, she,
it', Mn/ !that one, he, she, it!, 'they' or /unhi/ 'those,
they! are used). More commonly we have a noun subject. This does not
emphasize but simply makes more explicit (more specific) just what the
i4 (Itto
Pe4.137
subject is, (hence it may be called the 'specific subjects). Examples
are found in the sentences numbered 2 above under 'he, she, it' - noun
subject. 'It's not bad' doesn't say what is bad. You have to know from
the context. It might also be 'he's not bad! or 'shes not bad'. The
next sentence is very explicit - the coffee's bad.
The emphatic or specific subject usually comes before the object
(This hotel - a restaurant - it has). Our basic sentence pattern is,
then
SUBJECT OBJECT VERB
This is by no means absolute. Other word orders are possible, but this
is the most common. If the verb is to be or its equivalent (such as
?become!), we do not have an object but a word describing or equivalent
to the subject.
the coffee bad is
SUBJECT descriptive word VERB
We may, for convenience sake, call this descriptive word the 'predicate'
and symbolize it by P. (Compare the word following connective /-e/,
Note 2.2 ).
Adverbs may occur throughout the'sentence -
a S a 0 a V a
(adverb) - SUBJECT - (adverb) - OBJECT - (adverb) - VERB - (adverb)
Using the symbols a, S, 0, V, P one may make rapid analyses of most of
the sentences which have occured. For erample:a S P V S a 0 V
temgetio gom£ mehmdne mf hastid. goa ling cekir mikonid.
0 V a ayA cinziye tiran/ mixam. half beforudgithe mehrabad
Vresidim.
Compound verbs, such as /hairf man/ (Note 2.8) function as simple V in
most sentences. For example, /tarsi/ is the object of a compound verb
1450
P,4.138
in:S a a 0 V
some xeyli xdb farsi hairf mizmnid.
An understanding of sentence structure is indispensable for the
constant substitution exercises necessary to gain fluency in the
language.
Note 4.2.6 Alternative Statements
'In nmzdiki4 rmsturAni bast, ya n&. Is there a restaurant in this
vicinity, or not?
qmhve mixaid, ya labej6w. Do you want coffee, or beer?
xeyli xdb nae, vaai Ami mIdunEm. Not very well, but I know a
little.
The first two sentences illustrate the use of /ya/ 'or'. In the
first, the negative /h4/ poses the alternative to the affirmative word
/h4st/ 'there is'. In the second Pabej6w/ is the alternative to only
one word of the preceeding sentence, the object /Tailveti After /ya/
the alternative may be given to the subject, object, verb) or adverb of
the preceeding phrase.
Note 4.2.7 Sequence of Simple Sentences
V S P V1 Oftmm, tin dye. I said, what's this
V S a P V1 migmn, qmhvAye ling xeyli Abe. They say the coffee here is very
good.
V a axall4g mikonmm, qmdri ymvAg Please, peak a little slower.
Vharrf be amid.
V P V1 mige salmte dost. He says it's two o'clock.
V c a V2 mmizer4t mixam ke dfr tammdmm. I apologize for being late.
1464!
S P c 02 meal lemrikatimm, vmli farsi
Vhelrf mizmnmm.
Itm American but I speak
Persian.
P.4.139
These sentences illustrate phrases which follow each other. Those
with number 1 at the side are simply juxtaposed, The sentences with 2
have connecting words /ke/ Ithatt and /1161i/ 'butt.
Note 4.2.8 Optative in Second Verb Phrase.
V a
mey1 darid, berim sinmm4.
V 0 Vnemixam, man& bedmm.
a V ameyl darid, hall berim gIhr.
V 0 Vmixam tun xun4ro bebinmm?
V a 0xahg mikonmm b&Idatz kel&s cigar
Vbekegid.
a amey1 darid, halS bmrAye nmheir
V abiyalid manzele mg.?
a V c 0qmdri saw konid, to nowiAte
Vsome berese.
Do you want to go to the movies?
I don' t want to give trouble.
Do you want to go to town now
I'd like to see that house.
Please smoke after class.
Would you like to come to our
house for lunch now
Please wait a little until it's
your turn.
These are examples of two verb phrases, the second of which is in
the optative (see Note 2.5). The first phrase often has a verb such as
'want, wish' or a phrase such as tis possible', 'is necessary', etc.
(See further Units). The first phrase may have a verb in the present,
past, imperative, or optative.
P.4.140
Note 4.3 Suffix / -t&r/ 'comparative)
23I 20 v
3 I
xaheg mikonmm, kmmi ymvastmr; Please speak a little slower.
2 1
halrf bezmnid
2
magrdb darim ke gargb vm tabliwsi
2 1
tEeZ hamg behtegree
2 3 1
cleedri tondtalr begide
We have drinks and our wine and
beer are the best.
Say [it] a little faster.
The suffix /-t4r/ (always stressed) added to an adjective indicates
'more, -ert. Words in / -tear/ may of course be used adverbially as in
Anmvaig/ 'slow', hmmagt4r/ 'slower'. The suffix / -tear/ may also be
added to nouns, as in Pagat4T/ 'more [of a] gentleman'. As in English
some adjectives have irregular comparatives:
x4b !good, well' behar 'better'
xgylisbesyir tmuch, many, very' bigtfer 'more'
The regular comparative Ikubt&r/ also occurs but is less used than
/behteer/. Most adjectives are regular.
Persian usually uses /teez/ for the English 'than', as in /behtelr
'as man farsi h4rf mizmne/ the speaks Persian better than It. However
when the word order is changed and the preposition used for English 'than'
does not immediately follow, the comparative Ai/ may be used instead of
/tez/, as in Aehar farsi bele mizmne ta an/. /ta/ is always used
when the comparison is made between two clauses, as in /64n behttire nailer
bexoram ta besinemg berm/ 'I'd rather have my lunch than go to the
movies'.
Note 4.4 Superlative
The comparative forms a compound with /-in/ ( /'in/ 'this) to make
the superlative ('most', ?best', 'biggest!, etc.). Like /fin/ itself and
148'
P.4,141
other compounds with /tin/. the superlative precedes the noun it describes,
as in behtwrin g4hr/ !the best city! and does not get the connective
/-e/ when the noun it modifies is in the singular.
When the noun is in plural the "azaf4/ (corn / -e /) may or may not
be used, as in /behteerSne gmhrh6ye bran/ or behtxrin s8ehrh4ye
The connective /-e/ is always used in formal speech.
In addition, the comparative / -tear/ preceded by /tEez Male/ 'of
all!, as in /tin tiez lame behtaltre/ !this is the best (of all)!, is often
used as the equivalent of the English superlative.
Note 4,5 New Compound Verbs
Here are some compound verbs (see Note 2.8) based on the build
ups given in this Unit:
dor4st kardAn
dorcist godaln
xiyAl kmran
art kardetn
wart bEst4n
to make, to prepare, to
correct, to arrange, to
set
to be made, prepared, corrected,
etc.
to think, to suppose, to
guess, to believe
to guarantee, to make it a
condition
to bet
P.4.142
Grammatical Drills
GD.
mige sinema, satmte heegt gord kami sibs konid. teerjome
mige. mige.
migmn tunja forudgg mige. nib moltceet nimise, ci migid.
ya sateabe digs linja bagim, hie montmzeremun nemige.
dir mige? gorosne mige.
lintowr ke tunja Mhr mice. montmzar mige b4rid, bebinideg.
salmte no kelasg biz mige. xmlmbgn nemige. pasebgn nemige.
ta satate car, tem& mige. garscinmm nemige. pees el
nemixad bege sinema key goru mige. mixad bege,
dir mige. biya rid, berim. ta salmte peenj, montmzeretun
gAm, montmseremun n4gid namiyatim, migmm.
ya resturane xub, deer tin' hotel, lin forudgg, ta seruze digs,
biz mige. hazSr mige,
GD. 4.3
restorgne badtar Immin nist. laclaye jamadi, laqatmrmz laclaye
las lamrikalihg, lamrikalit4re. lesmite.
beht4rmz tin, naldarid? bah ymvagtsfir, h4rf bezmnid.
xubta;raz gone midune, nahgr, kamteerms soma xord.
behterm tin n4midunid: beg begid, kmmta5r hmrf bezmne.
mmnzele jmvadi, nmzdikt4ras mmnmz soma, gorosnetbmn.
meenzele tesm1te. jmvadi gorosnet4r, tez gagst.
150 al
P.4.143
forudel Imz 'inja durt4re, ya qEdri tondt& beheg begid.
lmz lung. gmrAb behtkram lin, adarid2
xaheg mikonn, tontr tun kAro behtlre ke bellS begid.
bekonid. begid qaargo yavagtr bexore.
gale, xoghalt4r lam gomSst. begid kgro qadri dirt 4r goru kone.
'in salAt, !az tun sat kuciktalre, behare ke lino bejmvadi begid.
-mad behdar kar mikone. Trmizele laclaye jmvadi,
farsim, behtlre, ta lenglisim. bozorgt4re, ta manzele 'esmit.
beht4re ars bexonid, ta dates xonan, behtalre, ta sinema
sinema berid. rafte!n.
javadil lenglisi beht4r hErf farsiye lssmit, behtlre, ta
mizane, ta fereydlln. farsiye jevadi.
lesmit, lenglisiro beht4T jmvadi, tondt4r harf mizane, ta
mifahme, ta farsi. xaameg.
hales, gorsnetcgram ta yek satate
Pls.
GD. 4.4
behtErin hotelist, ke dar behtErin xmlmbAniro ke
gkhre. javadist.
td, lino tam hame behtAr midune. bchtari.n oamAlike xord4m, dar
'in, behtarin tarjomelist ke lamrikA bud.
'ill forudgAhl razz hEme forudgahAl
tun taqA, farsiro lmz hone behtalr behtAre.
midune. hgleg, taz ha me beht4re.
151 44.x.
P.4.144
farsi, 'az ham4 behar hair' IA, tam Keane yavagar hmrf
mizmne. mizmne.
ga16, teen hamAgun yamagt4r kar tun resturgn, teez hmme resturang,
mikone. nmzdikt& re.
gorosnearms hairdist. bozorgtarine hotels, Ign hotele
restorgnike feermudid, kuciktarine temrikatist.
restoranhgst. bigtslr taez hEang, tegtebg kard.
leez hmme tonar xund. tem haane bigar montazereg &dim.
bigar lam hmme Ard. beheg begid, behtarin sibo
xancimeg, Ims hmme dirtier tamed. biyare,
kuciktarin Uhrmet. Tin gAir 12EZ kuciktarine
tun gAhr, tEeZ bozorgtmrine gsdhrgye tamrikgst.
gsdhrgye tirgne. tehr&n, bozorgtarin Mire tirgne.
xan6me jmvadi, lino tem hmme tin, bozorgarmz hmm4st.
behth. midune. gals, kucikt4r tam hamgst.
gmrgbe mg, tmz hamgye gmrabg beht4re.
GD. 4.5
tin satAto dorcist konid. tags. 'in salmt dorost god.
qmAro dor6st kardid2 xiyAl mikonem ta yhafete digs
jmvadi xiyAl kerd: InAm Jinja dor6st mige.
of stain. xiyAl damn: lemgmb berm sinemA.
jevadi girt ksard ke tin kAro ta man bagoma gertmibendem ke
yA as digs bekone. jevadi tin kayo mikone.
152
xiyal amikonam, soma baymd
&dirt bebmndid.
manzele jamadi xdb dorost god.
P.4.145
gmrt bmsta, kare xubi nist.
jmvadi manalego xdb dorost kmrd.
xanOmmm girini, xdb dorost mikone.
Variation Drills
qmmaye tin resturAn, cet6wre.
bmtdam gAm mixam ye gilas gmrAb
bexormm, soma ci mixavid.
ci meyl darid bexorid.
cOrban. rtiram
mmn tinja kAr nAkmrdmm. deer
resturane tun hotel kar kmrdmm.
hAlegun cetowre.
farsi nemifahmeend. yalvAg hArf
bezmnid,
begoma d6martebe goftmm, hot41
tunjAst.
dmstgutig, xdb nist.
ketAbo xub tmrjome nAkmrd.
gord kmrd bexund&n.
ketAbo vain% nAmmnid,
bag gArt kmrd ke tin kAro ta
yesatmts digs .bekone.
berid, mmteerAthexatid.
abr konid, ta tdham biyad.
153
bale xanom, tunjAst.
bike oorban. ci meyl mifmrmatid.
bid nist. migmnd ke qmmaye
tiranig xeyli Abe.
in nmmdikiA, dmstguti nis t?
bebinim ci dyad.
bmraye m4nam yek gilas gmrAb
biyarid.
tenglisi xdb midunand. yeerrAg
herf nAMmnid.
ce mifarmatid.
mifermatid, to tin kAro bekone?
dArs tmmum god. hal& ci mix:a/id
bekonim.
y6k satinet dir kmrd.
dOsatmt Aar kmrdim, mmli
tagrif ayavordand.
gAm manale ma miyand begmrte
tinke sinemA mehmune tunhA bagim.
hall tin kAro bekonid bald berid.
P.4.146
begid gAmo hazer kone. nowb&te to bud, vtli raft.
ktmi tondttr htrf bezanid. sinemg key gord mige.
mifmhmmm. d&rs tmmgm god, berim.
bahmm rmftmnd besinemg. nowt to gomgst ke deers bexonid.
mixatim siggr bekegim. dfro tesme tun resturgno, midunid7
bebmndid. begoma goftands ke tacialre jmvadi
bmsttne ar baldst. tiranIst?
resturgne tiranl deer temrikg rust. tun taqaye temrl.kati ke tinja bud,
dmr tin hotel resturgne xubi nIst. dar resturgn montaare gomgst.
mIdunid halg kojg hasteend, ketabhgra beba ndid. halg mixatim
ee seetira mixunid. bezmnim.
moltmfet nod ei goftid. d6 bebmxgid lino befarsi sup
mmrtebe beg begid. migmnd?
moltmfet migid2 xiygl darmnd betirgn bermnd.
mixam bedunam arse mg key lintowr xiyal mikonmm.
sore mige. temg4b eekgr mikonid:
gmman nemikonmm temgalb tinja tem gomg xaheg kardmnd ke tin
biyand. kgro bekonid.
key tinjg tmgrif tavmwdmnd. xiyal darmnd betemrikg bermnd.
gmman nemikonmm temg4b gam 'Arl darid bah& besinemg berim.
biyand. 4 saltiti xiygl darid berid.
Astand begomg begmnd sinea temgAb.mixad tinja biyad.
key gord mire. reertmnd nagr bexorand.
eft ke tagaye tmfgAr yek resturgn vm hotele xdbi
baxanomeggn besinema rtertmnd. dagt.
lo4
P.4.147
teclaye lesmit nemixad xmlabgn pasebgn bagomg hcirf zmd?
bege.'
jecradi dir lunmdo, mmIzeratmm saute cmnd betehrgn residid.
xgst. b4le didblmeg v *Wen
midunid salalte and betehrgn xoghgl bud.
miresmnd. montmzer bagid. hmtmln miyad.
ce sateen lung miresim. mehmanhgye 3aciaye jamedi key
gEehrike mif&xmatid ddr 'am 'inja budmnd.
finjast. gmblms gam mmgrub bedid.
sate 'Aft bgrif m4rarand. ye saute dige smbr mikonmm.
Taclaye imfggr vmxandmegun temgmb.nemixed tinja bage.
betehrgn rmftmnd.
Variation Drill
(Conversation)
Smith: smagm 'mleykom, 'aclaye fereyddn. hgletun cetowre.
Fereydun: b4d nistmm motgmkkermm. hgle xanome some, cetowrmst.
Smith: hgle xan6m, xdbe. mmmndnmm.
Fereyduns soma farsi xdb midunid?
Smith: xdb nemidunmm. vaeli kalmi hmrf mizmnmm.
Fereydun: feral kojg xandid.
Smith: deer bran.
Fereydura xanOmettinmm farsi deer bran xendmnd.
Smith: ameyr. xanclamm farsi nemidunmnd.
Fereydun: halg mixalid bahmm beresturgn berim.
135 ti61
P.4.148
Smith: bae. bec4 resturgni berim.
Fereydun: resturgne tun hotel.
Smith: resturgne digs, tin nmzdikia nist.
Fereydun: nee. resturandye dig4 hast ke tmz ting ddre.
Smith: x6b. pgs berim ben resturdn.
dear restardn.
Smith: tgqa. dmstguli kogst.
Waiter: lung. elate cap.
Smith: m mirmm bedmstguti. soma begarsOn begid, qmzd biyare.
Fereydun: c4jur qmsgti mixatid.
Smith: gomd, c4 xiyal darid bexorid.
Fereydun: amidunmm ci bexormm.
Smith: x6b. sold]. bekonid, bebinid ci dare.
Fereydun: tdqa. nandr, ci darid.
Waiter: hmm4 ciz.
Fereydun: bmraye ma, ye qmsaye !Irani° ye clasaye temrikatf biyarid, -gm
ye botritmm tatbe xord4n.
Waiter: mm rub, meyi nemikonid2
Fereydun: beele. d6 botri gmAbo ye botri tabej6w biyarid.
Smith: gOftid gas& biyare2
Fereydun: b&].e. hall Aft, biyare.
Smith: mmgrdb gbftid, biyare
Fereydun: g6ftmm, d6 botri gmrib weyek botri %Wow biyare.
Waiter: b4fmrmatid. tin mmgrdb. vs 'imam qm2A.
156
P.4.149
Fereydun: me nahir bald= mmgrdb xistim.
Smith: bear& xub. lismetun dye.
Waiter: jmvadf, clorbun.
Smith: ling kir mikonid?
Waiter: b&le clorbun. soma farsi, xeyli nib hirf mizenid.
Smith: xeyli xub nee, Ali clatdri mifmhmam. taqiye jamsdi, xahgg
mikonam ye botrfye digs knit) biyarid.
Waiter: yek botrf fmrmudid.
Fereydun: ng. farmddaad, yek gilis.
Waiter: b4le raga.
Fereydun: gomi xgyli mmgrub mixorid. ion-Stun xdb ntst.
Smith: bile maln xdbe. begid garib biyare.
Fereydun: x6b, xob. mfgmm biyare. veeli Odri ymvAg hurl* bezmnid.
do botrf digg gmrib biyarid. yeki baraye meat,
ygki bariye tame tesmit.
Waiter: betle saga.
Smith: saift ande.
Fereydun: salmte s4.
Smith: 14h, meal minim, kir dares% xodi hafgz.
157 ti
P.4.150
Narrative
When we arrived there betunjS ke residim
I don't know because I nemidunmm. bmraye finite
wasntt here. tinjA n4budam.
tees men xoheg kmrdid, ke q&dri bmrAtun h4rf bezmnmmd
mg, Mgt mehmin dagtim.
mehmunAye ma, tailaye tesmito xancimegun,taqaye jevadio xancimegun,
vm cmhAr mehmline dige budeld.
ma, cmhgr jtir qmzaye tiranio, dcijur qmzAye temrikei, bmrAye
mehmmnAmun dAgtim.
saqte hlft, taqaye jeevadi vm xanOmegan, residmnd. beetd, tesmit
vth xancimegan. mehmanhAye digs xeyli dir tamadend, vm xeyli mmtzEulca,
xastand. vm yAkigun bemA xeyli zmilmett dad. vmyekigunean, neeyammd.
qeeblmz reett4n, ma cmnd fenjun qmhve xordlmo, sigAr kegidim. vm d4re
mmnzelo b stun. vm hmme bah4m berestorAnike keemi tam mmnzel dtir
bud, reef tim.
berestorAn ke residim, gatim baraye ma cmhd botri gerAbo tabjciw
biyarmnd. xanomA megrai n4cordand, vaeii cmnd fenjun qoahvA mey1
keerdmnd. vm hameg bamA hmrf zeimnd.
laclaye jmvadio taqaye tesmitmm, xeyli gmrAbo tabejciw xordmnd.
bmtdmz tin besinemA rmftim.
dear geehr pasebAnira didim, vea bema goft ke, bebmxgid. behttere ke
hagne bemmnull berid. beraye tinke xiyAl mikonmm, hAletun xub nist, vm
158 tit
P.4.151
keitmi hem magrdb xordid. xanoml goftand, tintowr mist, soma kAmi
legtebd mikonid. hAle ma xeyli Abe.
satAte de% bud, ke besinand residim.
sotalAtWOW .1111.
t. cAnd, mehmAn dagtid.
2. mehmanhdye soma, haunt; tunja budand?
3. and mehm4n, doer manzeletundagtid.
4. hmmeye mehmund, xanOm budeend, ya !acid.
5. saute celnd bud, ke taclaye jamadi vv xanSmegan, bemanzele gomA
residand.
6. and jur gaze, be dadid.
7. taclaye tesmit vas xancimegun budand ke dir famadand, ya mehmAnhaye
digs.
8. mehmanhAtike dir tammdand, mmtzerAt xastand, ya nee.
9. ciAblas raftAne besinemA, soma cAnd fen jan qahv4 xordid.
10. xan6me gomd, sier mikegmnd?
11. gamd cetowr.
12. beresturAnke residid, begarscin ci goftid.
13. deer restoran, xSyli harf zadid?
14. xanomdm mar& xSrdand ya nee.
15. pasebdn begomd of goft. .
16. xanamd doer jamdb ci goftmnd.
17. ce sathi, besinema resideend.
159 OZ,
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P.5.162
Persian Basic Course
Unit 5
Basic SentencesammamwmoGO
(Thereto a knock at the door - taq, taq, tag
servant
who
Who is there?
to be present, to be
there (polite)
Is the gentleman tof the house]
at homes
no (polite)
half
to carry, to take (away)
to go, to leave (polite)
outside
No, sir, he went out half an
hour ago.
excellency (a deferential
term)
you (polite)
EigxecimEet
Alborz
Eigxedat
idye.
ki
tmgrif dagt4n
2 3 IIII
taga tmgrif darEend
noIxeyr
an
bord4n (beer -)
tmgrif bordEtn
binin3 i 44 2 3 1
nAxeyr:- tisun nimsatmrte pig;
2tmglIf bordered
jenAb
jeabe tall
P50163
What's your name, sill
Alborz11111
2 3 1 #lesme jenSbe 'all cisto
friend ddst
p1. dusts [dusthg/dust6n]2 3 B 2
I'm Alborz, Mr. Parviz's ddste laciSye
3 1 4g
friend. peervizeem:
Mrs. Parviz (coming out of the room)
why cer&
in, inside
Hello Mr. Alborz. Why don't
you come ira
pleased, glad
td
2 3 1 B 2
sail& faclaye ImlborI: cer4
3nemifmrmalid
xogv4xt [xogv4qt]
you (polite) serk4r
2 3 2
xeyli xogrAxtmm; ke serk4rPm very glad you came.
Alborz.11=.1.=111OMPM
Thank you very much, madam.
presenting one's respects
service (with connective /-e/
used in lieu be /be-/ or
big/ 'to') (polite)
to come (to visit), to
pay a call
1
tegrif 'avordid,
2 3 1x4yli motegeekkermm xanom#
'amaze sa4m
xedmett
gmrafyAb god&
P.5.164
I came to present my respects
to you and your husband
('gentleman').
2 3 2
bardye htrze maim; xedate
Mrs. Parviz4.1.121.
sarkdr va taqd garafy4b
1 4gOd83/1:
order, instructions &est&
glass gilds
or livdn
or
Thank you. May I offer you
a drink ('would you like to
have a glass of an alcoholic
drink, so that I order them
to bring [it] for you21).
Alborz
lestekAn2 3 1 4 2motAlekkdram: yek gilds
3 2
magrAb m4y1 mifarmatid; ke
dastdr bedam bffirdtun
biyarand.#
to like (with Asez/) As tamed&
2 1 a 2
No, thank you. I don't like mdrsi: an 'az magrilh xogam
3 1
alcoholic drinks. amiyad.
only, just fel*
if 'Age . ['eer]
kindness marhaat
to give (polite) marham4t.kardAn
If you'll be kind enough to give
me a glass of water, I'll be
very grateful.
2 3facia the ye gilas 'ab merheeditt
I 2' #konid, xeyli nman= miswEen.
Mrs. Parviz
by chance, incidentally,
as a matter of fact
eneral, total
in general, on the whole,
as a general rule
to dislike (with Pez/)
lettefmq4n
kolli
bet6wre
bald I arbsedh
Pe5065
2 31As a matter of fact I don't IettefMgmn min betdwre kollip
2 1
like alcoholic drinks either, 'cm mew& bddmm mVadt
to know (someone) genaxtAI (sends-/gn&s-)
2 3Do youknow.Mr. Javadil gomA laclAye jamadiro mIgnasidi
Alborz(deferential) bende
honor "efteAr
meeting (a person), seeing molaqft
yet, up to now tabehgl
2 3 1 44 2No, I haven't had the honor nameyr: bid tabeh41 Ieftexttre
of meeting him yet ('up to nowt).
to introduce
Then please come this way so
that I can introduce you to
him ('him to you').
Mrs. Parviz
3 1molacyfte Igdnra adagtelm#
jadagte tam]
moherrefi kmrdten
, 3 2
ptS bkmrmatid;Aa
1
begoa motEerrefl konmm!
Po5.166
head, top, and, on, at (withconn. /-e/)
table, desk
at table
Well the dinner's ready now.
Please come to (tats) the table.
to request, ask, beg
first, at first
After you, madam ('madam, I
beg of you, you go first
please!).
Alborz
s&r
mis .
are miz
3 I 2
Ab; halg gdm hazeree
32befmrmatid,I Are miz
#.
testeda Iceman [testedtti
karan]
myvEti.
2
Anom tested& mikonmmi teemel
gcmg befmrmatidi
Mrs. Parviz=111111 1111 11.111111=1111
by the way, indeed, really rasti
to forget
Thank you. ay the way I forgot
to introduce you to Mr. Javadi.
Mr. Javadi, Mr, Alborz.
Alborz
feeramdg ka3rdaln
2 3 1 # 2 3mmmndnam. rasti fmramdg kmrdmm,
23 1 2tagdye jemadiro, begomd
1
moterrefi konmm.
2 3 2 1 4taqaye jmvadi; taqaya tEelborz:
acquainted 'agent /
acquaintance tagenalf / tagnall
glad mmsrdr
Dm very glad to meat you,
P.5.167
2 3 2 1
teen lin lagnati; xAyli mamrurams
Javadi
also, toe, as well, hamenin
in the same man.mr
It's my pleasure (land I as went).
cold
Well, please come., everybody.
The dinnerts getting cold
( ;became cold' ).
2 3I 2 1 #bEend4 hmm, amcenin,
Mrs. Parviz.1111111/11....
Ord
3.12 1 4 2Xib..4 ha:a befarmalid: stn
t Award Xodg
Classroom Expressions--------------
story hekaytet / dastlin
to describe, to tell; to ka3rdeln
speak highly (with /la3z/)2 3 2
Tell us the story of Unit le, hekayEete dense cro tearknun
1 4teelrif konidt:
ear
to listen
Please listen [to me].
word
IV
gel dad&23Y 2 1 4Xahat mikonan; bedid:
log&
pronunciation teazeiTOz
13.5.i68
to pronounce tmlmffSz kmrdin
" 21 a
[Please] pronounce the word locgto, dorost tmlmeaz konica
properly.
manner, way, method tetrz
attention tmvmdgh
to pay attention temdj6h lard&
to repeat tekrAi Iowan
[Please] pay attention to the
way I pronounce the word,
then repeat [it].
2 3 1
betArze tmlstfoze loq&t
2 1 2
tmvmdjoh konid ff. bold tekrAr
1 a
Grammatical Notes
Note 5.1 Degrees of Politeness
I. cS farmudid. What-did you says
2. fiadn, feItebi bermudends He mistaken.
3. *ban, Idiz kmrdmm, cf meyl I said, sir, what are you
mifarmatid. going to take?
4. ciddri tabxord4n, 18tf konid. Give [me] some water.
5. montmzer hmstim. hat & WelIl be expecting [you]. Come
tailf biyarid. by all means.
6. taqi, Wife derma Is the gentleman of the house at
home;
7. nee clorban. tatin nIntsalmte No, sir, he went out half an
hour ago.pig, twirif bordmnd birdn.
i76
P.5.169
8. cerA amifeermatid td. Why dontt you come in
9. x671i xogvAxtam, ke sark4r
tmgrif tavordid.
I'm glad you came.
10. baraye tmrze sml4m, xedmmte I came to present my respects
sarkSr sawmfygb godmm. to you.
11. ye gilas tab, marhmmit konid. Give me a glass of water please.
12. beend41 teftexare molaqate I haventt had the honor of
tigglara, tabehal adagtam. meeting him yet.
13. testedt4 mikonmm, tavv41 After you, please.
gong befarmatid.
Persian has a selection of forms to indiPate degrees of politeness.
For example: the pronoun /beside/ for tit shows more humility on the part
of the speaker. The pronoun /t6/ for tyout shows familiarity, /some/
polite equality, /scerkgr/ or /jenSbe tall/ deference. Using the plural
instead of the singular in the third person (he, she, it, they, noun
subject) shows more deference: Pagg3re jmvadi t inja hmsteend?/ for
/tingsW. Many languages have differences such as these in their terms
of reference to people spoken of (third person) and people spoken to
(second person), as well as words referring to the speaker (first person).
In sentences 1-13 above are examples of verbs, both simple and com-
pound, which are used to show greater deference to the person spoken to
or the person spoken of, or more humility on the part of the speaker.
Note, for example, the difference in politeness between the Persian and
the English versions of Sentence 4. The English is very abrupt. To
make it polite, one must use different words, such as, Would you be so
kind as to give me some water.). This is really a better English
equivalent, as the Persian is polite by virtue of the words used for
tgivet /16tf konid/1 as opposed to the abrupt /bedid/.
P.5.170
Note 1.7 illustrated. some uses of the imperative form of the verb
/fmrmudalnh In sentences 1, 2, 8 and 13 are examples of other forms of
this verb.
Sentence 1 =What did you .says may be said in six different ways:
A. el gofti. .D. ee goftid.
B. 04 gofti. E. of fammudid.
C. ci goftid. F. 94 fmrmudid.
A and B should be used only if the speaker addresses a child, a member
of his family, a very close friend or a person whom he considers to be
socially below himself (servant, laborer, etc.). The choice of /Cl/
or /c4/ depends mainly on the speaker but /9i/ sounds somewhat more
familiar than /c4/.
C and D are used while addressing both equals and inferiors to whom
the speaker usually says /gad/ 'you' and not the familiar /t6/
E and F are more polite forms of the same sentences and shovld be
always used by the student in any more or less formal situation.
Sentence 2 'Hers mistaken' can be put in three different ways:
A. legtebA kmrd
B. Tegtebg. kmrdand
C. legteba fmrmudmnd
The degrees of politeness are expressed here by substituting the 3rd
person plural for the 3rd person singular of the verb /kmrdSEn/ and by
substituting the verb Affirmudaln/ for /kmrd4n/ as part of the compound
PegtebAh kt.mdalnh
Pegteb£ kard/ can be said about somebody whom the persons engaged
in the conversation do not know personally or whom they consider to be
socially inferior. /legteba kmrdmnd/ should always be used in a polite
conversation and Pegteba fmrmudand/ is a more polite or deferential form
of the preceding.
In sentences 8 and 13 the forms of ifarmudAn/ are used for 'come',
Po5.171
and !got respectively to show greater deference to the person spoken to.
This illustrates the substitution of Ammudaln/ for other verbs where the
nature of the action is clear from the context, and the polite verb may
be uied,without ambiguity.'
Sentences 5, 6, 7, 9, 10:
Polite substitutes for /Taman/ !come!, /raift4n/ Igo! and /bud n/
!be! are: /imgrif !al/radii:1/ (Ito bring honor!), /imgrif.toran/ (Ito
take honor!) and /tegrif dagtaint (!to have honor!) respectively.
These expressions are very common in every day polite conversation.
/imgrif layordam Pavard4W, Amarif bordain/ and /tmgrif daatd!n/ can
be used only in the and and 3rd person plural. /Xedm4t/ !service!
combined with ./gmrmfyab god4n/ !to become the honored one! means no go
to see someone!, to call on somebody!, Ito pay a visit'.
Sentences'3 and 7 use /tclorban) clorhein/1 literally IsaCrificel, When
used independently the word Norban) can be paralleled most of the time
with the English !sir! or !madam!, as in:
/ix 1e qorban/ !yes, sir (or madam)!
/nee gorban/ !no sir (or madam)!
/hale soma cetowre.
or
/gorban. hale soma cetowre/ !How are you, sir (or madam)!
The informal Aorban/ usually means !please! as in /*bun. lino bemaki
bedid/ or Milo bemten bedid qorbun./ !Will you please give it to me.l.
/4orbdn [ gorban]/ followed by an independent pronoun or a pronominal
suffix can mean either !thank you!, as in Aorbane soma/ !thank you! and
the familiar Aorblinet/ !thanks!, or !until we meet again!, /gorbane
goal or !so long!, !see you! /4orbline t6/. The /wrz/ of sentence to may
be used in /14rz kard4n/ meaning to make a request!, (Plrz/ meaning
(lOrnan/
first !presentation, exposition!, then !petition!), hence it means Ito
say! (deferentially).
Po5.172
Sentences le and 11: /lotf loran/ and limeerheaneet keerdeln/ to do afavor' are polite forms for /declaim/ to give.
Sentence 12: The word /ban* 'slave', 'your obedient servant' isused in deferential speech for 'II, When using /bends/ one shoulduse /sEerldrior'/jenhe %Li/ for 'you', /memo elom4/ 'you and I' in apolite or deferential; style of conversation becomes /baride vee serldr/ or/beende vee..4en Abe "034
SenenO4,13: estedlet bran/ 'to implore' is a substitute forhCahn k*delin./ in a deferential style of conversation.
. .
Note' 52 Verb form in /-e/. Present Perfect
tabeh41 leftexgre molaqg.te I haven't had the honorlig&nra, naldagtee'm of meeting him yet.[needagte teem]
This form /dagte/ is the t-stem with the suffix /-e/. It isroughly equivalent to English 'Past Participle' forms in -n (gone,given, thrown), -t (bought, caught, liked) and -d (sold, held, had).The /-e/ form means 'having (done so-and-so)'. English uses 'have' withthese forms (have gone, have bought, have sold); Persian uses 'am, is,are') as illustrated above.
Following is the Present Perfect paradigm of the verb /reefteln/.The first column in brackets) gives the formal speech forms. The
second column gives the normal colloquial forms where the /-e/ of theverb form and the vowel of the verb 'to be' are replaced by a longgliding vowel, i.e. the vowel plus /1/. This is the same kind of longglide that is represented by a vowel plus /I/ before a consonant (asin /beard /). In some speech this vowel is shortened, as in the thirdcolumn.
184
P.5.173
1 2 3
[rmft6 Imm I have gone reeft&Im reeft4m
ret4 Ii you have gone rmftil regd.
rmfte 'asst 'he, she, it has gone mete' 'Tete
matte tim we have gone reti'm rmftim
reaft6 'id you have gone rmftild rmft/d
ret4 tared] they have gone neftEeln(d) rEettgn(d)
In situations where the verb loses its stress, there is no distinction
between the simple past and the form in the third column, except in the
third person singular.
The third person singular is the most frequently used form. The
first person is often used in ordinary speech when emphasis is being put
on the fact: Pwe paid it', 'I did go', etc.
The form in /-e/ is also found in narrative style but occurs much
more frequently in formal speech and written material. Otherwise the
usage of the Present Perfect in Persian is about the same as in English.
Note 5.3 Verb: Impersonal Compound Verbs
mEgn Imz mar& xamm I don't like alcoholic
n4miyad. drinks.
Aram fez mmgrilb begdmm
miyad.
I don't like them ("the
drinks') either.
The verbs hog- lameada'n/ Ito like', /beed- lamman/ 'to dislike? and
certain others are used impersonally, i.e. the verb itself is in the
third person singular while the person 'liking' or 'disliking' is
expressed by the pronominal suffix affixed to the first part of the
compound verb. The thing or person o-lie likes or dislikes (i.e. the
direct object of the English verb) is always preceded by the preposition
Aez/ 'of, from, about'' For example:
misen,Imz laqaye jmmadil xamm miyad. I like Mr. Javadi.
P.5.174
to, teen, !awe jmvadi, mget miyad.
Ti, taz, faqaye javadi, Agegmiyad.
leez taclaye javadi; Agemun miyad.
soma, teen laclaye jmvadl, Agetun
miyad.
Tung., TEM laclaye javadi, xogegun
miyad.
You like Mr. Javadio.
Hel she, it likes Mr. Javadi.
We like Mr. Javadi.
You like Mr. Javadi.
They like Mr. Javadio
/MAn, teen !awe jam-ad., Agmm tammd/ liked Mr. Javadil Asez un4,
Asemun, ayammd/ tWe didn't like them', etc. (See GD. 5.3 below)
Note that the person 'liking? or idislikingt may be expressed not
only by the suffix to /kog-/ or /bead -/, but also by an independent word
in addition to the suffix (here the pronoun).
Grammatical Drills
GD. 5.1
gatid behot41 berm.
(polite) farmddid band4 behot41 berm.
migid cik4r konam.
(polite) mlfmrmaiid band4 celdr kona m.
gift bagord farsi hArf bezanam.
(polite) farmildmnd band4 basark4r farsi harf bezanmm.
jmyadi goft femgetb n4miyad.
(polite) laclaye Oftmnd temg& amiyand.
(more polite) laclaye javadi farmddand lemgmb tmgilf n5miyarand.
befarmalid. sier bekegid.
b4fmrmatid
b4fmrmafid, ket4bo bAz konid.
b4farmalid. tun degro b4bandid.
P.5.I75
tegteb4 kmrdid. eftmm, satmte hkt.
(polite) tegtebgh farmudid. tmrz kMrdmm, saterte.heeft.
xahgg mikonmm, keldse farsfro gord konid.
(polite) testedtg mikonmm keldse farsfra gordbefEermatid.
jmvadf qmegro axord.
taqaye jmvadf.qmaro axordmnd.
(polite) taqaye jmvadi qmzgra meyl nlkardmnd.
(deferential)taqaye jmvadf qmegra mgyl n4ParmudEand.
ketgbo bean bedid,
(polite) ketgbra bebmnde 16tf befmrmavid I... mmrhmat konid.
mgrdbi bean adadid.
(polite) mmgrdbi bebmnde mmrhmat nmfmrmudid.
Oftmm, hotel kojgst.
(polite) tam kmrdmm, hotel kojgst.
mixam bevaqaye jmvadi begmm, tinjg ayand.
(polite) mixam betaqaye jmvadi tmrz konmm vinjg tmgrif ayarmnd.
taqgye tesmit rmftmnd manzele taqaye jmmedf.
(polite) vaqaye vesmit tmgrif bordmnd mmnale taqaye jmvadi.
xanome jeevadi an dmnd somaro bebinmnd.
(polite) xaame faqaye jmmadi tmgrif tavordmnd jengbe valira
bebinmnd.
lesmit ling bud, vaeli yesatmte pig raft.
tagaye vesmit vinjg budmne, v4li yek sattte pig rmftmnd.
(polite) taqaye vesmit vinjg tmgrif dastard, vaeli yek sate
pig tmgrif bordmnd.
P.5.176
xandme jmmadi bean eftund ke somas biyatid tinjg.
(polite) xandme jmmadi bebmnde fmrmddmnd ke smrkgr tmgrif biyarid
(polite)
(polite)
jmmadi emgmb mSre tehrdn.
taqaye jmmadl temg4b mirmnd tehrdn.
taqaye jmmadi temg4b betehrgn twgrif mibmrmnd.
xahegmikonmm tea& gomio xanOm biyarid mmnzele an ke
qmzgye !Irani bexorid.
testedte mikonmm temg4b smrkgr vm xancim tmgrk biyarid
bemmnzele lond4 ke qmzgye tirani meyl befmrmatid.
temg4b mixam blyam gomgro bebinmm.
(polite) temgh mixam biyam jenabe talira bebinmm.
(deferential) tea& mixamxedate jengbe tali gazmfygb begmm.
going key tmgrff mibmrid bemmnzele
laqaye jmmadi?
temgetb sateete nest mirmm.
key tm'grif miyarid menzele mg?
tea& miyam.
temgmb ma nzele 'awe jmvsdi
tmgrlf darid2
ale. astmm.
firmaid seat mends
teem kardmmeallte care.
cerS wan) men nemikonid.
nemixara cizi bexormm.
ketgbo betaqaye jemadi 16tf
kmrdid?
b41e, dgdmm.
fmrmddid temgAb xedm&tetun
gmrmfygb begmm.
beele. tarz kmrdmm twig&
tmgrif biyarid.
or
bke. Oft= tern&
biyarid.
Pe 5.177
GD. 5.2
1. tabehal gmegye t Irani 16. haig gord kmrdEgind behmrf
axordmtm. zmden.
2. rmfte xangmego bebine. 17. tammdg bagomg halrf bezmne.
3. tmgrif bordOnd beforudggh. 18. rmftEttnd !awe jwvadiro
4. tammdeStnd bemolacigte jenabe bebinmnd.
tall. 19. el migid. clanA xoratrld.
5. xedmehe taclaye jmmadi tegrif 20. yek salEfte ke retAtnd.
bordtAnd. 21. bale. goru kmrdg betarjcmg
6, tammd6tm bmrgye qrze salAm. karan.
7. bmndg talrzi nmkerdEttm. 22. A tintowr goftg.
8. tabehgl tmgif Aravordg. 23, halg gmb godg. bgrim.
9, tabehgl kelgs gord rgegode. 24. tun ketgbo xandg.
10. d4rso gorA karcle. 25. xonomi tinja tm;Crif
11. farsigo kojg xundg. tavoratnd mixand gomgro
12. c4nd mmrtebe begomg goftg. bgbinmnd.
13. tehrgno tabohgl
14. t aqa, ar baste.
15. nAceyr mg tabehal fing
T85
P. 5.177A
GD. 5.3 Variation Drill
tettefaq4n bemEn fmrmddmnd, ke 7mz
rmftmne besinemS Agegan miyad.
xede jenabe tali farmddid, ke Imm
Ti begdetan miyad.
4ge teazin restorgn bEedetun miAd,
berestora.ne dige mirim.
114m tmzin x6gmm miygd, 1114m tazdn.
min nhoftmm ke !Es Tabejew
b4dmm miyad.
7mm tabejOw b° miyad, -741i tam
gmrgb, Ageg miyad.
fmrmddid, smrkgr tmz Ids xaetan
nemiyad?
cerg teen tin ketg b4detun miyad.
bemAn goft, lcez jenabe tall Ageg
nemiyad.
the tmz mmgrAb bide tun miyad,
migmm, tagamidmnf biyarEnd.
teen cizike b4dwg miyad, mmgrdbe.
me, lettefaci4n, mash Imz sigar
kegians baldim nemiyad.
xiyal n&ikonmm ke tmzin tmrjome
Ageg biyad.
teen rmfane betunjg, Agemun
nemiyad.
teen molaqate bats, hfc Agmm
nemiyad.
betowre kollf, mmn tast15 biLdam
miyad, vae meyl rAdarmm tdro
bgbinmm.
the b4detun miyad, migmm,
nlyarmnd.
tem goftalne loqmte baaci, baidmm miyad.
Adegan xedmmte jenabe tali
gmrEfyib godmnd, vm Oftmnd, ke
tmz rmftmne besinemg, x6gegan
nemiyad.
Adegan bebmnde fmrmddmnd, ke
Id b4degan miyad.
tintowrke gale eft, tmz Boma
xeyli Ages miyad.
tettefaq4n Imz didmne 7d xgyli
Agmm tammd.
tem tagnatlye bard xgyli xogeg
tammd.
tmzin ars, xeyli Agm nemiyad
arse digro gord konim.
tettefmcialn, hickari linja n4kmrd.
q4b1mz mftalne besinem60 gomao
xaametun bfflraye gam, manzele ma
biyalid.
P. 5.7778
beende feftexare molaqate ligdno
tabehal n4dagtEm.
doer hoddde safate tint miresim.
deestdr dSdid meegrub biyar42
187es ?N. I
P050178
jmmadi rmfte bemolaqAte tesmit. nemidunmm baxencime tesmit tagenAst,
lettemOn,tiglino motmrrefi kmrdmnd. ya n4.
xancim. testedtA mllonmm, gomt gAm hazere. befmrmatid sure miz.
befmrmatid. fmrmddid, xanome jmvadiro
the mmgrdb meyl nmdarid, migmm n6migenasid2
qmhve biyarmnd. bmnde tabehAl tin teftexAro
tabehAl t isuno molaqAt n4kmrdmm. nmdagtmm.
tettemovn, min las jmvadi mArsi, m4n teen magrdb Agmm
Ageem nemiyad. nemiyad.
nalxeyr. fmramug nAkerdmm. fmramdg kmrdid bemehmunA begid,
Ike nimsatat Arkonid, tagrif gAm hazere2
miyarmnd. bmraye fmrzaseam, xedmAte taqgye
cerA nemixayd bmraye gAm inja fesmIt gmrafygb god.
tmgrif dagte bagid. tam tmgrlf lavorane smrkAr,
satmte dowo nlm tmgrif bordia xeyli xogvaIxtmm.
locietto yek Mmrtebe tekrAr konid. cerA linlA tagrif favordmnd.
x6b. borne tmgrif biyarid. gam, mend martebe loqmto tmkrAr kmrdin
s4rd god. fmq4t befmrmatid yealase tAb
nimsalmte pig tmgrif bordmnd. biyarmnd.
key funja tmgrif mibmwid7 tmgrif dagte bagid. miyand.
fez tegrif favord4negun baling key fmrmddid finjA biyand.
cfzi nhoftmnd. Ano xancim, bah4m bemmnzele
'Age moltmfet nemigid, jamadi mirim.
befmrmafid. bid h4m hmmeenin las molaqAte
beheg begid, eg Bede. smrk.Ar mmsrArmm.
188
P.5.179
beheg gdg bede. bebin, ci mige. bebaxgid. logeho xdb tmlaffoz
fin logetto bexonid. nEekardid.
taqaya javadi tmgrif dgrand2 nimsatate pig tagrif lavordand.
midunid kojg tmgrif bordan7 satmthg montmzereg godam, v4li
!Age to nimsaiete dige sabr, wkamad.
konid, tmgrif miyarand. cer4 nemlfarmafid t i 'age manza
dastdr bedid, der hoddde satate tmgrif darand,
heeft berg. yesalate_pig dowre kardim. halg
mersi, m4n betowre kolli ma grdb arse pelnjo sore mikonim.
nemixormm. sera gdg nemidid.
dorOst bejavadi gdg bedid. bebinidt loci4to xdb tmlmffm nlkmrdid.
ci mige. ciAbimz rmftlne besinemg,
ce safhetiro mixonid. beresturgn tmgrif mibarand.
ce saTheliro bgz kamdido xoda hafeze sarkAr.
Conversation
Smith: salgm larz mikonmm, !awe jamadi.
Javadi: seam lea bmnde gorban, xaheg mikonam, befarmatid td.
S: xeyli motgakkeram. hgle jenabe tall, ke xubast?
J: b4le. x4yli mm mndnmm. hAle sarkare xaam eetowrmst.
S: fig& halS deer tehrAn tagrif needarand. befenrikg raftmlnd.
J: qahve meyl mifarmalid, dastdr bedmm biyarand.
S: tmz marhamketun xeyli motEakkeram.
hlelmmd kojd raefti. qahve hazer god, ya nee.
189011.;
13405.180
Ahmad: bate gorban. halg mi,yaram.
J: do gilgsol ye botriymm tabegw biyar.
A: bete gorban.
S: motegmkkermm. maen taz tabgw xgam rgmiyad. dastdr befarmatid,
fagat qatve btrare.
J: mifarmatid, tart tabegw b4detun miy4dT
S: axeyr. xeyli beedmm nemiyad. Ali halg nemixam.
J: x6b. haIrtowr ke meyle jengbe talist.
A: befarmatid gorban.
S: motgakkeram.
J: xclb tagaye tesmit. teen jahgtike didid tatrif konid. lac tehrans
xgetun miygd?
S: belle. belle. tehrgn, gilhre xdbo boz6rgi .ode.
J: yek qmtveye dige meyl mifarmatia
S: n& motegekkeram. yek fenjgn bEeste.
A: xancimi birun tagrlf darmnd, va mixand xedmaltetan garafyib begmnd.
S: Igsmegun, dye.
A: cOrban. farmddand, xantme saleh.
J: to.. bgles belle. begu tagrif blyarand td.
xgnom. steigm terz mikona m. xeyli xogingxt godam ke tagrif
tavordid.
Xancim: motegakkeram, tagaye jamadi. hgle soma vae xaametun ke Abe.
J: 10,1 maniimmatte sarkgr, bald nist. xeyli mamndnam. xanZm, sarkgr
tagaye tesmIto mignasid:
X: axeyr. tabehtil teftexgre tagnatiye tigdno naidagtam.
190c
P.5.084
4L0
7$.0 ,
J: !guys tesmit. xancime laclaye salgh. laggye !emit.
S: !az did&ne sarkgr, xgyli maerdr vm xogvAxtmm.
X: anmm, hAmcenin.
S: mnn halg bay& beratm. bmtd gomgro m!birmm, xodA hales.
J: xodg hafgz.
S: 'az molacigte sEarkgr xeyli xavcext godmm.
X: mersi. motgmkkgrmm.
191
P.5.182
192
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P.6,190
200Persian Basic Course
Unit 6
Basic Sentences
possible
Excuse me, sir, could you (tis
it possible that....') tell me
what time is it now
quarter
Its a quarter past two.
Smith
Javadi
Smith
momk4n
3 1 2 3
bibmxgtd tags momkene
befarmalid! halA 04
salatisti
rob [r6b1]
2 3 I 2 1
saute, dewo rOble:
day rim
letter name
newspaper ruznam4
Thank you very much. Would
you please pass me that
newspaper.
Javadi
of course
Certainly, here you are.
3 2 1 2 3
x4y1i; meennlineem: momkene;
2tun raznamgro lett'
befmrmatia
telbatt42 3 1
# 3 1 #helbmtt4 clorbun. b4fermatid.
as, like mgsle
it seems as though mgsle tInke
accent, dialect lmhjg
French fmransami
Excuse me, sir, it seems as
though you have a slight
accent. Are you French?
No, Ifni American.
Smith
Javadi.100.4M0
P.6.191
3 1 # 3 1 30fgqa. bSbmxid, mesle tinkel
2 1
soma kmmi lmhjg darid.
a 3fmransmvi hmstidi
3 1 # 2, 3 1ameyr. mEn temrikafi hmstmml
goodness xubi
so well (tto such goodness?) belln xubi
memory ygd
to take gereftAn (gir-)
to learn ygd gereft&
Then were did you learn
Persian so well?
Smith
2
pAs soma kojg farsi betin
3121xubi; ygd gereftid!
authority, options freewill textiygr
oh please; not at all; you textiygr darid
have complete freedom; on the
contrary; it is your prerogative
alone, only; lonely tmnhg
perhapss but, rather betake
201
P06.192
not only but .also
Oh please, I not only speak
Persian with an accsnt but
I also make mictakcs,
Javaii
Ohl
conversation
to speak, to talky to converse
Oh sir, what kind of words are
these. You speak quite well.
I wish, would that
to be able
English
I wish I'could speak English as
well.as [you speak] ('your')
Persian.
kindness, love, affection
Thank you for [your] kindness.
Did you learn Persian in Tehran?
1 Ws
Smith11=g-
Javadi
202
atanha blIke
2 3 1 2, 3,2lextiy4r darld': man neetanha
farsiro baImhiS htfrf mizmneeml
2 3b4lke legteb4 hmm mikonam.
ley
sohb4t
so!lbelit karan
3 214y tags
2xeyliyam
2 3 i
tin ce hmrfalist.
3 1
xi5.b sohbEet mikonid.
kSgke
tunestaln (tun-)
[tmvanestain (Umviln-]
lenglisi / lengelisi
2 3 i 2Wke an hem; asle farsiye
3 1 2
gomil mitunestmm tenglisi
heal' bezmnmm.
mohabbegt
2 3 2 1
lam tin mohmbbAt; mamminma
2 3jenlbe. tali farsiro deer tehrSn
yad gereftidl
---....wwwernarmreaw
Smith
self
myself
By the way, I forgot to
introduce myself (to you).
Charles
member$ officer
pl.
Embassy
IN Charles Smith, a member
[of the staff] of the American
Embassy in Tehran.
Javadi
P.6.193
xed
X8dTM
2 32rasti fa rama kmrdmm, ke Admmo
3 91 2
xedmalte jenSbe tali, moimrrefi
konmm.
gSrlz
tozv
kelzA
s efar&t
2 3 2
bmnde gArlz fesmit; tOzve
3 2
sefareete femrikV, dwr
tehrAn4:
engineer mohmndes
employee karmAnd
ministry vezarett
road r4h
And IN engineer Javad Javadip
an employee of the Ministry
of Roads.
time
how long
20$OV
23bet/1de hmmI mohmndes 3ievgde
3 2
jmvadij karmAnde vezar&te
rah'.
velat [1.74qt]
Amext fca5nd v40]
Po6o94
language; tongue
to study
How long has it been since
you studied the Persian
language?
whin [ zbtin]
mo tale I g laerdEtn
3caumxte kel soma zeabgne
3 2 1
farsiro j motale t g krerdid
Smith
month; moon mgh
foreign xarejg
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, vezaate xareg
Department of State
Washington va&Engtem
2 3noh mhe ke zdbgne farstroj deerI studies Persian at the State
Department in Washington
nine months ago,
indeed, really
beautiful
Your Washington is really a
beautiful cityt
Javadi
Smith
could it be that (on hearing a
remark contrary to expectation)
you have been
2
vezarEtte xaregye tenrikg dew
3 2vasengt6n; motalef4 kmrdmmt
valet&
qg2 3vaciet4n vageangtece Somg;
2 1 /2
Mire cregAngist:
(mmer) age
(budglid] budIld
P. 6.195
Oh, you've been in Washington? mtggmr some dmr vagmngtOn budi'd.
[buds'id]
Javadi
year edl
life zondogi
to live zendegi kmrdefn
university danegeh
Yes, I lived for two years in
Washington and went to George
Washington University.
Smith00 1.14004.0
3 1 4 2bete g- dOsal dam vagmngtem
3 I2zendegi mikmrdmm, vas bedanegahe
3 2 1
grj vagmngtOn; mireefteml
tomorrow faesda
the day after tomorrow
Would you like to come over
to our house for lunch the
day after tomorrow?
invitation
Thank you very much for your
invitation, I shall certainly
come.
paasfterdd
2 3 2
mey1 darid; pmsfara bmrdye
Javadi
nandr tgrif biyarid
ma-Ale md
the'vest
2
tEez dezes.vtte jendbe tali xdyli
3 2
mmmndnmm; vas seelhmtte
xah4m lamed/
P.6,196
Classroom Expressions
pencil
to sharpen, to shave,
to scrape
Where can I (lone') sharpen
this pencil?
pen
ink, essence
full
medSd
taragideln (taxa-)
2 3 1
'In mead° kojA mige taragidf
claim
jowh&r
p6r
to fill, refill .p6r lard&
This pen doesn't have [any]
ink. Where can I (lone')
fill it?
tape
Did you listen to the
tape today?
3 12 1 Ai
tin gems; jowhoir adare:2 1
k014 mige pOreg kaard.
zus-vgr
2 3few& benmvar gdg dadidi
2 3You (tone') must listen to hEer ruz bay& bensvdr gdg
1
the tape every day. dad.
Note 6.i
ADa-/
Prepositions
balun gace bozOrg
benevisid.
Notes
Write with that large [piece
of] chalk.
P.6.197
/be-/ lino befarsi, ci migid. How do you say this in Persian?
hal& beforudgahe mehraba% Wetve now arrived at the
residim. Mehrabad airport.
meyl darld, bahmm besinemi Would you like to go with me to
berim. the movies.
fmramdg kmrdmm tagaye I forgot to introduce you to
jmvadira begoma mofmrrefi Mr. Javadi (tMr. Javadi to
konmm. yout).
bedaneggAhe jorj I went (fused to ge!) to
vageigt6n mirmftmm. G. W. University,
Aez/ !am ling, koj& berim. There should we go from here?
tin forude tee gmhr Is this airport far from the
are? city
xanOm hmm tam didmne My wife will be very glad to
soma, xeyli xoghS1 see you too,
mise.
tam 1Stfetan, xeyli Thank you very much for your
ma mansem. kindness.
tmz tin tagnati, xeyli Itm very gladd to meet you.
mffsrdrmm.
tam dmtvmte jenabe tall Thank you very much for your
xeyli mamminalm. invitation.
maln tam mmgrub mgam I don't like alcoholic drinks.
amiyad.
P.6.198
/der/ ys restorane xdb, rimer
'in nehmanxane hmst.
der tin restorgn mmgrib
darid?
bmnde garlz teamit.
tOzve sefarmte femrikd
deer tehrdn.
&mg deer vagmngton
budid?
d6saldair vagmngtotn
zendegi mikmrdmm.
/ta/ bmnde tabehdl, leftexAre
molaci4te lig4nra
naldakcetm.
/bmrdye/ TM cizi hem bmraye
/b1-/ mmze, bmrdmun biyarid.
bmraye larze
xedmete-smrkdr,
gmrmfydb godam.
/salre/ bdfmrmafid were miz.
/id/ seri ndmifmrmafid td.
There's a good restaurant in
this hotel.
Do you have alcoholic drinks in
this restaurant?
I'm Charles Smith a member of
the American Embassy in
Tehran.
Were you in Washington?
I lived in Washington for
two years.
I havenft had the honor of
meeting him yet ('up to
now!).
and bring (for) us also some
hors d'oeuvres (tsomething
for hors dtoeuvrest).
I came to present my respects
to you.
Please come to the table.
Why don't you come in
/xedmeSte/ feerama imerden ke
xOdEano xedme3te jenabe
tall., moterrefi konarn.
P.6.199
I forgot to introduce myself
to you.
These are examples of forms which function as prepositions, taken
from the Basic Sentences of 1-6. While all of them form phrases which
function in a similar fashion, several different types of construction
are involved.
The first category is that of inseparable, prefix forms, such as
/be-/, /6-/, as in /beforudgi/s ibefarsi4 /bah4m/, /batlin/. Before
pronominal suffixes the 'prefix preposition' may have special forms,
as /beh-/, /bah -/ (see Note 3.2).
The second category contains those prepositions which may be said
as separate words or may be prefixed to the following word. Examples
are /dEer/s /tEez/, /ta/: /dyer tin mehmanxan6/ or /da3rin ../ In this
hotel', /teem ling/or /taming/ 'from heret, /ta ling/ or Aatinjg/
'up to heret. This is dependent on the style of speech. Compare also
/behttlerelzfn/ tbetter than this', /bEe'dmggAm/ (for /bmid teen gull, with
assimilation of /z/ to the following /g/) rafter dinner'.
The third category is that of 'nominal prepositions'. These are
nouns which may take connective /e/ (ezafe) and form adverbial phrases
functioning as prepositional phrases. Examples with ezafe are:
/xedm&te /, /s4re/s AmtrAyeA, The first two of these are regular nouns
frequently met with otherwise: /xedmAt/ !service' and /seer/ 'head'.
The third is no longer in use as an ordinary noun but falls into the
same category because of its use of ezafe. Occasionally the ezafe is
dropped with nominal prepositions. With /tu/ both forms are frequently
found: Au mmnz41/ and Adye nranzel/ tin the house'. Ati/ as a noun
means 1(the) inside'. Persian has a very great number of these nominal
prepositions, many of which will occur in later units.
Note that no one English preposition ever translates anyone
209
P.6.200
Persian preposition in all its uses. Translations of prepositions are
always just rough equivalents. An accurate translation can only be
made when the preposition is used in a sentence. Then it is a transla-
tion of the preposition as used in that santasseLfor. that situation.
This is typical and is true of all languages having prepositions. The
student must simply get used to the way in which a given preposition is
used.
It is, however, possible to give general translations for Persian
prepositions which may help the student in 'remembering their uses:
lba-/ 'with'
/be-/ stogy att
Pmz/ 'from, of, than, about!
/deer/ tin, at!
/ta/ Ito, ;up to, until, than'
/bmrdye/ 'for'
Mere/ ton, at!
/tu/ tint
/xedin&te/ 'tot (person)
It is very important to note the use of prepositions with certain
verbs. Following is a list of verbs and prepositions which have
occurred, illustrating their meanings when used together:
lamed& be.. tto come to (place) dirdz betehrin lammdmm.
lame& pa:3 Ito come tot (person) lammdmm pi'e Komi.
bid Taman lms Ito dislike ! tme ling bAdmm miyad.
dmetdr dad& be- to instruct, bemmer dmetir dad, ketib bexunmm.4
lestedia kmrdin seen 'to request! teen Koma lestedli mikonmm.
(polite) kmmi yamaKt4r hmrf bezmnid.
fehmidin lam Ito learn (find lino Inez Komi fshmidmm.out) from'
gotten be. 'to say, to tells f/no bemin goft.
hirf man ba- 'to speaks tintowr batmen hmrf nimmnid.
1 410
jmvAb dad& be- Ito answer!
lotf lard& be- !to give!(polite)
magzeralt xast4n !cm Ito apologize!
motegmkker budmn hez Ito thank'
rear.' same as lammdmn
resian be- Ito arrive!
solS1 kmran laz Ito ask(a question)!
sohlott kmrimn ba- Ito talk!
glrt kmran ba- !to guarantee!
sore kmrdetn be- Ito begin!
tmlrif kardmn (TRANS.) !to describe,to tell!
talrif kard4b Imo Ito speak highly!
tmvmjj6h kmrdatn be- Ito payattention!
xaligg kard4n IXZ Ito request!
xog !mean 1ms Ito like!
xogvEtxt goan !az !to bedelighted!
mehmat dad be- amixam begomA what bedmm.
P.6.201
ben& javab adad,
ketho bebmnd4 16tf konid.
Tem soma mmtzeriet mixam.
!mz soma motegmkkSrmmo
k4y miresid betehrin.
Ifno !cm mmn solil kmrd.
bagoma belenglisi sohb4lt mikonmm,
men bagomS gtrt mikonmm ke !in
kSro to yek satmte digs tam m
bekonmm.
or kmrdmm bexundfil.
'in hekay4to tolrif konid.
leez soma x4yli talrif kmrd.
bek&re x6detun tmvmjjoh konid.
!me soma xah4g mikonmm, ymAg
hmrf bezanid.
fez tin keth Agmm miyad.
!az dianetun xograIxt godmm.
/pile/ (compare big/ !before!) is another nominal preposition.
/xedm&te/ may substitute for /be -/ or /age/ when a politer phrase is
desired, as hedmAte god, admm/ for jbegoa, admm/Hand hced4te soma,
1k/til
P.6.202
sameldmm/ for /pige gourd, samAdmm/ (see Note 5.:).
Note 6.2 The Stem Form of the Verb
114. sintowr ndmige goft.
kojl mine greg kmrd.
No it's not possible to say
it this way.
Where can it be filled.
rum baymd benfievar One should listen to the tape
gug dad. every day.
In these sentences the subject is unspecified. In situations where
the subject is unspecified, constructions like 'possible to says, tone can
fills, 'one should listens consist of a verb form in the third person
singular followed by a special form of the verb..
This special form of the verb is the t-stem. It is tenseless and
impersonal (does not indicate who is doing the abtion or when it is
being done). The forms Apft6 her kmrd/, /idg dad/ above are examples
of this tenseless impersonal 'stem forms of the verb.
Words that may precede the stem form are:
/60e/ or its more formal counterpart Aitmvan/ 'is possible, is
permissible, is feasible, one cans and /bayeld/ 'is necessary, must, one
should, (all these forms are the third person singular of the verbs
/godsfin/, /tEevanestEinV and /bayestan/ used impersonally).
When the subject is specific, these verbs are followed by the
Optative form, as in /baymd bdigid/ 'you must says or /ndmiie 'in biro
bekanid/ 'it's impossible for you to do this'.
Note 6.3.1 The use of /Obi= NEU 430/ sbefores.and /bold= [bed
seem]/ *afters.
1. Ohl= reefane besinemA, Come over to our house before
bemmnzdle and biyasid. going to the movies.
2. bittdms gdm, sinemd Be my guest at the movies after
mehmane min band. dinner.
I 212
P.6.203
The adverbs /gyeb1/ or /Pig/ 'before' and /bm'd/ or /pees/ 'after'
are always used together with the preposition /teen/ when preceding a noun,
as in /bm'dmz gam/ !after dinner' or a verbal noun, as in /44blas
reeft4n/, !before goings.
When followed by a verb, the fullowing constructions are used:
/44bleez sinke/ or /pigmz 'inke/ 'before' and /We'd= linke/or Ms=
linke/ !after'.
Thus, sentence i can be rephrased:
cimblas 'inke berid besinem4,
bemmnzele m4 biyatid.
and sentence 2:
Come to our house before you go
to the movies.
b4Idmz tinke sam xordid, Be my guest at the movies after
einem& mehmmine ran bagid. you've had (!you ate') dinner.
After jgmblac 'inke/ (or bfgam tinke/) the verb is always in the Optative
even in situations when it refers to an action completed in the past..
For example:
in rmftmm pigas !inks god I left before you came.
biyalid.
Alter Aces dm linke/ (or Apetsmz 'inks /) the verb is usually in the
Simple Past even in situations when it refers to an action which is
going to be completed in the future. For example:
b4Odam tInke soma tammdid, Ill' leave after you have come
an dram, ('camet).
The main clause of the sentences tells us whether the speaker refers to
the past or t1 future.
Note 6.3.2 The use of/bed/ and /pals/ 'then'.
The word bed/ !then' is used in Persian only in the sense of
'next in order of time', 'later', 'afterwards',
P.6.204
Examples:
b&ld &Ara mibinmm. see you later.
rdcrtim berestur&n, bPd We went to the restaurant and
r4ftim besinemd. then to the movies.
/p4s/ 'then' is used in the sense of lin that case!, or 'well, then'.
Examples:
the nixatid bdrid resturAn,
pals berim sinea.
If you don't want to go to the
movies, then let's go to the
restaurant.
Os ye botrf lab36w bemmn bedid. Well then give me a bottle of
beer.
Note 6.4 /be-/ and /betin/ before Abstracts in /-1/
pees some kojg Tarsi belin xuhf, Then where did you learn
yEid gereftid. Persian so well?
The Suffix /-f/ 'pertaining tot when affixed to adjectives was
discussed in Note 3.5 paragraph b). The phrase /belin xubf/ translated
literally tto such goodness' corresponds to the English 'so good, so
well'. Other examples: /be in bmdf/ !so bad', /be' ire qmgmngi/ tso
beautifults etc.
The English 'as ast (e.g. as good as') and 'not so as:
(e.g. 'not so good as...') is rendered in Persian by using the same
suffix /4/ with the ezaf4 connecting it with the word which is being
compared. Examples:
'in ketab bexubfye tun ketatbe. This book is as good as that
one.
'in ketdb bexubfye ketab This book is not so good as
nist. that one.
Note 6.5 Verb: imperfect
aSsal deer vagmngt6n zendegi
mikmrdmm, vee bedaneggihe jorj
vase ngtdn mIrmftmm.
kiffice m4n hmm, asle farsf4ye gomg,
mitunestmm tenglesi hmrf
bezmnmm.
P.6.205
I lived for two years in Washing-
ton and went to George Washing-
ton University.
I wish I could speak Persian as
well as you speak English.
When referring to the past, this form corresponds roughly to the
Past Progressive in English (used to do so and so).
The Imperfect described a habitual or continuous state or action in
the past. The verb /aanestAn/, for instance, which denotes a continuous
state of knowing, is not used in the Simple Past tense e.g. /tino
midunestmm/, when, however, a single act of knowing something at a given
time is expressed, an Iranian would use the verb Amhmid4n/ tto under-
stand' rather than /aanestmn/ tto know?. For example /tun vast
fehmidem ke hAleg xdb nist/ tat that time I knew (i.e. realized, under-
stood) that his health wasn't good'.
The Imperfect is used to denote wishful thinking, as in /kggke
mitunestmm lenglesi h4rf bezmnmm/ II wish I could speak English'.
It isalso used in conditional sentences where the condition is
hypothetical, i.e. refers to an action which could have but did not
take place. This use of the Imperfect will be taken up in later units.
Note 6.6 Verb: Future Tense
teen dmtv4te jengbe tali xAyli Thank you very much for your
mmmanmm, v8e tmlbmtte xaha5m ('and') I shall
'amend. certainly come.
The future hcahmm TamEed/ TI shall comet is a compound verbal form
consisting of the present 'indefinite' form (without the /Mi-/ prefix)
of the verb Aastaln/1 which takes the appropriate personal endings, and
P.61,206
the t-form of the verb. Example:
xdhatm tamed tI shall comet xahim tamed twe shall comet
xahi tamed 'you wail comet xahld tammd tyoumill comet
xahefd tamed the, she, it will comet xisand tamed 'they will comet
This form is used whether in very formal speech or when the speaker
wishes to emphasize the certainty of the action which is going to occur
or the state of affairs which will exist. It is, therefore," very often
accompanied by such words as !certainly, of course, definitelyt, etc.
Otherwise the future tense in the spoken Persian is expressed by the
Present - Future Tense (mi- form):
Grammatical DrillsGD. 6.t
mean !madam betinji, &aro
bebinam,
mAn lamadmm pise
jamadi tamed age men,
fmrdd xedmate coma miresmm.
tem% pfge soma miyam.
xiyil darmm bevagMngton berm.
tam forudg4 ta gmhr, rih ddre7
main temiruz mirmm betehrdn, vm
y4k ruz deer lung xahmm bud.
ddruze ke deer tehraln hos'am.
Bare satate dd, xedmAtetun miressem.
berim tuye xanS.
jeevadf tamed bemanzele msin.
ml, tammdtm betehrSn.
soma fOBZ kojd tamadid.
bellOma goftmm ke kSr dagtmm.
beld begid pdsferda xedm&t
miresmm.
haZ4rid bamem berim behotel7
taz mmnzele main ta mmnz4letun
ddsatmt rahe.
k4y miresid betehrdn.
digab save miz xedmdte taclaye
javadf moterred godmm.
;men *me lin ket&b, btedam tamad.
satire mize gdm xedmmtetun tarz mikonmm. tem lotfetan besyir motgMkkdrm m.
jamldi fez tesmft bmdeg miyad. m4n begars& &est& dadam, qme4
biyare.
P.66207
paseban beman daetdr dad, ke lam Boma lestedlA mikonam, farsi
leez linja bgra m. hart bezmnid,
lam xan6metun xahgil kardam, gAm lam laclaye javadi fahmidmm, ke
biyalid mmnzele me. lesmit belamrikA raft4.
meal dige bagomA lenglisi harf meal begoma goftmm, farsi hmrf
nAmizanmm. bezanid,
lestedlA mikonam, luno balm 16tf xanome &wadi tin ketAbo bemoan
konid. lStf kardand.
yek fenjan gaehv6 beman lotf nemixam beso'aletun jamdb bedmmo
konid, motegakk4r migmm. lmz soma solAl kardam kojA midid.
jamadi lam paseban solgl kard, pasebAn betu javAb dad sinemA
sinemA kojast. daste raste hotAle.
kgy besolale man jamb midid. zeyli teaz soma mmlzerAt mixam ke
Jamie Tam soma =Ozer& xast? dfr lamada m.
las soma xatigg mikonam, are les diddne gomd xeyli xogv4xt
safmte d6, biyayid tin ja. godam.
tam some xeyli maitzeralt mixam, be tin ars xeyli tammjjoh konid.
ke bgtun zahmAt dadmm. beharaye laclaye jamadi, tamajjoh
xandmam lam tehrAn, x4y1i tmlrif konid.
lard. lino baraye min talrff konid.
xun&tuno baraye mAn tmlrif kard. lam xun&tun xiyli Writ' km d.
bexanommm, lam tenglisbe gold bAgid baraye mm gairod biyarand.
Writ kard. 'fn ketAbo bmraye kelps tmlrif
gord 'card betmlrif kardAne lin konid.
ketgb. mi mixam biyam pipe gamd.
P.6.208
lamruz reeftid pi'e 'acme jevadi?
GD. 6.2 The Stem Form of the Verb
xedmketun lammdmm, bArim pile
'awe jmmadi.
/Amiga. bay4d qamego goft. bay4d xodahafezi kmrdo rift.
mice tfno tmrjom6 kmrd: bared 18BZ tisun xah4g keerd, ke
?fritowr befarsi /Amiga goft. bermnd.
halA bay4d tagAro xast. beed bAgid, baymd tam4do kAr kmrd.
sat4te car, baymd betunjA resid. lino baymd picido b6rd.
clOrbun. halA mile sunja rmft7 tin° remise picid.
deer tmrjorg abaymd legtebd kmrd. tondt&r ?mein remise heerf zed.
ymvagimr teed mige hmrf zmd: bay4d Met° be!d dad.
tin karAro baymd k&rdo rmft. halA bay& dowre kmrd.
bay4d retfto taro did. remise ?inkAro kmrd.
qmedro bay Ardo raft. remise lintowr goft.
mice t.intowr goft: bay4d nahAro lung xord.
mice ha]A 'ord kmra fln azdro bay4d dunest.
halA qmeS n4baymd xord. 'fn cizLo abayad goft.
tun xaamo n4baymd did. bajmvadl remise lung raft.
tin kAro tintour raise kmrd. tintowrike migid, amige goft.
tin ci2hAro bay4d fmhmid. m/ge behin dastguff rmft?
nAmige rest rmft. baymd dmete hag bay4d d4rso sore kmrd.
cep berid. fin tmrlom4ro halA remise
hal& ke tinjA hmstim, bay4d tmmdm kmrd.
farsfro xdb yad gereft. temg4b raise funjA berim.
P.6.209
las ling mite begethr raft? ceteur m4ge linkSro bekonim.
b4baxgid momkene befarmatid yamagar !man /Amiga harf zeal?
hali ce sataltist? kel4s tam& sod. halA raise raft.
teen tung bemanale taggye jamadi lemgmb mige lung raft2
mige raftT nee. temg4b, nemige.
salke peenj, mige besinemA raft? ngod besinemS berim.
nod xandmo bebinim. ling amige sier
baymd rdzi yek sal& tin natrAro mice bemanza bord?
benavSr gdg dad. tfntowr amige kdr kard.
lino /Amiga befarsi tarjome kard. xSstam turo bebinam, vgai agod.
n4xeyr. nod ?Jiro bebinam. xiyAl dagtim bah& bemmnzele
tin locialto lintowr nemige jamadi berim, v&li neggod.
taieff6z kard, dar vagangtOn, zabdne farsiro
ldntowr abayad xund. koiS mite motalet4 kard.
halal qmd netbayad bexore. farsfrr lintowr abayad hvrf sad.
qm1Smo por akonid. tun kdro magrdb lintowr abayeed xord.
twv41 baymd kard. baraye gomS xdb nist.
tin cizo n4bayad bedune.
GD. 6.3
pigez tinke sore bekonid betarjame
karan, 48741 ketdbo bexonid.
ptgas gordte betarjome karanetnn,
tavv41 ketdbo bexunid.
pig= !Like befmrmatid ttio bafaqaye
jamadl sohbalt bekonide
qablaz linke besinema togrif
bebarid, bay& gAmo bexonid,
P.6.aio
bmidam rettAnemun besinemi
beritun migmm.
bmtdem sinemi, beritun migmm.
Axed= tInke besinemi
buritun migam.
taclaye jevadf net.
gekamm tinke taqaym jemadf
rft.
betdem gims tabejdw mixorim.
bEetdEez tinke gam =dim, tabejem
mixorim.
ages doers xandinetan, ketibo biz
konid.
pigmz tinke &gra bexunid, lath°
biz konid.
pflmz teem= godAne &firs, jemadfro
bsbinid.
plgem tlnke ars team begs,
jemadfro bebinid.
cleiblEez tavordAne well* bibinid
satAta dande.
cleblea t/nke clehmAro biyarid,
bibinid satAte cAnde.
cleblem *fake berarsi begid yi
motebi betenglisl begid.
bEttdmz residnemun begiihr, lim
mixorim.
bEetdetz tinke begehr'residfm,
gimmixDrim.
'Aldan reftlnetun begrthr bayed
tinji biyatid.
bEetdas tinke begmhr reetfd
bayed tinji biyatid.
Oblez dadene grim, tvlbibinid, gorosnAst ya n46
qAkaem tfnke gam bedid, temvAl
bibinid gorosnAst ya
pfgmz tinke begehr berid, bay&
tIn kir° tem& konid.
pigez reftAnetun begmhr, bay&
tin kiro team & konid.
plgem nahir tegrff biyarid
Wks tinke nail& bexorfd, tmgrff
biyarid
pigem xordAne nahir tegrff
biyarid
palems nahir vanhiro mfbinmm.
pEesEez tinke nahir XOrd1171,
tunhiro mfbinest.
420
P.6.211
gam aim besinemi tmgrif gMblme linke tmarlf biyarmnd,
mibearmud. some bgymd berid.
pas= !Like aim meyl kerand qmblmz tmarif gavordeinehn, aomi
besinemi tmarif mibmrand.. baymd berid.
W. 6.4
restorin begin xubf neadide. genglisf bexubfye =Alia sohbEet
fars1 begin xubf, koji yad.gereftid. mikone.
hotel begin bozorgf neldidEegnd. gesmit gengliairo bexUblye
bexubfye Ifn manzel hicja nist. xandmea mixune.
xanegi begin bozotgf hIcvmxt xandme begin qmamngf diegd2
adidmm. hfcgemrikagf bexubfye gaciaye
hfc firani nAdideelm ke begin xubf gesmit herf nimizmne.
genglesi hirf bezmne. hic sagAti begin xubf kar nemikone.
bebozotglya vaamngt6n, jitira jigi begin durf naldidmfm.
adidem. qmhve begin xubf, nixorde budim.
geatebi begin bozorgf n4adde.
GD. 6.5
mfgottandxdbmifirenaxtaandelun.
didmmea ke bedmssauff miraft.
bagaggye jmvadf miya madand.
dfdamea. besinemi nitre ft.
javadlo xanemeao dfdmm, ke einem&
larnfarsiroxubmidunest, halm
genglisir0.
2
g/no xdb midunest.
miyammd tine bagomi sohbset bekone.
lards° xdb midunest vm xdb
mffmhmid.
berstorine forudgih mirmftmnd.
mfdid ke t inJe hmstwnd.
P.6.212
amixastmnd begomi zatrAti bedmnd.
amidunpstmnd, koji baymd raft.
mIxastim bshigun h4rf bezadm.
amiOppest koji bere,
m/xastmnd montmeSretun begmed.
taqiye jadf hair rue 'inja
miyumd.
farsiro amr tfn danegglh yid
migereft.
asie linke fmransS hsrf mized.
jmvadi tme tesmft xogeg nelnipused,
vm lesmit teen jmvadf.
hicvmxt tuna adidsm.
tamed tinji, ke Its some
xodahafezi bekone.
vixtike tammdmm Menzel,
xan6metuno didmm.
v&xti tamsioninmnzel,
xandmetuno didern.
n4mixastmnd bmpaye gim bemanzgle
jawed bermnd.
mixast b4dune sinemi key sore
mige.
gmdin mikmrdmm =me] jmvadf
r4ftmnd.
v&xtikemfxundEendxSyli lesfebi
mhaerdmnd.
baimhjSye xilb hmrf amized.
hicvmxt tme taclaye jmvadf xamm
amiyammd.
.Narrative
Itve never seen him.
He came here to say goodbye
to you.
When I came home I saw your
wife.
Just as I came home 7 saw
your wire.
dastineiek
dirdz 'awe tesmft 'amend bemmnale taclayejmvadl bmaye near.
xiiii 1ms lamriki vas jahiye dier bah& sohbefit kmrdmnd. jmvadf hfcvmxt
dmr tamriki nefbud vie Arita-A dagi bSdune ke lung cejur jitist.
22 4i'
P.6.213
baraye tin, fagiym tesmit cidsatmte tam& fisz 41mrik4 sohbe5t mikmrd. *tam
vagamgan goft, tam nyoyfrk goft, tam kalifornyi goft. tam
tmtrif kmrdine tesmit, besydr xoiel tammd. lesmit beard xoda hafezi kmrdo
raft.
so taldt
1. key tagaye tesmit raft bemmnzSle tagaye javadi,
2. tagaye jmvadf dirdz koji met.
3. lomi dirdz ko3d retid.
4. card tagaye tesmft raft bemmnzile tagaye javadi.
5, ki bmroye nahir tammd bemenzile jmvadi.
6. Somi dirdz nahar xordicil
7, kojd, nahar xordid,
8. tagaye tesmft vs tagaye javadi tmz ci jahAti bahmm sohbet laerdend,
9. jmvadi ceri mAyl daft tam tamriki xSyli cizhi bidune,
10. tesmit mend sat& tmz family& sohb&t mikard.
it, jmvadi tem tmtrff kardine tesmit bride; lammd, ya
12. bmtdmz tin !awe tesmft cS kerd.
destine d6
immidmnblenidAu (error rinerr- / imam :1) t4 hear
dirdz beraye tagaye javadi yak raze xiyli bidi bud. tam ?cavil
aid xdb nibud. vixtike tamed sire kir, betd eftand ke digs amixond
to lung kir bekone, rm bayid tafera tez tunja bere birdn. tez
Senidine tin h&rf hile Id hear sod, vs raft mail. Thai 'mad
mmnz41, =Ana tam Id sotdl kard, ke ceri tin Batik tamale. jevadi
P.6.214
gdft,,ke 01 ;Ode, xandmejmmadf, blAtliez linke lin hmetro lenfdy lees
xand net birdn, vee dig ayammd.
sotaldt"1.1.041.01.0.11111111
1. dirdz odjur rdzi bmraye javadf bud.
24 bmraye ki diruz raze beldi bud.
3. diruz odjur rdzi beeraye gomd bud.
4. hdle jmvadi oetdwr bud.
5. hile kis xdb abud.
6. javadi bekog lamed.
7. 16mi kily are kar taemdid.
8, bejamadi of goftmnd,
9. cent bmdtmr sod.
to. vixti jmvadi lamed moral, ki lung bud.
11. xandme 111 cekir kard4
12. xandme Iomikoilst.
13. memzhe 16mi kojast,
P6215
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P. 7.225
Persian Basic Course
Unit 7
Basic Sentences---------
to sell foruxtetn (fordg.)
cloth, material para
cloth seller parcefordg
Rarcefordg
command, statement
pl.
May I help you, sirs ('What
command did you have')
fm rmay4g
fmrmayegAt
3 1 3, 1ce fmrmayegi dagtid!
Smith
coat k6t
trousers
suit kotgalvir
pertaining to a suit kotgalvari
3, 22I'd like (II wanted al) material yek parceye, kotgalvari
for a suit.
Esfahan
zrom Esfahan, pertaining
to Esfahan
mixastaan#
parcefordg......
2350CV
lesfahin
lesfahani
P.7.226
Here you are. This is Esfahan
material.
sight, look, view, opinion,
mind
to have in mind
Oh no, I had some English
material in mind.
Smith
31 ji 2
b6fmrmatidr 'In paraye
3 itesfmhanlye:
dmr =Or dahaln
3,1 di 2 3nmxeyr:- min parciye tenglisi;
Earcefordg
wool
pure
to weave, to knit, to
make into cloth
to be woven, made into cloth
This materials is pure wool and
it's:very-well manufactured.
I know :'its good, but I wanted
English material.
All right, whatever you may.
Thank you.
Smith
2 1
dew nEezEer dahcani
xalgs
baftlen (baf-)
bafte godin
2 3 1 2 1 a 2tin parcel, pAgme xal4se: vee
xiyliyem xdb; 'haft( ) BodeA:
3 1 2.1 di 2midunmm; xdbe: yeti part ye
3. 1I englisi mixasteant
Eareeforlit
3 2 . 1
x6b; hArtowrike gomi mifmrmatid.
Smith
2 3 6i' ,t
2 t 41
motatakkirunif.
parceforda
excellent, of superior
quality, first class
Here you are. This is excellent
English material.'
ashes
grey
dark blue
I don't want grey, I'd rather
have ('I had in mind'). dark
blue.
atm! I see
. careful, attentive
Smith
1307.227
fEetlS
3 1bkmxmaticif
3. 1
tenglisve;
2
fin paraye
2 1#IMIla:
xakesteli
xakestairl
sormelf
2 3 2 1
xakestari; nemixam!
2 3 1 2 . 1
sormelf; day naar dagtaint
EarcefordI
to take notice, to get
the idea, to pay attention,
to understand.
I see, now I understand whit
kind of material you want.
It / lean
motevmmd
(motevajjehimotamadjeh]
motovadj6 &an
:211/1 geld n An motevrAS
goami Lai Cijurl parcS ti
mixa Iid
P.7.228
Smith
only, just fact
Ample, regular, plain sadg
Just give me plain material,23 2
xahgg mikonmm; fmcgm ye
plegse. paraye sadg bedid.
parcefordg
Scottish, Scotch teskatlmndi
to show, to point out neglin [negin] dad&
cheap 4zran [fmran]
cheaper herzunt4r
This is a Scottish cloth and itts
both better and cheaper than the
one Itve [already] shown you.
Smith
2 3 12tin paraye teskatlmndiye; vm
hez tun y*ki ke neillnetun
3 2 312
1 4dadAM;betraro; fmrzunare:
meter mgtr
a metersper meter
Fine, thatts what I want. How
much is it a meter?
since, 'because, as
mgtri
3 121 # 3 IX6b; hino mixam. metri,
2 1 aander
parcefor4I
can
piece, unit ti
several anta [and ti] mendin
store, shop megazd
a roll, a cannon, a ball
bill, account, check
mathematics
to count, to calculate
Since we have several rolls of
this material in the store,
we'll let you have (treckon
with you') very cheap.
Smith
for instance, for example
How much, for example$
P.7.229
tip
hese%
hesab kmdgn
2
min ante tip twain paree
3 2 .3ddrim; baaomd;
2
xeyli I cerz
1
un hesgb mikonim.
ineasmielta
2 3 2 lit
mEesEegn; '.r
parceforlig
hundred
fifteen
tuman (ten rials)
A hundred and fifteen tumans
a meter,
Smith
daddy, chap, fellow
wow:
expensive
to buy
sgd
punzdgh [panzdgh]
tomes [tumAn]
3 2 1
metri; setdo punzdgh tomr n!
babg
tgy babg
gerdn [gergn]
xaridgn (xter.)
P.7.230
Wowl it's too expensive. If
you'll let [me] have it a
little cheaper I'll take two
and a half meters.
2 3 213 1 J1 2
'gy babg; xesrli geruneT
3lwrzuntir hesab konid,
2 3 2 1
&metro nim! mficeerted
Earcefora
customer mogtari
that very same ham& [hamgn]
ninety naveld
3 2
xgb; hale ke some mogtariyeWell, now that you have become
a customer of ours, we'll give
it to you for the same ninety
eight tomans a meter, which we
otrselves bought [it for].
3 I 2mg dodid; hamun mgtri naytido
hat tomike xgdemun
2 1
begomg nddim:
Smith
to be busy kgr dagteSn
patience hawselg
to have patience, to feel howselg dagtein
like, to be in the mood
chin cure [cane]
to bargain, to haggle cund Wan
2 3Well, since I'm busy and don't xelb cdn an ker darmmol
2feel like bargaining, give howselgye cure wadi en
C240"
me three meters.3 2.1naldarmm; sketr bedid!
P.7.231
Earceforig
God willing, I hope tangalld [tengataaldh]
blessed mobar4k
conoatulations (ti God tengalld mobar4ke
willing it will be blessed?)
Here you are. This is three
meters, and good luck.
much, a lot, a great many
good bye
Thank you very much.
Good bye.
Itts been my pleasure, (tYou
came well')
Smith
3 1 2 3 2
bkeerma id. 3 in SSTaBtrj VB3
3 2 1 4lengalli; mobarlekeg-
ziydd
mach net ziydd
2 31 a 2 3,xeyli meaaninEan; mmrhtimmte
2 1 4
soma, ziyAd7/
parcefordg
3 1
x6g tAmmdid,
Macaroon Expressions..........
to count Somoranigemord4n
(filar-) (omar -]
eleven yazdAh
twelve do/awl&
thirteen sizah
P.7.232
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
hundred
hundred and forty-six
Count from one to hundred.
enough
to continue
This is enough. You continue
[please].
person
card& (cmhardw%)
punzdEth [panzah]
gunzah (ganzdk,
hivdm% [hevall
hi&195h [hejah]
nuzalb
bist
bIsto ySk
st
c41 [cella]
pmngh
Mot
heaftdd
hiseStitd
nen&
eted
gdo al° ifg2 3 1 2,v1 A
taez y4k to seed; besmarid:
kaff
iedame dad&
2 3 14/ 2 3 2
kaffst: tedamA
1 Abedid
near
How many people we are in
the class now.
once more, again
[Say it] again, please.
Note 7.1 Verb: Passive Voice
2 3 I 2
hale din nmfmr,! der kelds
hEestim.
d6bare
3 1d6bare xaheg mAkonzan.
Po70233
tin parce xeyli xub bafte Bode. This material is very well
manufactured Noven
In Note 4.1 and 6.1 various uses of the verb /goani !beoomet were
discussed. In Note 5.2 the verb form in /4/ (past participle and
perfect) was discussed.
The passive voice constructions in Persian consist of the same past
partiniple form (as ire. English: was sold, is broken, etc.) but with the
forms of the verb /SodiAm/ !become!. Examples:
gofte raise
xorde god
tavorde sod
nevegte Bode bud
xande xahmd god
Note 7.2 Counters
can ante tlip 4ezin parce deer
mmgaa darim, bagome xeyli
tom& heseb mikonim.
!it's being said!
it was eaten!
!it has been brought!
!it had been written!
lit will be read!
As un have several rolls of this
material in the store, weal/
let you have it very cheap.
hale an nmar deer keles How many people are we in tha
hmstim. class?
2
P.7.234
kin parcd, sez tdn yekike
.negimetun dadAm, beht&ro,
tarzuntAre.
This cloth is both better and
cheaper than the one I've
[already] shown you.
When items counted are referred to as individual pieces or persons,
the numerals (and /cAn(d)/ 'how many; several!) involved are followed by
/ta/ or inafEeri'. The latter are 'counters'. /ta/ is used referring,
primarily to things, less often to persons. /mmfmr/is used only to
refer to persons.
Numerals and /cold/ followed by counters are used as nouns. They
may be followed by the noun counted.or used independently, (e.g.
/3onmfar xan6m/ 'two ladiest; /dOnafmr/ 'two persons'; Akita/ 'two
pieces' or stwo personal.).
Used as nouns /dots, 'seta/ 'the two (of them), both (of them);
the three (of them)' are paralleled in usage by /yAki/ 'the onet;
Pin she/ 'these threes; pAnjta/ 'those Jives; Pin yeki/ 'this
ones; /Idn ydki./ *that ones. Note the stress shift in Pin yekfice/
'this one which', /tin yekiro/ 'this ones (object), Pin dotdro/, Pin
setdro/7 etc.
'One of (a certain number )s is /Oki 'two of (a certain
number)' /d6ta etc. /y4kL/may also have the meaning of 'some-
one, somebody', as in /yeki bemAn goft/ 'somebody told met.
Names of specific measurements, such as /mdtr/ 'meter', /ki.16/
'kilogram', /kilom4tr/ 'kilometers, /mil/ smiles etc., are also used as
counters.
Counters combined with preceding numerals or quantity words are
compounds which pattern like many others in the language.
For example /ofimamfar/ and icAnsa 'et/ are similar compounds. The
first has as second member a 'counter! and may be followed by a scounteds
noun. The second may not.
The counters are not connected by the connective /-e/ (ezaf4)
with the counted nouns, e.g. /ddnmfar xanam/, /sgmetr parcel, etc. but
244P
P.7.235
are, rather, in apposition to them.
Words like 'glass, cup, pack!, etc,; are also used as counters, e.g.
/y4k fenjin qmhve,/, /Ydk gilds 14b/, etc. Some speakers, however, may
say /yek fenjine qmhv4/1 /yek gilise.lab/ etc.
The following chart shows the use of counters in connection with
the numerals and the nouns counted:
Number Counter Noun Counted English....... --------....
do ta ketab two books
do nacfmr xanom two ladies
do ta xanom two ladies
cmnd ta ketab several books
mend nefar xanom several ladies
cold ta xanom several ladies
do kilo qmhve two kilograms ofcoffee
do near parce two meters of cloth
do kilometer raofa dis2tance
kms(troadl)
.do gLias tab two glasses ofwater
do fenjun qmhve two cups of coffee
Grammatical Drillsww...mwOmmmandom
GD. 7.2
h&fta ketdbe farsi, lungst. ante lag& fammdmnd bemmnale
n6hta ketdbe tenglisis bemfil dad. csinta xanom, Imm sinemi
ante ketdbe fars/1 fungst. lammdmnd Ardn.
anta ketibe lenglisi, bemin dad. n6kilo gdit, mixam.
s4ta xan6m, retand sinemi. del kilometr ra rmftmm.
245
P.7.236
Ametr parch mixam. semetro nim para baraye some,
anmetr parse, taz morn xast. kafist.
gigmil bigare, ya gig kilometr. fmcOt dosatAto nim, lung
hivah mil, rd raftam. budam.
car metr paratiro ke mixastid, seruzo cars be ke betirdn tmgrif
xanOmetun bord4. bordAmd.
nim metr digm bedid. tun data botri tabjewro biyarid.
emndin metr parce ham, beld bedid. dOta ketdbike tunjdst, male kist.
aft, vm aft kilo gdgt xmrid. yazd6 mdhast ke farsi xana.
tun calnefelrike tunja hasand, sizdm mdheke betirdn raftand.
farsi amidunand. omnd mdhi ham dap temrik4 budand.
&Salta ketAbike bemmnad, xub abud. some, ansal deer tirdn tmgrif
done fear xaam linj& tmgrif dagtid.
dagtmnd, vae mixa,tamd, bajenabe temg4b, an nafar tinja miyand.
tali sohat bekonamd. nuzah rdzeke betehran rmftmnd.
baraye temg4b, bistop&ni nmfmr tun yekike tungst, male test.
mehan, dmiveert kerdilm, seta 1E2 sibhglike favordid,
se car satAt, montmzere sarkdr zorda m.
budmnd. genjta taez tabejohdro bAz konid.
haf agta sham, bejamadi bedid. Alga bean dad, Acigo
carmsaarike lemgab tinja miydnd, bejamadi dad, vm atago
taz dustine tagaye tesmdtdend. betesmit.
tEez tinja to !irk, an mile. sgnafar tmz mehmunhd ayammdand.
haftadop4mj tup paratike foruxtid, d6nafar hez tun xanomhd, farsi
male taclaye tesat bud. amidunand.
dit
P.7.237
arnalfar tam tuna betirin mirand. data tem mehmuni tamedand.
arta lam ketabharo bordend.
Variation Drills
tin behtax4n parceforugist, ke restordno hotSlo bah& foruxt.
deer tin &dire. !emit mixad ma nzelego beifruge.
yandmike mixast bagoma h&rf fermayegAte gamdro 'eta teat
bezel& b3restorin raft. kardand.
xarid&ne manaliro deer rear kOtgalvIrike xarid42.0gme
dagt. xalSse.
tastEtregam pegMlye. tin para deer lesfahin baftS
telatakin parcehd deer tenklis Bode.
dorcit mine. befarmatid. tin hetlatarin
maeti xakestari n&nixam. sormeti paratist ke ma darim.
doer naz4r dagtem, can paratiro ke soma mixatid
tinja tinjur para nemiforugend. noldarim, tin pararo xeyli
massaLln, 0/ goft. terzun bagomd heal, mikonim.
xandmetun tamadand, vecimhitike ley babd. tin xeyli gerdne.
mixastid, xeridando, baxodegun bay& tarzuntAr heal, konid.
bemanzeLbordand. mixastand kotgelvardtuno
neez4regoma;Tdat. bebarand, befrugend.
taclaye tesmit manalego foruxt. dar near dagtand temgab tegrif
deer naar-datim, Mira der biyarand, sarkdro bebinand.
restordn iney1 konim. bay& xdb tameljgh konid, ve
kdb befahinid.
P.7.236
da®r flamer Odagtands 'mg& beld Warmalid. parcerye lenglisf
besinemA ttgrif bebarmnd. n4xarand.
'in was Iaez came xel4s nee k6teg It p4gme xales baft4
baft4 node. Bode nee galvareg.
tagiff btyurids NM mehmane ms lextiyAr darid laqa. lin parce,
bagid. ImllSst.
lextIyAr darfd. x4yli xog lammdid. tarjom4lira ke hazer kardids
ling mmnz4le Adetune. beligAn 16tf konid.
beeldam nahAr haz4rmnds b4rmnd. dOsalate ke tmgrif bordmlnd.
lagamidanfros beldam nahar moltaat nAmige. d6bare beld
bmrAgun b4barid. begid.
der hodddesalete,h4t.bud,.
lextiyAr darid. hfc zahmArti
tmgrff bordwnd. nmbud.
fsermddids fag& ylk fenjan mfyand, xodeguno.besarkir
qahvA barAtun biyare2 molEerreffbekomend.
gamin amikonam larzuntaram vAxtike dideineguns tette:Dig&
bedand. bahan qahv4 mixordand.
lab bigttfr lam qshv4 minors. farmayegAtetuno letalak neekardo,
m/dunid lin parc4 deer kojA raft.
baft4 farmddids x6detun baftfld.
lettefs*, lam ld x4yalxogam can some cfzi afgroolidI
=Wad. ham cfzi aloft.
motevajj4h nAgod. d6bare beh4g mesle linke motevajgh nagode.
befarmalid. earl lames b4dam biyad.
lam qamaye tiranf, xogetun miyAd?
24*
P.7.239
hem t83Z kOte xakestmri xoge5 nee. bgdmm nemiyad. berim.
miyad; ham tam Imitire sormeti. xdb.motevadjgh migid?
beld begid, gul beds ke behtmrin qamahiro bares
motel/AU& bege. tavordmnd.
tettefaqgn bah&n rmftim, parce tmrzuntgr !min nemidand.
bexmrim. mmseIgn, cf migoft.
the tarzunter tmzin headb the xibe, sera ziydtgr nemimEridl
konid, mogteritun migim. teetlatmrih parcehgro bmr4I
satke haft bud ke gord kerdand, tavordmnd.
bekar kardAn. gord kaardeed bermftge.
xdb bexunid ke motevaljgh bege. sotAl kard, vm belu
berido, terjome konid. jamib dadim.
dastgn
He was fired ('they fired him') bitdnegkardand
v4xti dirdz fame tesmit besere kir resid, yek name beti dadand,
vm goftmnd, berido tiro terjome konid.
taqaye tesmit, ke 'az tin ciz x6gegn4anzeie bud, nanufro gereft,
vm hic nggoft. vas beresturgne lung raft ke yek fenjan qmhve bexore.
tettefaqgn ddstsego did. pia raft, ve scelgra-kard, vas eft. koji
hastid. ciker mikonid. koji kir mikonid. kojg zendegf mikonid.
vgli mesle tinke distea Tiazt bideg miyamed. beti:hie jamdbi ngdad.
qmhvgao tam& kard; vw restur&nbirdn mgt.
tun rdz, mesle tinke rdze bgdi be:waive !awe !emit bud. xeyli
betd kgr dadand: ta3ndrne laxt qmhve mixordo, sit* mikegid. lord
P.7240
ke sateAte omhgr b4reo b4ge, ke'hileg xub nist. Wake b4gmnd, xdb, hall
ke gold hAletun xub mist, bemmnzil tmgrif bebmrdi.
vthli tintSwr n& d. vw begye tan, kAre bigthl beld dadmnd,
vm gatmnd, linhirmm bared tmrlornS bekonid.
taciaye tesmft ke m/did, tag r tin kAro akonmd, birdneg mikonmnd,
gaft, besyAr xub, hmmin temrdz, karhiro tmmim mikonmm.
sotalitMt.
1. taclaye tearnft, key besmre kir maid?
2. lung betu cf goftmnd.
3. laclaye lesmit, /men Ageg Cammd, ya de.
4. cera berestorAn rmft.
5. deer restoring kfra did.
6. vmxtike ddstego did, kog rmft, vm ci goft.
7. ddsteg cekAr kard.
8. tan rdz, ce rdzi bud bmraye tesmit.
9. cera ruze baldi beraye to bud.
10. tmame vaext ce karhiti mikmrd.
11. pfge xod, cS xiyal kMrd.
12. held Of god.
13. *Kaye tem& dmr jemba, ef goft.
rib 13 I) Coto lb
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Po7.242
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P.7.243
(510 4.f.,; y
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LA;r' J4T CA:4A>
P.7.244
"Uri 4j4rt: 4.41 I I 4: J oi: J J;JoilediAt 1,; 4
4.14 .111; p.l It rtl ;I
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9tiaLci
Persian Basic Course
Unit 8
Basic Sentences
Mts. Smith
soul jin [Om]
dear (tmy souls) (term jdnmm [gram]
of endearment)
What are you doing: here dear?
I came (tI had comet) to by
some material for [my] suit.
finally, at last,
eveutually
kind, sort
What kind [of material] did
you finally buy2
Smith
Mrs. Smith
Smith
P.8.247
3 1 4 3 1
j nTrumm. to tinja cekar mikoni.
2 3
tamd4 budmml yeS paraye
kotgalvarl bexmrmme
belteexar4
nowt / no t
2 3 2 ,1
beltmcarg; cenoti xceridi.
2 31I bought that English hfinun parcaye lenglisfro
material.
color
to choose, seilect, elect
Mrs. Smith
257
xxeriden.
rang
tentexAb kardela
P.8.248
lining
lining material ('pertaining
to linings)
You selected a nice color. Did
you also get some lining
material?
The cloth merchant didn't
have the exact lining that
I had in mind.
Smith
Mrs. Smith
'astir
lasteeri
2 3 1
rige qmgAngiro lentexab
4 2 3keerdi: lastmrf hear mr1dig
2 3
tastEtrike mixastc6,
2 1
parcefora radagt:
purchase, shopping xmrld
tailor xmyygt
tailor's shop xmyyatf
Dye done mu shopping and
I've nothing to do now. Why
shouldn't we go to the
tailor's together?
Smith
2 3 12an xisrideno katrdam; ym halt
kiri nAdamm: cent bah&
3 1 21 4bexmyyati; arim:
promise, appointment, date vm1dg
to promise vmId4 daan
each other hmmlig4 [hmmdigAr]
together
I can't [right] now. I promised
a friend of mine (lone of my
friends') to have lunch with
him ('that we eat lunch with
each other').
I'll come. with you.
P.8.249
bahmmdigg
2 3 1 ji 2halg ngmitunem: beyeki lam
3dustgnmm veldg dada m kel
2 1
bahmmdigg nahgr bexorim!
Mrs. Smith
3 2 1 4
=In hem; bat& miyam:
Smith
because cdnke
child barckl
school mmdresg
pl. mmdargs
person k gs
someone, anyone, somebody, kgsi / kgsi
anybody, (with neg. verb -
no one, nobody)
No, that won't 'do, because the
children are coming back
from school, and no ore will
be at home.
Mrs. Smith
thread, string
3,A 3,1 A 2neg nemise: cunke bmccehg
3 2
las madresg miyand; vm
3 1 21
#kgsi, tdye xune nist:
nefx
P.8.0o
button dokmg / don
clothes, dress, suit
If you want, buy the
lining, threads and buttons
for your suit.
Thank you, dear, [but I think]
it will be better if I buy
them myself, because you don't
know exactly [what I want].
All right, just as you wish.
Smith-
Mrs:, Smith
Smith1111= OM OVOID
lebgs
2 3 2
mixati; meal lastm4ro
3 I 2axo dokmg; bmrgye lebgset
3 2 1 A 2
jdnmm; mmmndnmmr beht&re
3ke lungro xgdmm bexmrmm!
2 1
clinks to ckorOst amiduni!
3 1 /i 2 1A_oP ffxgb: hrtowrike; mgyle 'at.
main street, avenue xiyabgn [xiyabgn]
crowded iolgq / &am;
to be careful mOvazgb bwiin
Dear, since the streets are
crowded, be careful.
Mrs. Smith
not crowded, with a few
people in, lonely; privacy
in thi7 respect, as far as
this is concerned
3jdnmm, can xiyabunl &Ike;
2' 1
movazgbe xedet bait
xelvtet
fmz fin hays
rest, repose, ease, comfort
donst worry (I May your
thoughts be at eases)
at present, just now, for
the time being
No, they happen not to be
crowded today. Don't worry
(in this respect). Goodbye
now.
.sentence, phrase
134,8021
rah**
xiydlet rah& base.
fel lEgn
31 a 2 3, 2
nEe7 settefacian; semrdz xayli
1 v. 2 3xmlAte: saz sin hays;
2 1 4/. 2 3xiySlet rah& bage fellEtn;
2 . 1//
xodS hafaz:
Classroom Expressions
[it] me ,ns
What does this sentence
mean in English?
he is (in the process
of) talking.
Don't ask now, heats
talking.
jomle
yEtsni
2 3
sin jomla besenglisi;
2 1
yEetni ce
dgmend hArf mizmnmnd.
2 3 1 a 2halal soldl nEekonidg.
3darn nd heerfinizEenEend,
Useful Vocabulary
Colors
white sefid
P.8.252
black siyd [ siygh]
red geraz /sdrx
blue tabi
yellow derd
green san
Grammatical Notes
Note 8.1 1Terb! Past Perfect
tamed4 budmm, ye pargye
kotgelvari bexerem.
I came to buy some materials
for my suit.
The Fast Perfect is formed by the Past Participle followed by 'was,
were', as illustrated above. Example:
/reft&n/ refte budem ret4 budim
refte budi mete budid
mite bud ret4 budmnd.
The Past Pe.fect forth is used
1s to describe a past action or state preceding another
action or state in the past, as in /Actike some
tworqd, to mite bud/ 'When you came he had [already]
gone.'
20 to describe an actisAa that took place in the absence
of the person spoken to, as in Pammde budmm, ye
pare4ve kotgelvari bexmrmm/.
3. to show more respect to the person addressed. Thus
the sentence Pamad4 budmm, domgra bebinem/ II came
to see you' is more polite than /tameedmm goara
b4bineam/.
---,Erromirsor
P.8.253
4. in narrative style to describe an action which occured
in the distant past (very often with 'before? or 'never
before', etc.) or which implies the occurance of some
other subsequent actions.
Note 8.2 /4/ . /114/ after modifier (alternate to Basic Sentfnce)
h4mun parce lenglisiy4ro I bought that English
xmridmm. material.
In Note 1.9 the use of the suffix /4/ to demote the definiteness of
nouns in colloquial Persian was explained. When such a !definite! noun
is used with a modifier, the suffix /4/ is affixed to the latter and the
two wQrds are used in Ipposition (i.e. without connective /..e/).
Note 8.3 Verb: Progressive Form
halt solal akonid. eisun
darmnd h4rf mizmnmnd.
Donut ask now, he's
talking.
This compound verbal form is used in colloquial.Persian to describe
an action in the process of being performed or a state in the process of
undergoing a change.
The Present progressive is formed with the present tense of the verb
/aagt4n/ and the present tense of thelverb expressing the action or state,
e.g. /damp' mirmm/ !I am going!, /aarmm gorosne migmm /II am getting
hungry'.
The Past Progressive is formed of the past tense of the verb
JaattAn/ and the Imperfect of the verb.
The Past Progressive Form is often used with words corresponding to
English 'when!, !while,/ etc., e.g. MxtikegbmIra didmm, dAgtid kettb
mixandid/ !When I saw you, you were reading a book'; /Ohm gorosne
migodmm/ !I was getting hungry.'
P.8.254
Note 8.4 Pronoun /xod/ 'self'
rastl faramdg kardam, ke
Adamo xedmilte jenabetali,
molarref/ konmm.
hamun metri navIdo h4gt
tomalnike Ademun xaridim,
begomA
By the way, I forgot to
introduce myself [to you].
We'll give it to you for the
same ninety eight tomans a
meter, which we ourselves
bought [it for].
The pronoun /xod/ 'self', 'oneself' used with the pronominal suffixes
means 'myself, yourself' etc..
Adam 'myself' Ademunjkodeman 'ourselves'
Adet/Adart 'yourself' midetunAddetan 'yourselves'
xodeg/admg 'himself, herself' xodegun/X6degan 'themselves'
It may be used as a reflexive pronouns as in Moira molarrefl
Iowan/ Ito introduce oneself', and as an emphatic word, as in /x6demun
xarid/m/ 'we ourselves bought [it]'.
If used for emphasis, it either precedes the noun or pronoun so
emphasized and then takes the ezafe (conn. / -e /), as in /Ade laqAye
javadl 'Inc bemoan goft/ 'Mr. Javadi himself told me this', /Ade 5omi
tino bemmn goftid/ ?you, yourself told me.,thisl, on follows them, as in
Nqaye jamadi Ades 'Ino bemAn gofth /goal Adetun bemoan goftid/
and then is in apposition to the noun or the pronoun emphasized. As an
object of a verb /And/ with the appropriate pronominal suffix is often
used in colloquial Persian interchangably,with the pronominal suffix
itself, e.g. /ketAbego bemau ci&i /, /ketAbe Adego balm did/ 'He gave
me his book?. The second sentence sounds slightly more polite. At
the same time it clearly states that 'he gave me hiss own book (not
somebody else's books)'.
In written, and sometimes in very formal spoken Persian /xod / is
used without the pronominal suffixes, e.g. /ketabe Adra bemoan dAd/ 'He
264
gave me his book'.
/xodbex6d/ means thy itselffs fautamaticallyl.
Grammatical Drills
GD. 8.1
genidmm, fummd4 budid, bahmm berim
sinema, v4.11. au xune abudmm.
fa:Nye jmyadf fummde bud, lebasdgo
tear xmyyatf begire.
tun vwxte sob, kojS mete budid.
rmfte budim fereyduno ?az
forudga biyarim.
mmge fereydun kojS rmfte bud.
rmfte bud lemrikS, xaammgo b4bine.
genidmm xaaneg fummde bud rinja.
rmfte budmm Amdrese, lose
dige lunja a bud.
tun ketSbike bemn gofte budid
bexuam, xlinamm.
balaqaye jmvadi mite budim fun
xunero bebinim.
an ke fummdmm, gdmaha tinja
nmbudid kcj4 rmfte budid.
jmvadf bemmn goft ke tmz
molaqAtetun xeyli xognext
gode bud.
265
P.8.255
bmraye molaqate an xmlmb4n,
beforudgS rafte budmm.
ce sal4ti beforude rmfte budid.
faqaye jmmadf nahArego deer
mehmunxune, xorde bud.
IA bexanom goft bud, ke scar
raze digs befemrikd mire,
jevadi bmraye didmne an, befing
tammde bud.
vmxtlice xanom fammd, an
qaamo xorde budmm.
rastf, mean !lira y4 mmrtebe
dig& molaqat kmrde budmm,
tms tiran betu nevegtelmidando
ke rAngeg qermez bage.
xayyStimm verde dade bud, ke
lebaSSmo temruz bede.
soma ke tammdfd, an Tun namero
twrjom4 kmrde budmm, vm
legtebahgtegram dorOst kmrde
budmm.
P.8.256
fereyddn try kelase some xeyli
miges tamade bud.
GD. 8.3
tgsmit jun, kojg dari miri. damn mirmm yliki tam tun
darn mirmm kotgmlvdrmmo tam parcehgro tentexab konmm.
mmyyati begirEm. vAxti dagtEm tun jomlgro
pas zuttAr berid cunke xiyabung minevegtmm. kgsi "unja nAbud.
darmnd gold(' migmnd. dare xiyaimm tazin hays rah&
vAmtike dagtam miraftmm. tastalre mine.
kotgalvgramo begirAm. bmccehg dared mirEnd madras&
xiyabung xmlvAt bud. darn mirmm bmccehgro tam
vAmtike dagteam dmr restorgn (ma merest, biyarmm.
mixordAm, jai:nadir° didmm. xunemun dare xmlvAt mige.
cake dagtmm miraftmm lebas cg not parceye tastmri dari
zmrdAro bebinam, nAtunestmm miri bgxEri.
were sate% xedratetun 1)41-m8mm. darmm mirmm tun parce tastmriye
damn miram parce sender° germearo bexareem, TM Adam
bebarmm mayyati. rahAt koneem.
dagtmm mire-teem lebasgmo bggira m. darand yak forudgahe boz6r,1
cunke xiyabung xeyli aoluq dorbst mikonmnd.
budand, dfr betunja rasidmmo kojg darand forudggho dor6st
vAmti dagtam IEM madrese mikonsend.
miyumadmm xua, bmccehaye mean damn tin nanviro teeriam4
jEmadiro didam. mikonmm.
P.8.257
darid cekgr mikonid. dagiam mirmftam meenzele
cerg darid bamedade clermez, ciz javadil ke bah.= berim
minevisid. restorgn, ye tab jour bexorim.
damn Adam bmraye retool,
bekelgs, hazer mikonmm.
D. 8.4
AdsaCrEgftmm tdra bebinmm. r&ge lebrsse Adagral tabf
soma Adetun bemmn goftid. tentexab kmrd.
xode gomg bemmn goftid. parceye xcidago dirdz bexayyati
141 Adego betagaye jmvadf bord,
motmrrefl kFrd. td lebasago Ades nixere.
Ades xast bore. ddste Adago dm gighr did.
tung, Adegun mirand. Ade gomS, bay& tinkgro bokonid.
mg, xeklamun xiyale reftsino darim. mg, Ademun ketabhgro bordim.
tanhg, Adegun taclaye jamadfra Imz gahre Admg, Agg miyad
n4didmnd. xode gomg., ba tagaye jamadf
faqaye jamadf, xedegun goftaind, h4rf media
ke batanhg mirmnd. mmn Admm batiglin heal zmdmm.
xode faclaye jamadil bediane cerg xAaetun besinema nmrmftid.
'awe tesmit raft. tenglisiye xode maim, Ime
beraye xmridmne cahAr metr farsiye Id, beedt4re.
parceye lebasf, Ades begmhr mAn ketabhaye xe'darma tmz
raft. xune lavordmm.
teez rgarge parceye xodalg, xeyli xode gomg beam goftid, ke
tatrff mikmrd. mehmunf fardgst.
P.84258
fereydun =keg lirudge, mai
xan6meg temrikali.
to baxanome 'cad besinema net
jmvadi baxanome x&1 xuneye mg
budmnd.
lmhjeye xode dm, 1ms lmhjeye
gomg, bmdtgre.
mean, lebashaye xodra bexang
bordmm.
care x6detun besinemg nthrmttid.
ceri bmraye Adetun, 1abj6
ngyavordid.
xandm labjoye Adeguno dadmnd
berms.
salhe man xodbexAd, kgr
mikone.
jmvadi, =keg baxSdeg h&rf
mizmne.
tengavEalla, 1Mhjeye some xodbpxod
xdb mige.
mom, xodbexcid lenglisi yad
gereftmm.
meal Ad mm baymd pige mehmung
bagmm.
Variation Drill
lagaye javadl, key gamAra
belaclaye tesmit molarrafi kmrd.
lemrAz mean gamgra mibmrmm pige
'acme jmvadi vm molmrrefitun
mikonmm.
bmnde fas lagnarlye bataclaye
jmvadi, x&yli mmerdr godmm.
heggr 16tfi befermatid, vac tun
ruznamgra bgdid, motgekker
268
gomi.dor6st goftid ke taclaye
yevadi, karmgnde vezarAte
rah hmstmnd.
pmsfmra bakime nahar, In&
minim =aye temmit, ke bald
bgrtm bediane yek laclaye
tesfMhani.
csind raze pig, xan6mo +awe
leamit lamgdmnd besefargte
bmraye k&ri.
P.8.259
!awe jamadi, tiraniye xales deer xiyabane gal% bayad
hasteend, ya Arr. movazab bud.
tin parceye lebase soma, reengeg fell& kgei deer xane asst.
qmlinge. taqaye tesmit teezin hays xiyaleg
hartowrike soma bokonid, mgrom rahmt god.
mikonmm. xmyyatlye baaccehA, temrdz
lebase tmtla, deer ting nist. xalvEtte.
!acme jamadi dirdz yek lebase beltaxmra parce zardaro xarid.
germ& bargye sanOmeg xarid. dogmeye tin lebasetuno, ki
kotogmlvAre jamadi tabi bud, tentexab karde.
ng smbz. gang vmtd4 dade budid, memo dept
meal motevmjje godsem ke Barker tam tun xiyabune goldq bebinid
lebase x&testari bigtgr x6getun cettrar sod.
miyad to 'az lebase sormeti. movaz4b bagid ke parceye tdn
naedike malazeye *emit yek tup lebasetun, bebadiye tin
parceye ward didaEm. lebasetun nae.
tear& baraye lebSsam kmmi beltexare, ce rAngiro beerays
parceye siyd xaeridam. tasteer tentexib kardid.
taqaye jamadi yek xagyate xib, mite tin Batch, cist.
tentexab karde. law& bexayyatmm mmtde dadmm,
n6te parceye tastmr-iymi ns4ye. bersm pige td.
bsccehi famruz hong bamsdree4 bmcceye Noma, famruz kojast?
mirand. tsar= dagtsm bal/Kaye jsmadi
taqays jamadi nahari barrisn h&rf mizadsm, ke eamit famed
veldt; dade. tu, vs goft, seam.
P.8.260
gourdceri darid tintowri hart*
miza nid.
dagtid cizi migoftid ci bud2
bebsexgid. hal& amituomm begonia
jamib bedams can damn basin
taqi harf mizanmm.
dastinIND.. =NO Ls
rrAn dagtmm aro biz.mikardam,
ke jmmadi tamed td.
jamadi dare mire besinemi.
parcehiye tin magazd,
rizi jamadi, bmraye foruxtAne sate xxideg r4fts begethr. der tang
dar nmar dagt ke bare va;yek lebise ger& baray4 xSdeg b4xare.
tettefacgn, Axti tamad begerahr, did ke hicja lebise tmt1Sye hazSr
adarand. vm bared parawo taster axmre, vm tanhira b4de beyek
xmyyit. baraye tin rift, ttlye yek magaz4, ke namdike imedresiye talbotrz
bud. tin mulazdye parceforugis ke deer xiyabane gahrezi bud, yek mmotazhe
xdbo qmg4Ingi bud. dmr tin, yek xandme parceforuge ciasengi kir milord.
jamadis to 14ro did, raft pige tai, maim keerdo, eft:
yek paraye xdyli x4yli tmtl4ye ger& mixam. dirid, ya xmyr.
xancim jamib dad:
bale. talba tt4. a ye paraye xdyli tmtldte teskatimndi darim ke
dor6st bmraye goa dordst gode, vm b4tdeem goft4ne tin hetes yek parceye
besyir besyir gerdnira bejamadi dad.
jamadis v&cti fahmid ke tin para gerund, amidunest akar bekone.
veglis can pigmz tun bexancim goft4 bud ke yek paraye-gerdn mixed,
be1 taxar4 tdno tat xandm xaridos raft birlans bexiyile tinkes hali
sahete xddego beforuge.
P.8.261
Tettefaqan, Orja raft, nAtunest vanio,:beforuse.
soTalSt
1, jmvadi baraye ce, begahr ret,
2, eerie raft bexayyati.
3. parceforugi, koje bud.
4. ki parcera bejmvadf foruxt.
5. cejur parceli bud.
6, mmgazelike jmmadf raft tug, cejur mmgazeTi bud.
7. midunid cerg javadf Tun parcero arid.
8, gourd, xan6me parcefordgo dfdid?
9. Tin xan6m nazdike a mmdrese kAr mikard.
lo. ki sat to taz javadf xmr/d.
II. nmzdike magazeye parceforugf cf bud.
124, some mikalid lebAs Neraye xPetun dorOst konid.
13. lebgse hazer mixaid bexmrid.
14. x&yyate some kogst.
15. der tehr&n, xayylte xdb, kfst.
217flif I
Poe.262
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P.9.270
p2r2iap Basic Course
unit9
Basic Sentences
taxicab
to find
Officer, where can I find
Gone can find') a taxicab?
side, beside, near, at
entrance, arrival,
importation
pertaining to the entrance
end, last
hall, corridor, vestibule
Beside the entrance door at
the end of the hall.
Smith (at the airport)
taksi
peydA leadAn
Policeman
Smith
Ferdowsi
to take (Ito cause to arrive');
to send (Ito cause to reach')
2 3 1 2 3 I 2
lagAye paseban. taksi; kojA
mige peydd kerd;
kendr
vordd
vorodi
'axr
[deign] dal&
32
kendre d&re vorudi,
144
deign:
2
axtzere
ferdowsi
resundi (res111-)
(resanan (resin -)]
Will you please take me 'to the
hotel Ferdowsi.
P.9.271
2 3 2
xahtg mikonsen; metno bemehmanxaneye
3 2 1
ferdowsi; b4resunid!
Taxi Driver
luggage, furniture, Imsasa3re
equipment
Do yru any luggage? temaslye2
Smith
suitcase caned& [cmmedgn]
rear, behind, in the back taqh
to put, to lay, to place, gozahln gozardeen
to leave (gzAr./zgr- [gozar-])
pocket-book, purse kif
briefcase kite dmati
front, forward:, in front of jelOw / jell;
Yes. Put the suitcases in
the back and the briefcase
in front of me (trlyselft).
3 t#
2 3bEeleY cmmeduaro taq4b
I 2 3. I
bezarid; vm kife dmstiro;
Taxi .Driver
eye
all right, certainly, with
pleasure (!upon [my; eyes!)
obedience
yes sir (madam);
(tit will be obeyed!)
2 1 Ajel4ye xeidmmr
481
cain
czerim / becam
fetal&
tete& miIe
P.9.272
3 1 a 2 3 1 a
Yes, sin cam: setattet age:
Smith (in the hotel)
room toth
ledger, register, office, daft&r
desk
office totke daft&
2 3 2 1 a
Wherets the office? take dmft&rj kojist:
Eigxelmt
manager
Do you mean the office of
the hotel manager?
Smith
Yes, I wanted to see him.
modir
2 3deeftstve modlre mehmanxangra
mifmrmatid#
3 1 a 2 3 1bets: mixastmm ti tiro bebimenf
up, high, upstairs ball
second
Please [step] upstairs. Second
room to year right.
Haw do you do, sir. Ifni
Charles Smith, a member [of
the staff] of the American
Embassy.
SmithOa .=
dovv6m / doyydm
2 3 2
befawmatid bali; lotke
3 I 21#
dovv6m, aste rest:
2 3 1 2
seam herz mikomeld .1114n
3 2girlz fesmftj '6zve sefar4te
amriki hmstamt
your obedient servant
All
Mostowfi
Kow do you do Mro Smith. Your
obedient servant All Mostowfi.
informed
no, not
Glad to meet you. I wonder
whether you've been informed
(+they informed you') of my
arrival (or not).
yesterday
Yess of courses but I was
expecting you ('your coming')
yesterday.
delay
Rome
events occurance
to come ups to occur
p.9.273
modir
cak4r
'ii
mostowfi
A , 3 1
smldm leez bmnde 'aq4ye 'esmit!
2 3 2 7
caker; IFel.rye mostowfi.
Smith
mottelel
Ayr
3 1 2 1 I/ 2
Ayli; xo5v4xtmm: nemidanmm
3 1 2
jeabe lallra; 'az vordde
3 1 2 3 (2bid MOttM141 kelramnd; ya
14Ayr:
moslir
dirdz
3 1 a 2 3 14 2b4ler lalbmtt4." bande
Smith
3 j 2
montaare
1 41
sarkdr budomm:-
tmixir
rom
pigamatd
piXam4d kmrdeen
amazdErne
P0,274
to fall
to be deferred, postponed,
delayod
Since I was delayed ('a delay
occured1) in Rome, my arrival
to Tehran was postponed for
one day.
modfrON.1101
ketadetn ('oft -)
be toftaan
2
cdn tmlxiri deer rdm bmrdym
3I
pilamsed lord; vorddam
3 2 3 2
betehrdn; bey& ruz, ImOb
1
loftad.
obstacle, impediment mane,
that's all right, there's mangli adare
no objection
face, form, list, statement mirk
at any rate, in any case claw halm' surat
to hold, to keep, to stop, negAh l'neggh dagteln
to reserve, to retain
That's all right. In any case
we have reserved a room for
you ('the room for you has
been reserved').
Smith
2 3 1 I/ 2maati adarel; deer hEer
3 I 2 2 3Burk; totk bmriye soma,
2
negai date ode
tired last.;
2 3 I 2
Thank you very much for your hezmohabbAtetun; Ad.'
1 a 2kindness. Could you tell mimmnammr momiane befermalid
284
P.g.275
me where it iss because 3 2kojdst I cdnke mgn xtryli
Itm very tired. xmatd hisestaj
modtrMrYside tmrEtf
this way tmeffn tmrAf
number gomard nomrd
key kelfd
2 3 2
Certainly. Step this way felbeettd; 'az tin twee
3 2please. Your room is tmgrff bebmrid; loacietun
23 1 2
number fourteen and here domardye carahel vm tInmm
4
is the (tits') key. [ ;in hmm] kelldeg:
Numbers (continued)
200
300
400
5oo
boo
700
800
goo
1000
1959
375,223
285j.
divist
sisgd
cars& [cmharsgd]
punad [panad]
sigs4d [ degad]
hmfad [hmftedd]
hmaad [hmgtad]
nosed [nohad]
hear
hearo noado pmmgo n6h
siado hmfddo pgnj hear°,
divfsto bisto
.".---^....1111MPION11111.1..11111=1
P.9.276
zero
million
16,798432
decimal point
10602
to give back
Will you, please give me
back that book.
84fr
milvdn /may& / mil;ydn
/may&
gunzdailmilydno hmfactOo
nEevgdo hat hezgros
punsgdo sic) d6.
mommFygz
dgh =mew& sgfr 6:10.
Classmam_Enressions
board, blackboard
to pick up, to take
face, surface; on (with ezafg)
Please take the chalk and write
on the blackboard.
paper, letter
father
I got (shad!) a letter from
my father yesterday.
mother
pge dadgn
2 1 4 2 3 2qdrbmn: tun ketibo, bebmndg
1 4pets bedid:
tmxt4
bmrdagtgn (bmrdar.)
rd
2 3
xabll mikommn ggco b6rdaridj
2 1
vm rdye tact benevisid
kaggz
per'2 3dirdz fez pedgreem kagge
dahaat
mad&
Is your mother in Tehran?
to keep, protect; take
good care of (with NO
Take good care'of this books
Note 9.1.1 /fir, Mr.,/
x&b, hArtowrke m &yle
goast
/fir/ corresponds to English tevery,
When prefixed to the follouing word,
P.9.277
2 3maaaretan deer tehrin hmstmndi
negmhdarf kmrdAn
2 3 2
tmz tin ketdb; xdb negetdarf
konid,#
Grammar Notes
Well; as you wish.
usually corresponds to the generalizing
compounds /h6r-/ is generally stressed,
/hdrvmmt/
/harki/ [hdike]
,4i&rkoja/
At Erci/ [arcs]/dela//neertowr/
Aufirkodum/
Note 90.2 ihmm N -an, 11=4
=Am, h&nintowr.
bmnd4 hewn, h&ncenin
any,. each'.
/ha -/ forms a compound and
' -evert in English. In these
e.g.:
'whenever'
*whoever'
'wherever'
'whatever'
ternryWheret
'whatever, in whatever manner:
'everyone, anyone'
The lady [will have] the same
thing.
and I as well
28 7W
P.9.278
hImun mgtri nmvgdo hat We'll give it to you for the
tcmgnike xmridfm, begomA same ninety eight romans a
midim. meter, which we ourselves
bought [it for].
beygki tam dustgnmm vmtdd I promised a friend of mine to
dadmm ke, bahmmdigg nahar have lunch (together) with
bexorim. him.
/fin/ and its suffix form /-an/ means 'also, too, and, in addition'.
/.:: hmm is used as 'both and...' in English, e.g. /hen
gemdra mibinmm, hear xan6metuno/ 'I'll see both you and your wife'. In
such kxmbinations as jbeimin/ 'this very Barnet, /hAmintowr/ 'exactly so,
this same way' Ama-/may not correspond to any particular word in English,
or may correspond to something like gust, very, same', etc.
Note that /hear -/ is prefixed in a manner parallel to /:ear -/.
We have had the following parallel formations:
cetdwr hirtowr hgmintowr
Note 9.1.3 /heath, /hmmg-
Ammg/ means tall, the whole'. It either precedes the word it refers
to and is then connected to it ter the ezafg ihsaye tanhg rift:end/ 'they
all went', or follows it, and then stands in apposition, there being no
ezafg Panhg, hmmg rEettmodi 'they all went'.
Used with the pronominal suffixes Amin, tun. gun/, it has the
forms: /hangman 'all of us', Alsatian tall of you': /hauggian tall of
them*.
Used in other compounds it often means 'every, each' as in Amaja/
'everywhere' , /arm sgruz/ or /hmmgruz/ 'everyday'.
Examples of other compounds: Afribmmil 'so much, so many ('this much,
this many"), Pgnhmmei 'so much, so many ('that much, that many"),
/batinhmme/ or /bahmmgye tin/ tin spite of all that'.
288
Note 1.9.4
/hic/
Examp'es:
/hie, hic-/
means 'nothing, none, no, any,
hic nmgoft
hic nmdarmm
hic nmdarmm
hic xan4 :Alarm
hic, tura neldidmm
hic betehran nefretwm
ialgra hie didid2
P.9.279
at ail, never, ever'.
'he said nothing'
II have none'
II have no soup'
II don't have any house'
'I didn't see him at all.'
II never went to Tehran'
'Did you ever see Zhale?'
fn::::-/ occurs in a great number of compounds, e.g.
hicja
hicci [hicciz]
hickms
hickodum
hicyek
and many others.
GIS
GIS
nowhere
nothing
nobody
no one, neither
no one, neither
Note that with /hic/ and /hic-/ the verb is always in the negative
form, as in /hicja nArmftmm/ 'I didn't go anywhere!, except in some
question sentences where /hic/ has the meaning of 'ever!, e.g. /hfc
'aqaye jemadira mignasid7/ 'Have you ever met Mr. JavadiV
Note 9.2 Verb: The Causative Suffix /-un- [-an-, -ani-]/.
xah4g mikonmm no bemehmanxantiye Will you please take me
ferdowst, beresunid. to the hotel Ferdowsi.
The verb /resian [rmsidgn)/ means 'to arrive?. /resundmn
[rmsandmn]/Oto cause to arrive', that is, Ito take'.
The suffix /-un- [-an-, -ani -] / is regularly used to form 'causative'
verbs.
In colloquial Persian this suffix is /-un-/ or /-an-/; in the formal
speech /-an-/ or /-ani-/ interchangeably.
t289
P. 9.teoThe causative form is nearly alwgys formed by adding this suffix to
the present stem of the verb. Other examples:
Verb Present Stei Causative----- ammo
fehmidAn
xordin
picidign
11.Momftlromponwammowywo
/feehm-/
Am.//Pic -/
Note 9.3 New Verbs and Verb
The following verbs and
taggibe ksi ratan
lagAbe keel lamed&
paes gereftek
feehmundem (fEehmaniden) Ito explain:
xorunan Noraniden) Ito feed!
picunan (picanian) ?to twisty
Uses.
verb uses should be noted:
to go after somebody
to come to get someone
to take back
Note 904 Numerals: Ordinals
lodge darvem, delete rest. Second room to your right.
The ordinals of the first three numbers are: Pevv4:1/ or hek6m/
'first!, iaovvem/ or /aayyem/ !second!, /eevvem/ or /aeyycim/ !third!.
The most common word for !first! is /Tema/. /yek6m/ is used in
numbers above 20 ending in 1, as, e.g. bisto yekOm/ !twenty first! and
also in more formal speech instead of /tanntell. A third word for !first!
or !prime! is /nacest/ or /hoxest/, used in some compound words, e.g.
Almost vmsfr/ !Prime Minister! and in very formal speech in place of
/Tes741/.
The other ordinals are formed from the cardinals by the addition
of the suffix /-6m/, e.g. /omharem/ !fourth!, /eisedo bisto pmnjam/
'the hundred twenty fifth!. etc.
The ordinals are used both as modifiers, as in /raze panjom/ 'the
fifth day!, and as adverbs, as in Pmv41, 'oma befmrmalid/ !You go
first?.
With the suffix /4/ they mean !the first!, !the second! or !the
first one, the second °net, etc. as, for example: /e4nmfar xanee fammdand.
xanOme soma' bud, dovvomi, manOme Iacleye javadi, vale sevvomf,
madiAre Yacleye tesmit/ !Three ladies came. The first (one) was your wife,
P.9.281
the second (one) Mrs. Javadf, and the third (one) Mr. Smith's mother'.
knother group of ordinals is formed by the addition of the suffix
/...in/ to those of the first group, e.g. /immvmaini, /dovvomin/, etc. This
is the same as the /tin/ 'this', found also as the suffix which is used
to form the superlative. Compare bozorgtmrin/ 'the largest' (of all)'
and Pmvvmlini 'the first 'of all)', 'the very first'. Like the superlatives
they precede-the word they modify and do not take the ezafd. Example:
temrdz, temvain rdzist ke Today is the (very) first day
bevagangt6n tamezda3n. I cane to Washington.
The ordinals in /4n/ when used to indicate which numbered item was
the last unit of a series may be used interchangeably with the ordinals of
the first group but are slightly more emphatic, for example:
tin, meharoMin mdhist ke
farsf mixunmm.
'in, mdhe catrSme ke farsf
mixunmm.
This is the fourth month I've
been studying Persian.
This is the fourth month I've
been studying Persian.
The quantity word /and/ may have the same suffixes as the ordinals.
bmnd6Vand /esendomin/ mean 'which (of a certain number) t, e.g.
/tem& omname mdhe/ 'which day of the month is today?'
Grammatical Drills
GD. 9.1
temrdz, hArja ke rmftetm, leamitmm Wherever I went today, Smith was
'unja bud. there too.
larsalmtike meyl darfd, tegrif Please come anytime you wish.
biyarid.
P.9.282
min, hilrmmrtmbe ke bemmnzele Every time that I came to your
e:arkar lamadgm, Kama abudid. house you were'nt there.
hkrce man be'u migam fin kayo No matter how often I tell him
natond.behmee mean, giL not to do this, he doesn't
amide. listen to me (Ito mw wordsI).
h4 Iiranl'is.faral xdb hart Not every Iranian speaks good
amizmne. Persian,
hgrkas ke lunja biygd, Everyone wno will come to that
hmtmgn midune ke bayed Ienglisi place [will] know perfectly
hmrf bezmne. well that he must speak English.
h&rce javadi mig4, baygd.kmrd. Whatever Javadi says must be done.
hgrce lama goftfd, mAnmm, Whatever you said, I said the
hgmuno goftmm same thing.
fairmddid, hgmino mixalid, ya Did you say, you wanted this one
tun yekiro. or the other one?
hgmun ruzike migoftgnd, tmirlf They left the same day they
bordand. said [they would leave].
hic mehmanxangli, becimiangiye There is no other hotel as
lin yekf mist. beautiful as this one.
men Iemrdz, hic Ienglisi I didn't speak English at All
ngzmdmm. today.
Barker cerg hic nemixalid, Why don't you want to speak
feral hmrf bezmnid. Persian at all?
hgrkodum lam inaro xastid, Take anything you want ('from
befirdarid. these!).
292i
P.9.203
hceryek IEBZ gomand, bayed fmgeit Each one of you must' work only
bmraye iirgn kar kone. for Iran.
hickodum 'az Tung, farsi None of.them knows Persian.
nemidune.
hicyek laz fund lenglisi xub Neither of them speaks English
harf nemizane. well.
smrkdr hAm farsf xub hmrf You speak both Persian and
mizmnid, h&m lenglisl. English well.
qntowram ke migid nIst. This isn't exactly the way
you say.
hA fazing mige raft, helm You can go both this way and
tmwinjd. that way.
hdmantowrke goftAm, lesmit As I said, Smith did it.
tinkaro lard.
berid, va hAmantowrke xastid, Go ahead and do it the way you
bdkonid. wanted it [to be done].
raft, vea hie ham. ben& He left and didn't even say a
nmgoft. word to me.
h&rcera ke xastid, b&rdarid. Take whatever you want.
h&rtawrike ayle gomist. Just as you wish.
hicvaxt lintowr hmrf asmnid, Don't ever speak this way, it's
xdb nfst. not good.
hie cizi behtmraz hart zmdmne There's nothing better for you
farsf, bmraye Boma xdb nist. than to speak Persian.
P0.284
h4rvmxtike xastid Any time you'd like to come,
bemmn begid. just tell me.
hmm4ye. !anted, farst, xdb hmrf All of them speak good Persian.
mizmnmnd,
h&rjanke berid, abaymd 'mzu You shouldn't speak about him
sobbet konid. wherever you go.
Id hear, hmmeja, 'az Boma He also speaks about you
sohba% mikone. everywhere.
halrvmxt.xaste goad, bemmn Anytime you're tired, tell me.
bggid.
awn, hetrvmxt xaste migAm, Whenever I get tired, I don't
hiImm bid mige. feel well either.
hmmeci 'inja peyd4 mige. You can find everything here.
ficlaye jemadis hArce soma Mr. Javadi, whatever you said
fermddid, dorost bud. was right.
hdimun saeb, betehrin retmnd. They left for Tehran on that
very night.
fund, hmmgun, 'En soma tetrif They all spoke highly of you.
mikmrdmnd.
lettefa*, hma4, demino As a matter of fact, they all
migoftmnd. said the same thing.
hicjaIi, bozorgt& !as finjg, There is no place larger than
nist. this one.
hickesira nadidPm, ke belin I haven't seen anyone who
xubi, leaglisi hmrf bezmne. speaks English so well.
4 P.9.285
hic restordnira be'in qmgmngf, He hasn't seen any restaurant as
beautiful as this.
hfcvmxt, hicja neemirmnd. They never go anyplace.
motegmkkdrmm, hfckodumo Thank you, I don't want anyone
ndmixam, of these.
axeyr, hfcyek 'meta ncebudmnd. No, neither of them was here.
nimem hickodumegun, awmftmnd. No, none of them went.
helmantowrike soma fmmudid, '1 Just as you said, he left.
raft.
hAr kethira ke bra lavordeend, He read every single book they
xund. brought him.
hfrci xdst, bmrdg biyarid. Bring him whatever he wants.
hee.mun ketAbira ke 'avorde budld, He took and read that same book
bOrdo, xdnde you had brought him.
befd begid, hArtowr mixid, Tell him to do whatever he
'unkaro bekone. wants.
haerjalike tmgrff Go wherever you want.
bebmrld, berid.
berid, vm hetrce mixayd, bdgirid. Go and take whatever you want.
hicja, behtmrez ling, !list. There's no place better than
this one.
GD. 9.4
lin dovvomin merteb4st, ke
lagaye lesmito didmm.
24011V
lemrdz hmgtomin rdzist, ke doer
vagmngton hmetim.
P09.286
tun kote dovvomiro beman 'agar mud= mixatid, tuye
bedid. sevvomin %tag tagrif darmnd.
tamvall ke tamed td, ki bud. larval bAdunid, bAtd befahmunid.
ketabe tavvali tat of bud. dovvomin gethre bozorge
gahre dovv&nike deer tiran tabrize.
tesfmkuln bud. tin, panjomin sat4itist ke
dovvomi betowre kollf nayamad. man deer temrika xar/dam.
tem& qmviro b&corid, be5td biids sinemaye dovveme
terif konid. xiyabune ruzvAlto bebinid.
raze sevv6m, man tinja netbudam. dovvomin sinemaye bozorge
satmte ambaromf, t6nd kar tehrin sinema palls%
mikone. tin, oandomin sAle, ke deer
tin tmv-vmlfn taksIst, ke tagabe temrika hastid.
taclaye tesmft tammde. tIn maim candeme, ke deer tin
tam &Ire dovvomf raft. madrese hastid.
farmddid, tin sevvomin dare tamvaain rdzike betamrika
vorudiye tin hot4le Z tamadam, gomira
*alma, tagaye jamadfro didam,
beresunid, bleed berid sire raze tavAlike betamrika
kiretun. tamad4m, tem& tamvmain
tuye dovvomin cameddnike didid, tamrikatiti bud, ke main
cf bud. bats lad godmm.
Variation Drills..=1....11the baraye taggye jamadi moMkin dare vorugye tin manz41, hem
god, bmccehiro bemmdrese mfresune. bozdrge, vm ham qmilhge.
2C.16.`k.'
tasasiyel vm clzhatike farmudid
bgbarams b6rdmm.
tagaye javadi, lasasiyehggo deer
taksi gozats vm baxOdeg bord.
tin ruzhg, loft dastiye xanomhg,
.xgyli geran gode,
taksi cmmedeenira tavords vm goft,
male taclaye jmvadfst.
modfre madresgs to satmte
panjonim, montazgretun bud.
kifike deer sinema jg gozagte hid,
peydg kmramnds vm beh461 dadand.
tagaye jawadira jel6ye dare
manzgletans didam,
tazggs pees gereftids ya net.
ce5mgm temrdz xgyli xmste god4.
taksi, emmedungtuno jeloye dare
vorudi gozato, raft.
temrdz, arse dovvome farsiro
mixumm.
!awe jawed goft, cakgr hear
deer tin hotel zendegi mikone.
raftane ma betirgns betselxir
lofted.
297
P.9.287
tin texteye siyghike tinja
tavordandl xgyli kuceke.
beltaxargs taqmbeg retis ya neto
ce sathis texAbetun tamad.
mgyle jenabe tali, tinast kes
halg tagmbegan berams ya 1144d.
tettefaqIns hAmintowrike
farmudg budids tagmbegun
rEetams veeli tunja abudmnd.
ketgbike betu dade budid, pals
gereftids ya nEfi.
bay tunja bgrims vm montmzer
bagim.
'awe jmvadi eftmnd, oigms
tin karo mikonam.
cmmedunls vm tesmsiygro j eloye
dmre vorudf gozat.
taz tin kare taclaye tesmit,
dirdz mottalgt godmm.
raftsine taclaye jawadis betexplib
toftad.
deer surest, reef tame tiggn
naafi nadare.
negandagthie tmeasive vm cmmedung,
beraye 'awe javadis xgyli
zahmmt dare.
P.9.288
xanome jmvadi, tmzin tmrmfe
bet4n tmree xiyabun
mire.
/omargye totaqe taqaye javadf,
gurizast.
kel/de dmre menalo, bax6d
n4yavord.
tmxteye siyahe kelds, boarge.
ketabiro taz ruye miz bmrdagtmm.
pedero mad&re taqaye jmvadi,
dmr tehrAn hmstmnd.
men heard nadarwm, veal behare
emmedundyntuno bezarmm tuye
tun taksi.
jeloye totaqe detArmm, yek kife
dasti peyda kmrdmm.
tun kite desdra, xanome jemudi
tunja gozagt4 bud.
modSre :in hot41, Irani mist.
be hez tin kdr, mottmat
nistmm.
tin qmhv4ro neeh darid, to mmn
bsraye soma Xirinf biyarmm.
temrdz, x4yli xaste nmstmm.
298
taqaye tesmit tegrif bordmnd
sine-4a, vii kelide totiqedo
abordaand.
Iomareye manz6letun, cfre.
kelide lotk, tintmrste mizetune.
tin kelid, male totaqe
funtermfist.
montmzere vorude gomi budim.
sera tmgiff wavordid.
daldne tin hot41, ce qmgInge.
ketdbira ke betu dads budmm,
bemmn pals nmdade.
xahn mikonmm, qmdri girin/tmm
begrdarid.
jeloye dire vorud/ye hotel,
montmzeretan xahmm god.
arfetUno tetateet akerdos rift.
cmmedundyetuno peydd akerdam.
tin tmkslio hmm, bazmhmAt
peyda ka rdmm.
are vorudiye tin xarg, hewn
boarge, vae hmm qmOng.
xunere laclaye jmmadf, pdrez
tmsasiOye temrikatist.
Narrative
hotele hilt&
manzele some, mend
tmboole dare.
P.9.289
Hilton Hotel
How many floors do you
have in your house.
bozorgtmrin hotel deer firSn, hotele hilt& xahEd bud, ke nasdlke
bebist tmbEge xahad dagt.
tin mehmanxaneye bozOrgo cimang, kenSre tehrin, vmmcfilro
karmmndSne tan, ?Irani vm temrikati xahEnd bud.
tEsasiyeke tin mehmanxaneye bozOrg bigt&r dmr xode firin doreist
xahad god. karmEndAne firan4re tin hotel, hmMe deer tamrik4, vice jahSye
diglr dAree negandariye hotel, xande tend. tin hotel bedmste mohmndesine
tirani dorOst xahmd god, vm Immvmlin hoteli xahmd bud, ke betin bozorgi
deer ?Irian dordst xahmnd kmrd.
sotaldt
10 tesme bozorgtErin hotelike doer tirSn dorOst xahmnd kmrd, cist.
2. tin hotel, deer kojS xahmd bud.
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4, 04 deers mixandmnd.
5. tmsasiy4ye tin hotel, bigtmreg deer kojS dorOst xahad god.
60 halS doer firin hoteli betin bozorgi hmst, ya xeyr.
7. midanid, modfre tin hotel, ki xahad bud?
8. Asira mignasid ke modfre hotel' bagma
9, tam mehmanxane bigtmr xogetan miyayEd, ya fez mmnzel.
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Poo0298
Persian Basic Course
Unit 10
Basic Sentences
Smith
to sand ferestaan (Crest- [ferest-])
2 1 It 2 3 1 2Miss, will you please (s if' xinam: !Ewer momken4i yek
3 1 2 14/it's possible') send up a pigxedmAl befrestid balg:
bellboy.
secretary, clerk mongi
Excuse me, sir, whatss your
room number?
Ism Mr. Smith. MY room
number is fourteen.
minute
The bellboyill oame in a
few minutes.
monE
Smith
mona
3.1 2bOmxgid /agar gOmar4ye
3 I 2 1 4tothetun; dye:
3 sesmit. nomrgye sotkmm;
2 1#carast:
dadrIS [daqiq4]
2 3 2
to and dmiq4ye dige; pisxedmat
xah4d sammgr
You sent for.me, sirs (ldid
you have a command, sir2l)
P. 1 0 299
Eigxeddit3 1 4 2 3,qcSrban; ftermayesy i dastia
Sulth
pin, map nmqS4
to be acquainted with bmad bud&
something, to be
familiar with, know
Yes, I wanted a map of the
city because I'm not very
familiar with Tehran streets,
3 2 3 1
bgle. ye nagNeye Uhro
, 2
mixastamir cunke xiyaburgye3 2 1 4
tehrSno; xdb bm1a5d nistmm:
Eigxedm&
drawer keg keMw
3 2
There's a map here in the ye nagg6 lung; deer kegye
Adesk drawer. maze;
Smith
pain, ache
to be of some use, to
serve onells purpose
This isn't a map of Tehran,
and it's of no use to me.
antbedard xozdtat
23 I 2sin nal:Nye tehrai, nist,
3 2 1
bed&rde znAr4 rgraixoreZ
EilxedmAt
permission lejazS
3O
P*100300
downstairs, below, down
If you allow me I f U bring
you one from downstairs.
Smith
Patin
1 3
Se e lejaa befarmatid,2
teaz
3 2 1
pal/n y4ki, barAtun mlyaram.
cooler (noun) ku14r
2 3 1 1 2 3 2
Yes please By the way, is xaligg mikonEemi: rassf, tan
this cooler in order (2workst)7 kul4r kSr mikone3
RigxedeAt
air, weather hmovi
silent, extinct xamig
to put out, to extinguish, xamdg karan
to turn out, to blow
outs to switch off
31 2 3
No, since the weather is axeyrr can hale hmvi seard4;
cool now, itts off.
SmithIMPOIMMOIIMON
how, in what manner
bright, lit, lighted
to light up, to turn on,
to switch on
How can one turn it on
2 1 Aov
xamuse.
cejurf / cetowrf
rows
rowg4n karan
2 3 I 2 1
cejuril ledge row:37meg Itterdt
Elixedat
unforttnetely motelassefang
3 leo
ruined, demolished, out of
order in bad condition,
spoiled, decayed
Unfortunately itvs out of order
now.
Smith
Pe10,0301
xsarSb
2 3 I 2 4motesmssefan41, hal4 xgrabe:
defect, fault, wrong qyb
2 3 1
mhe a ISybi dare.What9s wrong with it?
Eigxedmit
mechanic mekanik mikan:fk
set, apparatus, mechanic: .m dasse [dmateh)
new n6w
to installs to fix in place kr gozag'an
I dontt know for sure. The
mechanic said that a new
one should be installed.
Smith
2 3 2 1 2
rang; nAmidnnam: mekanik
3 2 3 2
gofte; ye dmssehe n6w, bay&
k4r gozagtf
heater, stove, fireplace boxari
ice yx
refrigerator, ice-box 3Au-41
Pardon me, then do the heater
and ice box work?
311 ialir
3 1 4 2bSbeersid; p&s boxar4yo yamal
3ke kr znikonei
P.10.302
pigkedmAt3 1 x 2 3 1 2
Yes, I turned them on today bteleg" h4min temrdz1 rourg4nersUn
(I this very today? ).
sheet,
clean
Are these sheets clean2
exchange, reward,
compensation
to change, to replace
Yes they were changed (tthey
changed them') today.
Smith.10.7410-
kaardsen.
!In maaafehS (714 IAN) ts33nizei
2
EigkedrA
Smith
tEevetz kaarddin
3 1 2 3 12bker fungro Temrdz, Immiz
kmrdEnd,
bathsbathroom hismigm hears am]
Does this room have a bath22 3lin loth hamdmdarei
EigixedmAt
bathtub vdn
shower dui
towel how].
sabdnsoap
cupboard, cabinet genj
31 23
bctle qorbunr h&n 'an daresYes, sir. It has both a bathtub
312
and s shower. And towels
and soap are in the cabinet.
All right; thank you.
Do you wish anything else?
P.10.303
2 1w 2 3hear thin howl4o sablinmm,
2 1
tyre gazajtst.
Smith3 2
*1Xdb; xAyli maMnunmm.
Eiaxedmetrt
2 3fmrmayge digs nnarid
Smith
yes (to a negative question) ara
to forget yid net&
to ask (a question) porsidtn (pors-)
blanket pmrti
extra, additional lezaff
3 1 II 3 1 2 1
Oh yes, I forgot to ask you, are.: yidmm rat; b4porsmm.
2 3 zcould you bring (me] an momk4ne; ye peatiye lezafiymm
extra blanket? biyaridi
Eigxedatt
Yes, sirl
meaning
What's the meaning of
this word?
library, bookstore
Classroom Expressions
P00.304
2 1 di
What does the word Iketabxangl lociAte ketabxang, yEetni ci."
mean?
to stand, to stop, vgystadmn Myssadmn
to wait (vayst-hayss-hass-)
(istaan (tist-)]
to sit, to sit down, to negmsan (negin-/ngin-/gin-)
take a seat, to be
seated, to dwell
chair
Donut stand there, please.
Take a seats
to turn, to look around,
to look for, to stroll,
to become
to come back
At what time will you come
back to class tomorrow2
always
At 9 oldloCk as always.
smndeali
2 3 2 1 2 1 4g
xah46 mikonmm; vgnawasid:
32 1
I23
bgfmrmalid; ruye smndsli
2 1
b411.ginidlor
gmgt4n (gmrd-)
b4rgmgten
2 3 12faardg co satmti; bekelgs
bgimigmrdid.
hamiI4
2 v12 1. AmIsle hamilg; salmte noh:
Poos3o5
NOTES
Note loot Verb: The verb ibegmstin/
This verb implies both the idea of the state of Ysittingt, and the
action cf. 'sitting down,. A3 its past participle /neamr-c4/ means rather
tsittingt than !sat', the Present and Past Perfect; Tenses are generally
used to eXpress the state of 'sitting!, whereas other tenses express
eiblur the performance of the actual action of !sitting down! or a pro-
longed state of !sitting'.
Hera are some examples to illustrate the usage of this verb:
melh ling neg8 ste5tm, vm
dayam ketgb minunmm,
vtxtike tam4dam, hag negastg
budand.
befmrmatid, benginid.
(state) Ism sitting here and reading a
book.
It When I cane everybody was sitting.
(action) Please, sit do4-1,,
tagaye jamcal, halg dare =gine. tt Mr. Javadi is now sitting down.
nemixam benginam. t t I dontt want to sit down.
vtxtike didtmeg dagt rge tY When I saw him he was sitting
EandmIl mlnegast. down on the chair,
tam4d, vm rgye sanamll negaste tt He came and sat down on the chair.
mirim lung, minginim. (prolonged Welll go there and sit.state)
tagaye jamadl hairrruz ling Mr. Javadi used to come here
miyamad, vm rgye tin sandmil t1 every day and sit on this
minegast. chair.
axeyr, motegoldcgrEen, haiminja t No thank you I'll sit right
minginmm. here.
P. 10.306
(prolonged
fit hArruz miyad lingwo, state) She comes here every day, sits
mIginewo ketttb mixune. It and reads.
mixam lung benginmm. tt I ?d like to sit there.
m4 ein14 negtestimo neg4stim, f t We sat and sat here until you
to bellaxamg, gomg tmgrif finally came,
favordid,
Note lo,s Pronoun: Modifying Object of Verb or Preposition
In Note 3.2 the use of the Pronominal Suffixes was discussed and in
'Note 8,4 the use of /xod /.
Following are some examples of pronominal suffixes used as modifiers4.4
of the direct object of the verb or of nouns preceded by /be-/ or /fmz/.
1. The person expressed by the verb is the same as that indicated
by the pronoun:
xan6mmmo didea
[xan6me x6dra didmm]
xanome IcOdmato didmm
bexanOmeg goft.
[bexanome x6d goft.]
bexaname x6de6 goft.
f/no fmm xan6mmm gereftlam.
[ linra las xanome x6d gereftmm]
Ilno Ins xanome xtimm gereftmm.
I saw my .wife.
I saw my wife.
I saw my (own) wife.
He said to his wife.
He said to his wife.
He said to his (own) wife.
I took it from my wife°
I took it from my wife
ttook it from may (own) wife,
2. The person indicated by the verb is not the same as that indicated by
the pronoun:
xan6metuno didmm.
xanome x6detuno did an.
xanome gomdra didaa.
I saw your wife.
I saw your (own) wi:s.
I saw your wife,
316 4,
IP.'
bexan6metun goft.
bexanome.x6detun goft.
bexanome some goft,
lino DMZ xan&metun gereftam,
!in° !mm xanome Adetun gereftmme
!Ino !mz xanome gom4 gereftmm.
P.100307
He said to your wife.
He said to your (own) wife.
He said to your wife.
I took it from your wife.
I took it from your gown) wife.
I took it from your wife.
As these examples show, the independent pronoun in such a construction may
be reed only if the person expressed by the verb and that indicated by the
proncun are different.
9003 Preverbs
'fn ketabo bArdarid, vm Take this book and give it to
bem&n bedide mel
xaheg mikonmm, fmrda balrgmrdid. Please come back tomorrow,
xaheg mikonmm, vinmyssid. Don't stand [there], please,
Some Persian verbs are used with preverbs. The resulting meaning
is usually different from that of the original simple verb, e.g. /aagtin/
!to have /b4rdagtmn/ Ito pick upl; /gmgte5n/ .uto turn, to become'
/bArgm4tmn/ Ito come backt; but Pistaan/ and Mystad4n/ 'to stand, to
stop!.
The verbs with preverbs do not have the /be-/ prefix in the Imperative
and Optative forms, e.g. /beirgmrdid/ !come back!.,. /amixam !inja vAysbmal/
II don't want to stand here!, In other tenses these verbs follow the
pattern of compound verbs) e.g. /hArf mizmnmm/ talk' /b4r migmrdm/
III11 come back', midarmm/ II111 take!; /beer amidarm/ II wontt
taket etc.
Note that the preverb always receives the primary stress.
Note 10.4 Use of Tenses
agnvmxte ke, some zab.ine How long has it been since ('how
120100308
farsiro, motaleeg kardid. much time is it that') you
studied the Persian language?
Contrary to English usage, the Present Tense /cInvaxte [cAnd vet
fast)/ is used in the above sentence, The Present Tense (not the Present
pArfectS) is used in Persian when a condition or action has existed or has
been going en for some time and still continues,
Examples:
How long have you been in
Washington?
calrivamte (ke) der vagangtonid.
or:
calnvaxte.(ke) dar vase ngton
hastid.
I've been here for three months, sg mahe (ke) linjgm.
or:
sgmahe (ke) finjg hastmm.
How long have you been studying drivaxte ke farm! mixanid.
Persian2
The sequence of tenses in Persian is also basically dlfferent. The
tense used in subordinate clause does not depend on that of the main
clause. Thus the English: 2He said he liked the city' is in Persian:
/g6ft ke lam gthr x6geg :dyad/ whereas the Persian sentence /g6ft ke tam
ge6hr mga lamed/ would mean 'He said he had liked the cityl. /g6ft ke
:dyad/ means the said heed comet, but /g6ft ke I:dyad/ would mean the told
him (or her) to comet.
The Simple Past is often used with reference to future action
followed by another action in the future, e.g. /V1Ktike refftid, xahgg
mikonam baraye man siggr bexmrid/ 'When you go (after you have gone)
please buy some cigarettes for met. (Compare the use of tenses after
bmed las finkeh Note 6.z.2).
The Simple Past is also sometimes used in informal Persian to
express the immediate future (i.e. something that is going to occur or
ry31,13ti
P.10.309
be performed right away), e.g. /lamtdam/ may rowan II'm coming!, PavOrdmm/
ilm bringing [it], /Attain/ 'I'm leaving', etc.
Note 1065 Verb: /listadain vdystadmn/
The verb /listadan/ denotes either the state of 'standing' or the
action of 'stopping'.
In Colloquial Persian this verb is used mostly with the preverb /V4-/
In addition to the above meanings MystadEen/ has also the meaning of the
state of 'waiting' (or staying). Thus the sentence /['ing befistid]/
means 'stand here!' or 'stop here!' and /ling vdystid . ling vAyssid/
means 'stand herell, Istopherell or 'wait herel'. The Present and Past
Perfect tenses have only the meaning Ito stand', e.g. /64n listadPm/
['istade lam] 'I am standing, /soma listade budid/ 'You were standing.'
Note 1o.6 Verb: Imperative (Familiar Form).
In Note 2.6 the Imperative !polite! and 'familiar! forms were
discussed, and it was mentioned that some verbs had special forms of the
familiar Imperative.
Following are several such special forms of verbs which have occurred
in the units:
/b4gui or /belgu/
/b6row/ or /b6ro/
/Aysta/, Myssah
Mstah /vissa/
/begrioh /begnow/
Note 10.7 New Verbs and Verb Uses:
negih kardEtn
faciAbe kasi rerestadan
'agape kasi loftaan
faciabe oIzi gagtan
tsayit
'got'
'stop!', 'wait!!
'heart'
to look
to send for or after somebody
to chase some one
to look for something
319 0,N
Poo.310
mmtni kerdn
deer nezkx weft&
beamzlr residAl
benaseram nr!rese
GD..10.1 and 5
to explain (the meaning of)
to take into consideration
to seem
it seems to me
Grammatical Drills
diA403 besinemd raftim, vie can
j& niuud, tachme %Text tunJe
listadim.
cerd lung tistadid, befarmatid tic
Inixtike didameg, rung wiyistade
bud.
dose deige linja bdristid, to
bola-garden.
listadd budand, ya negmst4 budand.
velxti besinema rani% xanOmmm
negastd budaend, vie Ai tistadd
budan.
tunja n&tistid. tindro beIrdarido,
bdbarid.
hArvmxt tanhd base, hmmig4
migine vmkdri ndmikone.
to mdme vtext linja tistadd bud.
beldam mehmani, be tunja bArgmgtimo
vas negalstim.
320
rdye sun smndmli anginid, rdye
tan smndmlf b4farmatid ben5inid,
clZharo pees gereftim, Ilm.montmedr
listadim.
v4xti bedianegan rktim, der
totage daftaregan nest
budmnd.
listadd bud, vie ketdb mixund.
motegmkkdrmm. himinja minginmm.
listad&ne dear tinglbehar hez
negmet4ne.
xaheg mikonmm, bdfmrmatid, rdye
tin sandmlf benginid.
listed, bud, vas befarmayegate
smrkdr, gdg midad.
parceforignelEgste bud, vie mean
teed pared mixmridmm,
veexti tunja rAftim, amr:nmzer
adaltim fagmt bduginim, bake
ndxastim ketAbmm bexumdm.
P610.311
tistad4 bud, vm yek cizi hsfirvmxt minsind, yecizi mixore.
mfbaft, gistad, vm ta heagtdd gom6rd.
net bud, TW: motevmjj4he 2unjd bdfistid, vmmontmgreg
hfccizi nitituk, bagid.
ging bdtistid, vmmonJ-,sar vdxti bexuneye tagaye jamadi
bans', ta to biyad. mitlebm4, pa'seban bemmn goft,
can xdyli montmzer tistadim hala *said.
dige hajmd b4nginim. cera tinja vSymissi.
ce4 tinja tistaditd, fekr hdrjalike meyle jenabe tallst,
ndmikonmm, biyad. benginid.
fistadd badaend, vm nthqX6ya gahre hemdg vdyssade, vm hdrf mizmne.
teherdno, natin midadand. hdminja bud ke taksi vdyssad, vm
cera ndmifarmayd benginid, jamadt lamad birun.
ke begmm ye fenjun qmhvd bmrdtun jmmadi betaksi goft ke, jeloye
biyarmn 2 sinemd, vayssa.
reftetim bemolagate 'igen, vm pmsmz qdrban, hdminja fmrmudid,
mend daqiq4like tistade budim, vdyssmm2
tisdn tmgrif tavordmnd. hdrci beheg goftan vdyssa,
tu xiyabun beheg vaOdd dade bud, vdynassad.
vm montmzereg fistadd bud. berid imgmbeg vm bdbinid, the
tu goluqf listed! buds d, vm liuija fisted!, bebmrideg
hmmdg hdrf mizmdmnd. besefardt.
benginid, yes xiydletun rah&t vmmtike raftmm legmbesg, ddgt
bage. minegast.
h&rce monteegreg negthstfm, mean mirmm, nazdike boxari
ndvammd. bdginmm.
32
PplOo312
Variation Drill
mks mong....gua xiyabunaye tehruno
bm1gde?
mesletinke, bgmin nmsdikiyd, yek
ketabxan6 heeste
cerd nmqgeye gghro, baxpdetun
nmiavordid,
momic6ne bdrid, nmqgeye ggihro tem
xanSm begiria
gom4 yek restorane xdb bid
hastid?
pees mmn mlvmm. she fMrmayerse
diggri darld, bepigxedmgt begid.
ng, kire dig ri nddaram. fag&
bemekanik begid biyad, boxariye
sotaqmmo dordst kone.
pigxedmmt beman goft, ke mixand
yek yaxcale nbw bmrdtun
biyarand.
gamin radkoneem hmvaye birdn, x4yli
sgrde.
yek dmatehe kulere aw, baraye
gomd, kdr xahmm gozagt.
motelmssefand, ha mume xdbi, tin
namdikiyA nist.
bend bald, ye bepigxedmmt begid,
biyad patin.
bdrid, gmzu bdporsid, ke ha mim
kogst.
rasti yideam net las goma
beporsmm maldfaro lam& kwrdid,
ya nee.
ladle, hey& kerdmm, vm ye pwtuye
Iezafilmm 2aviirdam.
boxart xmrdb gode. baymd bekesi
goft, biyad dorosteg kone.
momkdne tmgrif bebmrid vw yek
nmqgsye gdhr, bwraye man
bexacid vm biyarid2
mmge boxer/ ce tdybi dare, ke
rows An nemige.
motelmssefand cimn vmxtist, ke
tura ndidEetm.
boxarira lemrdz kar gozagtmnd,
v&Ii bayed t4rz konmm ke, kdr
amikone.
tin maaafiro, heanin temrdz bad
bOrdo, tem& kard.
32t;r
P.10013
vglxti raftid, yak howle, va temg& totage mean xgyli s4rde,
dosgta slbdnam bexarid. cdnke boxari adaram.
tot4clike mix4m, bayad hat an cejuri tin boxarira rowg4n
gni16 date bage. mikonid.
man vagetgn Ahem raft ke digmb rasti, ygdmm raft bemekanik
tunjg biyam. began, ke yaxcgl ham xargbe.
maim to mu porsIdami vael.i cfzi malnam ye boxariye now damn, va
beaem AQ.Ct: mixamkgr begzaramo
ce sat&A bkomigardid ke mongiye mane, ygdeg rafte bud, ke
montasgretun bagam. boxarfra xamdg kone.
raft&negun deer tin sei& mmeni cerS ! in ymxcAlo favals nemikonid,
adare. VW ye ymxcale new bexarid?
midunid gomargye totomobflike cerS tinqadr dfr kardid.
nazdike manzel tistade bud, tejazg midid kulgro xamdg konam7
cfst7 havg Ayli s&rde, kulgro xamdg
hAmin jeloye der bagid, to kon.
1561.gal-dame xaheg mikonam, tin locAto
halg safate yazawo d4h baraye mAn maetni konid.
deximst. temruz raftam ketabxang, vaeli
satathd montazgreg listadd atunestam mminlye tin logato
budim peydg konam.
goal sabre tehrgno, xdb balk yek tabje. tam tuye yaxcal barve
hmetica mean biyarid.
hamdme xuneye mg, ham van dare, mi$x,Ayli Ardame.
ham ddg. td xcideg, javabe harfe x6dego
mide.
32110;
Pol0c314
Id, mmtniye herfe x6dmgo hem lino bdgirid, betig4n pass
niimifehme. bedid.
ban mixatim berim kenare boxari cizhdtike ruye miz bud beIrdagtems
benginimp vm gerabo tabjd vm tuye gang gozagtem.
bexor:bn. beergegtendo cemedundguno
tin ketdb, belardo gcma amixf.:Te? b6rdend.
bete, tin ketdb bederde men mixore. :xti tunja b4rgegtid, el god.
the stfrdetune, boxar/ra row, n vaxti kdretun tea:dim god, besinemd
konid. beberideg.
jevadi, yldeg refte, boxarlro tesasiyehAtike ehotel ferestadido
row kone. berftun lunja neglb midarend,
rastf, begid ye petuye tezafilem ve bek4si ami dend.
beraye man biyarend. ce sal4ti beheg goftid,
tem pigxedat, nomreye totage b4rmigerdid?
tagaye tesmito porsidem. gebvetike beraye man nog& date
tistad4 bud, vm tuye keg6ra budid, kojd gozagtid.
negdh mikerd. der mmIniye tin loci4t, tegtebd
tin kotgeelvdr bederde men Bode.
amixore kucike. Ilene gethr, tegebe jervadi.
mesle tinke tam Boma Iejaa hemigd dir miyad, sae mmIzertfit
gereft, vm reft bald. mixed.
lung tegrif bordand, vFe neg.& kon ke Iundro xdb bepice.
montmz4retunnegmstEgind. paSebdn hemiNe tagebe magind
ketfibike beheg dad4 budid, p&es mdyofte.
gereftid?
324
Poo,315
bem4n goft, ti4S smbr konid, hfrce doer sinema
ve x6deg re-ft tagmbe ye cizi peydSgun bekonim, nMod.
begmrae. tin loqfto, soma cejuri, mmtn4
bmcgye tammithaegan, yek manzele mikonido
xdbi dar nmzmr gereftim. hamge vm cizi
lintowr benmzmr mirese, ke digs birdno negah kon, b6bin the
tmgrif n4yarmne. tungist, begu biyad
goft ke imgmbegun rmfte bud rAftim, ye do sat4ti birtn
peyd4gun nAmrd. begmrdim.
benmar mirese, ke mmtnlye dirdz ke dmr gMhr migm5tim
locOte, xdb moltefet taggye ja wed. vm xandmeguno
n4gode, didimo
kgri adagtimo, rktim ye do gmman nemikonmm, tintowr mmtni
sal4=ti to g6hr begmrdim. ke mikonid, dorcist bage.
negAh konid ke dthr xdb bmste hiamige mmgrdbego bay& mixore,
bage, bem4 goft berestorSn mire,
gomSn mikonmm, ye same pig, bPd, hatrci gtegtim,
tmgmbeg ferestadmnd. peydSg n4kr.drdim.
pig= tinke berid, xaheg ben& goft, ting smbr konid,
mikonmm, ye gilas tabe 3,6x vm x6de5 raft, tmgmbe cizi
bemeln bedid. begmrde.
negSh.konid, vm bebinid ce
smSh4tist-
hmmige miyad tinja, vm zmhmek
mide.
P.100316
Narrative
(Jar in i madres41 (Arita naqgeye xube !irk dide migavad motetassefan4,
yeki daa tam an nmqgehA Odri teyb darted . vaeli n4bayad xiyil kmrd ke
hamkre naeaeigilm dar tiran dor6st mikonand, t.iyb darad. dEr tirb
naggehave besiyAr tali did4 migavad, ke mAsle 14n dar Ting k4mast.
han:;.gS baraye tinke naqgS nib bagmd, bay& movazebe de) ciz buc4 yell
kgy tan n,4244 dorost god41 vas digger tinkel der kog. vas tIn do
cizra b-- hartrdn dear wok- Bereft,
motegassefanS, xeylihS movaz4be tin nistand, vm h&intowr mil-ER-and
vas naggeti mixed vas bagd ke milahmand, tin nau04 bedard nAmixormd,
mimand, deer rEq1='sye x4b, peyda amigmvad. tin dorost nist,
adnke dmr Ting ham, *agar yek naar movazeb nlbagad, mitavanad yek
naqgdye xeyli bldi bexmrEd3 vas nemigavad goft, ke cwa dar tamrid yek
nacige 1:41dEt, tae me nmqgehaye tamrikS b43 has-band.
sotalSt
1. deer tin madresS naggeye Than hast?
2. deer kog, o4nta naggEest..
3. ciatagun, t4yb dare.
4. hambe naggehgyb tirAn, bead hmstand?
5. der tirSn, cSjur naqge mige xarid.
6. baraye xaridane yek naggeye xdb, bay& movazebe ci bud.
7. soma, nalgeye *Iran arid?
8. der tamrikg, rim:Owe xdb, peyd4 mige?
P010.317
9, gomd, kog mixatid nmiolg4 bexmrid.
lo, cerg mixatid, ne44 bexmrid.
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33k.
Persian Basic Course
Unit ti
Basic Sentences
Rezg
morning s6b [s6bh]
welfare, good, charity, xgyr
blessing
last night direb
sleep, dream xgb
to sleep, to lie down, xabian ()cab-)
to stop, to come to
a halt
Good morning, Mr. Smith, I
hope you slept well last
night.
Smith
2 3 1
sObhe soma bexgyr faciaye tesmit!
2 3 1
tengallg ke dig& xdb xabidide
so much that; inasmuch tam bske
as; to such an extent
that; so... that
window pmnjarg / pmnjerg
noise smrosedg
at all (with neg); Iasi&
originally
33B
Thank you, but I couldn't sleep
at all because of the noise
outsiae my window ('so much
noise was coming from the
outside of the window?).
tali,, high, long, loud
to get up
At what time did you get up2
Reza
SmithODalmaw
P.11.3'7
3 1 41 2m4rsi: .411 Imz bAske
3blrdne pmnjer4 smrosedg
,) 3 2,1miyammd; tmslmn; nmtunestaim
bexabmmf
bolAid
boLlnd sod
2 3 2 1
ce sal4ti; bol4d godid!
most; the most part of; Im011411
mostly
Compelled, forced, obliged mmjbdr
to, be compelled, to have to madbdr god&
time (instance) dEef to
foot, leg pa
to get up, to rise a god&
2 3 2,1 a 2At seven; but since I couldn't salalte; haft: cue mcambe
sleep most of the night, I had
to get up several ('two, three')
times and smoke a cigarette.
3Mb Agmitunestmm bexabmmi
2 3
madbdr godmm dose dmftg pg
2 1
gmmo; sigSr bekegmmf
Reza1011110
qL:iet, noiseless bidmrosedg
3
P.11.328
thought fgkr
to think
Oh, that's terrible. I
thought you had a quiet
room.
satisfied, content
If you are not satisfied with
this room, we'll give you
another one tomorrow.
afterwards later on
Very well. I'll think [it over]
and let you know later on.
breakfast
Pm hungry now. Where can I
have my breakfast (twhere can
one eat breakfastt)2
Smith
Rea
fekr koarddn
2 3 1 2 3 1 _a 2,
tey 1E4; tin ke bald god: mmn
fgkr mikardem gomg totgqe
3 1bismrosedgti darid
razi
2
?mar tem tin totaq razi
3 I anistid, fmrdg ye totgqe
3i2 1
diggl begomg mid: m#
held&
3 1 it 2 3,xgyli xubY mmn fekr mikonami
2 3 I 2 1
van bmtdeln; begomg mignon!
nagtati / sobhang
2 3 1 ji 2
halg maln gorosame: nagtati
3 1
kojg mige x:ord
2 3 1 2
If you allow one I'll bring legAr ilejaz4 bedid; m4n
it to ('fort) you.
Thanks. What do you have for
Smith
1
beergye miyaramn!
2 3 1 & 2mmmablen: bawiye sobhang
344r
breakfast?
RezS
3, 1 di
Cl darid:
P.11.329'
usual magma
usually mmImulaln
bread nun [n.4n]
butter Imre
cheese pmnir
preserve, jam mormbil
seed; egg toxin
hen, bird m&rq
egg tame marq
tea ody / cayi
or vqrg
23 I 3 12 3We usually.serve bread and mmtmulaln, kmr4wo, pmnirop
2 3 I 20 Ibutter, cheese eggs, tea morabbSwo, toxme mOrqd, ,
or coffee.
honey
Will you please bring me bread
and butter and some honey.
Don't you want anything else?
Smith
2 '1
vmyS qMhve midim.,
2 3 2
xahtS mikonmm; bmrdye mein geldri
nano kmr4 vm 'mak biyaridReg
2 3cize digs mey1 neldaridi
Smith
half-cooktid, soft-boiled nimb&nd(3 minute)
331101"
"11.330
Bring me a soft-boiled egg,
too, please.
Yes, sir.
Rezit
2 3 2
xah4g mikonmm; y4 toxme mOrcie
I
nimbAndmm biyaridf
3 1
otegm clorbun.
(After Breakfast)
SmithGO OD 010.111.
to boil jugidki (jus-)
hot or boiling water tabegg / 'abji
beard rig
shaving rigtmragi
shirt, govr pireln [pirah4n]
to wash lost& (smr [guy ] )
to iron lotilmr&in
Agha Reza, bring me a little
hot-water for. shaving (t to
shave my beard) and have
(*give') this shirt washed
and ironed.
shoes
polish
Yes sir. Don't your shoes
need polishing:
Reza
2 3 1 # adri laS3Agamilacitt rest. O
2 1
berAyt rifftmragi biyarid.
2
VEe lin piraniro b4did
3 I a 1
b6gurmno; Icons:tat
lofa
vith3
113 1# 120fefgetuil %As anixacig(*sin.
34O
Smith
pair Soft
No, thank you. I've two pairs
P.11.331
31 2 3 1 4 24i
MOtekkk4/10171. d6 joft
of shoes that Ill/ give you kkg darmm ke tunAro fmrda
3 2 1
sob ; begoa midmdi
m:tomorrow morning.
Rea
awake bider
to wake up (somebody) bider keran
to wake up -(bneself) biar god&
3 1 2 3
Sir, at what time "do you want *bans fmrda sob a salatti
2 1
me to wake you up tomorrow mixatid; oiaretun konmm.
mornings
Smith
2is
31 2 1 4
I'd like to be waised up before pis= h&ft mixaml biddy gen:
seven.
narrow, tight tang
poor, poor man, needy fmer
person
to use, to make use, to testefaa kmrda5n
take advantage, to
benefit by (with NO
By the way, these trousers have
become too tight for me.
341
2 3 I 2
rastf; lin sail vdr bmrdye mein
taIng Ldee 171.4did bays
. .
P.1.1.332
3 2
Give them to some needy fmtri; 'razes testefade1 1/
person who could use them. kone:'
Rez4
3 1 4 2 3 1
Yes, sir, cagm: letal4t mise:
Smith
empty xalt
single, for one person yekneefmr4
double, for two persons donemr4
2
That room that you told me would tun totggike migoftid ferd4
23 2
be empty, tomorrow, is it a yeknemmest; ya
1,1
single room. or a double one? dons fmr4.17*
It's double.
All right. Thank you, that
will be all ('I don't have
any other work with you').
plural
Reza2 3 1
donmfEr4 clorban.
Smith
3 1 2 3. 1 a 2 312xdbr mamminmm: die; kgii
bagoa needaresm!
Classroom Expressions
times (plural of Mxt/)
PowqAt/ is the plural of /YeAxt/.
singular, single
342111
sowcpit
2 3 1 2 1
lamig4JAmle TS:oaf?:
mofrald
antonym
The word 'bad' is the antonym
of t good' ,
verb
pl.
P.11.333
laqayen / taw&2 3 2 1
'age; mofralde aqayttne!
motezed mote3zad
2 3 I z 1#loqcete bald; mot,ezede
fet1
!Betel
synonym moteradef / motseradef2
The verbs /hArf zezdaln/ and fetle Yaw' f Z EECtEfri 783 sohoett
3 2 1
/sohbeet kardaln./ are synonyms. kardeen; moteradefand:
NOTES
Note 11.1 Expressions of Time
Note 11.1.1 baStti: A*/
. mimm bedunan sineme key I want to know when the movie
goru edge. starts
2. viktike tameldeen meanzel, When I came home I saw your
xan6metuno didean. wife.
Ac4y/ or /cevamt/ twhent is used in questions as in /key miyad/ or/cevanct miyad/ twhen will he corneal and in indirect questions, as in/amidumen, key miyad/ or /and lumen, cevaixt miyad/ t I don't know whenhe Ill comet.
fvelxtike/ and /alai/ are used to indicate: a concurrent time tvitent.
P.11o334
Mxtikel means 'at the time that, after the time that, while' and
hstexti/ 'just after,. the moment that'.
Note 11.1.2 Words for 'instance, occasion'
Time in the general sense as measured or measurable duration is
Mxt [v4qt]/, but,ftimel as an occasion or recurrent occasions (once,
twice, three times, etc.) is expressed in Persian by the words /in rtebg
mmrtmb4/, jamfIg/ and Air/. Thus:
/y4(k)defeh /54(101martebe/ and /y4(k)bar/ mean 'once' /agmartebeh
/agdele/ and /agbar/ 'three,times, etc.
Note that with the shift,of the primary stress to the last syllable
/yedelg/ and hemartebg/mean 'suddenly, all of a sudden', e.g.
Aigmartebe goft/ 'He said fit] once', but hemertebg goft/ 'He suddenly
said'.
Note 11.2 WOrd Usage
ikgb/ and associated verbs.
bexAb ret4n xab retain .to go to sleep,
or
xib bordin
/bexgb net/ or
ikabeN bord/
'crib tared&
to fall asleep
he fell asleep,
he went to sleep
to get sleepy
hcAbera miyad/ I'm sleepy
xibe kmera ya cizradidAn
xite domira didalm/
Note 11.3 Prefix /bi-/ 'without.'
main fgkr mikmrdmm, Iond
bismrosediti darid.
841
to dream about someone or
something
I dreamt about you last
nigu y.
I thought youhad a quiet
('noiseless') room.
P.11.335
The prefix /bi-/may be added to a great number of nouns in the
meaning of =without". It generally corresponds to English un-, as in
ibile.jaze/ lunauthorizeo ('without permission'), in- (or im-, it -, etc.),
as in /bihowseld/ 'impatient'. =1e s, as in /bifekr/ 'thoughtless, etc.
(When a word begins with /:/, this may be replaced by /y/ after /bi-/:
Aiyejaz4/.) Other Examples:
bihdl listless
bijmvdb unanswered, speechless
bicfz poor, indigent
bieunocerd indisputable (twitaout how
and wk.")
bimey1 unwilling
bizmtmA easy: if you please, if you
don't mind
binmdg colorless
bilabi drought, dryness
Note is.4 Prefix /hem-/ 'also, too, the very same',
/hmm../ prefixed to Pin/, Pun/, Pintowr/ and /Idntowr/ was discussed
in Note 9.1.2. This prefix may be added to a great number of nouns to
form compounds. :The resulting words generally =respond to English co-,
cam-, con-, or 'fellow, mate; alike; of the same kind, sort, quality, etc.
Examples:
hmmmadres4 schoolmate
hmmaid sympathetic
hamdmsti collaboration
hamrdh companion
hmmrsIng of the same color
hamembdn speaking the same language
hmmsdl of the same age
hmmar spouse
hmakhri fellow citizen
P.ii.336
hmmsohat
lamsecht
hmmfoSkr
hmmkarf
hamkelas / hmmkelasf
hmmoth / hmmotaqf
Note 11.5 Compounds with suffix /4/
tun lothike mfgoftid fmrda xalf
yeknmemrAst, yatonmeant.
companion in conversation
homophonous, agreeable
thinking alike
cooperation
classmate
roommate
That room that you told me would
be empty tomorrow, is it a
single room, or a double one.
The suffix /4/ is added to a phrase of two words, the first
constituent of which is a cardinal nuaber, to form a compound meaning
'characterized try t These compounds are used as modifiers, in
predicate position and adverbally. Examples:
d6 sal
bacaye dosal4
Onj sohpmnjsalertg tin k&ro kmrdmm.
two years
two year old child
five hours
I completed the job in 5 hours.
This suffix may be also added to compounds with /omnd and /.hear/ as
first constituents (occasionally -also with /hmmS/ and /hfch as ,in
bemekar4/ tfactotum, and /hickant/ 'good -for-nothingt). Examples:
and sal how many years
tin baled, omnsalS last. How cid is this child?
mind saga
emnsaleetS mige lin kiro hard,
heir reiz
how many hours
In how many hours can this
be done2
every day
kar, kire herrua nfst. This is not an everyday job,
816
hair sel
hersale miyad tinae.
Os 11..3
P.11.337
every year
He =WS here every year,
Grammatical Drills
tothike lig& der tan zendegi
mikonend, hem gehhe biserosedists
hmm ruzhe.
Ike momkene, bizehm4t tun
ruznamdro bebende merhamdt
konid
tin totkike bar& ger4ftids
bipainjer4st.
tin =did beciazi bimey1 Bode, vs
xeyli ketm craze mixore,
der temrika nimige hilotoplob/1
zendegi kard,
hemige mige beqsza bin yirems
vie tee mgno gomi bigt4r mixore.
home gmb tinja miyado vs tem
bisarosedatiye menzeleg hArf.
mizmne.
bitabi der hdija, ?abate bozOrgiet.
amitune biker bengine.
347
nAbayad tintowr bizebin bud,
nenetuno bakere my' mikonid,
ya bikeee
bixodahafezi bolkid Bodo, rat.
ruznameye bitegtebg, peydd
nemie.
!acid, some tinruzi xeyli bilotf
godid,
bizehmet lino berdarid, vs
bexaametlin pda bedid,
bitejaze rkto, tin kiro bard.
becce betin bimohebbeti
n4didsm,
netbayed bimotiebbst bud.
taclaye jamadi hemige bolAnd
mige vs bidstvalt hmmeja
mire.
biakr keri,nalkonids balretun
xeb niAt.
P.11038
man blcvmxt biakr kAri amikonmms
vae hmmige pigmz 'Enke kAri
bekonmm ?az tan sohbh mikonam.
Ti time Ade restoran xeyli xageg
tammds gofts ke qmzAyeg
bimam4 bud.
tam bixahl xmlst4 godmm.
GD. is.4
vaxtike bediane to rEeftEem,
bahEenotageg net bud, vm
mmgrAb mixord.
to tam hmmneginf batemrikalihA
xeyli xdgeg miyad, can batanha
tenglisf h4rf mizmne.
mAis vratike dam mmdrese budmms
yek hmmothe xdbi dagtmm.
legAr kez hamdier Agetan
nJmiyad, cbra hand bah&
hmetid.
lemrdz yAki tez hmmgmhrihaye
jamadfra dar restoran didmms
vm betel eft= ke bmraye scam
biyad
348
bizmhmat Idn ketdbo bebmndS
lOtf konid.
dirdz laqaya jamadf to mbetake
bihAl bud, amitunest haSrf
bezmne.
bilejaz4, kojA netid.
mean bed goft& kes amixam
bahfckma hEmiqmz£ bagmms cdn
tam tin kar xtigmm nemiyad.
to h4rja mire hmmneginhaye
xdbi peya mikone.
drat danege bah& hamdowrfi
budim.
teen hmmkarf vee mohmbEethrlye
Jenabe faliox4y1i.motegmkkAnaal,
ma fa qat gmbl bah& hmmezi
hsstim.1
jmvAdo fereyddn hEensilzends ye
deer yik kelAs ars mix4nmnd.
fmTfit gmbAs ke tEez daneggi.
beam:mei beirmigaardims hEenri
hEestim.
Poil0339
pares tike sarkir xarididp Ayli v4xtest ke bahaem hamkirend.
bapardetike bena =wide% Axtike der vaSengton kir
hamjlir nistend. mikardimp bafd hemhotel budim.
pares tike sarkar xarldidp ye bahemkeliseg tistad4 bud, ye
peratike bee-A xerldem, halrf mimed.
hamr&ng nistend. hemotigetun ling tamed4 bud, ve
xanome teem% vm xanome jamadip migoftp kul4ro kir gozagteendo.
he mzebin nistendp hamdigero hale dare kir mikone.
xdb mifehmand. me hmmkelis ve hammadresS hestims
mend mihe ke bikir Bode, ye ye der yek totig hem zendegC
bebikari vetxtego migzarune. mikonim.
tin herfi cistp to ke heemsile n4L in baham hamjdr nistend.
beend4 ve some nist. bayed b6rdo peSsegun dad.
GD. 11.5
totomobtlike faget
donefer4st.
der yek totomobile tab/ye
eleharnafari didemegp ke
bejiti mireft.
totigike deer tun hotel gereftip
yenateristyadonefer6.
to gomd finja binginidp mimitunmm doss salmtS berem
forudgihop bArgerdem.
349
min domand ndmitumm farslia
bexUb/ye tenglisip yid begirem.
tin dorusi hamaye vagangtOn, xSyli
behtegi Bode.
tagaye jawed/ domehi reftand
temrikip xandmeguno didendop
bterge&snd.
totigike tug kir mikonemp yek
totige doderlet.
P.11.34o
xanStike ma rmftim bebinimp mmnz4like mffmrmudid xmrid4,
gigotaq6 bud. s6 totaq balip andotaeast?
mm seta pa tfn. harruzep score sat& miy4dop
mongiye man raitune tin nam&ro kSrego mikone.
yesatEet4 hefarsi tcerjom4 xiyabdnike migortid, yetszeastp
kone ya doteerfefe.
nen hamertra, satatte gigs xiyabdnikep nmzdike mEenzele
scibh bemadres4 mir4mop p4nj mAstpsobal tez satate
atate brieldp beermigmrdmm. hEeft4Snim ta notonfm, yetaarEef4st.
fekr mikorlam, yek xankre hmeatike tunja tistadep
doseotaq4 bmraye mAno xaneep cansalelst?
katf bage. hamerua hirmnja rdreop
v4xtike maai betin hotel tammdrimp montEezeretunmfliste.
totaqe yeknefer4n4dagteldp mm tms totaqe yenetmr4 bigt4r
y4ruz totaqedonmfmr4 xxigmer miyadp t4 totaqe
zendegf kerdmmp vas beeld =near&
tot4qamo teev4z kmrdand. teem vagmnguin betirfinp emnruz4
k4rist ke bay md yekruz4 mile reft.
taraitm &MA.* mama mile. farsiro xafb yad
tintowrke migid hanzekaralst, gereft.
nfst. hma migmcdp hmmmkar4stp v4li
totomobflike xarid4p dodmr4p tintow ke mesa fmhmiamp
vm donmfa nist. hickarrist,
bigtir meyl dare mammas tms vagungtonta nyoydrkp mfge
hmftotaqS,dagte baste, ta yegmb raft?
carotage.dosalmt4 aft°, tin k4ro kard.
350 A,'aR
P*11.341
Variation Drills
meal digmb fmramdg kmrdmm, rassf, tmgmr bexahid, mItunim
pmnjereye totScimmo bAz konmm. berim birdn nagtali bexorim.
temruz saoh, fm2 b4eke smrosed& ta yS fotacie dige xali bege,
bud, an nettunestmm bexabmm. soma mitunid tmz otacie an
soma, xdyli xuneye por smrosedAti testefad4
darid. meal bared, pfgme saute heel%
bafin smrobedS, amitunam bexSb bidSr begmmo
berm. xanomb moan, hoer ruz, lebasSmo
soma nitro pmn/r mixalid, ya Iota mikone.
nano kmrewo mormbbS, tmgmr boxari kSr nemikone, caret
mien miser, rigmmo mitmragmm, dorcisteg n4mikonid.
vm miyam bahmm nagtafi mean didmb hlo xabmm naord, vie
bkorim. mmjbdr godmm, ketAb bexanmm
pals ta somas rigtuno betmragid, vie tas kmmxabi ea/am scirx
tan kmfgAmo vAks mizmnmm. /ode.
bepakedat goftmm, ke satmte dig& xgbe gomira didmm, ke
hmgte sobh, xan6mo bid& kone. rmfte budid befamrikS.
fSkr mikonmm Abe, ke xanSmetuno tmz lAske lam jeemadS Writ
hall bidar konid. kmrdid, mean digmb hmag
men baraye hare, nagbaff hazer xabego didmm.
kmrdMm. tmgmr temgmb dir bexa bid, fmrdi
hmma ardel cerS boxarfro rowgin score sat& nemituniu oolmnd
amikohid. aid.
35114G:
P.11,342
min teez mmdargsike mmjbdr pirmnglike mifiermudids gdstmndos
mikonmnd heard sestet gig totd kmrdmnd.
bidar beginds xb can dmiyad. mgile tinke tin kmag, bmraye
teen sObh to seb negmstgo, kgr page sore xgyli boz6rge.
mikone. tin cithglike tme tirgn baxodetun,
herwmxtike tmnhd yek jati misfired, tavordilds tiajg biteetefaditst,
xibeg mibere. cmnd gibelke betokie kollis
him deer hgle listed& bexgb mires bixgb godmm.
him dmr-hile neXastAn. bmccehgra xabdridlmo held besinamg
tmz biske tun parce gergn bud, rmftim.
parceye digeri xmrislen. digibs xgbe tagaye tesmito
cerg TIM vanja bolmnd aingido, mididmm,
Jaye digs benginid, halg xlbam miyados hoselgie
taeglebe tiranihg fteransi xdb hmrf motalelAro rigdenen.
mizmnand. kmagro vas. =18=0:Pike
tesalibe towqgt besinamg mirims fmrmudid.gozagtmm.
vas filmhaye xdb mibinim. tgbo baymd jugundo dear rndl
sobhangtike tumixorgs nuno gozaSt.
kmrgos mormbbgo wan:), tin pirki gedri bmrgm ange,
toxme mdrqe. pirine'bozorgtir mixam:
yemmrteb4 pg gOdo, gore kmrd beludilye fmerike tunjg tintadg
besmroseda kmrdin, buds getg raided.
fez toxme movie niainds x6y13 tin cizike gang beer tivordids
x0e; miyad, fekr amikonmm bedirdeg
bexcre,
3521
teas aye jugid4 x6gokm amiyad.
pigmz tinke bmccehi b4xabmnd0,
gimeguno b4did.
dd joft kargike tavordid, bmraye
taclaye tesmfte.
pig= tinke bexab4nd, tigdn
b4porsid, ce satiti mixand
biddy geld.
hat sal& xabidine dear 64b,
kafist.
gmmin mikonmm, salmte yazdig
bud, ke bexib rmftmm.
digib satmte s4 bud, ke xanOmmm
biddy god, vm xAbiro ke did
bud, bmriM tstrif kmrd.
b&nintowrke lung ragmst4 bud,
xibmg bard.
tmzbiske ruzi-Mixabg amiturie
kir bekone.
behterin tmemle Uri% male
girize.
tam vixtike deer temriki hastam,
ytk &arm neSlidam.
hminig4 deer-yek Jill. mama, vei
aim mikonev
P.1I.343
smrldr rdzi anmmrtebe
rfgetuno miteragid.
xSyli meyl darn ke bawl
hmmmmflz41 bege.
tin kmfgA Ariake xub nixordes baymd
yidare digd vlksegun zees.
hala ke lebasiro sosti, baymd
totdgunmm b6koni.
asa:mt negmste budimo,
behmedye bimagniye !emit,
gdg
tmzbseske hmrfgye bimmtni zma,
digs Iasi beharfeg gdg
toticlike day nmvmr dagtfd, hall
xaligode.
tin cizhitike mifmrmatid,
dear tiran mmlmdle.
ImgAr ruznamehira batammjgh
motaletd fMrmatfd, hmtm4n
tegtebi peyda mikonid.
xmriane tinhi bmraye and
testefad4ti adare.
togliebe temrikatihitike beiiran
mirAnds farsfinixammnd.
P.11044
hmmige miyads vm xabhgtira ke dig4b, arm xastmm bexab&n,
deer gmbe didgs tmtrif mikone. rigged.
bur sal betemrikg mire, vm miges befekre ddsts bexgb mire.
mixam motaletg bekonmm. basin smrosedahis ngmige xabid.
bmtdmz tinke befmrmayeggte smrkgr madbdr godim ke tin dgrso tmmgm
gdg dads bolgnd g6do raft. bekonim.
qgblmz tinke rigetuno betaragids
sobhang mgyl mifmrmatid7
Narrative
mullah roll&
Mullah Nasreddin molig nmsredtfn
rdiis molls nasreddin tme mmnzgle x6d lammd-birdn, vm sore kmrd
besmroseda kardgn.
*as td porsidmnd: eerg tas tin karhgye btd bgd mikoni.
jmmab dad: xanome meal diggbs vgictike xabidtbuds der xab did kes
rigs mean, male in nist. 1361)h, ke mean bidSr godmms didmms rig ngdarmm.
*as td porsidmm: rigmm kojgst. Id goft.: eizike mg Le to nists ngbaymd tam
tgn testefadS koni, vmmgn ripe t6ra tmragidmm.
yek nmfgr las td porsid: monis tin hmrfhg hma dor6sts vmai
smrosedgye to baraye cist?
molli goft: maai hmm diggb deer xab didgm kes anew bahmm hgrf
mizmdmnds mmmigoftend, ke tin mollit nAmidanmds ke ImgAr smresedg
bekengds hgrce'ke xanOme td tm Id gereftgs beta pEts
P*11.345
an ham damn scerosedi mikonems ke rigemra fez Id psts begirem.
so I alit110.10N1801.10
kis fez manzil tamale bud birdn*
2. ceris lez menzileg tamede bud bird4.
3. cekir ?
4* fez Id, ce porsidend*
5. jegmabe ids ci bud.
6. molli der xabsztdide bud.
7. xanome molli der xibs ci dide bud.
8. gold digeb 041 xab didid.
9. xibe soma xdb bud, ya n4.
1o. rdzi anmertebe rig miteragid.
t--.
f410 355
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P.11.347
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P.11.352
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P.12.356
Persian Basic Course
Unit 12
Basic SentencesINIOMMIMMIN
Hello Mr. Smith. I heard
you didn't sleep well last
night.
monIf
Smith
2 3 1 4/ 2
selgm taclaye !emit: gmtimn
3 2,1
ke dig& xdb; nEexabidid.
means, mediator vaset4
on account of, because bevasetgye
of, by means of
building 'mark
opposite, in front of, ruberd
across, vis-a-vis
That's right, I couldn't sleep
because too much noise was
coming from the building
across [the street].
mongi
3 1 A 2bae: bevaseteye seerosedAye
ziyAdi ke Imz temarhe
3 2 1
ruberutf miyam4d; nemitunestmm
bexabeme
telephone telefdn
to telephone
16,1v- didn:t you give us a call
to let us know [about it]?
Smith
P.120357
tele& kmran / man
2 3 2
cere telefen nekmmdid; ke aro
3 1
mo ttee141 konidt
3 1 1 2 1
I didn't want to bother you. nemixastmm; mehmegti beim !
construction, building saxtemgn
former, previous sabgq
before, formerly, previously saber:14n
Whose building was this before/
mongi
2 3 2
tun saxtemen; sabeqa% male
2 1
ki bude.
owner saheb
occasion, time, moment, mowq4 [mowq4:]
occurence, opportunity,
situation
sick, ill, sick person, bimar /mariz
patient
hospital bimarestgn /mmrisxune
This building which is now
a hospital used to belong
to Mr. &stolen (it 'a where
was once Mr. Mostowfil)
3452?
[marizxane]
2 3tun saxtemini ke hale
3 2bimarestan4; ye mowootis
I
asihebei lame mostowfi
!bud.
P.12.358
necessary lazdm
before, in advance
Oh, excuse me, Mr. Smith I have
to (titts necessary!) ask you
a couple of questions.
Please do.
married
Your name is Charles Smith.
Are you married?
Smith
monsi
Smith11141
qEeblaln
2 3 3 1
raStl; bhmxsid taggye tesmitf
2 3 2 1
lazgme; manta sotdli tam
soma bekonam.
2 3 2 1
xahSI raikorgen; befeermat id
mote tak41 / mottefEehel
2 3 2 1
tesme serk4r) girlz tesmfte4
2 3jendbe tali motetandl hasti4
marriage tezdevdj
to marry
Yes, I married in America
and my wife is there right
now.
mongi
tezdevgj lard&
3 1 2
bmle4r bandd deer temrikg tezdevij
3 2
ICIEMA14 vae xancimam deer tin
mowq4 lung tagrif dareand
child (son or daughter) farand
Do you have any children?
Smith
2 3farand daridi
daughter doxtEer
3C8
son
Yes I have a daughter and
three sons, who are also
in America.
mongf
P.120359
pester
3 1 4heler yek doxtalro se pear
3 2denim; ke vanhi hem der lemrike
1
hmstend.
occupation, profession, gdql
job
What is your job in Iran?
Smith
2 3 1
Mae soma der lirdn aye:-
attache, dependant vabeste
Pl. vabmstegin
military nezamf
Ism a military attache of the
U. S. Embassy.
to stay, to remain,
to be left
How many days to you intend
to stay here?
monal
SmithIND 011m.I.MI
2
vabesteye nezamiye sefanite
1
lemrike.'
muniten (nun-)
[mend& (man-)]
312and ruz xiyal daridj der ling
bemunid!
yet, still handz
Really I don't know yet. 3villa, benuz dorest ngraidunian!
P.12.360
mongi
excuse, apology
to apologize, to excuse
oneself
Well, that fine (tthatts
You've answered all my questions
(!there isn't a question
further!), and I apologize for
having taken your time ("if
we took your time).
Smith
to acquire, earn, gain,
learn
information
Not at all. This is the kind
of information that you have
to get from everybody.
Idzr
T6zr xastain
3 1 2 1 4 2 3 1#x614 'Amin: digs solgli nist.
2
vas tmer 1,14xte &aro
3 2, 1#gereftimj lozr mixam.
kEesb lewd&
lettelafit
2 3 1 4 2 3 1
lextiyir darid: tin tettelatAtistl
2 3 1
ke soma bay& 'as hmme kmsb
bekonid.
mongi
from the standpoint of, tam imilize
considering, taking
in view
formalities formalia
Yes, these are just routine
questions (r these are
questions that are asked
from e'Verybody from the stand-
point of formalities1)_
Smith
rent, hire, cost, charges
fare
week
to pay, to be engaged in
doing something (with /be -/)
before, in advance
how much
I wanted to pay two weeks rent
in advance. How much 8 it
mondi....n111=MPM
490 tumans including ('with')
P.12.361
3 1 ji 2 3 12b&le: linhd sotaldtist; ke tas
312,a6eh4ze formalitez hemd
raise
keray4
heefte
pE6rdaxteSn (pram-)
qmbleln
ceq4d (ceqddrj
23mixastmm kerayeye do hEeft&ro I
2 1 # 2 3,qmbAn beperdamnY oeqed raise.
23 I 2basobhandwo nandro semi cars4do
breakfasts lunch and dinner. tun& torten:
Smith611111.M.I. 411
remainder, balance,
the rest
money
baqizaundd [baq.uucindd;
small xOrd
AWL
Po12.362
change, money of small
denomination
Mere you are. This is Soo tumans
and give MB small change for
the rest.
receipt
Oh, excuse me, I forgot to
give you the receipt.
meanwhile, incidentally
milk; lion; faucet
warm, hot
Incidentally I forgot to tell
you that the hot water faucet
the bathroom is out of
order.
noon
to come backs to return
Ittll certainly be fixed by the
time you come back in the
afternoon.
mongi
Smith
mongi
72
ladle Ard
3 1 a 2 1
baearIllatie. tin punaa tommne
2 3 2
va bagimundsego; pdle x6rd
1
beman bedid.
raid resfd
3 2,1 ji 2 3,to; bebaxsid: faramdg kardam;
2 1
rasido xedmktetun beds m.
dear zemn
sir
2 3 2,deer am; yudam rift behetun
!began.
#sx'e late galrme
3 a 1
haulm; kSr ndmikonef
zOr [zohr]
morajeteit kard&i
2 3 I 2I
hatan; to batdazor ke, morajetat
3 2 1
mikonid; dorost mige.
Smith
thirsty
Very well. Where can I get
(tcan one drinkt) some drinking
water, please. Itm very thirsty.
mongl
Hassan
quick, early
cool
Hassan bring a glass of drinking
dater for the gentleman [and]
hurry upl
to try, endeavor,
tens
2 3 1 4besy4r xub
2 1
kOjg mite
3. 1 44
tegame;
haesErEn
mid
xonac
P12.363
3 12 3I461'111114 tabX0rah;
axord
AJ: m4n xesyli
3 # 2h&seml. mid bag ye gil4S. be
3 1 2 1
xon&k; beraye 1aqg biyar.
Classroom Expressions
make an effort
Always try and speak Persian
in the classl
373
11214g Iowan / sgly
(st4ty] kEerdEtki
2 3 a
hmmige siy konid; fars1 deer
1
kelAs halrf bezmfaid!
3741po.12.3614
Note 12.1 Kinship Terms
Following are charts to illustrate kinship terms in Persian (m. -
male, f - female)
Ascending. - s own family
pedmrbozdrg MadErboarg pederbe zdrg - -- madmrbozOrg
m. f m. fo
I I
I mmd lame pear maar d a t 1 xalem. f. m. I f. mt. f.
EGO
pedmrbo z Or g
m.
Fatherts Side
madEerbovirgf.
1 I
hend minsemd gowheerainme tamem. f. m.
I
f.
I I I
pe s amend doicteereni pe s waxing doxtserainni4
m. f. f.
EGO
Mother's Side
pedmrboulrg madarboz or g
mad& da t f - =lade t
f m. I f.
pear -m.
gowharxale xal4
I f.
m.
EGO
I I I I
pesmrda t f doxtarda t i pesancale doxtamal4m. f.
......
Immediate Fami4
peck& madtfr
P.12.165
bseradir Tzeribera &Car gowhEer- xalutr-r
xahslr I EGO bazradeerxand4 xabEerxandebaradser vide xaluerzade (adopted (adopted )
Descendents
1 1- 1
paw - 'mils damad - doxtsfir pesarxande doxtarxand41 1
(adpoted) (adopted)nave nmve m. f.
A. or f. m. car 1.
i1
nevezad4 nalvezaa4
m4 or f. m. or f.
Husband' a in-laws
1 I
peda3rzaln -- madam's&
I
EGO din
mo f.
375
P.12.366
376
Weis in -lawn
I
pedmr5owhe5r madmrgowhter
1
EGO itowhelr
f. m.
The terms used in these charts are:
Persian
83111714
teams
Imrds
bmradter
beradmmandd
beradmrzadd
dalf
darned
doxterw
doxtmreamme
doxtmemmd
doxtmrdali
doxterxald
Meaning usual English-------(where different)
paternal aunt aunt
paternal uncle uncle
daughter-in-laws bride
brother
stepbrother
brother's child nephew, niece
maternal uncle uncle
son-in-laws groom
daughter
paternal aunt's daughter cousin
paternal uncle's daughter cousin
maternal uncle's daughter cousin
material aunt's daughter cousin
13012.3i7
doxtmrxande stepdaughter
mad& mother
madmtboarg grandmother
madmr5owar husband's mother rother-in-law
madmran wife's mother mother-in-law
nave grandson or granddaughter
nmvezade great grandson or
great granddaughter
pear father
pedmrbozdrg grandfather
pedmrgowar husband's father
pedmran wife's father
pear. son
pesferairrtmg paternal aunt's son cousin
pesaramd paternal uncle's son cousin
peserdalf maternal uncle's son cousin
pesmmal4 maternal aunt's son cousin
pesmrxand4 stepson
Iowar husband
gowhserelang paternal aunt's husband uncle (b6r
marriage)
iowhmrxale maternal aunt's husband uncle (bymarriage)
gowhmrxahrfir sister's husband brother-in-law
father-in-law
father-in-law
xahAr sister
xahmrxandg stepsister
P.12.368
xaharzade sister's child
xale maternal aunt
zln wife
zmnamd Internal Unclela wife
zmnbaeradgx brother's wife
zmndali maternal uncle's wife
Note 12,2 Adverbs in /-en/
lettefaciln betclwri kolli,
mmgrdb 13.km miyad.
'as bEeske las birdne panjere
smrosed4 miyammd,
nAuneytam bexabmm.
xnd4
nephew, niece
aunt
auntmarriage)
sister-in-law
aunt (bymarriage)
As a matter of fact I don't
like alcoholic drinks either.
I couldn't sleep at all because
of the noise from the window.
Goodbye now.
haft& ter/71f bd.yarid. Come by all means.
mmlmuI&, x?' no, kerelo, qmir4 We usuaDy serve bread and butter
middnk and coffee.
mmsml4n, and. How much, for example?
Wan, begomi migmm. I'll tell you later.
nixastem kerayiye do haeftlro, I wanted to pay two weeks rent
cimblAn bepmrdazmm. in advance.
sun saxtemAn, sabeq mile Whose building was this before?
ki bude.
478
yageals vagmngteine gond,
64hre'qmgalagist.
P.12.369
Your Washington is really a
beautiftl city.
The underlined words of the above examples from the Basic Sentences
are all adverbs ending in /4n/, Nearly all adverbs formed by adding the
suffix /-4n/ are of Arabic origin. There are, however, a few adverbs of
.purely Persian origin formed by means of this suffix and even some words
borrowed from European languages, as for example itelefonaln/ t by tele-
phone . (The spelling of these adverbs should also be noted: The suffix
/-4n/ is regularly 't, that is, Pwlgf/mith itmovinh The /imnvin/ is
often omitted.)
The adverbial suffix /,seri/ is very productive. Some words enaing in
/-4/ have /-mt-/ instead of /-g/ before /-41/. Some examples of adverbs
in /.4n/ formed from words that have already occurred are:
16tf
mEejbir
:myna
difte
!kindness!
!compelled!
'first!
'time! (instance)
lotan
mmjburaln
!kindly!
!compulsorily'
'firstly'
'suddenly'
tirvwelAn
dmftmt4n
leftexdr 'honor! teftexaraln !honorarily!
team !name! tesm4n 'by names
teitebAh 'mistake! leItebah4n 'by mistake'
jEgint tpLoral' jamiliL2 'in all, all together!
jevdb !answer' jmvab4n tin reply!
nmear !sight' nmemr4n 'apparently'
swift !face' surman 'outwardly'
Pb12,370
tem& tanamEgn'entirely, fully'
telef6n "telephones telefoneln thy telephone'
xal4s 'pure' xalesSai 'purely, sincerely'
Note 12.3 Uses of /ke/
Note 12.3.1 /ke/ 'when'
hmtedn. to ba0dmvir ke morajetat
trikonid, dorbst raise.
It'll certainly be fixed by the
time you come back in the
afternoon.
/ke/ corresponding to relative pronouns such as 'that, which, who,
whom', etc. was discussed in Note 3.6. /ke/ is also used in spoken
Persian in the meaning 'when', indicating concurrent time. In this use
it is interchangeable with /V4xtike/ and /Vmxti/ (see Note 11.1).
Note 12.3.2 /ke/es an emphatic particle.
/ke/ may be used as an emphatic particle, generally translatable
into English by abut I (you, they, etc.) do or did so- and -so' as for
example /64n ke 'in kAro kArdmm/ 'but I did it' or /an ke begomei darn
migsm/ 'but I'm telling youll
Note 12.4 Verb: The verb Acabidmn/
In Notes lo.1 and lo.5 the use of the verbs /negest4q/ and
Pstadaln/ was discussed. The v.erb habian/ is the third verb of this
group, i.e. it denotes both the state of being asleep or lying down
(being prone), and the action of going to bed and lying down.
Thus the Present and Past Perfect tenses denote the state, e.g.
/kabide [xabide 'seat] /, means 'he is asleep', or 'he is lying down'.
/kabide bud/ 'he was asleep' or the was lying downs. %hereas, other
tenses imply the action of the prolonged state, e.g. /arm mixahmm/
III11 go to bed' or 11111 go and lie down', /ta saihe bet xabidmm/
!I slept until seven o'clock!,
Variation Drills
to sty nakonfd, t.)Sbane farsfro
ygd lAmigirido
lazem bud ke paufs,berfmvm
bosohbathaya 65
bedimc
xgyli Alga kardmm xe ?1.44.nra
harce zudttr b4himm, men
motnlassefang megod
baytd kuggg kard ke qtblaz sorute
sineas befanjg beresim.
xAyli dare kuggg mikones ke farsira
qahlam rafthie belirgn, yia
begire.
behtmrin qamahgro baza lavordands
vs dobarg goft nib nist,
arbanha farsfro balmhjg hmrf
mizanes hake legtebahiye
ziyidi ham mikone.
kuceitarin Uhrira ke didams
he in Uhrist ke deer lin
Iseatikw
381
Po2.371
ymitIze) !az !amrikg befirgni
ngir±it.Ce raft,
!e'er beritun momkong. lugeg
konid tin karo dosatatg
taus Iconid,
lazgme ke famv11 tarjomg
b6ld lama besefartit bebarid.
dig& namdikihgyassalertem5
bud, ke xedmAtetan 5arefygb
godam.
hAman saltitike farmude budfd,
xadmtetetan sarafyib god
vteli tagiff nAdagtid
hez molaqate bajenabe talf
xgyli =Mgt godam, vs
lengallg dobarg hamdierra
xahim,did.
yak pesaramd*eyek:pesaildati
dare, ke halg biar, vs dew
bimarestinmnd.
P.12.372
doktorg migoftend, halA amige
tdra bebimarestAn bord, bayed
calmd rdzi daw manal bage.
bevaseteye kare,ziyddi ke
dagtem, neetanestmm kaciegmi ke
mixastmm bar bAnevissem.
dobare r&fto negelst. vm sore
kerd benevegtgne name
bedustAneg.
doxtmremaye bendgst, n4
doxtmrxa14.
ggblem linke beraye xarid
bexiyaban berim, bayed Imir741
karhaye mmnalo tmmArn konim.
pigem rmft4neman besineml,
Jennie telefon kmrd, vae cta
sotAl fez a kerd.
doktorhA tahald goftgind, ke
bimariye to ofat?
to hileg badtAr nage, bebimarestAn
nemibereende6.
&IA Willa ferande jemadist, ke
hall der tehrAne.
lezdevaje pesere jemadf badoxtere
lesmit, *bud.
382 t
migoft ke banesmrmmdg xiyale
reftene belirAnra dare.
baheramrihAwg negmst4 bud,
vm tem g4hreg sohbgt mikerd.
dustanetan halA dm: Ian lemargit
negmet6Ind 114ge mixayi, bdrow
bgbinegun:
fermandane 111 hal4 der lamrikA
hestend, vm boyeki Tem
daneNgandys lanjA mirmnd.
&IA va mmrygm, doxterhAye to
hmstand.
ruberdye /awe jemadi negeste
bud we beherraye lig&n, gdg
be linke ddsal der lirAn
zendegf kerdand, belamrika
bArgegtend.
levy& bayed namelike reside,
tmrjoa kerd, we befild
bemehmanfye jemadf raft.
beraye kgdbe lettelalAt,
xedmgtetan gerefyAb godem.
timer ruznamgye tettelatAtra
mifermalid,h4r bete berAg
mires e.
hmsmn relfts vm labe xonacike
dmetdr dade budlds tavOrdos
ben& dad.
imz tegtebghi ke karde budmnds
xeyli tOzr xastmnd.
can tigdno xub ngmi5enasmm,
amiturom besotaldts i5omd
jamgb began.
/mgmr ha seenra milarma'ids td
pesaxxandgye taqaye lawadist.
lagmr tan mmnzSle ruberutira
mifmrmati4,.mgle.jevadi nists
mgle tesmite.
divisto pmnja dolgrike be td
Emzeg nggerefti
the momkenS befmrmatids ye
gilas 'abe xon&k beraye xanome
bmndgs blyarend.
vmxtike betirin mixast berg
amndfn davtgi kulgro ymxogls
baxcideg.bord.
nmmehaye men yeksald vnlrffn:Itsal4
hmsta3nd.
P.12.373
car Immmg dare, ke lanhi hmms
-dmr lesfahA zendegf mlkomand.
lotgqike tigSn dnr tgn zendegf
mikonmnds yeki tam bozorgtmrin
totaqhvevrenzglegune.
bismrosedatmrine totaqhg dm 'fn
hotgls hAmun totgqists ke mg
bokmg dadim.
ngtamba.dar daneggahe vagmngton
ars mixunands bmike bedaneggahe
dieri hmm mirmnd.
bazmhat ridge yek no parcg peydi
kmrd, ke ba y n parcgs hmmjdr
vm hmmrAng base.
pes&re laqayejmmadi bapeare
bmndg hmmsS1 hmstands ve
lettefaq4n beyek mmdresg
ham mire de
damn tin mend hArce salrf
kmrdim ke xedmdte tiggn
Sermfygb begims neegod.
tan saxtemane ruberutilike bsla
hotelgs ygvmxti danegg4 bud.
thas cotowrf mige lemarmte
raberulf telefOn bird.
P.12.374
tin 4evvm1in dmflg bud. ke lino momkene xandenlye dmrse oiro
genidmm. bwraye mmn Writ' konia
twgmr beraye soma mamkeng, betigun timer deer hodude salmte aft,
telef6n konid ke :gun= bmraye tmgrif dagte bagmnd, xedmeet
getm tagrif biyarmnd mdresmm.
fmgmr tavvjp6hi betmrze tmlefoze ealmte ha tonim bud, ke ligun
loqmthi, ngkonid, luntowrke tmgrif bordmnd. ven'eftmnd
bayad yid begiridsamigirido yeksalmte diggr, bgrmigmrdmndo
fez xgyli Ienidmm, vaeli xedmiteiun Imrmfyib iodims vmai
motelessefan4 tabehdl tmirif borde budeend.
molaqAtegan nglawdmm. lmer mirmvid, 14rze
velmtike bemmnzel residAm, hag smiame mgra, bgresanid.
seas miz negmete budmndo gEtb Bode, ya nmgodg, bayed
digtend nahireguno mfiordend, rAfto, tuna did,
yik vae ct. karmande vezarmte rahIestedili ngdagtmm fmeet
l&rzsm tin bud ke kgy mite bud, vgli hali, 16zve vezarate
64m xord. xnrejg gode,
hekaygt lam zendegye lam% ligun 4r tin zendagi
lesmit, de' lamriki gore mdkonmnd, hlan gmbhi bismrosedist,
mige. hgm ruzhio
Igen diggb fmramig kmrdmnd bahmmkelasigun listadg budo,
kaTfizo bgnevismnd, hali mige sohbgt mikard,
nevelt., the momkgnmst, Ian ruznam4ra
bapesmrxalgye !Ilan laIend hmstmm, bebmndg machmat konido
vtiai pessymmmgye tigAnra, Iselin
nemiIenassm.
vamtike dmr lemrik4 budmm,
fans motalet4 mikardmm, vm
arse farsf midadmm.
laqaye lesmit jenabe tallra hear
dmlv4t kmrthilnd, ke baraye sets
tang imgrff bebmrid.
nmmarhaye farsf, ke ruye miz
buand, kojg gozagtid2
medadh1lira ke fEannude budfd,
twagidEem, vm tuye kegoye
mizetun gozagtmm.
xaheg mikonam linqmielmo por
tam jowhJw konido, belaclaye
'emit bedid.
hamige tunja mfraftimo mtnegetim,
vmxiyablino neglh mikmrdim.
v4gtike sore kmrd betmlrif
kardine hekay&t, laclaye lesmit
batmmmjj6he ziyidi gdg added.
hicvmxt betunja nAretim, vm
qmmaye liranf na xordim.
tmz vixtike tmgrif bordand,
hickesi ling nkummd,
the lemgmb baraye sum hici
adarid, mirimo, deer ye restorgn
gdmemuno mixorim.
P.12.375
ndxast meenalego bkorde, vee
ye restorane bozorgar btamre.
tistade budmnd, vm befarmayegate
smrkir, batemmjjOh, gus
midadmnd.
tme parcehaye sadg, bigar xogeg
miyad.
ml mogterlye tun mmgazeye balati
mmgazeye palini.
leg= mixatid ars bedid, bay&
howsele date bagid.
dial), der hodude satate yaza,
beyeki lme xiyabanhaye
vageengtjn raftim, vm hfckesira
motelmesefanS, bmna vattdeli
adade budmm, ke gomdra der
sinemi bebinmm.
motelmesefang, biter NEZ tin,
ndmitunmm ling bemanmm, awake
bey4ki 'ez dustinmm vietdeye
molaqAt dadan4
madar1se siren, hmme boz6rg
nistand, can meat-48e kucekt&ri
bean dide mige.
85
P.I2.376
bayek kgsi linja listadg bud, vm
lam lingwo tunjg, bahmm
sohb&t mikaardeend.
vagmngton gmbhg, xmlvgto,
bismrosedgst.
tam fin hgys, xynetun rah&
bage. movazgb xahnn bud.
kugeg konid, ke lociatharo
befarsi benevisid, nEfi
betenglisi.
jomlgtike halg befarsi goftid,
xahgg mikonmm mina)
yedafte betenglisi begid.
mete, bamodire tin restoran
sohbft kone, vm Imlbmttg
gomAra Aottmlel xahmd kard.
xaheg mikonmm ketgbira
xe 'unja 'oftade, b&rdarido
bebmndg bedid.
gomira tam lin pigamk
mottmg kone.
deer kare gomA, hic maneti nist,
vm Imblattg hgrce zudt4
dorost xahmd god.
deer hgr sarat, !mow dfr kardmms
some g&metuno bgxorido, k&ni
bergye mean bggzarid.
ell dig& fmgmt sesalgt xabidmmy
few& x4yli =ate hasten,
vm hmtmefin temgmb baymd
sudtgr bexabeem.
ketibike betd dade badmm,
tav6rdo bemgn dad, ke bejenabe
tall bedmm.
'emruz sob, mowciglike deer
xiyaban budfm, kife doestlye
kucgkira peydg Imam.
Narrative hcandEerd/
ET:12rAye tin xiyabin, cehel
metreest.
ROO
This street is 4o meters wide
('The width of this street is
40 meters.1)
P.12.377
totobushaye tehrdn do The buses of Tehran are double
tabageti hmstand.
turupatihd, Nez tirdn
migegun miyad.
turupatihd dam tirdn xareji
hmsteend.
xarel tam tirin, tiranihd
xarejl.hastana.
Jame., zsbane talmanlra, xdbrw
bee mizmne.
jevadf, beraye tahsil, rafte
betamriki.
yad gereftie zabane farsi.
tasdne [tasanest].
jmvadf anglisfro lemmobfel xdb
mi.dene
MaINIO.N.11111
decked.
The Europeans like Iran.
The Europeans are foreigners in..--------
Iran.
Outside of Iran Iranians are
foreigners.
Javadi speaks German very well.
Javadi went to America in order
to study (tfor education')11111111,
It's east to learn Persian.
Javadi knows English more or
less well.
tehrin, bozorgtmrfn &dire !tans basaxtamanhhe boleindo bouirgs vs
xiyabanhdye golucle x6d, mesle gahrhiye digmre 'iran nfst. can taz
lahaze pa hnd vm ziyad budaine xiyabin, deer yekfst.
tin &Ire bozorgo qmaIng, mehmanxanehaye vm restoranhdye
besySr xdb dared, ke gmhrhaye digmre tirins mesle Idnra adareand.
smrosedeto, taksihdo, totobushi, vne mmotazehdye besydr, tdnra mesle
yek gmhre turupatf mikonad.
heemdjur xarejf, mesle temrikati, talmanf, tenglisi vae faransarrip dar
P.12.a76
lin geihr zendegi mikonmnd, vm did& migemmnd.
liranihdye tdirdn hmm, heave, Maar deer xareje bran tMhsil
kmroldwo, dyers xande Imnd Vierfic ya d6 zMbane xerejfra bexnbf midanmnd,
vas sohbdt mikonmnd.
nmraye yek nafar tenglisizabdn, vmya fmransezabin, xmyli lasAnmst
ke x6dra deer tehrAn befehmanmd, can facildbe tebranihd, tenglisi vm
fmransdra 'cambial midanmnd, vmmitmvarand lAnra sohbdt bmkonmnd.
Imlbmtte xdyli behtdrest,.ke yek nmfMr xareji, !leer zMbane farsfra
bedaneld, vm betmmanmd befarsi Nee bezmad, farsf bafirania sohbmt
bekonmd.
solalAt
1. fesme bozorgtmrin gmhre bran clst.
2. teen lm haze bozorgi, tehrAn omndomin &dire lirandst.
3, cerd tehrm mesle set rhAye digetre firAn nist.
4, tohranihd bigtmr.dmr. kojA, tmhsil kmrddlne
5. tehrdn, °data mehmanxane dared.
6. gomdtehrdnbudid?
7. mixayd, betehrdn beria
8. hic xarejf deer tehrAn llama
9, kodam ire digmre Uri% mdsle tehrAne.
10. twambe tehrania, ante' zmbAn midanmndo, h&rf mizmnmnd.
3:08:
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Lie
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P.12.387