Documents 2018/B.docx · Web viewSource Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl usually conical to ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically,

Conus babaensis Rolán & Röckel, 2001

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Iberus 19 (2), p. 64 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Baia do Baba, AngolaType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size : 25.8 x 15.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Varioconus Species:-babaensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-AngolaHabitat:-Shallow water under rocksDescription:-Source Original descriptionThe shell is moderately small and solid with a last whorl ventricosely conical to broadly ovate; shoulder rounded. Outline convex at adapical third, almost straight below. Spire low to moderately high, convex, slightly sigmoid near apex; sutural ramps slightly convex with fine spiral striae. Last whorl smooth but not glossy with some weak spiral ribs near base.Ground color white with two broad light brown spiral bands leaving white band of variable width at centre and base. The brown areas often show darker spiral lines. Spire white with brown along suture. Aperture white.L 17-32 mm RW 0.09-0.19 g/mm RD 0.67-0.71 PMD 0.70-0.78 RSH 0.09-0.14Discussion:-No Data

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Conus baccatus Sowerby iii, 1877

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 753, pl. 75, f. 5Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Off Isla Parida, Golfo de Chiriqui, Panama

Type Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 22 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Globiconus Species:-baccatus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Western PanamaHabitat:-Found subtidally at depths of 10-30 m.Description:-Source Original DescriptionShell short, rather swollen, very minutely decussated with regular rows of granules, whitish with large orange blotches arranged in three bands; spire short acute , concave, nearly smooth, last whorl biangulated. Iconography adds: paucispiral protoconch 1.75 to 2 whorls; whorl tops flat with no cords or nodules.The clour pattern also has spiral rows of brown dashes separated by white nodulesDiscussion:-Specimens need compared to C. perplexus since it has nodulose forms which may be confused with C. baccatus.

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Conus badius Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in collection Verreaux Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 33, f. 3

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 89, pl. 33, f. 3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Red Sea, Saudi ArabiaType Data: Holotype was in collection Verreaux and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 60 x 37 mm figureNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus namocanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rhizoconus Species:-namocanus badius formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Red SeaHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C namocanusC. n. badius geographic form from Red Sea thought to have wider shoulder and finer and more numerous spiral lines.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus baeri Röckel & Korn, 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Acta Conchyliorum 3, p. 10, pl. 1, f. 13-24Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Southern MozambiqueType Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 44.5 x 26.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-baeri Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S. MozambiqueHabitat:-Found about 450 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl usually conical to ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, straight toward base; left side may be concave above base. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline almost straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 2-2.25 whorls, maximum diameter 1.2-1.3 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps nearly flat, with 2 increasing to 3-5 spiral grooves. Last whorl with distinct spiral grooves from base to centre or shoulder and ribbons between.Ground colour white to pale orange. Last whorl usually with a light orangish brown spiral band above and below centre, occasionally with an additional smaller band below shoulder. 10-15 spiral rows of reddish brown spots or bars extending from base to shoulder, sometimes fusing into irregular axial markings. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with yellowish to reddish brown radial lines or streaks. Aperture brownish cream to pale orange.Shell Morphometry L 30-45 mm RW 0.10-0.25 g/mm RD 0.62-0.71 PMD 0.82-0.90 RSH 0.09-0.17Discussion:-C. baeri is similar to C. angasi and C. sydneyensis. C. angasi can be distinguished by the presence of a strong tooth-like fold at the basal part of its columella and by the weaker sculpture of its last whorl (only a few fine spiral ribs near base). In addition, its spire has a slightly convex outline in late whorls and its late sutural ramps bear a finer spiral sculpture.

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Conus bahamensis Vink & Röckel, 1995

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Bill Fenzan Picture link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Apex x, no. 4, p. 99, f. 1-3Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Cat Cay BahamasType Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31.1 x 16.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Jaspidivonus Species:-bahamensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-BahamasHabitat:-Dredged in 40 fathoms.Description:-Source Original descriptionShell of moderate size (25-31mm). Last whorl pyriform. Spire of moderate height, slightly stepped, concave. Protoconch 8-9 whorls with the first 4-6 whorls of teleoconch slightly tuberculate. Ramp of last whorl with one broad spiral groove and many axial striae. Last whorl smooth except for with 8-12 spiral ribs near base. Colour yellowish white with broad hazy band of white at midbody and near shoulder.Discussion:-C. mindanus can be distiguished from the new species by its conical last whorl, the straight outline of the spire, deep concave sutural ramp and lack of tubercles in the teleoconch whorls. Conus flavescens has a narrower last whorl with almost straight outline, and its spire has a straight outline and a concave sutural ramp. C. puncticulatus is smaller, has an ovately shaped last whorl and a carinated shoulder, and its anterior end is more twisted.

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Conus baiano Coltro, 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZUSP Original Description Picture Link: Paul kersten

Published in: Strombus 11, p. 4 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: 25 km SW Abrolhos Arch., off Alcobaca, Bahia State, Brazil (17deg 24 S, 38deg 20 W)Type Data: Holotype in MZUSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 25 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus archetypus Crosse, 1865Current Group Names:-

Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-archetypus baiano formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Brasil, Bahia StateHabitat:-Lives on rubble and coral sand bottom at 10-25 meters on offshore reefs on southern Bahia State, BrazilDescription:-Source: Original descriptionDescription: Length: 23 to 30 m, concave-sided moderately elevated spire (1/8 of length). Shoulder of the body whorl smooth. Body whorl slightly convex with 6-8 incised lines on the base. Apex pink-white to white, nucleus with 1 1/2 to 2 whorls, fine ribs on the first whorls. Spire with 5 up 7 whorls, with medium deep suture with white and brown dots, each whorl with 3-5 distinct spiral ridges crossed by many fine curved axial threads. Color body bright red with white marks and brown dots lines, sometimes dark purple-brown and white. Pink red aperture on red specimens or purple aperture on the purple specimens..Discussion:-Conus baiano seems to belong to the C. archetypus Crosse, 1865 complex. The shell of the new species resembles the shells of C. bertarollae Costa & Simone, 1997 and C. abrolhosensis Petuch, 1986 with regard to spire ridges, color and patterns. However, the shell of C. baiano has a spire comparatively more elevated and a brighter coloration. Conus bertarollae and C. abrolhosensis have variable white and red spire, while C. baiano has white and brown marks in red background spire. Conus baiano is restricted to a single reef complex, with the red population distributed on the north part of the reef and the purple (and more rare) in the southern part of the reef. Besides some species as Conus bertarollae and C. baiano may be closer, C.bertatollae and C .abrolhosensis are found together but C. baiano is found far south, has an allopatric distribution and no intermediate specimens were found between them, even checking some large quantities of shells from this area.

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Conus baileyi Röckel & da Motta, 1979

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xi, no. 126-127, p. 9Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Russell Is., Solomon Sea; 60 fathomsType Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Conasprella Species:-baileyi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Solomon Is., N. Queensland, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is.Habitat:-In Solomon Is., in 100-150 m, in rubble and sand. In New Caledonia and Loyalty Is, in

120-390 m.Description:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to moderately small, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical; outline almost straight; left side concave near base. Shoulder carinate. Spire or moderate height to high, outline concave. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. About first 4 postnucelar whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with 2-3 obsolete spiral striae in early and 3 increasing to 4-5 spiral grooves in late whorls. Last whorl with evenly spaced spiral grooves and ribbons between; elevations narrower below shoulder.Ground colour white. Last whorl usually with spiral rows of yellowish brown dots. Spirally aligned brown blotches below shoulder, on both sides of centre and at base, forming 2 central spiral bands and a pale band below shoulder. Larval whorls white to light orange. Postnuclear sutural ramps with light brown radial blotches and regularly spaced darker brown spots at outer margins. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 21-32 mm RW 0.04-0.09 g/mm RD 0.51-0.63 PMD 0.88-0.94 RSH 0.18-0.24Discussion:-The similar C. memiae can be distinguished by its broader (RD 0.62- 0.73) and often ventricose or pyriform last whorl, finer dots along the shoulder edge, and often pink ground colour. Shells of co-occuring C. memiae from Solomon Is. also have less carinate shoulders. C. baileyi also resembles C. wakayamaensis. C. baileyi differs in having a usually narrower last whorl (RD 0.51- 0.63c 0.59-0,73) and distinct spiral grooves on the late sutural ramps.

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Conus bairstowi Sowerby iii, 1889

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in OMNH Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: J. Conchol. vi , p. 9, pl. 1, f. 12Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: South AfricaType Data: Holotype in OMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 51 x 28 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Sciteconus Species:-bairstowi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. Cape Province (South Africa)

Habitat:-Not knownDescription:-Source IconographyModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Shell ventricosely conical, sometimes pyriform. Shoulder gegerally subangulate to rounded in adults. In subadults the shoulder is rather more subangulate to angulate than rounded. Soire of low to moderate height, with a concave to straight profile and a prominent white to light brown protoconch. Flat teleoconch sutural ramps, late ones striated with 5-6 spiral grooves or many spiral striae. Last whorl with fine but distinct spiral ribs on basal half, stronger towards the base. Ground colour of the shell white, sometimes overlaid with yellowish or orange. Base brown or violet-brown. Aperture white, sometimes with an orangish tinge. The pattern of the last whorl consists of spiral rows of orange-brown to dark reddish-brown squarish spots, sometimes fusing into variably axial streaks of flames. Entirely white patternless specimens are also known. The spire has the same colour and pattern of the last whorl.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus bajanensis Nowell-Usticke, 1968

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in AMNH Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Caribbean Cones from St. Croix and Lesser Antilles, p. 28, pl. IV, f. 1020Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: South of Barbados near GuyanaType Data: Lectotype in AMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31.5 x 18 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Dalliconus Species:-bajanensis Synonyms:- pseudoaustini Nowell-Usticke, 1968; guyanensis Van Mol, 1973Geographic Range:-Off Guyana and Surinam on the north coast of South AmericaHabitat:-Dredged from muddy sand bottom in 30 to 250 m.Description:-Source VinkA light but strong shell, 25 to 35 mm, with the sides of the body whorl convex below the shoulder and then constricted to produce a narrow base, the spire high and concave sided, shoulder distinctly nodulose (with 20 to 22 nodules on the shoulder of the body whorl) or undulate, body whorl with broad ribs, which are somewhat pustulose. Grooves between the ribs with distinct growth lines. Nucleus: 1 1/2 to 2 whorls; spire whorls strongly nodulose, in some specimens nodules obsolete after the fifth postnuclear whorl,.margin then somewhat undulate. Tops of the first postnuclear whorls with two strong cords, one near the margin and one near the suture. The space between these cords is concave and crossed by distinct axial ribs. A third spiral cord is developed on the fifth and later whorls.

Discussion:-C. bajanensis could be confused with C. cancellatus (which has the sides of the body whorl below the shoulder parallel for a much longer distance, and which has irregular ridges which are not pustulose) and C. armiger (which is often spotted with brown and has the ribs on the upper part of the body whorl more distinctly pustulose. C. armiger has less than 20 nodules on the shoulder (Coomans et al., 1981, 21) and less distinct axial ribs, but rather strong growth lines, on the tops of the whorls).Similar to C. cancellatus which has distinctly carinate shoulders without nodules, posterior ribs rarely pustulose, color pattern 3 distinct spiral bands of elongated brown retcangles;C. armiger armiger Crosse relatively slender; the shoulder nodulose and all spire whorls; body ribs heavy usually with strong squarish beads, the interstices with brown spots; Gulf of Mexico;C. armiger bajanensis Usticke Broader at shoulder and posterior; spire lower and straighter sides; shoulder weakly nodulose;body ribs beads weaker often just posterior; body whorl with brown nebulous band over posterior half not spotted; Barbados, Columbia, Surinam;Comments by TuckerVink separated Dalliconus bajanensis from D. armiger by the number of nodules along the shoulder. The first species was said to have from 20 to 22 nodules, whereas D. armiger was said to have 18 to 20 nodules. I counted nodes on four of six specimens that I had available (two had the nodules obsolete in the outer whorl). These four ranged from 17 to 21 nodules.Thus, D. armiger and D. bajanensis are more or less identical in shell traits. However, they may differ in radular morphology as pointed out by Vink. Certainly further study of the D. bajanensis radula is needed. It is possible that the radula drawn by Van Mol (1973) was not fully developed.

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Conus balabacensis Filmer, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Guido PoppePicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 3, no. 6, p. 22-25, p. 22, fig. 1, 2 a & b, 3, p. 23, fig 90-91, pt. 64 – 68, pt 69, fig. 5 & 15Ocean geography: Indo PacificType Locality: Olango, Balabac Island, southern Palawan, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 25,65 x 13,10 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-balabaccensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Palawan, Philippines, N. BorneoHabitat:-In sand or coral rubble and sand, in 5 to 50 mtrsDescription:-Source Original description

Small ovate, shiny shell. Protoconch is bluish white; spire is pinkish white with some orange brown bars; shoulder is subangulate; body whorl convex; surface contains a number of irregular angled spiral grooves. Ground color is pale pinkish white to peach colored; some red-brown dashes and spots; aperture is white with peach-pink.Discussion:-Most often offered as C. andamanensis by dealers in the past.

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Conus balteatus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Sowerby (1833: Pt. 37, fig. 58) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 37, f. 58Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MascarenesType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Sowerby (1833: Pt. 37, fig. 58)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-balteatus Synonyms:- pigmentatus A. Adams & Reeve, 1848; moussoni Crosse, 1865; cernicus H. Adams, 1869; propinquus Smith, 1877; concolor Barros e Cunha, 1933; circumclausus Fenaux, 1942; olgiatii Bozzetti, 2007; gilberti Bozzetti, 2012 Geographic Range:-Indian Ocean: Mozambique to N. Somalia, Mascarenes, Maldives and Indonesia; Pacific: Japan to W. Australia and Queensland and to Fiji and Samoa.Habitat:-Typical form occurs intertidally and slightly subtidally on coral reef platforms, living on rough limestone, dead coral rocks, rubble and rubble mixed with sand, often hidden beneath coral rocks.Description:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid; shells of form cernicus smaller than shells of typical form. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly conical or pyriform, narrower in form cernicus; outline slightly to distinctly convex adapically, less so, straight or somewhat concave below. Shoulder usually angulate, strongly to weakly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to concave. Larval shell of 1.7-2.0 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls tuberculate to faintly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1-2 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves. Entire last whorl with closely spaced spiral ribs, weak in some populations.Ground colour white, sometimes bluish violet. Last whorl encircled with a colour band, of various shades of brown to brownish red or olive, on each side of centre. Specimens with separate colour bands and ground-colour zones at centre, shoulder and base intergrade with specimens having only shoulder tubercles partially with ground colour. Dark zones of last whorl often speckled with white dots or dashes arranged in spiral rows, either scattered or regularly

arrayed. Larval whorls and a few adjacent sutural ramps reddish violet. Later sutural ramps often of immaculate ground colour, sometimes maculated with markings matching spiral bands of last whorl in colour. Aperture translucent in small shells, violet to brown in larger shells.Shell Morphometry L 25-47 mm (typical form; 18-30 mm form cernicus) RW 0.09-0.30 g/mm ( typical form (L 23-35 mm); 0.05 - 0.14 g/mm (L 17-29 mm) form cernicus) RD 0.60-0.77 PMD 0.78-0.90 RSH 0.07-0.18 C. cernicus has more rounded shoulder, lower coronations and spire usually blotched heavily with dark brown, and speckled with white.C. pigmentatus typical pattern with tuberculate shoulders and body straight outline; Discussion:-C. balteatus is similar to C. rattus. The intraspecific variability of C. balteatus has resulted in a number of synonyms that refer to individual variants or ecological forms. C. pigmentatus is a typically patterned form with a tuberculate shoulder and the last whorl quite straight in outline. Such shells occur across the entire range of the species, although they are more common in eastern populations. C. p. concolor differs only in its violet colouration. C. tenuisulcatus Sowerby III, 1873, corresponds with the original figure of C. balteatus except for a slightly different colour pattern. (Renamed propinquus)C. moussoni may represent a comparatively slender (RD 0.61) colour variant with a largely yellowish cream last whorl. The name C. cernicus applies to an ecological variant co-occurring with the typical form in the Mascarenes. Shells from this deep subtidal population closely resemble the original figure of C. circumclausus. If the high spire seen in the original figure of C. cernicus is considered to be somewhat aberrant, C. circumclausus can be synonymized with C. cernicus and hence with C. balteatus. Shells of this form differ only slightly from the typical form in their morphometry, less pronounced sculpture and often subangulate shoulder, and they intergrade in all characters with typical C. balteatus. A separation of the western and the eastern populations at the subspecies level is not justified, because the differences indicated by those authors are not geographically restricted.C. olgiattii is a yellow color form from Madagascar.

Conus balteatus f. cernicus H. Adams, 1869

Pictures:Picture Link: Figure Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Pl. 19, f.1. Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869 272, pl. xix, f. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Barkly Is., MauritiusType Data: Holotype was in collection Barclay and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 25 x 12 mm

Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus balteatus Sowerby ii, 1833Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-balteatus cernicus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Mascarenes, SomaliaHabitat:-Reported in 20-30 mDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. balteatusC. cernicus has more rounded shoulder, lower coronations and spire usually blotched heavily with dark brown ,and speckled with white.Discussion:-No Data

Conus balteatus f. olgiatii Bozzetti, 2007

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN L. Bozzetti Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 55, 16 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tulear, SW MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 31 x 19.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus balteatus Sowerby ii, 1833Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-balteatus olgiatii formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SW MadagascarHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source original description translated: Species from the shell moderately small dimensions for the genus, the maximum height 36.35mm, ventricosely conical to conical profile, solid aspect, low spire with e straight or slightly concave profile, angled shoulder, last whorl convex ,with concave shape in anterior right third and convex on the left flank. The subadult specimens have apex with protoconch paucispiral, constituted from 2 embryonic turns, diameter of approximately 0.35mm, in the adult specimen, apex and protoconch is not analyzable due to the presence of erosions and incrustations. Narrow, opening wider to the base. Suture defined, undulated, subsutural ramps flat, carved from 5-8 furrows; last whorl in shoulder area is tuberculate Surface of the body whorl covered from faint spirals that are attenuated in adapical direction. Uniform, yellow brown, inner color yellow of the aperture and white siphonal fasciole, protoconca violet, the first whorls of teleoconch change in abapical direction from the lilac to white, subsequently assumes

the yellow color of the last whorl; periostracum clear brown.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 611Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Banda, Moluccas, IndonesiaType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 77 x 45 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-bandanus Synonyms:- equestris Röding, 1798; torquatus Röding, 1798; vidua Reeve, 1843; nigrescens Sowerby ii, 1859Geographic Range:-Natal to Somalia and to Hawaii and Tuamotu Archipelago.Habitat:-Shallow subtidal to 90 m ; mostly encountered in 5-20 m. On coral reef, in reef lagoons; in sand, on weedy sand, rocks, and rubble.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to large, moderately light to heavy. Forms equestris and vidua smaller than other forms; formnigrescens moderately small to medium-sized and moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical; outline nearly straight, variably convex adapically. Shoulder angulate, moderately to strongly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, consistently low in forms vidua, nigrescens and equestris; outline straight to moderately concave. Larval shell of about 2.25 whorls. Postnuclear spire whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave in late whorls, with 2-4 weak spiral grooves and additional spiral striae; spiral sculpture often obsolete. Last whorl with weak spiral grooves on basal third to three-fourths.Ground colour white to pale violet or pale pink. Last whorl with a blackish brown network of lines, triangular areas and rhomboid blotches clustered in a spiral band on either side of central area; bands often with an orange to brown background. Base may be tinged with bluish grey. Apex white to light purple; larval whorls light yellow in Hawaiian shells. Postnuclear sutural ramps with a blackish brown network of lines and streaks. Aperture white, occasionally tinged with violet, pink or yellow; base of aperture may be brown.Shell MorphometryL 50- 150 mm-form vidua 45 -80 mm

-form nigrescens 25 -65 mm-form equestris 45 -60 mmRW 0.08 -1.90 g/mm (L 25-123 mm)RD 0.53 -0.66RD -form vidua 0.57- 0.63RD -form nigrescens 0.58- 0.66PMD 0.82- 0.94RSH 0.03- 0.20-form vidua 0.03 -0.10-form nigrescens 0.07 -0.11-form equestris 0.07 -0.10In form equestris, colour bands with larger blackish brown blotches, interspersed with white tents of various sizes.In form vidua , last whorl with a broad blackish brown or occasionally bright orange spiral band above centre and another at basal third, both interspersed with small white to brownish white tents. Lower band often extends to base. White zones below shoulder and below centre with a variably incomplete network of fine zigzag lines and small spots; pattern ranging from obsolete wavy lines to continuous lines edging coalescent tents. Base tinged with bluish grey. Anterior end of aperture violet-brown or orange-brown; rest of aperture white, suffused with blue or orange.In form nigrescens, colour pattern ranging from typically patterned to almost solid black shells. Aperture white to bluish white.Discussion:-C. bandanus is a close relative of C. marmoreus, and some authors have included it in the latter species. The conchological differences are comparatively slight, consisting of more pronounced spire tubercles and a less regular pattern with 2 distinct dark colour bands in C. bandanus, while the pattern of C. marmoreus is generally uniform and lacks bands. Ecological differences also favour separation on the species level: C. bandanus usually lives in deeper water and often occupies a different microhabitat where both occur in sympatry. In Kwajalein, Marshall Is., C. marmoreus is found on inter-island coral reef and at the east side of the lagoon on sand bottom, while C. bandanus is restricted to rock and rubble bottoms of the ocean-side and the lagoon-side of the west reef; co-occurrence has not been observed. In New Caledonia, the bathymetric ranges differ (1-5 m in C. marmoreus; 5-18 m in C. bandanus).Specimens agreeing with the description of C. vidua cannot be clearly separated from C. bandanus by conchological characters. In the western part of the central Philippines, they intergrade with C. bandanus. Their co- occurrence, with intermediate shells, favours the ranking of C. vidua as a form of C. bandanus. Specimens agreeing with the description of C. nigrescens show a gradual transition from the typical C. bandanus pattern to almost black shells. In Western Samoa, 6% of the population have nearly black shells, while in American Samoa, the pattern is like that of C. bandanus elsewhere. Shell size is similar in American Samoa and Western Samoa. The habitat is very similar in American Samoa and Hawaii (Purtymun, 1977). RKK provisionally consider C. nigrescens a form, occurring in Samoa, Solomon Is. and Admiralty Is.

Conus bandanus f. cuyoensis Lorenz & Barbier, 2012

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Original Description Picture Link: Paul kerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten White specimen

Published in: Acta Conch. 11, 3, pls 1 & 2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Cuyo, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29.3mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus vidua Reeve, 1843Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-vidua cuyoensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Palawan, PhilippinesHabitat:-Shallow, subtidal to 90 m, mostly encountered in 5-20 m.Description:-Source Original description.Small to medium sized, broadly conical, solid and heavy. Last whorl slightly ventricose, rather dull, the anterior half with densely spaced nodulose spirals. Orange colored. Discussion:-The authors raised Conus vidua to the status of a valid species and described these orange shells as a subspecies of Conus vidua. C. vidua forma cuyoensis would have been unavailable name since forms named after 1960 are considered outside the scope of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Conus bandanus f. equestris Röding, 1798

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in ZMUC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Museum Boltenianum 2: I-VIII, p. 38Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: NoneType Data: Lectotype in ZMUC deposited and catalogued Type Size : 47 x 24 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-bandanus equestris formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Moluccas, IndonesiaHabitat:-Shallow subtidal to 90 m ; mostly encountered in 5-20 m. On coral reef, in reef

lagoons; in sand, on weedy sand, rocks, and rubble.Description:-Source Living Conidae. C. bandanusIn form equestris, colour bands with larger blackish brown blotches, interspersed with white tents of various sizes.Discussion:-No Data

Conus bandanus f. nigrescens Sowerby ii, 1859

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten The specimen in the middle of the picture shows a normal patterned specimen from the same location.

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 429, pl. 49, f. 2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Not known.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 37 x 21 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-bandanus nigrescens subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Solomon Islands, Admirality Islands, SamoaHabitat:-Shallow subtidal to 90 m; mostly encountered in 5-20 m. On coral reef, in reef lagoons; in sand, on weedy sand, rocks, and rubble.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. bandanusIn form nigrescens, colour pattern ranging from typically patterned to almost solid black shells. Aperture white to bluish white.

Conus bandanus f. vidua Reeve, 1843

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon.. i. Conus, pl. 8, sp. 45Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Capul, PhilippinesType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 72 x 41 mmNomenclature: An available name

Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-bandanus vidua formaSynonyms:- cuyoensis Lorenz & Barbier, 2012Geographic Range:-Southern and central PhilippinesHabitat:-Shallow subtidal to 90 m; mostly encountered in 5-20 m. On coral reef, in reef lagoons; in sand, on weedy sand, rocks, and rubble.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. bandanusDiscussion:-Orange colour specimens circulate under the names mozoii and cuyoensis. C. vidua forma mozoii is an unavailable name since forms named after 1960 are considered outside the scope of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

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Conus barazeri Tenorio & Castelin, 2016

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Manuel Tenorio

Published in: European Journal of Taxonomy; p. 25 – 29; fig. 11 A-GOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bellona Reef, Chesterfield, New CaledoniaType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 11.6 x 7.0 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONOLITHINAEGenus:-Profundiconus Species:-barazeriSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Bellona Reef, Chesterfield and Grand Passage, Coral Sea, New CaledoniaHabitat:-Found at depths of 333 - 386 mDescription:-Original DescriptionShell very small (maximum length: 16.3 mm). Shell profile conical, with a spire low to moderate in height. Spire profile straight. Shoulder angulated, with a distinct rim. Last whorl with straight sides, smooth, with some grooves present in the basal quarter, which appears slightly deflected to the left. Protoconch white, porcellaneous of 1.5 whorls Early teleoconch whorls 640 with small nodules, which are lost after whorl 3. Sutural ramp flat to slightly concave, slightly stepped, bearing 3–5 strong cords, with a smooth ridge above suture. Spire white, with yellow-brown blotches on the ridge above the suture. Ground colour pale orange-brown to creamy white. Last whorl with a pattern of pure white dashes and dots arranged in spiral lines, often alternating with dashes of orange-brown. Sparse small diffuse rounded orange-brown spots occasionally present.The holotype shows just below the midbody an orange-brown narrow band overlaid with white dashes arranged in spiral. This is however absent in other specimens examined, some of which are patternless. Columella and aperture white.

Discussion:-

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Conus barbara Brazier, 1898

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SAMPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Vol. 22, p. 781, fig. 18Ocean geography: Indo PacificType Locality: Solomon Islands, corrected by Monnier, Limpalaër & Robin: Entrance Point, Broome, Western AustraliaType Data: Holotype in SAM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 20,3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Reestablished as a valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE Genus:-Pioconus Species:-barbaraSynonyms:Geographic Range:- Western AustraliaHabitat:-Buried in sandy bottoms close to rocks at low tideDescription:-Shell of medium to moderately large size sizethe outline is ventricosely to conical with a moderately high spire.The first teleoconch whorls are neither tuberculate nor stepped. The suturel ramps have an adpressed suture. The sutural ramp is sculptured with 4 to 6 threads. Their number does not appear to increase with growth.The last whorl is sculptured with shallow cords that become more conspicuous towards the anterior end.The pattern of the last whorl has a background of light grey that is marbled with darker bluish grey and irregular patches of olive green or greenish brown color organized in two bands. The wider one begins at the shoulder and extends down to onethird of the body whorl. The second begins under the middle of the last whorl and may extend down to the base in some specimens. This pattern is covered by 35 – 40 spiral lines of dark brown dashes that are more conspicuous in the brownish patches. These spiral lines are articulated with white specks in the brownish patches that become bigger, irregular and extend beyond the spiral lines within the greyish background.Discussion:-

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Conus barbieri Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 1995

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: La Conchiglia xxvii, no. 274, p. 60, f. 1-4Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Leyte Gulf, South of Samar Island, PhillipinesType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27.6 x 12.4 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylindrus Species:-barbieri Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Intertidal under rocks on muddy and rocky bottom, inside reef.Description:-Source Original DescriptionShell small, last whorl conic-cylindrical and gloss.. Sides not much convex, diminished at base. Shoulder subangulate and smooth. Protoconch smooth, globose, opaque and paucispiral, with.Background colour white to grey-bluish, last whorl covered by a thick network of brown or bluish axial and spiral lines, that make tents of background colour, of different dimension and often with two large dark brown bands above and below a central zone. The axial lines can merge up to give an evenly brown or blue shell, with one or two darker bands. Protoconch and first five teleoconch whorls white, the others with the same pattern of the last whorl. Aperture bluish. Periostracum smooth, opaque, brown.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus barrosensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2017

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM Cupra Marittima

Published in: Malacologia 94, p. 26 - 27Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: João Barrosa, Boa Vista island, Cape VerdeType Data: Holotype in MMM, Cupra MarittimaType Size: 11 x 7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: UncertainCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE

Genus:-Africonus Species:-barrosensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Only known from the type localityHabitat:- The specimens studied were found in 0.5 to 5 meters deep under rocksDescription:-Source: Original description MalacologiaShell pyriform, small (9-12 mm), for the genus, with moderately raised spire slightly concave, almost linear, Whorl tops slightly stepped, gently sloping, rounded with widening towards rounded shoulder.. The aperture is wide and the columellar margin follows the line of the outer lip. The protoconch is usually broken, dome-shaped, slightly flattened, almost clear white color.. 4 spiral grooves, are highlighted in the whorl tops that have background colour of gray-pink with whitish spots; brown irregular transverse flammules that run over the shoulder slightly on to the last whorl. Last whorl, smooth, with just sparse abapical grooves;, it has a gray-reddish brown or caramel colour with whitish splotches in two spiral bands found at 1/7 and 4/7 of the lip and two white bands that are visible inside aperture.Discussion:-

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Conus barthelemyi Bernardi, 1861

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: J. Conchyl. 9, p. 285Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Chagos Is.Type Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 70 x 30 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-barthelemyi Synonyms:- paradiseus Shikama, 1977Geographic Range:-Mascarenes, Comores, Seychelles, Chagos and Maldives, probably also Sri Lanka; Christmas Is. and Cocos (Keeling) Is. (S. E. Indian Ocean).Habitat:-In 10-30 m, inhabiting sand and rock substrataDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, moderately solid to solid; Maldive shells smaller. Last whorl ventricosely conical to conical; outline convex at adapical fourth, straight below, occasionally slightly concave centrally; shells from Christmas Is. and Cocos (Keeling) Is. narrower than those from other areas. Siphonal fasciole prominent in larger shells. Shoulder broadly carinate to carinate. Spire low, of moderate height in Maldive specimens ; outline usually sigmoid, sometimes nearly

straight. Larval shell projecting, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. First 4-7 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, late whorls broadly carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps almost flat, grading to deeply concave in late whorls, with 2 increasing to 4-9 spiral grooves that are often weak on latest ramps; prominent subsutural ridge as strong as or stronger than shoulder carina. Last whorl with weak to distinct, variably spaced spiral ribs and ribbons on basal fourth and with distinct to obsolete spiral striae to shoulder.Ground colour white. Last whorl with variably broad, orangish to reddish or violet brown spiral bands usually leaving interrupted to solid narrow white bands centrally and at base. Spiral rows of blackish brown dots, spots, bars, and blotches from base to shoulder; number and arrangement of rows and markings within rows highly variable. Shells with immaculate last whorls almost completely overlaid with blending shades of orange to violet brown intergrade with shells that have their last whorls prominently mottled with white and black. In Maldives, last whorl lighter orange-pink. Siphonal fasciole white to pale orange. Larval whorls white. First 2-4 teleoconch sutural ramps immaculate white or cream; following ramps with light brown to black radial blotches usually extending over outer margin. Aperture white to bluish white.Shell Morphometry L 42-84 mm RW 0.23-0.73 g/mm (L 42-80 mm) RD 0.55-0.65 PMD 0.82-0.91 RSH 0.06-0.12 (typical form; 0.11- 0.14 Maldives)Discussion:-C. barthelemyi is very similar to and perhaps conspecific with C. gauguini; it may also be confused with C. gubernator from the Mascarenes and Amirantes.

Conus barthelemyi f. jeanduvali Bozzetti, 2010 A nomen nudum; only listed for reference

Pictures:Picture Link: Specimen L. Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 68, 3 Ocean geography:Indo-PacificType Locality: MaheType Data: There is no known specimenNomenclature: A nomen nudum:- an unavailable name (nomen nudum),described as form post 1960Taxonomy: Not applicable; it is a color form of Conus barthelemyi (see there).Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name jeanduvali

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Conus bartschi Hanna & Strong, 1949

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in CAS Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4. Xxvi, no. 9, p. 271, pl. 5, f. 5Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Off Cape San Lucas, Lower California; 20-25 fathomsType Data: Holotype in CAS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 49 x 30 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stephanoconus Species:-bartschi Synonyms:- andrangae Schwengel, 1955Geographic Range:-Sea of Cortez, W Mexico - Costa RicaHabitat:-OffshoreDescription:-Source WallsSolid moderately heavy, with a low gloss; low conical the upper sides straight/convex then pinched to base; few weak basal ridges, numerous axial lines flaws; shoulder broad sharply to roundly angled, strongly coronate with sharp projections; spire low to moderate, blunt, early whorls eroded; sides spire straight/concave; tops of whorls concave, margins strongly coronate; body whorl creamy white to pale straw covered with numerous fine spiral lines of brown dots dashes; this is overlaid with broad bands of dark brown blotches above base and midbody, the blotches often connected spirally; blotches may extend axially resulting almost in brown shell with white marks; dark brown areas have distinct spiral lines of darker dashes; shoulder and spire whitish, heavily eroded; shoulder and last 2 whorls few dark brown blotches and points; aperture moderately narrow uniform; outer lip thin sharp convex; mouth glossy white with yellow deeper; columella very narrow short internal.Discussion:-Similar to C. brunneus which has strong spiral ridging on spire, deep brown body with small irregular patches, spiral lines of dashes longer, stronger.C. bartschi has no spiral cords but only very numerous spiral threads along the spire whorls. C. brunneus has 3-6 well developed spiral cords that persist throughout growth.

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Conus batarde Prigent, 1983

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rossiniana 21 11 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bourail, New CaledoniaType Data: There is no known specimen

Nomenclature: A nomen nudum:- an unavailable name (nomen nudum),described as form after 1960.Taxonomy: Not applicableCurrent Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name ----------

Conus batheon Sturany, 1904

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMW Mike Filmer

Published in: Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien 74, p. 227, pl. iv, f. 6a-c, 7a-bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Red SeaType Data: Lectotype in NHMW deposited and catalogued Type Size: 36 x 18 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-batheon Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Red Sea (Dahlak)Habitat:-200 meters muddy waterDescription:-CommentThe original description of C. batheon illustrates 2 figures highlighting spiral ridges over the body whorl. One of the syntypes matches the second figure. It is a broad shell with pyriform shape with moderate height of concave spire. 3-4 spiral ridges on spire ramps. There are spiral ridges across all the last whorl. The colour is white with 3 bands of irregular orange axial flammules seperated by narrower white bands with orange dashes on ridges.The spiral is similarly coloured.A second syntype is narrower with the same pattern on the spire, somewhat similar to C inscriptus. The last whorl has strong ridges on basal third gradually weakening and getting flatter/broader nearer the shoulder and has many square spots in spiral rows.Discussion:- Specimens of Conus rolani are often offered as this species.This shell is similar to C. grangeri. Its type specimen is similar in shape to the narrower form of C. batheon syntype with distinct flat ridges over the whorl to shoulder and a pattern of three bands of orange bands separated by narrower bands of orange dashes.

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Conus bayani Jousseaume, 1872


Published in: Rev. Mag. Zool. 2, p. 200, pl. 18, f. 1 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Réunion (?)Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 51 x 24 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stellaconus Species:-bayani Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-India, Sri Lanka, Red Sea to Somalia; probably in Madagascar.Habitat:-In 20-100 m, on sandDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid. Last whorl conical, outline nearly straight to slightly sigmoid. Shoulder carinate, often outwardly curved. Spire of low to moderate height, outline usually deeply concave. Larval shell of about 2.25-3 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. First 5-8 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, usually forming a tall projecting cone above an otherwise nearly flat spire. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave; first 3 ramps may have 1-3 distinct spiral grooves, later ramps with inconspicuous spiral striae. Last whorl with distinct or weak spiral ribs and ribbons at base.Ground colour white, often variably tinged with violet, occasionally with yellow. Last whorl with light to dark brown axial blotches, flames and streaks and with an overlying continuous or interrupted, brown spiral band on each side of centre; subshoulder area may have traces of an additional interrupted spiral band. Spiral rows of brown dashes may extend from base to shoulder, but vary widely in number and arrangement. Larval whorls brown. Early teleoconch sutural ramps immaculate white, later ramps with brown radial markings that may cross shoulder edge. Aperture white, occasionally shaded with pale violet.Shell Morphometry L 45-65 mm RW 0.15-0.30 g/mm RD 0.52-0.56 PMD 0.86-0.98 RSH 0.07-0.17Discussion:-C. bayani is most similar to C. capreolus, C. voluminalis, C. generalis, C. maldivus and C. monile.

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Conus bayeri Petuch, 1987

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: New Carib. Moll. Faunas. p. 114, pl. 17, f. 15. & 16Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Golfo de Morrosquillo, Colombia; 35 m.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 16 x 8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-bayeri Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Columbia to PanamaHabitat:-Found at depths around 30 m.Description:-Source: Original descriptionShell small for genus, slender with low spire; body whorl smooth, with 10 incised sulci around anterior tip; shoulder sharp-angled, carinated; spire whorls slightly canaliculate; 2 small spiral sulci on body whorl just below shoulder carina; shell color white, with 6 wide spiral bands made up of small, pale yellow-tan vertical lines; clear band around mid-body; anterior tip white; spire whorls with scattered pale yellow-tan flammules; interior of aperture white; early whorls with beaded carina.Discussion:-Conus bayeri most closely resembles the Venezuelan C. paraguana Petuch, but differs in having a lower, canaliculate spire, in having two sulci around the shoulder below the carina, and in having bands of tiny vertical lines instead of rows of dots. Conus bayeri appears to be closer to members of the C. gradatus species complex from the Panamic Province-Eastern Pacific than it does to other Caribbean cones. A relatively non-descript little species, C. bayeri is apparently rare and has only been collected in the Golfo de Morrosquillo of Colombia.

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Conus baylei Jousseaume, 1872

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rev. Mag. Zool. 2, p. 198, pl. 18, f. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Designated north coast of S. AmericaType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 32 x 17 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lindaconus Species:- spurius baylei subsp. Synonyms:- arubaensis Nowell-Usticke, 1968Geographic Range:-In the Golfo de Venezuela, off the Guajira peninsula, Colombia, and off Aruba.Habitat:-This subspecies is dredged in 10 to 20 m.Description:-Source Original descriptionA solid shell quite thick and shiny. On a white background there is a pattern of light fawn nebulous spots separated by equal sized spaces. The spots are in four groups each separated by a thin band of white. In the middle zones the spots are joined to form irregular blotches. A the shoulder there is double row of spots. The spire has transverse striae on the later whorls and no sign of spiral striae.Discussion:-Vink expands the description C. spurius baylei has a pattern of spiral bands of large black or dark brown maculations. It resembles C. spurius atlanticus from Venezuela, but the spiral rows of dashes to delimit the bands are very faint or absent. His interpretation does not match the original description in terms of colour but agrees in the lack of dashes in the pattern.Tucker comments: Spuriconus spurius baylei makes up the eastern end of the group of three southern subspecies. It like S. s. quadratus (sensu Vink) has minute ridges on the anterior half of the shell. Other than the ridges it is difficult to distinguish shells of this subspecies from those of the three northern subspecies. However, shells from the range laid out by Vink really do look different from those of the northern subspecies. This may be due to the more rounded slightly swollen shoulder that accompanies at strongly elevated and concave spire. The color markings of this southern subspecies are often distinctly black. Black coloration does not occur to any great degree in the northern subspecies.

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Conus bazarutensis Fernandes & Monteiro, 1988

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotye in NHMW Mike Filmer Picture Link : ParatypePicture Link : Paul Kersten

Published in: Publcoes Occ. Soc. Port. Malac. (10), p. 19, figs A & BOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bazaruto Island, southern MozambiqueType Data: Holotype in BMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 46.4 x 25.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A subspecies of Conus pennaceusCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-pennaceus bazarutensis

Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MozambiqueHabitat:- Description:-Source Original description: Shell moderate in size, with slightly convex profile and rounded shoulder. The spire is short and often gently concave towards the last whorls. The body whorl presents many obsolete spiral cords, stronger on the anterior zone; some spiral striation is also present in the spire whorls, but can be seen only under magnification. The anterior end is twisted over the columella, the aperture is rather wide, particularly along the anterior half of the shell. The protoconch is dirty white, whereas the postnuclear whorls and the entire body whorl are grayish blue, covered with a complicated dark brown ornamentation which can form either a pattern of large bluish triangles bordered in brown, or a net of dark brown with small blue spots. The aperture is of a seep violet hue, slightly lighter towards the interior of the shell; near the lip, the outer brown pattern shows through.Specimens from Bazaruto Island are smaller than the ones from mainland Mozambique and they are more glossy with a reddish brown pattern.

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Conus beatrix Tenorio, Poppe, Tagaro, 2007

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 2(2), 80 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Aliguay, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.3 x 9.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kurodaconus Species:-beatrix Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Aliguay, PhilippinesHabitat:-Between 50 and 150 m on sandDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell small to moderately small; light and rather thin. The profile is biconical, with a very high spire and with a carinate shoulder. Outline of the last whorl rather pyriform. Last whorl with a satin gloss, covered with distinct equally-spaced spiral grooves leaving flat ribbons between. Ground color white or creamy-white. Most shells essentially patternless. However, scarce faint golden brown blotches may be present, especially on the upper part of the spire and near the siphonal channel. Occasionally, diffuse brown streaks often arranged in form of a faint band near the mid-body of the last-whorl, or small brown spots on the shoulder, may also be present. The aperture is pure white

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Conus beddomei Sowerby iii, 1901

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Alan Kohn

Published in: J. Malac. Viii, p. 101, pl. ix, f. 1Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: West Indies; restricted to Grenadines, Lesser Antilles by Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils (1982)Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27 x 16 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus ziczac Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816 although this status is disputed by some.Current Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name beddomei----------

Conus behelokensis Lauer, 1989

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Copyrights MNHN Paris, FrancePicture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rossiniana (43), p. 13, no 72, figs 63a-cOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: 50 kms South of Tuléar, MadasgascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 48.3 x 25 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A subspecies of Conus pennaceusCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Darioconus Species:-pennaceus behelokensisSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:- On coral Reef

Last whorl ventricosely conical to sometimes conoid-cylindrical; early postnuclear whorls with straight to slightly convex sides. Ground colour grayish blue to grayish violet. Shells overlaid with olive, yellowish or orangish brown except for scattered groups of rather small ground-colour tents intergrade with shells with separate brown blotches and spirally as well as axially grouped tents between. Darker brown spiral lines prominent, dotted to solid, and variably articulated with small ground-colour markings.

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Conus belairensis Pin & Leung Tack in Pin, 1989

Pictures:Picture Link: Paratype Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolan

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac. no. 14, p. 33, pl. IIA, f. 1 & 2Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Pointe de Bel-Air, SenegalType Data: Holotype was in MNHN and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 36.7 x 20. 5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lautoconus Species:-belairensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W Africa, SenegalHabitat:-At rocks in 50 m.Description:-Source Pin and TackThe shell, of 9 whorls, is solid and turbinate, with a very large and regularly rounded shoulder. The sides are slightly convex, or even almost straight after the curve of the shoulder. The spire is regular, with a well marked suture. All along the last whorl there are about 15 small axial ribs, mostly visible to the naked eye, while smaller spiral cords are visible under magnification on the whole last whorl, the last three near the base being more evident than the others. The regular columella shows a small plica in its upper part and six rough cords at the base. The lip has a very rounded profile by the shoulder. The average size is 25- 30 mm. The biggest known specimen is 45.4 mm high and 23-24 mm wide. The surface of the last whorl is bright reddish brown at the superior three quarters and creamy near the base. A brown-purplish band by the sutured continues as a spiral almost up to the last whorl and is sparkled with white spots. On the lower 3 fourths of the last whorl, there is a spiral of white spots that are larger than high and more numerous at mid-body. On the upper part of the last whorl these spots are less thick but form a sort of band towards the lower third. Apart from the brown- purplish band mentioned above, the spire is white.The last whorl can be entirely cream brown in its upper part and lighter in its lower part, the two areas being separated by a more or less neat band and white traces being visible only towards the

aperture. It can also be greenish yellow, with two lighter and fairly large bands about the lower third and on the shoulder, the interior of the shell being then purplish with those two bands. More seldom, the background can be entirely dark brown except near the base, with white spots always larger that high occupying the whole surface of the last whorl. It can be brown, dark above and light below, with a more or less large band very light brown in colour; some white spots are then sprinkled on the whole shell, particularly near the aperture. In all these cases a subsutural purplish brown band extends from the last whorl as far as the spire when this is not too severely eroded. The periostracum is light brown, not thick, and allows the ornamentation to show through.The interior of the shell is a solid brilliant white; the lip is interiorly bordered with a light purplish band, visible only in its upper part.Discussion:-Now extinct in Bel-Air near Dakar, Senegal but found in N'deyane, Petit Cote and Madeleine Is, Senegal.The most common variety of C. belairensis is fairly close to C. mercator in both shape and ornamentation. But the last whorl of C. belairensis is more turbinate and its sides are hardly convex and almost straight, while those of C. mercator are narrower towards the base. The spire of C. mercator is mucronate and often concave, while that of C. belairensis is regularly sharpened. As for the ornamentation, the young specimens of C. belairensis often show small white spots situated as in C. mercator, either in bands by the lower third or on the whole surface of the last whorl. But in C. belairensis these spots are larger and tend to disappear in adult specimens, leaving just a trace near the aperture or a band more or less evident by the lower third.C. belairensis used to live together with the often bluish specimens of C. cacao that represented the northern limit of the distribution of the latter; but these were never more that 30 mm long, while C. belairensis can exceed 40 cm. In C. belairensis the shoulder is more rounded, the base wider, and the sides straighter than in C. cacao. In C. cacao the interior of the aperture is slightly purplish, reddish or both, with a band in the middle, while in C. belairensis this band clearly separates the colours, purplish with of without some reddish towards the top, whitish at the bottom. Finally, C. cacao always has 2 nets of white spots near the shoulder and towards the lower third of the last whorl, while in C. belairensis these spots are either barely visible (and becoming a band by the lower third of the last whirl) or altogether absent.

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Conus belizeanus Petuch & Sargent, 2011

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in LACM Dennis Sargent

Published in: Visaya 3(3), 41 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Belize AtollsType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 15.5 x 9.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-belizeanus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-BelizeHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell small, broad across shoulder, stocky, pyriform in profile; spire low. Glossy shell; color uniform bright orange-red overlaid by prominent wide white band and small brown flammules and dots around mid- bodyl; protoconch bright orange, mamillate. Shoulder sharply-angled, subcarinate, ornamented with 14-15 irregular undulations .Aperture interior deep pinkish-orange with paler central area that corresponds to white mid-body color bands.Discussion:-

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Conus bellocqae van Rossum, 1996

Pictures:.Picture Link: Holotype in Naturalis, Leiden Bill Fenzan Picture Link: Paratype 1 Bill FenzanPicture Link: Paratype 2 Bill Fenzan

Published in: World Shells, no. 12, p. 59, figs. 1-6Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Conakry, Guinea, West Africa; 50-60 m.Type Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 60.4 x 32 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus ambiguus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Monteiroconus Species:-ambiguus bellocqae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-GuineeHabitat:-Trawled at 50 mDescription:-Source original descriptionShell heavy, glossy, sides of whorl almost straight, not inflated at shoulder, smooth, shoulder roundly angled. Ground colour of body whorl whitish violet covered with numerous irregular reddish axial lines interrupted by two whitish violet spiral bands. Spire low to flat covered with reddish lines like body whorl.Protoconch sharp pointed with 2 whorls; teleoconch over three whorls and spire of 6-7whorls with no nodules or grooves. Aperture narrow and straight; outer lip thin. Violet white inside aperture.Discussion:-A shell similar to C. ambiguus with wavy reddish brown axial flammules.

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Conus bellulus Rolán, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Iberus Sup. 2, p. 44, pl. 1, f. 14, pl. 2, f. 14, pl. 5Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Curral, Isla de Santa Luzias; Saragossa, Isla de San Vicente, Cape VerdeType Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18.9 x 10.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-bellulus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Santa Luzia, San Vicente Cape Verde IslandsHabitat:-It is found among rocks in 0,5 m of depth, in zone of broken water.Description:-Source Original description IberusMorphology of the seashell. The maximum dimension is from 15 to 20 mm. The silhouette is somewhat slender, with straight profile, shoulder well formed and angulate. Spire somewhat elevated, clearly stepped, no striations, somewhat eroded and of white color with small brown spots. In the coloring of the seashell white is mixed with yellow tones, siena (with greenish tones) and dark brown. The distribution of the colors is very characteristic: the white is situated in three places: on the spire and in the shoulder, in a band on lower half of the last whorl and in another between the two; in these bands the dark brown color appears silhouetting the white spots; among these white bands are situated areas of siena or yellow that have also some irregular white spots; the nearest one to the base is normally the widest one. On the base, the color is lighter. The pattern has little variability, but some specimens of San Vicente have the edges among the bands less marked giving the impression that are mixed. The interior of the aperture has some brown color very diffused. The lip edge reveals the exterior color. Columella bluish white with light violet color in rare cases. Periostracum fine, transparent, yellow and without shine. Source IconographyThe shell is small to very small, with an angulated shoulder and a straight profile. Spire moderately high, clearly stepped, white with small brown dashes, the sutural ramps with very weak spiral striae. Shell in shades of white, yellow and greenish brown. There are usually three white areas; the spire and shoulder, a spiral band below the central portion of the last whorl and another one between the two previous zones; on these white bands, brown lines delimit the white areas. Between the white bands there are brownish or yellow bands, also with some irregular white blotches. Aperture brownish, with two light bands.Discussion:-

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Conus bengalensis Okutani, 1968

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in TRFR Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Venus Vol. xxvi, nos 3 & p. 66, pl. 7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Bay of Bengal; 50 m.Type Data: Holotype in TRFR deposited and catalogued Type Size: 96.7 x 31.1 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylindrus Species:-bengalensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, S.E. IndiaHabitat:-In 50-130 m, on mud and sand bottomsDescription:-Source Living Conidae.Large, usually solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical to narrowly conical; outline almost straight, often slightly concave centrally. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder; exhalent notch about 1/3 of maximum diameter. Shoulder subangulate to angulate. Spire usually of moderate height, stepped; outline almost straight. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 0.9-1.1 mm. First 4-7 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with 0-2 increasing to 2-6 fine spiral grooves, generally with obsolete spiral striae in late whorls. Last whorl with very weak spiral ribs or ribbons at base.Ground colour white. Last whorl with fine light to dark brown reticulated lines and yellowish brown flecks and blotches. Blotches grouped in spiral rows, interspersed with broad brown axial and fine to coarse spiral lines. Lines producing very small to medium-sized tents arranged in 3 spiral bands, below shoulder and centre and at base. Larger tents concentrated between or near brown zones. Larval whorls beige to pinkish violet. First 2-3 postnuclear sutural ramps pale pink or white, immaculate. Following sutural ramps matching last whorl in colour pattern. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 85-132 mm RW 0.25-0.65 g/mm RD 0.36-0.44 (-India 0.46 - 0.47) PMD 0.80-0.96 RSH 0.16-0.24Discussion:-C. bengalensis is similar to C. gloriamaris and C. milneedwardsi. C. gloriamaris can be distinguished by its broader last whorl (RD 0.45-0.50), less angulate shoulder, more

convex outline below shoulder, and by its finer pattern with smaller tents and 3 rather than 2 broad spiral bands of yellowish brown blotches on the last whorl. Shells from S. E. India differ from typical C. bengalensis in having a broader last whorl (RD 0.46-0.47). Specimens from the Red Sea are so close to C. bengalensis, that RKK tentatively assign them to this species. The adult shell is smaller (L 65 mm) than typical C. bengalensis, has a broader last whorl (RD 0.48) and a more angulate shoulder; its colour pattern rather resembles that of C. milneedwardsi in its widely meshed arrangement and the absence of broad axial lines from the yellow-brown blotches.

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Conus berdulinus Veillard, 1972


Published in: Of Sea and Shore 4, p. 176, pl. Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Pointe des Galets, Reunion; 140 m.Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 68.3 x 36.3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Virgiconus Species:-berdulinus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Natal to Mascarenes, Somalia, S. Oman Habitat:-In 40-140 m; holotype reported from muddy sand bottomDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, moderately solid to heavy. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical, outline convex at adapical fourth to third and straight below. Shoulder angulate to subangulate or almost rounded, usually with a fine carina. Spire low, outline concave to slightly convex or sigmoid. About first 5 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly sigmoid, with 3-4 spiral grooves, changing to many striae in late whorls. Last whorl with obsolete spiral ribs at base.Colour bluish violet or white shaded with violet or cream. Last whorl usually with a paler spiral band at centre; in shells from India and Oman, a weak to prominent, variably broad, violet to orange spiral band on each side of centre. Larval whorls white. Teleoconch spire tinged or radially streaked with pinkish orange or pinkish violet. Aperture white, pale violet or pale orange.Shell Morphometry L 48-100 mm RW 0.26-1.00 g/mm (L 48-78 mm)

RD 0.51-0.59 PMD 0.83-0.90 RSH 0.05-0.10

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Conus bermudensis Clench, 1942

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MCZ Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 34, pl. 13, f. 4Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Dyer Is., BermudaType Data: Holotype in MCZ deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43 x 22.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus bermudensis formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Bermuda, E. FloridaHabitat:-Found at depths of 5mDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell up to 50 mm in length, heavy and smooth. Colour porcelain white with pinkish irregular blotches or bands. Aperture tinged with pink. Some specimens have spiral rows of many very fine reddish dots. Whorls tapering and slightly convex. Sculpture of numerous incised lines which are most visible at base.

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Conus bernardii Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 100, f. 2Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 220, pl. 100, f. 2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: NoneType Data: Holotype was in MNHN and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 46 x 20 mm figureNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus cinereus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Phasmoconus Species:-cinereus bernardii formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines, IndonesiaHabitat:-SubtidalDescription:- C. bernardii is a reddish brown colour variant with spirally arrayed grey or white markings at shoulder, within adapical third and near centre. It occurs sympatrically with the typical form in Philippines and Indonesia.

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Conus bernardinoi Cossignani, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM Cupra MarittimaPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia 82, p. 24 - 25Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Baia da Parda, Sal, Cape VerdeType Data: Holotype in MMM, Cupra MarittimaType Size: 23,5 x 12,7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A synonym cuneolus Reeve, 1843: see DiscussionCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-bernardinoiSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Only known from the type localityHabitat:- The specimens studied were found at 0.5 to 8 meters deep, among rocksDescription:-Source: Original description MalacologiaShell of small size ( 14 to 35 mm ) with a pyriform profile, with background pattern of white -black-gray webbing giving the effect like 'scale of the snake', two spiral bands around central area are lighter. Spire slightly elevated, slightly tuberculate and almost linear profile; dome-shaped protoconch with sutures lightly engraved in darker color; wide aperture, dark blue inside, with darker medial band ;attachment of lip to the shoulder creates a small step. The aperture occupies 4/5 of height of shell.Discussion:-

Abalde et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:231Phylogenetic relationships of cone shells endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomesNew species proposed: Africonus cuneolus Reeve, 1843

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Conus berschaueri Petuch & Myers, 2014

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZSP Petuch & Myers Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 3, p. 32; fig. 2 D, E & FOcean geography: Western AtlanticType Locality: Great Bay, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten Island, Lesser AntillesType Data: Holotype in MZSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18 x 7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-JASPIDICONUSGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-berschaueriSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Sint Maarten Island, Lesser AntillesHabitat:-Found in coral rubble and beach drift along shoreDescription:-: Shell fusiform, with slightly rounded, convex sides and high pyramidal spire; shoulder sharply angled, bordered by thin, low carina; body whorl shiny, ornamented with 16 – 17 low, evenly-spaced, beaded spiral cords; beads on low cords elongated in shape; body whorl color pale salmon pink, overlaid with scattered, widely-separated, narrow longitudinal flammules of pale orange-tan color; elongated beads on spiral cords pale pinkish-white in color, with some interspersed beads being pale tan; shoulder carina pale pinkish-white, marked with 10-12, widely-separated dark orange-brown spots; spire whorls salomn-pink, marked with large, narrow, amorphous, dark orange-brown, widely-separated flammules; dome dark spire flammules connect with dark spots along carina’early whorls pale yellow; aperture proportionally wide, becoming wider at anterior end; interior of aperture pale pinkish-salmon color; protoconch proportionally large, ver rounde, mamillate.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus bertarollae Costa & Simone, 1997

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MORG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Siratus 3, p. 4. fig. Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Alcobaca, Bahia, BrazilType Data: Holotype in MORG deposited and catalogued

Type Size: 22 x 11.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus archetypus Crosse, 1865Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-archetypus bertarollae formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Brazil, BahiaHabitat:-Shallow water reefDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell small for genus. Color bright orange red with white blotches on shoulder and spire and a spiral band of irregular blotches at midbody. This band may be missing in some specimens. Spire 12-15% of total length, sculptured with thin spiral grooves. Suture deep giving spire a stepped aspect.Protoconch white mamillate. Whorl with slightly convex outline covered with thin axial growth lines crossed by circa 25 spiral lines that become stronger anteriorly.Shoulder angular and smooth.Discussion:-C. bertarollae can be distinguished by its colour. It lives with C. archetypus which has a length width ratio of 1.74 compared to C. bertarollae at 1.94. The color of archetypus is paler and the spiral structure weaker.

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Conus bessei Petuch, 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in CMNH Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxiii, no. 264, p. 36, figs. 1 & 2 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Cayo Caratasca, Honduras, 20 m.Type Data: Holotype in CMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 15 x 9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-bessei Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-HondurasHabitat:-On coral rubble bottom at depths of 20 m.Description:-Source original description.Shell small for genus, stocky, broad; shoulder sharply- angled, subcarinated; spire flattened; body whorl smooth and shiny; aperture narrow; protoconch mammillate, distinctly projecting above flattened spire; anterior tip of shell with 7 large rounded spiral cords; color white, overlaid with 2 wide bands of bright red-orange irregular flammules, one above mid-body line and one

below; white areas below shoulder and around midbody overlaid with rows of tiny orange-brown dots (holotype with 4 rows of dots around shoulder and 5 rows of dots around midbody); spire whorls white, with regularly-spaced, triangular, reddish-brown flammules; protoconch and early whorls bright pink; interior of aperture white; anterior tip of shell white with scattered large very pale orange-red flammules; periostracum unknown.Discussion:-Conus bessei is a member of a large complex of small, reef-dwelling Caribbean cones that characteristically exhibit a high degree of endemism. Most members of the complex do not have planktotrophic larvae and are, therefore, confined to relatively small ranges, particularly around small platforms and islands. The new Honduran cone is most similar to C. kirkandersi Petuch 1987, particularly in size and shape, but differs from the Cozumel Island endemic in having a smoother, shinier shell, in having bright red-orange flammule bands, and in having the rows of tiny orange-brown dots. The new species is also similar to the Roatan Island endemic, Conus kalafuti da Motta, 1987 , but differs in being a stockier, less elongated shell with a proportionally wider shoulder. Conus kalafuti, with its yellow and yellow-orange flammules, differs markedly from the bright red-orange flammuled C. bessei. The Roatan endemic also lacks the distinctive rows of tiny dots seen on the Caratasca species.Tucker suggests that this species should be grouped with C. havanensis.

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Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in LSL Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed. 1, p. 715Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Type locality not known, designated (C, M & W) Java, Indonesia.Type Data: Lectotype in LSL deposited and catalogued Type Size: 101 x 67 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dendroconus Species:-betulinus Synonyms:- medusa Gmelin, 1791; medusae Röding, 1798; tigris Röding, 1798; immaculata Dautzenberg, 1906; paucimaculata Dautzenberg, 1937; plurizonata Dautzenberg, 1937; scripta Dautzenberg, 1937; tabulata Dautzenberg, 1937; alternans Dautzenberg, 1937; zulu Petuch, 1979; rufoluteus Bozzetti & Ferrario, 2005; deprehendens Giovanni Prelle, 2009Geographic Range:-South Africa to Oman and to the Ryukyu Is., New Caledonia, Solomon Is. and Queensland; absent from the Red Sea.Habitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; in sheltered bays and on reefs, inhabiting sand pockets, sand flats and muddy sand. Typical form lives mostly above 20 m; form zulu is reported from 30-50 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae

Moderately large to large, solid to heavy. Last whorl ventricosely conical to broadly and ventricosely conical, less frequently conical, broadly conical or approaching pyriform; outline usually straight at abapical two-thirds and convex to strongly convex above, sometimes slightly concave near base. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, outline variably concave. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly convex, with numerous spiral striae. Basal third of last whorl with variably broad spiral ribs.Ground colour yellowish tan to orangish brown, less often cream white mottled with yellow or orange; occasionally, ground overlaid with grey. Last whorl generally with spiral rows of brown markings, varying from a great number of closely set rows to absence of rows. Markings vary from narrow spiral dashes to rectangular bars and from dots to round or squarish spots and axial flecks. Dark markings alternate regularly with white markings that are often absent from adapical two-thirds. Basal part of last whorl may be of darker colour. Early teleoconch sutural ramps immaculate; later ramps variously maculated with dark brown spots or radial streaks and blotches. Aperture white, sometimes pale yellow or violet; smaller shells often suffused with violet-brown deep within.Shell Morphometry L 55-177 mm RW 0.50-4.60 g/mm (L 55-165 mm) RD 0.63-0.81 PMD 0.77-0.87 RSH 0.03-0.14Discussion:-C. betulinus is similar to C. suratensis, C. figulinus, C. loroisii, and C. glaucus. C. suratensis is often difficult to distinguish from C. betulinus. It does not attain as large size as the latter species, generally has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.59-0.69) as well as a lower spire (RSH 0.02-0.06); the spiral sculpture of its last whorl consists of ribbons, and its pattern has more but smaller brown markings that are also axially aligned. RKK assign specimens from the E. African coast between Natal and Mozambique described as C. zulu to C. betulinus, although they may represent hybrids between C. betulinus and C. figulinus. At these localities and Madagascar and India, C. figulinus (L 45-90 mm), typical C. betulinus (L 75-175 mm) and moderately large adults (L 55-80 mm) appearing intermediate in shape and colour pattern co-occur in the same habitat. Should the latter shells be assigned to C. betulinus or be regarded as hybrids? Their last whorl, which may be slightly pyriform, often has a mixed grey, greenish and brownish ground colour with a contrasting shoulder band and variably fine dashed and dotted spiral lines; their spire may be relatively higher (0.05-0.14 vs. 0.03-0.10 in more typical C. betulinus). The morphometry of their last whorl (RD 0.66-0.78; PMD 0.82-0.86), the pronounced intermittent white dashes of their abapical spiral rows and the axial blotches of their sutural ramps suggest that they are assignable to C. betulinus rather than representing true intermediates with C. figulinus (RD 0.52-0.74; PMD 0.74-0.84). The shells from Natal and Mozambique described as C. zulu differ from the shells from Madagascar in a less conical last whorl, a mostly steeper shoulder ramp and a consistently fine pattern. Although these characters make C. zulu slightly more similar to C. figulinus, RKK provisionally regard all the questionable Indian Ocean shells as forms of C. betulinus.However, the possibility of hybridization between C. betulinus and C. figulinus cannot be excluded. The variants described by Dautzenberg all refer to colour pattern forms.

Conus betulinus f. deprehendens Prelle, 2009

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MMM Luigi Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 62 1 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MMM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 76.4 x 45 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: a form of Conus figulinusCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dendroconus Species:-betulinus deprehendens formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SW. MadagascarHabitat:-Intertidal and uppermost subtidal; in semi- sheltered or protected sites, living on fine to very fine sand of flats, often among vegetation.Description:-Source Original description.Considered to be an all brown form of C. figulinus The basic body color is ochre-orange, furrowed from thin spiral lines, some clearer and others more like the background colour that get confused with the sculpture; while, lengthwise, are bands darkening, as indicated, following the lines of growth. The aperture is white-rosy in the base color. Discussion:-

Conus betulinus f. rufoluteus Bozzetti & Ferrario, 2005

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Image MNHN

Published in: Visaya 1-4 54 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Tulear, MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 82 x 50 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dendroconus Species:-betulinus rufoluteus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Madagascar

Habitat:-Shallow water inside coral reefDescription:-Source Original descriptionBig heavy pyriform shell with straight sides and aperture. Basal part of body whorl with a dozen of regularly spaced fine spiral drills, rest of the whorl smooth apart eventual spiral growing marks. Broad rounded shoulder not distinct from the spire that is very low, almost flat except the protruding very first whorls. Body whorl uniformly yellow-orange, covered with spiral rows of pale orange-reddish spots , sometimes alternate with light yellow dashes. The spire presents larger and more evident orangish blotches. Aperture uniformly wide, white inside and orange at the edge, outer lip sharp but thick and strong. Narrow columella.Discussion:-

Conus betulinus f. zulu Petuch, 1979

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in DMNH Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Nemouria, no. 23, p. 19, f. 28-31Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off mouth of Umfolozi R., Zululand coast, Natal, South Africa; ca. 40 m.Type Data: Holotype in DMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 62 x 35 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus betulinus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dendroconus Species:-betulinus zulu formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Natal, MozambiqueHabitat:- form zulu is reported from 30-50 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. betulinusThe shells from Natal and Mozambique described as C. zulu differ from the shells from Madagascar in a less conical last whorl, a mostly steeper shoulder ramp and a consistently fine pattern. Although these characters make C. zulu slightly more similar to C. figulinus, RKK provisionally regard all the questionable Indian Ocean shells as forms of C. betulinus.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus biancae Bozzetti, 2010

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Luigi BozzettiPicture Link: Paratype: Luigi Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 66, 15 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: SE MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 40 x 19 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A synonym of archiepiscopus Hwass, 1792: see Monnier et al., 2018 in Xenophora Taxonomy 19Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Cylinder Species:-biancae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-SE MadagascarHabitat:-IntertidalDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell medium sized for its genus, maximum length 42.90 mm, profile ventricosely conical, spire of medium height with sligthly concave outline, shoulder subangulate, body whorl convex on right side of apertural view, convex adapically and straight at the base on left sideSurface of body whorl covered by spiral cordlets becoming evaneshing adapically and add axial growth striae, spiral cords on the basal area and siphonal fasciole. colour pure white.Discussion:-

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Conus bianchii Petuch & Berschauer, 2018

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZSP

Published in: Festivus Vol. 50; p. 29-30; Figures 9, 13 G, HOcean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: at 120 m depth on the Minerva Seamount due 30 north of the Abrolhos Platform, Bahia State, BrazilType Data: Holotype in MZSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 11.2 x 5.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Coltroconus Species:- bianchii Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Known only from the Minerva Seamount, to which the new species is endemicHabitat:- prefers sea floors composed of fine carbonate muds mixed with coral rubble, in depths of 100 - 200 mDescription:-Source: Original description

Description: Shell tiny, of average size for genus, slender, elongated, with slightly convex sides; shoulder sharply angled, edged with row of 12 very large rounded knobs that extend beyond carinal area; spire elevated, pyramidal, distinctly scalariform and stepped; spire whorls heavily coronated; body whorl ornamented with 15-16 very large, raised spiral cords that are heavily pustulose, giving shell rough appearance; body whorl base color bright orange, overlaid with scattered small white patches and dots and often with wide white band around the mid-body; spire whorls white with scattered small dark orange patches; early whorls and protoconch pale yellow-white; protoconch proportionally very large, round, mammilate, composed of 2 whorls; aperture narrow, pale orange within interior.

---------- Conus biliosus Röding, 1798

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1788: Pl. 139, fig. 1294) Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Museum Boltenianum 2: I-VIII, p. 39Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Gulf of Mannar (Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1982)Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1788: Pl. 139 fig. 1294)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lividoconus Species:-biliosus Synonyms:- parvulus Link, 1807; piperatus Dillwyn, 1817; sapphirostoma Weinkauff, 1874; imperator Woolacott, 1956; meyeri Walls, 1979; neoroseus Da Motta, 1993Geographic Range:-S. Africa to Somalia and to India and Sri Lanka, absent from Red Sea and Persian Gulf; Indonesia to Philippines and to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Is. and Queensland.Habitat:-Intertidal and slightly subtidal. In Mozambique and South Africa, at and below low-tide level in sandy crevices and caverns.Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to moderately large, moderately light to solid. Last whorl conical, ventricosely conical or broadly and ventricosel y conical, occasionally pyriform; outline variably convex at adapical fourth to half and straight to moderately concave below; left side often sigmoid. In Indian populations, last whorl most conical, RD most variable. Shoulder angulate to subangulate, distinctly tuberculate to irregularly edged. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Postnuclear spire whorls variably tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps almost flat, with 1 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture may be weak in last whorls. Entire last whorl with rather evenly spaced, wrinkled spiral ribs and alternating wrinkled threads; spiral sculpture may be weaker toward shoulder, and some specimens are quite smooth.Ground colour pale greyish blue or pale pink. Last whorl spirally banded with tan to olive brown

or orangish brown, usually with variably broad ground-colour bands at centre and shoulder. In Indian Ocean populations, last whorl often maculated with bluish brown axial streaks; overlying spiral rows of brown dots sparsely to heavily developed on ribs. Basal part of last whorl and columella dark brown; in Indian shells, basal part mostly orange or tan, often similar to adjacent parts. Apex light brown or pink. Teleoconch sutural ramps radially maculated with orange to blackish brown, varying from sparse spots between marginal tubercles to solid dark brown colouration. In small adults, aperture bluish violet, edged with brownish violet, with a pale central band and a translucent marginal zone; aperture white in large adults.Discussion:-C. biliosus is most similar to C. hyaena. Most authors regard C. parvulus as a distinct, valid species. Coomans et al. (1982) provisionally separated C. biliosus, C. imperator, and C. parvulus at the species level, while da Motta (1 993) did so with C. biliosus, C. parvulus (C. imperator as synonym), and C. neoroseus (shells from Philippines and Indonesia). The South Indian population is distinctive in its size and colour, but shows no clear differences in other shell characters. Walls ([1979]) described populations from South Africa and Mozambique as a separate subspecies (C. b. meyeri). These shells tend to be smaller than Indian shells and have a more convex outline of the last whorl, and more often weak tubercles. However, they intergrade with shells from southern India and the differences in shell morphometry are minimal. Our results suggest a clinal variation, in agreement with Kilburn(1982). C. biliosus refers to a specimen from the Gulf of Mannar, India, C. punctatus and C. piperatus seem to be synonyms. C. neoroseus is based on a specimen assumed to be from Philippines (da Motta, 1993); we know of similar shells from Indonesian populations. Specimens matching the lectotype of C. parvulus are known from Philippines and the W. Indian Ocean. C. imperator represents the Queensland population. The original figure of C. concinnus (= C. sapphirostoma) shows a small shell with smooth last whorl as occurring in Queensland and S. Africa (see Coomans et al., 1985a).C. imperator often used for darker specimens from New Guinea/Queensland;Specimens from Queensland to New Guinea often brightly colored reddish brown or bluish brown the base contrasting blackish and spire dark higher gloss and higher spire;Specimens from Philippines paler straw, pale tan sometimes pinkish, the base less contrasted spire whitish spire lower sculpture heavier, gloss low; C. neoroseus).

Conus biliosus f. meyeri Walls, 1979


Published in: Pariah, no. 5, p. 3Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: Genezano, Natl. South Africa.Type Data: Holotype in DMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 44 x 24.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus biliosus Röding, 1798Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE

Genus:-Lividoconus Species:-biliosus meyeri formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-S Africa; Madagascar; MozambiqueHabitat:-Intertidal and slightly subtidalDescription:- Discussion:- form meyeri Walls; South Africa; smaller, convex dome spire and flared aperture; weaker tubercules.

Conus biliosus f. neoroseus da Motta, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxiii, no. 265, p. 29, f. 3-6 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Tayabas Bay, LuzonType Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued(C. roseus) Type Size: 30 x 21 mmNomenclature: an available name, a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. roseus Lamarck, 1810.Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus biliosus Röding, 1798Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lividoconus Species:-biliosus neoroseus formaSynonyms:- roseus Lamarck, 1810Geographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. biliosus.C .b. neoroseus is a short shell strongly coronate on spire whorls with brown in interstices; ground colour rose tinted white with fine reddish dots and lighter band at midbody.Discussion:-No Data

Conus biliosus f. parvulus Link, 1807

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Martini (1773: pl. 63 fig. 707) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Besch. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock. 3e Abth., p. 106Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: NoneType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Martini (1773, pl. 63, fig. 707)Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus biliosus Röding, 1798

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lividoconus Species:-biliosus parvulus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-AustraliaHabitat:-Intertidal and slightly subtidalDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. biliosusC. parvulus is shorter and wider, the spire whorls more coronate, the brown flecks sparse in axial forms, the base darker, spire unmarked except for small brown spots between coronations;Discussion:-Similar to C. biliosus which is larger, more elongate, base same color as shell, spire heavily/sparsely streaked dark brown, and usually flammules of dark brown.

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Conus binghamae Petuch, 1987

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: New Carib. Moll. Faunas, p. 29, pl. 5, figs. 1. & 2 Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Dania, Broward Co., Florida; 61 m.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18 x 9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Conasprella Species:-binghamae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-East FloridaHabitat:-Found at depths around 60 mDescription:-Source Original DescriptionShell small for genus, thin and delicate; spire low, with early whorls protracted; body whorl shiny, sculptured with fine spiral cords; spiral cords become stronger and larger around anterior onethird of body whorl; shoulder sharply- angled; aperture narrow; shell color pattern comprising darkly-colored anterior one-third and mid-body band of large, square-shaped flammules; unpatterned posterior one- half of body whorl with rows of tiny dots; color varying from red, orange, apricot-yellow, to pink and bluish-purple (holotype reddish-orange with darker red-orange mid-body band and anterior tip); spire whorls with numerous crescent shaped flammules; aperture of holotype dark orange red; protoconch and early whorls bright yellow on all specimens, regardless of body whorl colour.Discussion:-Conus binghamae is closest to the sympatric C. patae Abbott, in both shape and size, but differs in being a smoother shell by lacking axial plications and heavy beading, and by having a different color pattern, consistently composed of a checkered midbody band and darker anterior tip. The base color of C. binghamae is also more variable than that of C. patae,

which is consistently in shades of pink or lavenders with dark orange scattered flammules. Conus patae also lacks rows of tiny dots seen on C. binghamae. While the two species occur together along eastern Florida. C. patae is more wide-ranging, being found in Jamaica, Honduras, and the Virgin Islands, while C. binghamae is known only from southeastern Florida.

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Conus biraghii Raybaudi, G. (Massilia), 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Acta Conchyliorum, Nr. 3, p. 31, pl. 3, f. 16-22Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Ooja, 600 km North of Mogadishu, Somalia, W. Indian Ocean.Type Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 10 x 6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Lilliconus Species:-biraghii Synonyms:- congruens Korn, W. & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993; omanensis Moolenbeek & Coomans, 1993Geographic Range:-Somalia, from Mogadishu to ObyaHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeC. b. biraghii is very small and light. Last whorl broadly and ventricosely conical to broadly conical, sometimes ventricosely conical to conical in form A; outline convex adapically, less so to straight below; left side usually slightly concave at base. Shoulder angulate to carinate, smooth to usually undulate due to axial costae on subshoulder area, consistently smooth in form B. Spire usually of moderate height, stepped; outline almost straight. Postnuclear spire whorls weakly tuberculate to undulate due to axial subshoulder costae (form A) or consistently smooth (form B). Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with obsolete spiral striae. Last whorl with spiral grooves on basal fourth and 1-2 weak spiral grooves just below shoulder.In C. b. biraghii form A, ground colour white to grey. Last whorl with a broad dark grey to olive grey spiral band within adapical third and at base, edged with brown to blackish brown spots and interspersed with scattered to regularly arranged ground-colour spots. Ground-colour band below centre usually with an indistinct meshwork of white spots. Sparse spiral rows of brown dots between subshoulder area and base. Specimens of form B with lighter, bluish to brownish grey spiral colour bands, more prominently edged and overlain with dark brown spots; ground-colour band below shoulder narrower than in shells of form A, subcentral ground-colour band with a more indistinct pattern of white background spots. Spiral rows of brown dots and dashes often more prominent, sometimes extending to shoulder. Final part of larval shell white to pale beige, initial part eroded. Postnuclear sutural ramps with brown radial markings crossing outer margins.

Aperture showing exterior pattern.Shell Morphometry L 9-12 mm RW 0.01-0.04 g/mm RD 0.68-0.80 PMD 0.77-0.91 RSH 0.12-0.19Discussion:- C. b. omanensis was provisionally described as a geographical subspecies. This status seems to be justified by intermediate specimens occasionally occurring within the population from Masirah Id. C. b. congruens is conchologically more similar to C. b. omanensis than to C. b. biraghi.

Conus biraghii congruens Korn, W. & G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xxv, no. 268, p. 33, f. 1, 1a-1c, 3 & 6, pl. 1, f. 3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Gulf of Aden, off northern Somalia.Type Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 10.9 x 5.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus biraghii Raybaudi, G.(Massilia), 1992Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Lilliconus Species:-biraghii congruens subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Djibouti, Gulf of AdenHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeC. b. congruens with an often less ventricose last whorl. Shoulder often irregularly undulate due to weak axial subshoulder costae. Spire high, stepped; outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 2-2.25 whorls, with widely spaced fine radial ridges; maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls usually smooth, sometimes irregularly undulate due to very weak axial subshoulder costae. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, often with 1 increasing to 2-3 weak or distinct spiral grooves in early whorls; spiral sculpture obsolete on late ramps. Last whorl with spiral ribs basally and 1-2 distinct spiral grooves just below shoulder; subshoulder grooves may be visible in stepped preceding spire whorls.Discussion:-No Data

Conus biraghii omanensis Moolenbeek & Coomans, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in Naturalis, Leiden Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Apex 8, p. 21, f. 11-16 & 18Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Masirah Island, OmanType Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 7.7 x 3.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus biraghii Raybaudi, G.(Massilia), 1992Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Lilliconus Species:-biraghii omanensis subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-OmanHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living ConidaeC. b. omanensis with an often narrower, ventricosely conical last whorl. Shoulder angulate. Larval shell of about 2 whorls, with fine radial ridges on final part. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1 increasing to 3 distinct spiral grooves pronounced also in late whorls. Spiral subshoulder grooves consistently visible in stepped spire whorls. C. b. omanensis otherwise matching C. b. congruens in morphology. Some shells of C. b. omanensis closer to C. b. biraghii due to concave teleoconch sutural ramps and prominent axial subshoulder costae.Conus biraghii omanensis Moolenbeek & Coomans, 1993 (Apex, March, 1993, p.21) - Length of holotype 7.7mm; shell biconic, slender, rather solid. Protoconch of 1.5 whorls, initially mostly white with brown sutures, then brown with minute axial folds. Body whorl smooth, with a groove just below the shoulder; white, with a grayish upper band ornamented with spiral white/brown lines; a second grayish band, equally ornamented, occurs near the base. Between the two bands there are spiral lines spotted with brown and white. It differs from the nominate species in having less pronounced coronations and in being more obconic. The spirals on the teleoconch are lacking on C. b. biraghii.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus bitleri da Motta, 1984

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xvi, no. 178-9, p. 24, f. 1a-bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Baliungan Id., Tawi Tawi Group, Celebes.Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued

Type Size: 41.2 x 24.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus cordigera Sowerby ii, 1866Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Eugeniconus Species:-cordigera bitleri formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Tawi Tawi, Palawan, PhilippinesHabitat:-Intertidal to 20 m; on sand or mudDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. cordigeraLast whorl conical to conoid-cylindrical, broader and conical to ventricosely conical in specimens described as C. bitleri; outline convex at adapical fourth, less so or straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low, outline concave.Shell obconical to low conical, squat and and moderately heavy, having nine flat surfaced spire whorls, finely threaded, topped by a projecting apex, with closely coiled suture; shoulder subangulate, concave on top, with ovately convex sides. Body whorl is white, decorated with light coffee-brown reticulations of rhomboid and heart shapes linked closely together throughout its surface, with two narrow clusters of coffee brown patches forming an interrupted spiral band below the shoulder, and another, above the anterior end. Occasional over-sized and distorted white patches disarange the otherwise regular pattern of the reticulations. Spire is entirely white in the earlier whorls, but the last three are tessellated with brown-and-white. Body whorl is smooth-surfaced with a dull gloss, but the basal end is incised with about seventeen rows of transverse sulci. Aperture is white and is slightly arching and flaring towards the base. Shell Morphometry L 30-43 mm RW 0.13-0.42 g/mm form bitleri 0.22-0.32 g/mm; (L 30-36 mm)RD 0.59-0.68 RSH 0.05-0.13 Discussion:-No Data

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Conus blanfordianus Crosse, 1867

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Conchyl. Xv, p. 66, pl. ii, f. 1Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: PhilippinesType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 38 x 18.9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species

Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Conus Species:-blanfordianus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Found in 20-100 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeLight-coloured form moderately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conoid-cylindrical to ventricosely conical; outline convex at adapical third, less so below; left side convex near base. Aperture wider below centre than near shoulder. Shoulder angulate to subangulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline deeply concave. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1-2 increasing to 4 wide spiral grooves. Last whorl with axially striate spiral grooves from base to centre; intervening ribbons grade to ribs near base. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height; outline concave, with late spire whorls more raised than in light-coloured form. Larval shell of 2 or more whorls, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps with 1 increasing to 6-8 spiral grooves; ribs between variably broad. Last whorl with spiral grooves to centre or shoulder; intervening ribbons grade to ribs below shoulder.Ground colour white. In light-coloured shells, last whorl with about 15 spiral rows of brown spots that may fuse axially; markings somewhat concentrated below shoulder, and on each side of centre. Larval whorls and adjacent postnuclear sutural ramps white. Following ramps with brown radial markings. Aperture white. Additional fine brown dots and axial dashes on subcentral band and sometimes at shoulder. Larval whorls and adjacent postnuclear sutural ramps white to light brown. Radial markings on following ramps large and dark brown. Aperture white, becoming orange deep within in large specimens.Discussion:-Filmer in Visaya 2011 defined a lectotype which clarified that the light brown shells are C. blanfordianus.

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Conus blatteus Shikama, 1979

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NSMT Mike Filmer

Published in: Sci. Rep Yokosuka City Mus., no. 26, p. 1, pl. 1, f. 1-2Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off TaiwanType Data: Holotype in NSMT deposited and catalogued Type Size: 33.6 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus viola Cernohorsky, 1977Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Hermes Species:-viola blatteus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Taiwan to Philippines

Habitat:-In 20-240 m, associated with corals and in coral rubbleDescription:-Source Living ConidaeForm blatteus: Ground colour reddish purple. Last whorl with 3 spiral rows of brown blotches, below shoulder, at centre and within basal third. Dotted to dashed brown spiral lines from base to shoulder, often reduced. Larval shell pale yellow to beige. Postnuclear sutural ramps grading from grey to purple, maculated with reddish brown radial blotches. Aperture matching last whorl in colour.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus boavistensis Rolán & Fernandez in Rolán, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Iberus Sup. 2, p. 23, pl. 1, f. 17, pl. 2, f. 17, pl. 4Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Morro de Areia, Boavista I., Cape Verde Is.; < 1 m.Type Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 13.2 x 7.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-boavistensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-In many locations of Boavista Island, Cape VerdeHabitat:-Found in the cracks between rocks and low stones, in shallow depthDescription:-Source: Original description IberusDescription: Morphology of the seashell. The maximum dimension of the specimens studied is between 10 and 17 mm. The silhouette is not very wide, is quite small and has a spire a little high; this spire has a rectilineate pattern, its whorls are not stepped and have spiral striations; its color is white with some dark areas. The coloring of the shell, in a first impression, is gray blue or green; with magnification, it can be appreciated that there are two bands in which are created clear areas (of azure white color). One of these bands is in the lower half of the last whorl and the other, between this and the shoulder. The areas are variable but, frequently, are formed by oblique lines or at an angle. The dark color that is found among them oscillates between olive green and the greenish brown. A certain variability exists in the pattern indicated. The aperture is dark inside with two white bands, one in the middle and another near the anal canal. The lip edge is clear. Columela has a smooth violet color. Periostracum smooth, yellow, matt and transparent.Discussion:-

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Conus bocagei Trovao, 1978

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in CPAS A. Monteiro Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Bol. Cent. Port. Activ. Subaq. ser. IV-N-4, p. 17, pl. I., f. 2-2b, pl. II, f. .3 & 4, pl Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Lobito, Angola (between 13deg 35' S. 12deg 19' S); 8-12 m.Type Data: Holotype in CPAS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27.2 x 16.8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Varioconus Species:-bocagei Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-West Africa, AngolaHabitat:-Found in rocks 1-12 mDescription:-Source Original descriptionSmall to moderately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl ovate to broadly ovate. Outline convex at adapical third, almost straight below. Left side slightly concave near base. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder subangulate to angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to sligthly sigmoid.Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave,with fine spiral striae. Last whorl smooth and dull, with about 10 basal spiral cords.Ground colour bluish white. Last whorl with spiral rows of alternating brown and white dots and dashes, at shoulder and at base coalescing to brown flecks, leaving short light streaks. Aperture light to dark brown with a light collabral zone and a light central bandShell morphometry:L 20-32 mmRD 0.67-0.78RSH 0.12-0.20PMD 0.69-0.77RW 0.09-0.10 g/mmDiscussion:- C. bocagei can easily be distinguished from most of the other endemic Conus species of Angola by its angulate to subangulate -instead of rounded -shoulder and bluish ground colour.

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Conus bocki Sowerby iii, 1881

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 636, pl. 56, f. 7Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: AmboynaType Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 57 x 32 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus bocki formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W. Thailand, Philippines and Melanesia.Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatusForms bocki usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Almost uniformly brown shells intergrade with largely white shells. Shoulder edge usually white. Aperture white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus bodarti Coltro, 2004

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MZUSP Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Strombus 11, p. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: 125 km NE Abrolhos Arch., off Alcobaca, Bahia State, Brazil (15deg 50' S, 37deg 57' W)Type Data: Holotype in MZUSP deposited and catalogued Type Size: 16 x 8 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus mindanus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-mindanus bodarti formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-BrasilHabitat:-On rubble and coral sand bottom at 20-35 meters

Description:-Source:Original descriptionLength: 12 to 16 mm, with convex sides of the body whorl in adult specimens, weak deflection in 1/6 anterior body. Straight-sided spire. Shoulder roundly angulated and nodulose. Body whorl with 12- 14 incised lines, starting near the siphonal canal up to middle of the body. Apex yellowish smooth with 2 to 2 1/ 5 whorls. Spire with 6 up 8 whorls, with medium deep suture, angle 80-85deg.Color body red-brown with grey and white marks, 18-20 spiral cords with interrupted brown and white dots, purple mark on the siphonal canal. Some specimens have yellowish marks. White aperture.Discussion:-The shell differs from C. mindanus Hwass, 1792 and Conus iansa Petuch, 1979 in shape, spire angle, aperture and color apex. Conus iansa is more wide, has more spiral cords (22 up to 25), and the aperture is widely open near the siphonal canal. Conus mindanus is more slender and smoother, with fewer incised lines near the siphonal canal. Both species live near the continental area, and have not been found on the offshore reefs.Filmer considers it form of mindanus.Tucker suggests that iansa, bodarti,delucai, schirrmeisteri are a group of synonyms separate from mindanus.

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Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus pl. 42, sp. 226Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: PhilippinesType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 37.2 x 18.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus Synonyms:- nitidus Reeve, 1844; cerinus Reeve, 1848; ruppellii Reeve, 1848; rivularius Reeve, 1849; lachrymosus Reeve, 1849; meleus Sowerby iii, 1913; montillai Röckel, 1985Geographic Range:-Mozambique, Mascarenes and Seychelles; Indonesia to Japan and to Fiji.Habitat:-Reported from lower reef slopes in Papua New Guinea and on sand and weed beneath coral in Fiji .Description:-Source Living Conidae.Small to medium-sized, light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical, broadly conical in form ruppellii; outline variably convex adapically, slightly convex to almost straight below. Shoulder angulate to subangulate, smooth to weakly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, variably concave in outline. Larval shell of about 2 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls weakly tuberculate to nearly smooth. Teleoconch sutural

ramps flat, with 1-2 increasing to 3-5 spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak or strong, mostly granulose ribs around basal fourth to half; sometimes granulose ribs to shoulder (form rivularis).Ground colour white. Last whorl with large, irregularly shaped, yellowish to blackish brown markings above and below centre, often fusing into 2 spiral bands and sometimes coalescing axially. Spiral rows of fine brown to blackish brown dots extend from base to shoulder; dotted lines may be variably reduced or replaced by dashed lines. Base usually white ventrally. Larval shell and a variable number of adjacent sutural ramps light red or white. Later sutural ramps radially maculated with brown; usually same colour as last whorl; maculation variable. Sutural zone sometimes solid brown. Aperture white to light violet or pink. In form ruppellii, last whorl usually reddish to blackish brown except for narrow white spiral bands at centre and at shoulder, both crossed by brown axial markings. Spiral rows of larger brown dots and dashes than in other forms, from base to shoulder, often with intermittent white dots and dashes within dark areas. Larval shell white. Aperture white. Shells from Mozambique with bluish grey ground colour and olive- tan to dark olive spiral bands. Shell Morphometry L 20-40 mm RW 0.03-0.15 g/mm (L 20-33 mm) RD 0.61-0.72 (form ruppellii other forms 0.54 - 0.68) PMD 0.78-0.90 RSH 0.09-0.18Discussion:-The nominal species listed above in synonymy represent intraspecific variability of C. boeticus, as follows:C. cerinus is a form of C. boeticus with a relatively convex sided shell (RD 0.66-0.68), with few spiral rows of dots. C. lachrymosus is a form of C. boeticus with the shell largely overlaid with tan to reddish brown axial maculae and dashed to dotted spiral lines.C. meleus, has a white shell with yellow axial blotches of both sides of centre; its morphological characters does not justify taxonomic separation from C. boeticus. Similar shells from Augustus Is., N.W. Australia may be attached to this form. C. nitidus seems to be a juvenile specimen, described and depicted by Reeve as light orange-brown and encircled with interrupted brown lines, apex pink. C. rivularius refers to entirely granulose shells of C. boeticus, known from Indonesia and the Philippines. C. ruppellii (syn. C. fultoni), known from Philippines and Indonesia, is assigned as a form of C. boeticus, because both occur sympatrically and the conchological differences do not justify separation at the species level. They can be separated neither by the characters of their larval shell nor by the morphometry and the sculpture of the teleoconch, and shells with an intermediate colour pattern occur.C. cerinus stout shell with few spiral rows of dots;C. lachyrmosus shell largely overlaid with tan to reddish brown axial markings and dashed to dotted spiral lines;C. meleus white shell with yellow axail blotches on both sides midbody;C. rivularis granulose specimen from Philippines/Indonesia

Conus boeticus f. cerinus Reeve, 1848

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus., Suppl., pl. iii, sp. 283Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Mindanao, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus cerinus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-PhilippinesHabitat:-Not KnownDescription:-Source Visaya, FilmerC. cerinus Reeve, 1848 is an ovate, convex sided and rather solid shell with a rounded and vaguely undulate shoulder. The body whorl has irregular spiral cords, which are more pronounced at the base. The shell is ivory-white to cream with brown blotches axially aligned and forming two broken brown bands at either side of the center these blotches may cross the space between the bands. There are some sparse, fine brown spots forming broken spiral lines. The aperture is rather broad at the base, narrower at the shoulder and curved. The anal notch is shallow and the lip is thick. The columella is white and the interior is pinkish-white.Discussion:-Not many specimens of C. cerinus are known. From those that are known the shell of C. cerinus differs from the shell of C. boeticus only by its more convex sides and higher spire.

Conus boeticus f. meleus Sowerby iii, 1913

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xi, p. 558, pl. ix, f. 3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Kii, Japan.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 29 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-

Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus meleus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Japan - AustraliaHabitat:-Sand shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae. C boeticus.C. meleus has a white shell with yellow axial blotches of both sides of centreDiscussion:-No Data

Conus boeticus f. montillai Röckel, 1985

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Heldia. I, Heft 2, p. 61, pl. 9, f. 1-5 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Coron, Palawan, PhilippinesType Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued Type Size: 18.8 x 11.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus montillai formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Palawan, PhilippinesHabitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. montillaiSmall, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly or broadly ventricosely conical; outline variably convex, left side often sigmoid. Shoulder angulate, moderately to weakly tuberculate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of about 1.75 whorls, maximum diameter 1 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Specimens with granulose spiral ribs from base to shoulder intergrade with specimens with granulose ribs restricted to basal third of last whorl; ribs stronger abapically.Ground colour white. Last whorl with variably sized brown axial blotches, often fusing into 2 smeary spiral bands within adapical and abapical third. Usually with sparse spiral rows of brown dots and dashes, rarely extending from base to shoulder. Larval shell and a few adjacent sutural ramps pink. Later spire whorls crossed by brown streaks, often partially reduced to brown spots between marginal tubercles. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 17-23 mm RW 0.04-0.09 g/mm RD 0.66-0.76

PMD 0.78-0.89 RSH 0.16-0.22Discussion:-

Conus boeticus f. nitidus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 47, sp. 266Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Philippines.Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Conch Icon., Pl. 47, sp.266Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus nitidus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines, JapanHabitat:-Sand shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. boeticusC. nitidus seems to be a juvenile specimen, described and depicted by Reeve as light orange-brown and encircled with interrupted brown lines, apex pink. The type figure is orange brown with dark brown solid lines and white areas at middle and on spire.Discussion:-No Data

Conus boeticus f. rivularius Reeve, 1849

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. vi, sp. 261Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MoluccasType Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28 x 14 mm figureNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus rivularius formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

Habitat:-Sand shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. boeticusC. rivularis refers to entirely granulose shells of C. boeticus, known from Indonesia and the PhilippinesDiscussion:-No Data

Conus boeticus f. ruppellii Reeve, 1848

Pictures:Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. ii, sp. 273Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Red Sea (Ruppell); corrected to the Philippines.Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24.5 x 14 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-boeticus ruppellii formaSynonyms:- fultoni Sowerby iii, 1887Geographic Range:-Philippines, Papua New Guinea, SolomonsHabitat:-Sand shallow waterDescription:-Source Living Conidae C. boeticusC. ruppellii differs by having much straighter sides; a broader shoulder; much stronger spiral lines or broad brown bands on body whorl; bluish white aperture.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus boholensis Petuch, 1979


Published in: Nemouri, no. 23, p. 12, f. 20 & 21Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Panglao, Bohol Is., Philippines; ca. 250 m.Type Data: Holotype in DMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 38 x 18 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-

Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species:-boholensis Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Philippines; New Caledonia; NW Australia; N SomaliaHabitat:-In 125-300 m (Philippines); in 300 m (N.W. Australia); at the edge of coral reef (Vietnam); in 310-550 m (New Caledonia region).Description:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex, with almost straight right side and sigmoid left side. Shoulder carinate, with a moderately deep exhalent notch. Spire of moderate height to high, stepped; outline almost straight. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 1-1.1 mm. First 5-8 postnuclear whorls tuberculate; tubercles continuing as axial costae below outer margins and costae still present in smooth whorls. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with radial threads. Last whorl with spiral ribs at base and below shoulder, and ribbons or ribs between; intervening grooves variably broad, axially striate, and sometimes with a fine additional spiral rib. Subadults with a more uniform surface sculpture.Shell Morphometry L 25-51 mm RW 0.03-0.10 g/mm (L 25-40 mm) RD 0.56-0.67 PMD 0.78-0.95 RSH 0.20-0.32Discussion:

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Conus bondarevi Röckel & Raybaudi M., 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in SMNS Original Description Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: La Conchiglia xxiii, no. 264, p. 25, f. 1-5, 9Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Northern coast of Somalia; 150 m.Type Data: Holotype in SMNS deposited and catalogued Type Size: 36.2 x 20.6 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stellaconus Species:-bondarevi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-N Somalia

Habitat:-From depths of 100-150 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeModerately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly conical; outline convex below shoulder, straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low, outline sigmoid to concave. Larval shell of about 2 whorls, maximum diameter 1.0-1.2 mm. First 2.5-4 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate, late whorls broadly carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves; latest ramps may have additional spiral striae. Last whorl with distinct spiral ribs on basal fourth to third.Ground colour white, sometimes suffused with vale orange or violet. Last whorl with a broad yellow, orange, red or brown spiral band on each side of centre, occasionally with a narrow third band below shoulder. Ground-colour zone sometimes narrow and obsolete at shoulder. Base white to orange. Larval whorls white or yellow, orange or violet. Postnuclear sutural ramps shaded and radially spotted with same colours as last whorl. Aperture white to pale purple, slightly translucent.Shell Morphometry L 29-41 mm RW 0.12-0.25 g/mm RD 0.61-0.72 PMD 0.86-0.89 RSH 0.07-0.12Discussion:-

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Conus bonfigliolii Bozzetti, 2010

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Luigi BozzettiPicture Link: Luigi Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 68, 3 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Lavanono, MadagascarType Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 23.55 x 11.3 2mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid species or a synonym of lozeti Richard, 1980; see Monnier et al., 2018 in Xenophora Taxonomy 19Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Malagasyconus Species:-bonfigliolii Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MadagascarHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original decriptionA shell of small size for the genus. maximum length 23.90mm, profile conical, spire or moderate

heïght wjth slightly concave outline; shoulder angulate. body whorl sjdes straight. Protoconch prominent, 1.0mm in size. almost flat at the top. consisting of 2 micro-tuberculate whorls. teleoconch of 6 slightly turretted whorls. suture deep and narrow. with a weak subsutural ridge, sutural ramp concave. covered by thick radial threads not reaching the shoulder; 2 spiral ribs on the top postnuclear whorls and 1 close to the shoulder on the following ramps. shoulder broadly carinate and smooth. Aperture uniformly narrow; body whorl sides smooth except for a few spiral ribs on the anterior third and on the siphonal fasciole; strongly oblique dentiform plait on the columella. Background colour pinkish white; on the body whorl irregular brown blotches forming 2 spiral bands above the midbody and above the base; remaining area covered by a weak reticulated pattern of light brown stained and even spiral lines of articulated whitish and light brown dots. Spire postnuclear whorls pinkish white with brown blotches evenly distributed. Siphonal fasciole and columellar plait white; inside of the mouth pinkish white; protoconch whitish. Operculum and soft parts unknown.Discussion:

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Conus booti Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2017

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in LACM

Published in: Festivus Vol. 49, Issue 3, p. 243 – 244, Fig. 2, BOcean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: From 2 m depth off Malmok, Aruba, Dutch CaribbeanType Data: Lectotype in LACM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 19.7 x 10.5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-booti Synonyms:- Geographic Range:-ArubaHabitat:- On clean coral sand sea floors in depths of 2-3 mDescription:- Shell small for genus, stocky, inflated, wide across shoulder, with distinctly convex sides; spiresubpyramidal, with slightly stepped whorls; shoulder sharply-angled, bordered with small, thin raised carina; body whorl shiny, completely sculpted by 18-20 deeply-incised, evenly-spaced spiral sulci; shell areas between pairs of sulci slightly raised, producing broad, low cord and with each cord containing a line of low, almost obsolete rounded pustules; shell base color pale yellowish-white or pale orange, overlaid with scattered large amorphous darker orange flammules and blotches; spire whorls marked with widely-separated dark orange crescent- shaped flammules; aperture wide, with dark yellow-orange color within the interior; protoconch proportionally large, bulbous, mammilate, composed of 2 whorls, pale yellow in color.

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Conus borbonicus H. Adams, 1868

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868, p. 288, pl. 28, f. 1 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Isle of BourbonType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 12 x5 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym of Conus tulipa Linnaeus, 1758; it is a juvenileCurrent Group Names:-Not appropriate for the name borbonicus

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Conus borgesi Trovao, 1979

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolan

Published in: Amphitrite I, no. 1, p. 6., pl. 1, f. 4Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Baia das Gatas, Ilha da Boavista, Cape Verde Is.; 2 mType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 26.1 x 15.1mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Africonus Species:-borgesi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Boavista, Maio and Sta. Luzia of Cape Verde Archipelago.Habitat:-Found under rocks in depths varying from 2 to 40 meters.Description:-Source Original descriptionSeashell conical, dense, of profile that would be said to be slightly pyriform, of smooth appearance, presenting a vague brilliance, with some striae in the anterior area. Shoulder broad and angled. The color base of the seashell is an ivory white, with some pattern of brown, of tone variable, from light brown to the very dark brown , rarely black. The pattern is constituted of small irregular wavy flammules, forming sometimes rather broad lines, but generally thin less

dense nearby the base of seashell; in the anterior area coalescing, forming a cross streak occupying approximately the final third of the whorl of the shell. Sometimes the base color of the shell is visible under the pattern in zigzag. Immediately behind the anterior brown band the standard pattern is less marked and the lines and points less numerous, giving a clearer base color appearance to the seashell in that zone. Spire straight or slightly convex profile. Spire whorls furrowed by 2 to 3 spiral striae. Apex elevated. Deep fine line of suture, well defined and with slight irregularities. Color like the remainder of the seashell, with irregular marks varying in dimensions of the brown tone that forms the body from the seashell; those areas alternating with small zones in base color. Aperture: parallel, slightly curved, thin convex lip to the columella, wider in the anterior area. Interior of the lip of white, bordered by a band.Discussion:-

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Conus boriqua Petuch, Berschauer & Poremski, 2016

Picture Link: Holotype in LACM

Published in: The Festivus, Vol. 48; p. 173 – 174; fig. 1: A & BOcean geography: Western Atlantic Type Locality: Off Playa Boqueron, Cabo Rojo, Puerto RicoType Data: Holotype in LACM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 20.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily: -CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-boriquaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:- Puerto RicoHabitat:- on clean carbonate sand in 3 m depthDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell of average size for genus, fusiform, biconic, with distinctly rounded sides; spire high and elevated, pyramidal; shoulder sharply-angled, distinctly sloping, bordered by prominent, overhanging undulating carina; carinal undulations proportionally large, producing distinct coronations on shoulder and spire whorls; body whorl polished and shiny, sculptured with 15 deeply-incised spiral sulci, which become deeper and more closely-packed toward anterior end; areas between spiral sulci ornamented with single large, wide, raised pustulated cord; base shell color violet-purple (as in holotype), bright pink, or purplish-pink; base color overlaid with prominent large dark reddish-brown longitudinally-arranged amorphous flammules, often arranged in a zebra pattern; evenly-spaced, tiny brown dots present on raised body whorl cords; coronated shoulder and carina marked with alternating dark brown and purplish-white spots, with brown spots being present between each low knob; spire whorls pale violet, marked with very prominent, widely-spaced dark brown amorphous flammules, which often connect to brown longitudinal body whorl flammules; aperture wide and flaring, becoming wider toward anterior

end, cream-white within interior; protoconch proportionally large, rounded, composed of 2 whorls; protoconch and early whorls whiteDiscussion:-

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Conus boschorum Moolenbeek & Coomans, 1993

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in Naturalis, Leiden Alan Kohn Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Apex 8, p. 20, f. 1-6, 17Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Masirah Island, Oman.Type Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 11 x 5.9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pseudolilliconus Species:-boschorum Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Masirah Island, OmanHabitat:-From 0.1 m below low tide level to about 6 m.Description:-Source Living ConidaeVery small and light. Last whorl usually broadly conical, outline convex; left side concave basally. Shoulder angulate to carinate. Spire of moderate height to high, stepped; outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of 1.75-2 whorls, maximum diameter 0.9-1 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with 1 increasing to 3 obsolete spiral grooves in early whorls, spiral sculpture not traceable in late whorls. Last whorl with spiral ribs on basal third.Ground colour white. Last whorl with an interrupted to solid, yellowish to blackish brown or olive spiral band at base and within adapical third; colour zones sometimes also axially arranged. Light subcentral band with a meshwork of pale grey background shades, edged with yellowish to dark brown spots; sometimes spirally aligned dark spots extending from base to shoulder. Dotted to dashed brown spiral lines from basal third to subshouldera area or restricted to subcentral area, partially with intermittent white dashes. Larval shell bicoloured: Initial part white, with a yellowish brown pre-sutural zone; remaining part grading to solid yellowish brown. Postnuclear sutural ramps with light to dark brown radial blotches crossing outer margins. Aperture showing exterior pattern.Shell Morphometry L 9-13 mm RW -0.02 g/mm (10-11 mm) RD 0.70-0.77

PMD 0.84-0.93 RSH 0.22-0.28Discussion:-C. boschorum is very similar to C. biraghii and C. korni. C. biraghii biraghii differs in its lower spire (RSH 0.12-0.19) and its often more ventricose last whorl (PMD 0.77-0.91); the weak spiral grooves below the shoulder of C. biraghii biraghii are absent in adult specimens of C. boschorum. C. biraghii omanensis has an often narrower last whorl (RD 0.61-0.74) with 1-2 spiral grooves below shoulder, a narrower (0.8 vs. 0.9-1) and more contrastingly bicoloured larval shell with fine radial ridges, and flat rather than concave teleoconch sutural ramps with distinct spiral grooves also in late whorls. C. biraghii congruens is distinguished by its narrower (0.8 mm) larval shell with distinct fine radial ridges and more strongly contrasting colours, its 1-2 spiral grooves below shoulder, and the prominent spiral sculpture on its early teleoconch sutural ramps. C. korni has more larval whorls (2.25-2.5) with fine radial ridges, a lower spire (RSH 0.13-0.24), pronounced spiral grooves on the early teleoconch sutural ramps, and 1-2 weak spiral grooves below shoulder.

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Conus boucheti Richard, 1983


Published in: J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. 6 (1-2), pp. 53-58 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: SW of Ile des Pins, New Caledonia (22deg 5 S 167deg 15' E); Dredged 400 m.Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 17.5 x 9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Yeddoconus Species:-boucheti Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New CaledoniaHabitat:-Found at 300-500 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeSmall to medium-sized, light to moderately light. Last whorl conical; outline almost straight; right side may be slightly convex, left side slightly sigmoid. Shoulder carinate. Spire of moderate height; outline concave. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 1.1-1.2 mm. About first 4 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, following whorls carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave, with closely-set, strong radial threads crossing obsolete spiral striae. Last whorl with wide, axially striate spiral grooves, narrower, weaker or obsolete adapically; 4 closely-set, punctate spiral grooves just below the shoulder.Ground colour white to beige. Last whorl with about 6-8 broad, brown spiral lines on the ribbons between the basal spiral grooves; occasionally irregular brown blotches in the ground-colour

zone. Larval whorls beige. Postnuclear sutural ramps with irregular brown radial blotches. Shoulder edge sometimes ornamented with brown spots.Shell Morphometry L 17-39 mm RW 0.04-0.08 g/mm (L 17-25 mm) RD 0.57-0.65 PMD 0.87-0.96 RSH 0.13-0.23Discussion:-C. boucheti differs strikingly from all other Indo-Pacific Conus species in its colour pattern of basal basal brown spiral lines on an otherwise uniformly beige last whorl.

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Conus bougei Sowerby iii, 1907

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond. Vii, part 5, p. 299, pl. 25, f. 1 & 2 Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Mouac Is., New Caledonia.Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21 x 11 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus exiguus Lamarck, 1810Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Fulgiconus Species:-exiguus bougei formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New Caledonia; SamoaHabitat:-In S. New Caledonia, C. exiguus known from coral, rubble, and coarse sand with algae in 13-53 m, often inhabiting channels of the barrier reef with strong water currents.Description:-Source Living Conidae. C exiguus.Small to medium-sized, light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical, sometimes conoid-cylindrical in populations from very shallow water; outline convex, or slightly convex adapically and less convex to straight towards base. Shoulder angulate and tuberculate, subangulate and weakly tuberculate in populations from very shallow water. Spire of low to moderate height; outline concave to convex. In southern New Caledonia, larval shell of 2.0-2.25 whorls; maximum diameter 0.7 mm in northern New Caledonia to 1 mm in the south. Postnuclear spire whorls tuberculate to weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 1 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves. Last whorl with variably spaced, shallow, punctate spiral grooves, sometimes from base to shoulder; spiral ribs usually granulose and restricted to abapical area or extending to centre or shoulder (form plumbeus). Largely smooth specimens often with distinct non-granulose

spiral ribs at shoulder.Last whorl various shades of brown, leaving variously shaped and sized white dots, spots, flecks or blotches, mostly located near shoulder and at centre, sometimes also at base. Brownish tones ranging from yellowish, orangish and olive-brown to dark reddish and blackish brown. Small individuals in northern New Caledonia with small spirally arrayed white markings either extending across entire last whorl or restricted to central area. The medium-sized individuals in southern New Caledonia lighter in colour, with small to large white markings often fusing into 2-3 spiral bands or reduced to a few scattered dots or spots. Shells from very shallow water darkest in colour, with large, partially white markings, axially or spirally arranged. Base sometimes light violet. Larval shell white to pale yellow, pink in medium-sized shells from the south. Postnuclear sutural ramps matching last whorl in colouration (including number and size of white markings). Aperture of various shades of violet (southern population) or bluish violet to brown (other populations).

Shell Morphometry L 16-54 mm RW 0.05-0.26 g/mm (L 19-45 mm) RD 0.57-0.67 PMD 0.83-0.95 RSH 0.09-0.20 C. e. bougei Northern form small 16-25mm conical.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus boui da Motta, 1988

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac. no. 11, p. 41, figs. A-C. Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Pte. de la Baleine, SW coast of Martinique.Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued Type Size: 30.2 x 17.3 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Dauciconus Species:-boui Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MartiniqueHabitat:-No DataDescription:-Source Original description

Glossy shell with a low spire; sharply carinate shoulder; spire whorls are lightly incised with numerous spiral threads; body whorl smooth but with several ridges at the anterior end; ground colour is golden-brown; spire with white and brown arcuate tessellations; axially-aligned strands of dark-brown from shoulder on the body whorl; white band in the middle of the body whorl overrun by these tessellations; sparse brown spots at the lower part of the body whorl; aperture white with a narrow golden rim on the edge of the outer lip.Discussion:-Similar to C. daucus but can be recognised by its colour form.

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Conus boutetorum Richard & Rabiller, 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Paratype in MNHN G. Richard

Published in: Annales del Société des sciences naturelles de la Charente- Maritieme, May 2013 Supplément, “Second International Cone Meeting”,; p. 53-63, Pl. 1, Pl. 2, Pl. 3, Pl. 4, Pl. 5Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Afaahiti Lagoon, north coast of Tahiti, Society archipelago.Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 52,2 mm x 24 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-boutetorumSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Society archipelagoHabitat:-at 30 m on coral slope. Description:-Original DescriptionSoild shell, ventricosely conical, long and narrow profile. Spire of moderate height, with 8 whorls on the teleoconch. Protoconch is multispiral and pointed, with 3 whorls.The body whorl has convex edges towards the posterior extremity and is slightly emaciated towards the anterior. It has an almost smooth texture with weak spiral grooves which become more pronounced towards the anterior quarter of the shell. The aperture is narrow, with an oblique, trough-shaped anal canal, which joins the callus of the sutural ramp. The shoulder is somewhat rough, with remnant of weak undulations along the keel. The spire shows 2 major spiral grooves along the sutural ramp on each of its whorls, and 3 slightly finer grooves along the callus that borders it. The light gap between each of its whorls gives the spire a gently stepped outline.The protoconch is greyish-white. The postnuclear whorls are white, with increasing shades of orange. The basic color of the body whorl is pale pink, with 3 zones that carry a varying number of a darker spiral patches: one situated below the shoulder, a second in the medium third section below the widest part of the shell, and a third one that crosses the anterior quarter. The spire is of pale pink color, but the shoulder is white and decorated with small brown spots that continue on the sutural ramp up to the early postnuclear whorls. The subadult and few of the adult specimens

show rows of smaller rounded sots arranged in tranverse rows.Discussion:-

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Conus bozzettii Lauer, 1991


Published in: Apex vi, no. 2, p. 33Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Cape Raas Haafuun, North-eastern Somalia.Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued Type Size: 62 x 26 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Conasprella Species:-bozzettii Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-N SomaliaHabitat:-Found at 150-200 mDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to moderately large, usually moderately solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical; outline convex at adapical third, less so at central third, and straight (right side) or concave (left side) below. Shoulder subangulate to rounded, usually broadly carinate. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex, with projecting, stepped apex. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter about 1.2 mm. First 4-6 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, later whorls carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat or slightly concave, with closely spaced axial threads and almost obsolete spiral striae. Last whorl with punctate or axially striate spiral grooves at base and weak ribs or narrow ribbons between.Ground colour white. Last whorl usually with an interrupted spiral band of brown axial blotches above centre, sometimes with traces of a similar band below shoulder. Generally sparse spiral rows of variably numerous light brown dots, dashes or bars occur primarily adapically. Completely white shells intergrade with heavily dotted specimens. Larval whorls white. Teleoconch sutural ramps either immaculate or with very sparse brown dots or dashes, often aligned at outer margin in early whorls. Aperture white.Shell Morphometry L 40-63 mm RW 0.09-0.17 g/mm (L 40-60 mm) RD 0.51-0.60 PMD 0.77-0.90

RSH 0.13-0.23Discussion:-C. bozzettii resembles C. ione, C. teramachii and C. gradatulus Weinkauff 1875. C. ione attains larger size (to 76 mm), is heavier (RW 0.15-0.35 g/mm), and has a broader last whorl (RD 0.55-0.64). It differs additionally in its slightly pyriform last whorl, more angulate or carinate shoulder, and in its more prominent spiral sculpture on the last whorl. The violet shades often present in C. ione are absent in C. bozzettii; in the former species, brown blotches form a spiral band on each side of the centre of the last whorl. C. teramachii is a larger species (to 111 mm) and lacks any pattern; its shoulder is more angulate and strongly carinate, and its sutural ramps have a prominent spiral sculpture. C. gradatulus attains larger size, has a generally broader last whorl (RD to 0.64), its pattern lacks spiral rows of dots, and the pink background shades often seen in this species are absent in C. bozzettii.

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Conus branhamae Clench, 1953

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in AMNH Mike Filmer

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 24, pl. 12, f. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Green Turtle Cay, Great Abaco, Bahamas.Type Data: Holotype in AMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27.5 x 13 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAEGenus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-branhamae Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Occurring in the northern and eastern Caribbean with records from the Bahamas, Jamaica and the Grenadine Islands {Mustique). Also reported from St. Croix and Antigua.Habitat:-Coral mud flatsDescription:-Source VinkA rather small shell, 15 to 25 mm., with slightly convex sides of the body whorl and a straight-sided spire, producing an angle of about 70deg. Shoulder sharply angulate, body whorl smooth with a few incised spiral lines near the base; in some specimens the area between the incised lines may be somewhat pustulouse. Spire whorls flat, sometimes slightly stepped, nucleus: 1.5 whorls. Colour white with irregular axial patches on either light brown or dark mahogany brown on the body whorl and on the spire. In addition, spiral lines of white dashes with or without dark brown dots may be present. Already Usticke (1968) made the observation that albino shells are fairly common.Discussion:-C. branhamae could be confused with C. mindanus (which has more concave tops of the spire whorls and a different pattern). Albino specimens of C. branhamae could be

confused with C. puncticulatus colomba (which has a twisted anterior end with a distinct siphonal notch).

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Conus brasiliensis Clench, 1942

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MCZ Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 24, pl. 12, f. 2Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Victoria, Espirito Santo state, BrazilType Data: Holotype in MCZ deposited and catalogued Type Size: 21.9 x 12.9 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus archetypus Crosse, 1865Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Purpuriconus Species:-archetypus brasiliensis subsp.Synonyms:- abrolhosensis Petuch, 1987Geographic Range:-BrasilHabitat:-Shallow water reefDescription:-Source Original descriptionShell relatively thin and small, probably reaching length of 25 mm. Color a mottled reddish brown in two bands seperated by midarea of white which is well invaded by patches of the brownish red. Spire low, obtuse at 125deg angle and possessing fine spiral threads. Aperture oblique with thin outer lip. Sculpture of 6-8 spiral threads near base; remainder of shell smooth with faint axial threads.Vink commentedThe subspecies has a colour pattern somewhat similar to that of typical C. archetypus but with the lighter patches on the upper half of the body whorl very distinct, so that the pattern can also be described as consisting of two broad spiral bands of brown, tan or orange on a whitish background, often connected by axial flammules and streaks; Many specimens with spiral lines of brownish dots. Background often not evenly coloured.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus brazieri Sowerby iii, 1881

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer

Published in: J. Conchol. iii, p. 234, pl. I, f. 9Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Solomon Is.Type Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 72 x 32 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus circumcisus Born, 1778Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Pionoconus Species:-circumcisus brazieri formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-W PacificHabitat:-In 4-200 m; in sand, coral rubble, clefts of coral reefs or on lagoon pinnacles, beneath dead coral rocks.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. circumcisus.C. brazieri is smooth unspotted pale banded pattern.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus brettinghami Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1982


Published in: Basteria 46, p. 39, figs. 258 a & bOcean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Designated Marinduque, Philippines (C. undulatus)Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued (C. undulatus) Type Size:43 x 21mmNomenclature: a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. undulatus Sowerby, 1858.Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus brettinghami formaSynonyms:- undulatus Sowerby ii, 1857Geographic Range:-India, W. Thailand, Philippines to MelanesiaHabitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m.Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatusForm brettinghami usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Discussion:-No Data

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Conus brianhayesi Korn, 2001

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in NMSA Original Description Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia 33 ( 299), p. 18Ocean geography: South AfricaType Locality: Transkei, off Port Grosvenor (C. hayesi)Type Data: Holotype in NMSA deposited and catalogued (C. hayesi) Type Size: 18 x 11 mmNomenclature: an available name, a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. hayesi Korn 2000Taxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Sciteconus Species:-brianhayesi Synonyms:- hayesi Korn, 2001 Geographic Range:-South AfricaHabitat:-Found in 70-100 mDescription:-Source IconographySmall shell (normal size between 16 and 25 mm), light to moderately light. Last whorl ventricosely conical to broadly conical. Shoulder subangulate to round. Spire oflow to moderate height, profile straight to slightly domed, eventually stepped, with a relatively large (1.5-1.6 mm) protruding white to light brown protoconch. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave to sigmoid or flat, with many spiral striae on late ramps. Basal third to half of last whorl with closely set ribs, becoming finer towards the base. Ground color white to cream. Base brown or violet-brown. The pattem of the last whorl consists of brown spirallines and/or spiral rows of dashes, which may be combined with or replaced by spots or dots. Sometimes the spiral pattem elements may be fused axially, but more frequently the last whorl appears tinged with creamy brown and then the pattem elements are fused into a darker broad subcentral band and a narrower band below the shoulder, leaving a variably broad white to creamy brown spiral band at the centre. This band could appear overlaid with spiral rows of brown maculae. The spire is usually white, with regularly arranged brown spots, dots or curved streaks. The aperture is,white. The animal is completely white.Discussion:-C. brianhayesi is found in a very localized area, in the northern Transkei region of South Africa. They are a deep-water species , being dredged from about 70 to 100m deep. They are only known from a very restricted area at present.

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Conus broderipii Reeve, 1844


Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 46, sp. 254Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: MoluccasType Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 27 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-broderipii Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-MoluccasHabitat:-Shallow subtidal to 20 mDescription:-Source Filmer ReviewC. broderipii: spire is low in height and concave in outline. The spire color is pale cream with axially aligned wavy mid-brown to pale brown bars. The shoulder is angulate and smooth. The body whorl is shiny and convex below the shoulder becoming almost straight thereafter. There are irregular, incised spiral grooves at the base which become more widely separated towards the centre. The ground color is cream with numerous spiral lines of brown blotches dashes and spots coalescing into three bands below the shoulder, above the centre and above the base. The interior of the aperture is white on the outer edge and very pale pink to pale violet deep within. The shells from the Philippines that were wrongly on the market as C. broderipii were renamed by Mike Filmer in 2011: C. zandbergeni Filmer, 2011.Discussion:-

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Conus bruguieresi Kiener, 1845

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in collection Dupont Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 56, f. 2Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., 2, p. 221, pl. 56, f. 2Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Designated Senegal.Type Data: Holotype was in collection Dupont and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 38 x 17 mm figureNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Lautoconus Species:-bruguieresi Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Senegal, West Africa

Habitat:-Shallow waterDescription:-Source Pin and TackShell biconical, consisting of 8 or 9 whorls. Shoulder narrow but well rounded. Edges only slightly convex, are just a little narrowing towards the base. Spire tall enough, with a very well marked suture. Aperture flaring towards the base. Lip slightly encircling, more or less rounded upwards, and slightly sinuous towards the inferior third, but almost straight on the whole. Towards the base, there are about ten spiral evenly-spaced cords.Against a constantly greenish background, a white band is visible along all the periphery of the inferior third of the last whorl. Sometimes, below and above this band, some small white spots are clearly visible; but in most cases only the band is distinguishable. The whole surface of the last whorl is scrammed with several violet dashes alternating with other white slightly larger dashes, regularly spaced up to the shoulder. On the last whorl, below the suture, 2 small spiral cords are visible. Two cords are very evident on the penultimate whorl. In uneroded specimens, the early whorls show few white spots, small and regularly arranged.The aperture is bluish interiorly, with a white fasciola towards the base. The inner lip is bordered by a weak white band, followed by a larger purple one.Discussion:-C. echinophilus is close enough to C. bruguieresi, but it differs from it especially for the colour of the animal, which is always red, while in C. bruguieresi it is rather greyish. The shell of C. echinophilus is short, stocky, almost isosceles, while in C. bruguieresi it is always elongated and narrow at the shoulder. The ornamentation of the last whorl is also different: in C. echinophilus it is dark brown, and in C. bruguieresi greenish. The white and purple dashes, always present in C. bruguieresi, are only rarely present in C. echinophilus, and the white spots encircling the fasciole are by far more consistent and always present in C. echinophilus.

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Conus brunneobandatus Petuch, 1992

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in CMNH Alan Kohn

Published in: La Conchiglia xxiii, no. 264, p. 37, figs. 3 & 4Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Tobejuba Boca Araguao, Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela; 25 m.Type Data: Holotype in CMNH deposited and catalogued Type Size: 28 x 15 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym colour form of Conus cancellatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Conasprelloides Species:-cancellatus brunneobandatus formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Guyana, BrazilHabitat:-On mud bottoms in 20-35 m. depthsDescription:-Source original description

Shell distinctly turnip-shaped, with wide broad shoulder, deeply concave sides, and narrow, tapering anterior end; shoulder sharply-angled, with well developed, keel-like carina; spire elevated, slightly scalariform; body whorl shiny, ornamented with 30-32 large, evenly-spaced spiral cords, giving shell rough appearence; aperture narrow; body whorl white, encircled with continuous, wide, light brown or tan band; brown band often encircles only midbody region, but in some specimens (such as holotype) extends from shoulder to below midbody; anterior tip of shell white; spire whorls white with scattered tan flammules; protoconch and early whorls pale orange-tan; interior of aperture white; periostracum thin, brown, velvety.Discussion:-The author states that Conus brunneobandatus occurs with, and is most often misidentified as Conus cancellatus Hwass, 1792. This is smaller species with a more truncated, turnip-shaped body. The wide brown band of this species C. cancellatus, even in specimens with brown markings. The new species also has a much finer body whorl sculpturing than does C. cancellatus, with some specimens having virtually smooth shells devoid of coarse spiral cords.

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Conus brunneofilaris Petuch, 1990

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenPicture Link: Bill Fenzan

Published in: Nautilus. 104 (2), p. 66, f. 30-31Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Portobelo, Panama.Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued Type Size: 14 x 7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-brunneofilaris Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-E. PanamaHabitat:-Around 65m depthDescription:-Source: Original descriptionShell small, elongately conical, thin, fragile; shoulder sharply angled. carinated; carina faintly undulating; spire moderately elevated, with stepped whorls; body whorl shiny and polished; anterior tip encircled with 6 small spiral cords; aperture narrow, slightly wider at anterior end; protoconch proportionally large, mammillate; shell color bright golden-tan with wide midbody band of large white patches and dark brown flammules; anterior tip marked with large white flammules; golden-tan and white base color overlaid with 21 extremely fine, hairlike, dark brown spiral lines; shoulder and spire white with large, evenly-spaced, dark brown flammules; spire flammules extend over edge of shoulder carina onto body whorl; interior of aperture white; protoconch and early whorls bright yellow.

Discussion:-Conus brunneofilaris with its distinct brown spiral lines, resembles no other known Caribbean or Panamic cone shell.

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Conus brunneus Wood, 1828

Pictures:Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio Published in: Ind. Test. Suppl., p. 8, pl. 3, f. 1Ocean geography: Eastern PacificType Locality: Galapagos IslandsType Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Wood, pl. 3, fig. 1Nomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Stephanoconus Species:-brunneus Synonyms:- interruptus Wood, 1828 Geographic Range:-SW Baja California, Mexico - Ecuador; GalapagosHabitat:-Found among sand and rocks from intertidal to 20 mDescription:-Source WallsHeavy with a low gloss; obconic, the sides convex posteriorly; body whorl with heavy basal ridges and numerous axial growth lines; shoulder broad, angulate, heavily coronate, the coronations broad and sharp; spire low, straight/concave, bluntly pointed; body whorl generally dark brown on white background showing through in irregular patches at midbody and shoulder; numerous closely spaced spiral lines of darker brown/black, broken into dashes, prominent in white blotches; base dark violet brown, spire and shoulder white with brown blotches between coronations; early whorls pinkish; aperture moderately wide, uniform; outer lip straight, sharp; mouth waxy yellow grey; columella narrow, short, not visibleDiscussion:-C. bartschi has no spiral cords but only very numerous spiral threads along the spire whorls while C. brunneus has 3-6 well developed spiral cords that persist throughout growthC. diadema is similar but has waxy feel, is uniformly olive/dark brown with narrow paler bands at midbody/shoulder; seldom white blotches or dark lines; aperture pale violet with dark violet patch posteriorly.

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Conus bruuni Powell, 1958

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in ZMUC Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rec. Auckl. Inst. Mus. V., no. 1 & 2, p. 84, pl. 10, f. 3Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Off Raoul Is., Kermadec Is.; 75-85 mType Data: Holotype in ZMUC deposited and catalogued Type Size: 43.6 x 21 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Asprella Species:-bruuni Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-New Caledonia - Kermadec IslandsHabitat:-In 60-400 m; in 60-85 m at Raoul Id.; in 200- 400 m at Chesterfield Is. and north of New CaledoniaDescription:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl conical; outline convex at adapical half to three-fourths and straight (right side) or concave (left side) below. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly concave. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter about 1.2 mm. First 2.5-3 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 3 increasing to 8-11 spiral grooves; latest ramps with additional spiral striae. Last whorl with variably spaced, smooth spiral ribs on basal fourth; juveniles with granulose ribs from base to shoulder.Colour changes from pale yellow to light violet during growth. Last whorl with pale orange to dark reddish brown clouds forming 2-3 spiral bands, well below and just above centre and often below shoulder. Base and siphonal fasciole may be lighter in colour. Larval shell pinkish grey. Early teleoconch sutural ramps white; later ramps violet, with brown axial blotches producing tessellated white and brown outer margins. Aperture matches exterior background in colour.Shell Morphometry L 35-61 mm RW 0.12-0.32 g/mm RD 0.55-0.66 PMD 0.84-0.91 RSH 0.10-0.18Discussion:-C. bruuni is similar to form calligunosis of C. kinoshitai, which can be separated by its larger size, usually narrower last whorl and more numerous tuberculate postnuclear whorls. In addition C. bruuni has a wider larval shell and lacks the speckled appearance of C. kinoshitai.

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Conus bulbus Reeve, 1843

Pictures:Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio & Emilio Rolán

Published in: Conch. Icon.. I, Conus, pl. 30, sp. 169, 1 pl. 30, sp. 169 Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Cabenda, West coast of Africa, (soft mud, 5 fths), (Hankey), erroneous designated (Rolán & Röckel) Binga Bay, AngolaType Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued Type Size: 24 x 11 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Varioconus Species:-bulbus Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Angola; SW AfricaHabitat:-Intertidal OffshoreDescription:-Source IconographyThe shell is small.and moderately light, the last whorl broadly and ventricosely conical to pyriform, shoulder rounded. Outline convex at adapical third, almost straight below. Spire low to moderately high, outline straight to sigmoid. Sutural ramps flat to convex with fine spiral striae. Last whorl almost smooth, with about 10 spiral ribs near base. Ground color of the shell is white to bluish-white, with dark brown axial streaks, of variable width, occasionally converging at base and shoulder. Light colored aperture.Discussion:-C. zebroides is the species most similar to C. bulbus because of the presence of dark axial streaks on the shell, and in fact some specimens can hardly be seperated between the two species, except for the fact that C. zebroides reaches quite larger size. The two species are separated in terms of the radular teeth.

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Conus bullatus Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:Picture Link: Neotype in ZIUU Mike Filmer Picture Link: Paul KerstenRadula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 717Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: Type locality not known, designated (C, M & W) Island of Amboina, (Ambon, Indonesia), neotype locality not mentioned.Type Data: Neotype in ZIUU deposited and catalogued Type Size: 59 x 30 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Textilia Species:-bullatus

Synonyms:- nubecula Gmelin, 1791; laganum Röding, 1798; parvus Röding, 1798; articulata Dautzenberg, 1937; pongo Shikamai & Oishi, 1977Geographic Range:-Mozambique and Zanzibar to Marquesas and HawaiiHabitat:-Intertidal to about 240 m, most common from slightly subtidal to 50 m; on muddy sand, coral rubble and gravel, often beneath dead coral rocks, outside and inside the reef. Form pongo reported from slightly subtidal to about 20 m. Common form of C. bullatus known to feed on fishes and mollusks after nightfall and to be preyed upon by skates and stingrays as well as molluscivorous Conidae.Description:-Source Living ConidaeMedium-sized to large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl ovate to narrowly ovate; outline convex, less so or straight at adapical fourth and towards base; left side may be concave near base; sometimes sides nearly parallel centrally. Aperture distinctly wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder subangulate to angulate or slightly carinate. Spire low, outline either concave, with apex projecting from an otherwise almost flat spire, or straight. Larval shell of 3-3.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.9-1.0 mm. First 3-6 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, later whorls sometimes slightly carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, concave in late whorls, with 1 increasing to 2-4 spiral grooves that are weak in latest whorls. Last whorl with a few weak narrow spiral grooves at base.Ground colour white, variably suffused with orange to violet. Last whorl with spiral rows of orangish to reddish brown dots, dashes, bars and spots that alternate irregularly with white dots and often with triangular spots in some rows. Areas between usually with an incomplete to regular network of less prominent, orangish to reddish brown tent-like spots. Similarly coloured blotches also form interrupted spiral bands, within abapical third, above centre and sometimes below shoulder. Fine reddish brown axial lines may extend from shoulder to base. Form pongo usually lacks reticulated triangular spots but has more prominent fine white axial lines; some specimens are irregularly clouded with orangish to reddish brown. Larval whorls and adjacent 2 postnuclear sutural ramps light red. Later sutural ramps with orangish to reddish brown radial streaks and blotches, often fusing in late whorls. In common form, aperture beige marginally, yellow-orange deep within; in form pongo, aperture orange-brown marginally, dark brown-red deeper within.Shell Morphometry L 45-82 mm RW 0.17-0.52 g/mm (L 45-68 mm) RD 0.47-0.60 PMD 0.60-0.74 RSH 0.02-0.10Discussion:- Form C. b. pongo E. Africa to W. Thailand lacks reticulated triangular spots but has prominent fine white axial lines.

Conus bullatus f. pongo Shikamai & Oishi, 1977

Pictures:Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Sci. Rep. Yokohama natn. Univ. sect. 2 (24), p.21, pl. 4, figs 5a-b Ocean geography: Indo-PacificType Locality: East China SeaType Data: Holotype was in KPMY and currently assumed to be lost Type Size: 64 x 28.2 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Synonym form of Conus bullatus Linnaeus, 1758Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAEGenus:-Textilia Species:-bullatus pongo formaSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-East China Sea (Indian Ocean?)Habitat:-Slightly subtidal to about 20 mDescription:- Aperture color reddish brown

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Conus buniatus Bozzetti, 2013

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in Collection Bozzetti

Published in: Malacologia 78, p. 11, fig.Ocean geography: West Pacific Type Locality: Lavanono, Southern MadagascarType Data: Holotype in the author’s collection Type Size: 15,50 mm x 8.7 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A valid speciesCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Rolaniconus Species:-buniatusSynonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Only known from the type localityHabitat:- Description:-Original descriptionVentricosely conical shape, spire low with concave outline, slightly turreted, shoulder angulate, body whorl convex on right side, very slightly concave at the base and convex above on left side, teleoconch whorls strongly tuberculated at the shoulder; body whorl covered by 18 spiral, pustulose ribs and thick, thin axial growth lines; shell completely white.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus burryae Clench, 1942

Pictures:Picture Link: Holotype in MCZ Mike Filmer

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 29, pl. 14, f. 3 & 4Ocean geography: West Atlantic and CaribbeanType Locality: Off Lower Matecumbe Key, Lower Florida KeysType Data: Holotype in MCZ deposited and catalogued Type Size: 34.5 x 16 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: Subspecies of Conus anabathrum Crosse, 1865Current Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Gradiconus Species:-anabathrum burryae subsp.Synonyms:- There are no junior synonymsGeographic Range:-Lower Florida Keys and Biscayne Bay (along the coast of Yucatan, Mexico)Habitat:-On grassy mud flatsDescription:-Source Vink C. anabathrumC. a. burryae differs from typical C. anabathrum in being reddish brown to dark brown, usually in blotches but also uniform. The spiral rows of darker dashes often become continuous spiral lines. A white mid-body area can no longer be distinguished, the tip of the base is usually brownish black. There are also morphological differences, C.anabathrum burryae is smaller and narrower with often a more convex body whorl.Discussion:-No Data

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Conus byssinus Röding, 1798

Pictures:Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype in Martini (1773, pl. 60, fig. 669) Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Mus. Bolten 2, p. 41, no 518/40, not figuredOcean geography: East Atlantic and West AfricaType Locality: Not mentioned, designated (Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils) Villa Cisneros, Western SaharaType Size: 65 x 42 mmNomenclature: An available nameTaxonomy: A subspecies of Conus pulcherCurrent Group Names:-Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAEGenus:-Kalloconus Species:-pulcher byssinusGeographic Range:- West Africa Habitat:-Shallow Water

Description:-Source Iconography: The shell is similar to that of Conus pulcher but more cylindrical, with a stocky profile. It is more brightly colored, presenting solid brownish spiral lines on the body whorl, on which the white background color is usually predominant. The brown markings tend to be darker, more clearly defined and thicker, even in the shape of small rectangles.Discussion:-No Data

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Copyright Paul Kersten. Rights to all images remains with the originator. Every effort has been made by the editor to respect copyright and image rights and to seek the appropriate approvals. The source of any text quoted from original descriptions or other publications is acknowledged. Acknowledgements and References can be viewed by clicking on the links provided. Should you have any queries or material which would improve the content of the website, you may contact the author at the E mail address on home page.

Last update March 2018