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PERT 01 ManajemenManajemenManajemenManajemen Operasional IIOperasional IIOperasional IIOperasional II
Dosen :
Dr. Agus Prayitno
� Review Manajemen Operasional
� Overview Manajemen Operasional II
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Review Manajemen Operasional I
– Konsep Manajemen Operasional
– 10 Ruang Lingkup MO
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Konsep Manajemen Operasi
Produksi adalah proses penciptaan barang dan jasa.
Operasi adalah fungsi atau sistem yang
mentranformasikan input menjadi output
yang lebih bernilai.
Manajemen Operasi adalah serangkaian aktivitas
(Design, operation, and improvement of
productive systems) yang menciptakan
barang dan jasa dengan
mentranformasikan input menjadi output.
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Proses Transformasi
Proses transformasi adalah urutan aktivitas sepanjang rantai nilai dari pemasok sampai ke konsumen.
��11--44
INPUT
•Material
•Machines
•Labor
•Management
•Capital
TRANSFORMATION
PROCESS
OUTPUT
•Goods
•Services
Feedback & Requirements
Sumber: Russel, 2009
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Bentuk Proses Transformasi
�Physical: as in manufacturing operations
�Locational: as in transportation or
warehouse operations
�Exchange: as in retail operations
�Physiological: as in health care
�Psychological: as in entertainment
�Informational: as in communication
��11--55
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
10 Ruang Lingkup Keputusan MO
� Desain produk dan jasa (MO I)
� Manajemen kualitas (MO I)
� Desain kapasitas dan proses (MO I)
� Lokasi (MO I)
� Desain layout (MO I)
� Sumber daya manusia dan desain pekerjaan (MO I)
� Supply-chain management (MO II)
� Manajemen Persediaan (MO II)
� Penjadwalan (MO II)
� Maintenance (MO II)
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Ruang Lingkup Keputusan MO (Lanj)
� Desain barang dan jasa
– Barang atau jasa apa yang akan kita tawarkan?
– Bagaimana kita merancang barang dan jasa
tersebut?
� Manajemen kualitas
– Siapa yang bertanggunga jawab atas kualitas?
– Bagaimana mendefinisikan kualitas?
– Bagaimana mengukur kualitas?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Ruang Lingkup Keputusan MO (Lanj)
� Desain kapasitas dan proses
– Proses apa dan bagaimana urutan yang diperlukan
untuk membuat produk tersebut?
– Apa peralatan dan teknologi yang diperlukan
setiap proses tersebut?
� Lokasi
– Dimana kita menempatkan fasilitas yang
diperlukan?
– Kriteria apa saja yang digunakan untuk
memutuskan lokasi?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Ruang Lingkup Keputusan MO (Lanj)
� Desain layout
– Bagaimana kita akan menyusun/meletakkan
fasilitas?
– Seberapa besar/luas yang diperlukan setiap
fasilitas?
� SDM dan desain pekerjaan
– Seberapa banyak pekerjaan yang diperlukan?
– Berapa banyak pekerja yang diperlukan untuk
menyelesaikan pekerjaan tersebut?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Ruang Lingkup Keputusan MO (Lanj)
� Supply chain management
– Apakah membuat atau membeli input yang
diperlukan?
– Siapa yang menjadi pemasok dan berapa banyak
yang kita miliki?
� Persediaan, perencanaan keperluan material, JIT
“just-in-time” inventory,
– Berapa banyak persediaan setiap item yang harus
dimiliki?
– Kapan melakukan order?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Ruang Lingkup Keputusan MO (Lanj)
� Penjadwalan jangka menengah, pendek dan penjadwalan proyek
– Apakah subcontracting production pilihan yang tepat?
– Apakah menghentikan tenaga kerja merupakan tindakan yang tepat pada saat penurunan?
� Pemeliharaan
– Siapa yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pemeliharaan?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Overview Manajemen Operasional II
� Supply Chain Management (SCM),
� Inventory Management,
� Agregat planning,
� Enterprise Resourse Planning (ERP),
� Penjadwalan Jangka pendek,
� just in time,
� Maintenance & Reliability,
� Quantitative Models (Programming Linear, transportation problem, dan waiting line)
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
� Planning, organizing, directing, & controlling
flows of materials
– Begins with raw materials
– Continues through internal operations
– Ends with distribution of finished goods
� Involves everyone in supply-chain
– Example: Your supplier’s supplier
� Objective: Maximize value & lower waste
Supply-Chain Management
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
What Is Inventory?
� Stock of items kept to meet future demand
� Purpose of inventory management
– how many units to order
– when to order
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Types of Inventory
� Raw materials
� Purchased parts and supplies
� Work-in-process (partially completed)
products (WIP)
� Finished pruduct
� Items being transported
� Tools and equipment
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Aggregate Planning Requires
� Logical overall unit for measuring sales
and outputs
� Forecast of demand for intermediate
planning period in these aggregate units
� Method for determining costs
� Model that combines forecasts and costs so
that planning decisions can be made
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Sales and Operations PlanningSales and Operations Planning
� Determines the resource capacity needed to meet
demand over an intermediate time horizon
– Aggregate refers to sales and operations planning for
product lines or families
– Sales and Operations planning (S&OP) matches
supply and demand
� Objectives
– Establish a company wide game plan for allocating
resources
– Develop an economic strategy for meeting demand
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
� Setting goals & objectives
– Example: Meet demand within the limits
of available resources at the least cost
� Determining steps to achieve goals
– Example: Hire more workers
� Setting start & completion dates
– Example: Begin hiring in Jan.; finish, Mar.
� Assigning responsibility
Planning
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
1 2 3 4 5
Gross Requirements 2 20 25 15
Scheduled Receipts 5 30
Available 25 23 33 33 8
Net Requirements 7
Planned Order Receipts 7
Planned Order Releases 7
1 2 3 4 5
Gross Requirements 2 20 25 15
Scheduled Receipts 5 30
Available 25 23 33 33 8
Net Requirements 7
Planned Order Receipts 7
Planned Order Releases 7
� Manufacturing computer information system
� Determines quantity & timing of dependent
demand items
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
� Computer system
� Mainly discrete products
� Accurate bill-of-material
� Accurate inventory status
– 99% inventory accuracy
� Stable lead times
MRP Requirements
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
� Software that organizes and manages a
company’s business processes by
– sharing information across functional areas
– integrating business processes
– facilitating customer interaction
– providing benefit to global companies
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
What is Scheduling?
� Last stage of planning before production
occurs
� Specifies when labor, equipment, and
facilities are needed to produce a product
or provide a service
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
� Deals with timing of operations
� Short run focus: Hourly, daily, weekly
� Types
TodayToday Due Date
BB EE
Forward SchedulingForward Scheduling
TodayToday Due Date
BB EE
Backward SchedulingBackward Scheduling
Short-Term Scheduling
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Objectives in Scheduling
�Meet customer due
dates
�Minimize job lateness
�Minimize response
time
�Minimize completion
time
�Minimize time in the
system
�Minimize overtime
�Maximize machine or
labor utilization
�Minimize idle time
�Minimize work-in-
process inventory
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
� Management philosophy of continuous and
forced problem solving
� Supplies and components are ‘pulled’
through system to arrive where they are
needed when they are needed.
What is Just-in-Time?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
� Attacks waste
– Anything not adding value to the product
• From the customer’s perspective
� Exposes problems and bottlenecks caused
by variability
– Deviation from optimum
� Achieves streamlined production
– By reducing inventory
What Does Just-in-Time Do?
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Model membantu manajer
� Secara lebih akurat mewakili realitas.
� Memperoleh gambaran mendalam tentang hubungan
antar fenomena bisnis
� Menemukan cara yang lebih baik guna menetapkan
pasangan kombinasi nilai variabel keputusan.
� Membantu pengambil keputusan memahami masalah.
� Membantu mengkomunikasikan masalah dan solusi dengan orang lain.
� Menyederhanakan masalah yang besar dan komplek berdasarkan waktu
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
Ruang Lingkup QM
�� ForecastingForecasting
�� Inventory ControlInventory Control
�� Linear Programming Models: Linear Programming Models:
Graphical and Computer MethodsGraphical and Computer Methods
�� Transportation and Assignment Transportation and Assignment
ModelsModels
�� Waiting Lines and Queuing Theory Waiting Lines and Queuing Theory
ModelsModels
�� Markov AnalysisMarkov Analysis
Copyright ©2010 by Agus Prayitno, Dr. Fakultas Ekonomi
Udinus.
QM yang didiskusikan di MO II
�� Inventory ControlInventory Control
�� Linear Programming Models: Graphical Linear Programming Models: Graphical
and Computer Methodsand Computer Methods
�� Transportation and Assignment ModelsTransportation and Assignment Models
�� Waiting Lines and Queuing Theory Waiting Lines and Queuing Theory
ModelsModels