Dr သန္းထြန္း - ျမန္မာသမိုင္း နိဒါန္း

ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org

(1)

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rkdif;&JUorkdif;ESifhjrefrmpmay orkdif;tp taMumif;t&m okH;ckudk

aygif;pyfpDpOfxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/

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NyD; teufaumufcsufxkwfjcif;? tem*wfudk rSef;Munfhjcif;tvkyf

rsm; jzpfonfudk zGJYpnf;&Sif;jyxm;onf/ orkdif;&JUorkdif;wGif orkdif;

okawoevkyfenf;vkyf[efESifhywfoufí azmfjyxm;onf/ jrefrm

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aom jrefrmpmayESifhywfoufí tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf/

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wpfOD;jzpfNyD; jrefrmEkdifiH\xif&Sm;aom orkdif;okawoeynm&Sif

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(2)


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jrefrmorkdif; ed'gef;

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(3)

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Myanmar Heritage197 (b), 33 rd Street, Yangon, Myanmar.

Copyright @ 2001, Dr. Than Tun

yxrtBudrf 2001 ({NyD)

pmrlcGifhjyKtrSwf 416^2000 (6)? rsufESmzkH;cGifhjyKtrSwf 87^2001

(1)? apmifa& 500? wefzkd; 1500d

OD;atmifBuD;(0986)a&Tyk&ykdufpmay? 5? wifhqef;vrf;? A[ef;? &ef

ukefu xkwfa0í OD;rsKd;oefY(05564)? tma&m*sHykHESdyfwkduf 69? ok

eEmurf;ajc? &wemuRef;&dyfom? ajrmufOuúvmy &efukefwGif ykHESdyf

onf/ rsufESmzkH; odef;aZmf

(4)


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rmwdum

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1/ orkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇm

2/ orkdif;&JUorkdif;(1)

orkdif;&JUorkdif;(2)







3/ jrefrmpmayorkdif;tp

(5)

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orkdif;&JUoabm orkdif;&JUorÇmudk ar;vkdYom ajz&wm? ukd,fhudpö r

[kwfvkdYxifygw,f/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh

(1) vlwkdif; orkdif;odw,fvkdY xifw,f? olYbmom b0ifjrifhaewm

udk,fu taeomBuD;yg?

(2) tJ'DvlawGu orkdif;udk ukd,fvkd&m qGJokH;wm?

(3) uRefawmfwkdYu tusKd;eJYtaMumif; qufpyfjyw,f? &v'fudk

a0zefydkif;jcm;NyD; pMu0aw;rif;vJ aowmyJqkdNyD; ur®|mef;pm

vkdzwfwm jzpfw,f? b,fvkdvkyf&if ydkaumif;r,fqkdwmudkvJ

wwfEkdifoavmuf azmfxkwfw,f/

(4) *wdrvkdufbl;? tm;rembl;? cspfvkdYrkef;vkdY aMumufvkdY rodvkdY

twkd;tqkwf rvkyfbl;? odwJhtwkdif;ajymw,f/ tJ'Dvkd &kd;om;

&r,fvkdYqkH;jzwfNyD;om; jzpfw,f/ a&;oma&;w,f tvif;r

0ifwJhpmvJ &Sdw,f? BudK;pm;NyD; olrsm;rodwmudk azmfxkwfw,f?

olrsm;rSm;wmudkjyifay;w,f/ tJ'gudk em;raxmif&if raxmif

wJhvlrSmom epfemrSm jzpfw,f/

orkdif;&JUorkdif;pmwrf;rSmqkd&if olrsm;rSm;wm <um;wmawGudk

a&;jyxm;w,f/ olrsm;rSm;ovkd usKyfvkdufrrSm;bl;vkdY odapcsif

w,f/ orkdif;okawoeudk b,fvkdvkyfw,fqkdwmvJ enf;enf;awmh

tprf;oabm azmjfyxm;w,f/ orkdif;okawoe vkyfenf;rcufyg/

vuf0ifw,f? aphpyfaocsmzkdYvkdw,f/ yifyef;w,f/ a&TusifwJhvl?

(6)


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ausmuf&SmwJhvlu csufcsif; pm;&aomuf&w,f/ csrf;omEkdifw,f/

orkdif;okawoeu pmwrf;wpfapmif a&;NyD;&if uD0Dzdeyfaq;euf

wpfbl;avmufawmif tokH;r0ifbl;? tzdk;rwefbl;vkdYajymwJhvl&Sd

w,f/ tJ'Dvl rSefygw,f? olrsm;rodwmudk od&vkdY udk,fhbmomaus

eyfwmuvGJvkdY wjcm;tokH;r&Sdyg/ t&ifrSm;ovkd rrSm;apeJY? t&if

uxuf aumif;atmif vkyfzdkYqkdwJh oifcef;pmawmh a0iSzkdY wm0efudk

vJ arhrxm;&yg/

jrefrmpmayorkdif;tpudk &SdNyD;om; pmtkyfrsKd;eJY rwlatmif

a&;xm;w,f/ &SdNyD;om;pmtkyfu orkdif;r[kwf(Catalogue)awGjzpf

aew,f/ tckpma&;enf;ynm rwwfcifu pmayudk a&;jyxm;

w,f/ pmeJYa&;rxm;bJeJY b,fvkdpmay&SdrSmvJvkdY ar;p&m &Sdw,f/

Ak'¨pmay(Buddhist Literature)qkd&if jrwfpGmbk&m; EIwfuygXfawmf

jzpfw,f/ tJ'gyJ Ak'¨pmay jzpfw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;

tESpfav;&mausmf 35 bDpD a&mufrS yd#uwfudk pmeJYcsa&;wm &Sd

w,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ a&S;ya0oPDu vlY"avhawG[m pmra&;wwfay

r,fh tpOftquf rSwfom;vmcJhw,f/ tJ'gawG[m pmra&;wwf

cifuyJ &SdcJhwJhjrefrmpmayaygh? tJ'gudk vufrcH&if tcka&;vkdufwJh

jrefrmpmayorkdif;tpudk rzwfygeJY/

aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

oef;xGef;

8? Mo*kwf? 2010

(7)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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orkdif;&JUoabm

orkdif;&JUorÇm

Ä

orkdif;oifw,fqdkwm vlYtawGYtMuHKtjzpftysufawG&JUjzpfpOf&Snf

BuD;oufoufudk ajymjywmvm;? jzpfpOfxJuaeNyD; oabmt"dyÜg,f

awG aumuf,lwmrsKd;udkaum tm;ay;ovm;q&m/

orkdif;pmtkyfawG a&;MuNyDqkdawmh cifAsm;ar;cGef;t&qkd&if

a&;ykHa&;enf;ay: rlwnfw,fvkdYajym&rSmyJ/ tjzpftysufawGudk

csnf; pkNyD;a&;w,fqkdwmu a&S;wkef;u a&;avha&;x&Sdw,f/ &m

Z0Hoqkdwm rif;pOfrif;qufawGtaMumif;aygh/ a&S;&mZ0ifpmtkyf

udk ta&;wBuD; zwfMunfh&if tazu b,fol? om;u b,fol? rif;

quf rjywfbl; jywfw,f qkdwmavmufyJ awGY&wwfw,f/ 'DxJrSm

aqG;aEG;wmawG bmawG rygbl;/ b,f[mu aumif;w,f raumif;

bl;? bmaMumifh b,fvkdjzpfw,f? bmudk tajccHNyD;awmh 'Dtjzpft

ysuf ay:vmw,f? 'Djzpf&yfay:vmvkdY b,ftusKd;qufjzpfw,fqkd

wJhaqG;aEG;jcif;? a0zefjcif; r&Sdbl;/ r&Sdawmh odyftokH;rwnfhygbl;/

rif;pOfrif;quf &ufpGJodwmavmufyJ &Sdw,f/

tJ'Da&;enf;uae aemufykHpHwpfrsKd; ajymif;oGm;w,f/ okaw

oevkyfvmMuNyD;awmh bk&ifawG taMumif;om r[kwfawmhbJeJY tJ

'Dacwf tEkynmtaMumif;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;taMumif;awG yg

vmw,f/

Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(1)? ZGef? 1996/

(8)


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taMumif;eJYtusKd; EIdif;,SOfNyD; aqG;aEG;wmawG aemufydkif;rSm

a&;vmMuw,f/ tcka&;aewJh a&;ykHa&;enf;u jzpfpOfoufouf

wif r[kwfbJeJY oabmw&m;xkwf&w,f/ b,fvkdtjzpftysufrsKd;

[m b,fvdktajccH&if b,fvkdjzpfr,f? tJ'Dvkdjzpf&if &vmr,fht

usKd;tjypfu b,fvkdqkdNyD; &v'fudk nd§EIdif;aqG;aEG;a0zefwmrsKd;ukd

tckawmh a&;Muw,f/ rSefrSefuefuefeJY vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwmrsKd;

ayghav/ uRefawmfwkdY vufcHwmuawmh taMumif;eJYtusKd; ,SOf

aqG;aEG;wJha&;ykHa&;enf;rsKd;ukdyJ vufcHygw,f/

orkdif;rSmoabmeJYorÇmqkdwmu uRefawmf em;vnfoavmuf

ajym&&if wpfcku experience tawGYtMuHKaygh/ orÇmaygh/ tJ'Dt

awGYtMuHKudk rSwfwrf;wifNyD;xm;&if tJ'DtawGYtMuHKay:u o

abmt"dyÜg,fwpfck oifcef;pmvkdYyJ ajymajymaygh/ oabmwpfck &

Ekdifw,f/ &Ekdifw,fqkdwm zwfwJhvluvnf; zwfNyD; olYbmomol oif

cef;pmwpfck ,lvkdY&EkdifwmyJ/ orkdif;q&muawmh bmvkyfrvJqkd

awmh tJ'Dtjzpftysufukd rlwnfNyD;awmh wjcm;EIdif;,SOfcsufawGeJY

tvm;wljzpf&yfawG tawmfrsm;rsm; xnhfoGif;NyD; tjrifus,fus,f

eJY tawGYtMuHKawG tukefaygif;pyfNyD;awmh 'g b,fvkdaMumifh jzpf

wm? 'gaMumifhrkdfY a&SUrSm b,fvkdawG tusKd;tjypfjzpfEdkifw,f qkdwJh

projection aygh/ a&SUudk arQmfrSef;NyD; ajymMunfhr,f/ tJ'grsKd;udk uRef

awmftrsm;BuD; tm;ay;w,f? orkdif;a&;wJhtcgrSm 'grsKd;awG yg

apcsifw,f/ 'grSvnf; orkdif;oif&usKd; eyfrSmudk;/ EdkYrkdY&if orkdif;

oif&wm bmrSt"dyÜg,f r&dSbl;/ 0w¬Kwkdaygif;csKyf jzpfaer,f/ bm

NyD;&if bmjzpfw,fqdkwJhtpOfBuD; jzpfaer,f/ zwfwJholtwGufawmh

oifcef;pm ,lr,fqkd ,lvkdYawmh &wmayghAsm/ ykHjyifav;wpfckqDu

(9)

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awmif &Ekdifao;wmrsKd;yJ[m/ orkdif;usawmh a&SUrSm tvm;tvm

b,fvkd&Sdw,fudk aqG;aEG;wm/ uRefawmfhausmif;om;awGudk olwkdY

usrf;a&;wJhtcgrSm a&SUtvm;tvmudk wwfEkdifoavmuf ta&;

ckdif;w,f/ orkdif;qkdwm twdwfudk rSwfwrf;wifw,f/ NyD;awmh t

eufaumufcsuf xkwfw,f/ NyD;awmh tem*wfudk rSef;Munfhw,f/

'g orkdif;&JUtvkyfyJ/

orkdif;udk bmaMumifh oifovJvkdY q&mhudkar;awmh q&mu ]]rtç

atmifvkdY}}vkdYajzvkdufw,fvkdY zwf&ygw,f/ b,fvkd rtçwmvJ

q&m/

orkdif;qkdwm &Sd&SdorQ jzpfjzpfcJhorQ vltawGYtMuHKawG tm;

vkH;udk pkNyD; rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmyJAsm/ apmapmu ajymcJhovkd t

wdwftjzpftysufawGudk rSwfwrf; record vkyf&w,f/ oabmt

"dyÜg,f teufaumufcsuf interpretation vkyf&w,f/ a&SUjzpfvmEkdif

r,fhudpöudk BudKwifrSef;qcsuf projection vkyf&w,fqkdawmh orkdif;

[m cifAsm;wkdYajymwJhoabmeJYorÇm tpkta0;BuD;aygh/ aumif;cJh

wm? qkd;cJhwmawG? bmaMumifh aumif;cJhw,f? qkd;cJhw,fqkdwJhoabm

orÇmrsm;rsm;&Sd&if a&SUudk rSef;vkdY&w,f/ rSef;vkdY&&if rtçawmhbl;

aygh/ rtç&if a&SUbmvkyf&rvJ odvmwmaygh/ tenf;qkH;tm;jzifh

Asm cifAsm;u uRefawmfh&JUtaMumif;udk aemufcHorkdif;eJYwuG od

xm;w,fqkd&if uRefawmf udpöwpfckvkyfwJhtcg bmudktajccHNyD;vkyf

w,f? b,fvkdpdwful;eJYvkyfw,fqkdwm b,fvkdajymNyD; b,fvkdvkyf

w,fqkdwm odr,f/ tenf;qkH;awmh uRefawmf cifAsm;udk rvdrfEkdif

awmhbl;/

(10)


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orkdif;rSm tcsuftvuf&Smw,fqkdwm 'DtajccHay:rSm &Sm

wm/ bmaMumifhjzpfovJ &Smwm/ b,fvkdjzpfovJ &Smwm? b,fvkd

&v'f&SdrvJqkdwm &Smwm/ 'Dvkdukd,fwkdif tNrJtvkyfvkyfaewJhtcg

usawmh 'D training u ygvmNyD/ 'Dawmh orkdif;wwfxm;&if rtçbl;/

rnHhbl;? tenf;qkH; tnmrcH&bl;ayghAsm/

orkdif;a&;wJhtcgrSm aqG;aEG;csuf? a0zefcsufawG xnfha&;vmw,f

qkdawmh a&;ol&JU(prejudices)tpGJawG? tmCmwawG rygEkdifbl;vm;

q&m/

rygatmif uRefawmfwkdYu xdef;w,f/ xdef;w,fqkdwmu wkd

wkdajym&&if tm;rem&bl;/ ausmif;om;udk tm;rematmif oif

ay;xm;w,f/ tm;rem&bl;qkdwmu Oyrm - ig jrefrmyJ? jrefrm

twGuf aumif;wmawGY&ifawmh wpfcgwnf; tBuD;tus,fcsJUa&;

r,fayghAsm/ &Sufp&maumif;wmawGY&if z,fxm;r,fayghAsm/ uRef

awmfu tJ'grsKd; vkyfcGifhray;bl;/ Bias ajymajym? prejudices ac:

ac:ayghAsm/ tJ'gawG vkH;0ryg&bl;/ ]]rif;u w&m;olBuD;ae&mrSm

ae&r,f? w&m;vkdajymwJhpum;vnf; em;axmif&r,f? w&m;cHajym

wJhpum;a&m? w&m;cHjyoufao&JUpum;a&m em;axmif&r,f? t

cif;jzpf&mae&mudkvnf;udk,fwkdifoGm;pkHprf;&r,f/ NyD;awmhrS aumuf

csufcswmu rif;&JUqkH;jzwfcsuf/ ajymwmawmh tm;vkH;ajymMurSm

yJ/ rSefcsifrSvnf; rSefMurSmyJ/ tm;vkH;aygif;NyD;rS w&m;olBuD;u A

rSeform; rSm;ovm;? B rSefovm; rSm;ovm; ajym&rSmyg/ bmudpö

jzpfjzpf Conclusion aumufcsufuawmh tNrJyg&w,f/ b,f t

aMumif;yJajymajym Conclusion ygr,f/ tJ'D Conclusion rSm a&SUtzkdY

(11)

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tvm;tvmvnf; xnhf&r,f/ tJ'gxnfhwJhtcgrSm qkH;jzwfcsufu

awmh tm;rem&bl;/ aumif;wm&Sd&ifvnf; ajym? 'gaumif;w,f/

nHh&ifvnf; ajym/ bufrvkduf&bl;}}vkdY ausmif;om;awGudk oifay;

xm;w,f/

ausmif;om;awGuvnf; olwkdYtcuftcJeJY olwkdYyJ/ w&m;ol

BuD;tvkyfukd vkyf&r,fqkdawmh/ 'gayrJh uRefawmfhausmif;om;awG

a&;xm;wmawGuvnf; pmtkyfwkdif;vnf; ykHESdyfrSmrS r[kwfbJ/ 'g

qufvufavhvmzkdYtwGuf pmMunfhwkdufrSmawmh &SdrSmyJ/

aemufNyD; wu,f prejudice &Sdwmu orkdif;wpfavQmuf jyef

Munfh&if a&S;ua&m tckxda&maygh/ ,kHMunfrIoufoufudk tajccH

wJhbmoma&;vkd? EkdifiHa&;0g'vkd tzGJYtpnf;awGurS aMumuf&wm/

a&S;a[mif;c&pf,meft,leJYzGHYNzdK;p odyÜHynm y#dyu©jzpfcJhwmawG

Munfhaygh/ olwkdYajymwmeJY vGJae&if csufcsif;jyóem tBuD;BuD;x

vkyfwm/ enf;enf;av;rS onf;rcHbl;/ prejudice t&SdqkH; tBuD;qkH;

yJ/

udk,fqkH;jzwfwmuawmh ukd,fhwm0efayghAsm/ udk,fa&;wJhusrf;

ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzpfvkdY tjrifrwlwJhjyóemawGvnf; &SdrSmaygh/ 'gu

wpfu@/ ausmif;om;b0wkef;u uRefawmf a&;cJhwmawG &Sdw,f/

jyóemjzpfcJhwmawGvnf; &Sdw,f/ jzpfwm rwwfEkdifbl;av/ uRef

awmfuawmh rn§mbl;/ awGY&if a&;wmyJ/

(12)


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orkdif;&JUorkdif; (1)

Ä

orkdif;udk wu,f[kwfrSefwJhtjzpftysufawGyJ? taMumif;tusKd;

pOfNyD; wifjyw,fvkdY ,lqNyD; pepfwus rSwfwrf;a&;wJhtcg vlwpf

a,muftaMumif;yJjzpfjzpf? EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&JUtaMumif;yJjzpfjzpf vl

trsm;tusKd;&Sdatmif b,fvkd awGYMuHKchJ&w,f? aemift&Snfojzifh

erlem,lp&m b,favmufaumif;w,fvkdY odatmif a&;&ygr,f/ tJ

'gaMumifh tajcjyKp&m rSwfwrf;r&Sd&if orkdif;a&;vkYdr&yg/ tjzpf

tysuf wpfckNyD;wpfck ay:aygufcJh&mrSmvJ ay:vmorQ tjzpft

ysufawGudk oabm,kwåd&Sd&m oifhjrwfovkd qufoG,fazmfjya&;om;

wJhtcg a&S;a&S;u ajympum;awGudkvJ rSwfausmufwifppfaq;NyD;

rS a&G;EkwfokH;pGJwmjzpfvkdY ykHjyif'@m&DawGeJY ordkif;[m trsm;BuD;

uGmjcm;ygw,f/

a&S;usvGef;ruuswJhacwfumvawGtwGuf tu©&mwifNyD;

urÜnf;ausmufpmqkdwmrsKd;awG r&SdvkdY a&S;a[mif;okawoe(Arch-

aeology)udkyJ tm;udk;&ygw,f/ odyfapmwJhtBudKorkdif;(Prehistory)?

t&kyfpm(Hieroglyph)vdk rSwfwrf;wpfrsKd;&SdwJhtBudKorkdif;(Proto-

history)acwfawG vGefNyD;rS orkdif;(History)acwfudk a&mufygw,f/

taxmuftxm;&SdwJhwu,fhtjzpftysufudkyJ okH;oyfqifjcifNrJjzpf

vkdY orkdif;0if(Historicity)qkdwJha0g[m& tokH;tEIef; ay:vmw,f/

taMumif;t&mwpfck? yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;? armfuGef;rSwfwkdifwpfwkdif[m

orkdif;0ifjzpfw,fqkd&if wu,fppfrSefw,fvkdY pdwfcsygqkdwJhtmrcH

csuf&Sdw,f/ orkdif;ynm&Sifqkdwmudkvnf; jzpf&yfawGudk &ufpGJpOfNyD;

Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? trSwf(8)? 'DZifbm? 1996/

(13)

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rSwfwrf;wifwmavmuf vkyfwJhvl r[kwfbl;qkdwm cGJjcm;odoifhyg

w,f/

eef;wGif;xl;jcm;wJhudpöawGvkd aeYpOfrSwfom;&wJh]]aeYpOfrSwf}}

yk&ykduf&Sdw,f/ (wm0ef,lNyD; a&;ol[m oHawmfqifhwpfOD;jzpfr,f

xifw,f/) orkdif;ynm&Sifu aeYpOfrSwfoleJY vkH;0rwlyg/ orkdif;a&;

olwkdif;rSm &nfrSef;csufwpfckawmh &SdpNrJ jzpfw,f/ b,forkdif;ukd

b,fvkda&;w,fvkdY ppfaq;wm[m orkdif;&JUorkdif;(Historiography)

jzpfygw,f/

orkdif;(History)eJYaeYpOfrSwf(Chronology)uGJvGJjcm;em;ykHudk O

a&mypmayrSm c&pfwpfq,fhajcmuf&mpkESpfuyJ xif&Sm;odomaeyg

NyD/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd&if aemufqkH;bk&ifhtrdefYawmfeJYjyKpkwJh r[m&m

Z0ifawmfBuD;(rSefeef;)udk aeYpOfrSwftqifhyJ&Sdw,fvkdY owfrSwf&rSm

jzpfygw,f/ wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfwJhrif;awG&JUtquftEG,fudk odyfNyD;

jynfhpkHatmif azmfjyzkdY BudK;pm;w,f/ NyD;awmh b,fbk&if&JUaumif;rI

[m bmawGjzpfw,fvkdY azmfjyw,f/ tJ'gavmufqkd&if tm;vkH;aus

eyfMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh &mZ0if[m rif;qufukdyJ ajymr,f/ rif;wpf

yg;pD omoemh'g,umjzpfaMumif; ajymr,f/ 'DESpfcsuf[m &mZ0if

usrf;&JUy"mewm0ef jzpfw,fvkdYawmif tcsKyfpum; ajymEkdifygw,f/

taxmuftxm;r&SdbJ orkdif;rjzpfbl;qdkwJhpum;t& t

axmuftxm;qkdwm pmeJYa&;NrJjzpfvkdY pma&;enf;ynmtaMumif;

tcsKyfajymyg&ap/ abbDvkH(Babylon)? tD*spf(Egypt)pwJhEkdifiHawG

rSm c&pfray:rD okH;&mpkESpf(3rd Century B.C)t&ifESpf 5000(5000

B.P)uwnf;u rSwfwrf;a&;om;aeygNyD/ tjzpftysufudk t&kyfeJY

azmfjywmuaeNyD; t&kyfwpfckudk toHxGufwpfck ay;NyD; toHxGuf

(14)


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tu©&m ay:vmygw,f/ abbDvkHrSm owfykHa&;enf;(Cuniform

writing)udk c&pfray:rD tESpf 2800 t&if tESpf 4800(4800 B.P)u

okH;pGJaeygNyD/ tD*spfrSm t&kyf? t&kyfpma&;enf;(Hieroglyphic

writing)udk c&pfray:rD tESpf 2000 t&iftESpf 4000 (4000 B.P)u

yJ okH;aeygNyD/ tdEd,rSm [m&yg(Harapa) c&d(Crote)? vDed,m(Linear)

a&;enf;awGvJ c&pfray:rD tESpf 2000 u jzpfr,fvkdYyJ owfrSwf

vkdY jzpfygw,f/ ruúpDudk(Mexico)&JUrm,a&;enf;(Maya Writing)udk

c&pfray:rD tESpf 1500 (1500 B.C)t&iftESpf 3500(3500 B.P)u

okH;pGJcJhwm jzpfygw,f/ t&kyfrSwfwrf;uwpfqifh tu©&ma&;enf;

ay:aygufwm jzpfygw,f/ tD*spfrSm tu©&ma&;enf; c&pfray:rD

ESpf 1000 (1000 B.C)t&iftESpf 3000(3000 B.P)? tdEd,jA[®D(Brah-

mi)tu©&m c&pfray:rD ESpf 800(800 B.C)t&iftESpf 2800(2800

B.P)? tDwvDrSm a&mr(Roman)tu©&m c&pfray:rD ESpf 700(700

B.C)t&iftESpf2700(2700 B.P)u pwiftokH;jyKcJhMuwm jzpfyg

w,f/ pma&;enf;ay:rS orkdif;acwfa&mufw,f/ ,Ofaus;rI(Civilia

-zation) pNyDvkdY ajymavh&SdMuygw,f/

orkdif;(History)txufu tBudKorkdif;(Prehistory)&Sdw,f/ t

BudKorkdif;u av;ydkif; ykdif;ygw,f/

1/ yGJOD;xGuforkdif;(Antehistory)

2/ ta0;orkdif;(Telehistory)

3/ ta,miforkdif;(Parahistory)

4/ tporkdif;(Protohistory)

jrefrma&S;ta&;tom;udk ausmufpmawGrSm awGYEkdifygw,f/

ysLacwfuyJ pma&;enf;ynm wwfr,fqkd&if c&pfwpf&mpkESpf(First

(15)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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Century A.D)rSm ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHvkdYac:wJha'orSm jA[®Dtu©&mu

qif;oufwJhtu©&meJYpma&;wwfNyDvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/ ysLausmufpm

wcsKdU[m Ak'üsrf;awGxJu aumufEkwfcsufawGjzpfvkdY orkdif;qkdif

&m tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&m r[kwfayr,fh ysLawG udk;uG,f,kH

MunfwJhAk'omoem[m apmapmu r[m,me? aemuf [de,mejzpf

w,fvkdY orkdif;aMumif;wpfck ajymvkdY&NyD jzpfygw,f/ aemuf ysL

ocsKØif;pm(ausmuft&kd;tkd;pm)awGt& ysLawG&JU0dMur(Vikrama)

rif;qufbk&ifhbGJYeJYuG,fvGefwJhESpfudk odEkdifygw,f/

[&d0dMur (Harivikrama)oufawmf 57-ESpf? at'D 120 ewf

&GmpHw,f/

oD[0dMur(Sihavikrama)oufawmf 50? at'D 143? ewf&GmpH

w,f/

ol&d,0dMur(Suriyavikrama)oufawmf 50? at'D 123 ewf&Gm

pHw,f/

tm'dws0dMur(Adityavikrama)at'D 163 ewf&GmpHw,f/

tckajymjywJhrif;qufeJYrif;awG ewf&GmpHwJhESpfudk axmufNyD;

ysLorkdif;udk azmfxkwfEkdifNyD/ ysLa0g[m&ig;q,fausmf wpf&m

avmufyJodvkYd ausmufpmygtjzpftysufpkHatmif razmfxkwfEdkif

ao;yg/ ysLtu©&mawG[m ajrmufydkif;tdEd, c&pfav;&mpkESpf *kyå

(Gupta)vufa&;? awmifydkif;tdEd, c&pfav;&mpkESpfu'fA(Kadam-

ba)vufa&;awGeJY qifwlw,f/ 'gayrJh ysLawGokH;wJhjyu©'defu at'D

78-79 rSmpwJh ou(SAKA)jyu©'defjzpfw,f/ r[mouú&mZfeJYqkdif

ygw,f/ yk*Hacwf a&T*lBuD;ausmufpmrSm 'Douú&mZfudk okH;wm awGY

Ekdifygw,f/ tapmqkH; rGefausmufpmudk &efukef Akdvfwpfaxmifbk

(16)


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&m; 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; ysufpD;wJhtcg Xmyemwkdufu&wJhqif;wk

awmfrSm awGY&ygw,f/ c&pf(7)&mpkESpf rSwfwrf;vkdY qkH;jzwfMuyg

w,f/ ysLeJYrGefawGu jrefrmawGudk Ak'¨bmomeJYpma&;enf;ynmudk

oifMum;ay;cJhMuvkdY jrefrmawG c&pf(10)&mpkESpfavmufuyJ Ak'om

oem0if jzpfvmMuNyD; c&pfwpfq,fhwpf&mpkrSm pma&;enf;ynm

wwfNyDvkdY ajymEkdifygw,f/

'DrSm uRefawmf qkdvkdwmu ,aeYjrefrmEkdifiHvkdYac:wJha'orSm

aeMuwJhysLawG[m c&pfwpf&mpkESpfupNyD; pma&;enf;wwfNyD; rGef

awGuvnf; ysLeJYwef;wl pma&;enf;ynmudk wwfr,f/ bmjyKvkdYvJ

qkdawmh ysLa&m rGefyg Ak'ömoem0if rjzpfrDu jA[®Pomoem0if

awG jzpfcJhw,fvkdY a&S;a[mif;okawoe(Archaelogy)taxmuf t

xm; trsm;BuD;jyEkdifygw,f/ rif;awG&JUbGJYudk Munfh&if ukvm;bGJYjzpf

wJhtwGuf ta&SUawmiftm&S(South East Asia)rSm ukvm;"avh ysHUESHY

vTrf;rdk;(Indian Cultural Influene)wmudk c&pfESpfOD;(Beginning of Chris-

tian Era)u jzpfw,fvkdYyJ ,lqp&m &Sdygw,f/

taemufwkdif;"avh(Western Culture)udk ukefonfu ,lvmo

vkdvkd? ppfom;u ,lvmovkdvkd? c&pfomoemjyKu ,lvmovkdvkd

awG;awmMuHqMuw,f/ aemufawmh 'DuvlawGuyJ olwkdY"avhudk

BudKufvkdY vkdufvkyfwmu jzpfzkdYydkrsm;w,fvkdY oabmaygufygw,f/

'DvkdyJ 'DuvlawGu ukvm;"avhudk BudKufvkdY &kd;&mudk,f0wfeJYcg;pnf;

udkz,fNyD; 'dkwDqm'D0wfw,f? [dE´LewfawGudk udk;uG,fw,f? Ak'¨t

,ludk ajymif;w,f? jA[®PpMu0VmwnfykHudk vufcHw,f/ jA[®P

jyu©'defjzpfwJhpÈ´rmoudk okH;w,f/ avmuDudpöawGjzpfwJhvufxyf

enf;? aooludk oN*ØK[fenf;awGudk twk,lw,f? rif;u bdodufcH

(17)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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w,f/ acgif;aq;r*Fvmvkyfw,f? aA'ifar;w,f? "mwfqif"mwf

&dkuf? ,MwmacswmawG ygvmw,f/ &dk;&mtarGcef;? tdrfrIcef;xkH;

enf;awGudk pkpnf;NyD; pmeJYa&;wJhtcgrSmawmif "r®owfvkdYukvm;

emrnfay;NyD; ukvm;? &aoh? rif;? trwf? ynm&Sd rEkqDu &ovkd

usrf;OD;rSmazmfjyavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dorkdif;aumufcsufawG[m ausmuf

pmeJYa&S;a[mif;okawoe EIdif;,SOfzufwGJ avhvmcsufawG jzpfyg

w,f/ rSef;qcsuf(Guess)jzpfw,fqkd&ifvnf; avhvmrSef;qcsuf

(Studied Guess)jzpfw,fvkdY ajymyg&ap/

jrefrm&mZ0ifudk a&S;u a&;cJhwmawGudk Munfhyg/ &Sifr[moDv

0Hoa&; &mZ0ifausmf? OD;ukvm;a&; r[m&mZ0if? yk*H&mZ0ifopf?

OD;xGef;ndKa&; &mZ0ifopf(rSefeef;) r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; tJ'gawG

&SdcJhw,f/ tm;vkH;[m aeYpOfrSwf(Chronology)tqifhyJ &Sdw,fvkdYajym

cJhNyD;ygNyD/ a&S;ya0oPDumvrSm tm;vkH;yJ [dE´LpMu0Vmwnf[ef

r[mor®wrif; wifajr§muf[efawGudk oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)r[m0if

a&;enf;twkdif; ,lNyD;wJhtcg a'oqkdif&m ykHjyifawGudk aemufquf

wGJ jznfhxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ ysL&mZ0if? yk*H&mZ0ifrSmyJ orkdif;0if

(Historicity)rjzpfEkdifwJh rif;qufZ,m;awG trsm;BuD;ay;xm;w,f/

aemufqkH;rif;qufukd ukvm;EkdifiHu r[mor®weJYqufay;ao;

w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfa&mufawmh &mZ0if[m &mZ0HoqkdwJht

wkdif; rif;tpOftqufudkyJ crf;em;BuD;us,fatmifa&;NyD; eef;wGif;

aeYpOftaMumif;t&mawGudk w&kwf{u&mZfrSwfwrf;(Chinese Em-

perial Annals)twkdif; a&;[efajymif;cJhygw,f/ wpfaeYtjzpftysuf

udk ESpfukefawmh aygif;pyfNyD; tcsKyfa&;? rif;wpfyg; ewf&GmpHawmh

tJ'Drif;vufxuf tjzpftysufawGudk aygif;pyfNyD; tcsKyfa&;vkdY

(18)


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ESpfcsKyfvkdY ac:wm jzpfygw,f/ b,frif; vufxufawmfBuD; t

aMumif;vkdY rif;ukdvkdufNyD; ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f/

tckajymjycsufudk ydkNyD;xif&Sm;pGm jrifomatmif rSefeef;&mZ

0ifudkyJ erlem,lMunfhyg/ urÇmysuf[efu pwifazmfjyw,f/ NyD;awmh

urÇmopfwnfw,f/ vlay:vmw,f/ vlawG[m touf odyf&Snf

w,f/ bmrSraMumifhrMu aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifaew,f/ pm;p&maumif;

aumif;udk 0atmif ryifryef; pm;&w,f/ vkdcsifwm awmifhworQ

oD;ay;wJhya'omyif &SdaevkdY jzpfw,f? 'Dtwkdif;omqkd&if bm'ku©rS

rawGYEdkifbl;/ 'gayrJh wpfzufu avmb a'go arm[qkdwmawG &Sd

aeawmh oufwrf;vnf; wkdvmw,f/ b0&yfwnfa&;vnf; cufcJ

vmw,f/ tJ'Dtcg tcuftcJ ajz&Sif;ay;zdkY acgif;aqmifvkdw,f/

a&G;aumufwifajr§mufwJhor®way:vmw,f/ tzt&kduft&mudk

om;qufcHwJhxkH;udk vufcHNyD; rif;qufjzpfvmw,f/ udk,fydkifypönf;?

om;r,m;rdom;pk? tdrfaxmif/ tJ'g[dE´LawG urÇmtpudk MuHqykH

udk ul;,lxm;wm jzpfygw,f/

jrefrm&mZ0ifudk a&S;u a&;ykHudk Munfh&if urÇmwnfNyD; or®w

ay:wmu pw,f/ yxray:wJhrif;[m w&m;rQww,f/ wpfzuf

om;udk ulnDcsifw,f? udk,fusKd;rzuf? vltrsm;udk pnf;&kH;EkdifpGrf;

&Sdw,f/ vltrsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;om,maeEkdifap&r,fvkdY tmrcHw,f/

twGif;&ef tjyif&ef tm;vkH;udk ajz&Sif;ay;r,f/ or®wu vlawG&JU

raumif;wJhp&dkuftm;vkH;udk yaysmufatmif vkyfay;r,fvkdYvnf;

,kHw,f/ vlwkdif; touftkd;tdrfpnf;pdrfudk umuG,fay;rnfhol jzpf

w,f/ olwpfyg; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf olu tcsdefjynfhaqmif&Guf

aew,fqkd&if olYukd,fa&;? om;r,m;ta&;? pm;0wfaea&;udk ol

(19)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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b,fvkdvkyfNyD; wm0ef,lrvJ/ 'gudk ajz&Sif;zkdYvnf; rcufyg/ vlwkdif;

vlwkdif;u rdrdwpfaeYwGif;? wpfvwGif;? wpfESpfwGif; &SmazGvkdY&wJh

ypönf;&JUq,fykH wpfykH q,fcsKd;wpfcsKd; olYudkay;&if olvnf; wjcm;

tvkyfrvkyfbJ vltrsm;aumif;usKd;udkyJ tcsddefjynfhaqmif&GufEkdif

r,fvkdY ,kHMunfNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk olYudkyJ ay;xm;vkdufMuyg

w,f/ rif;u vkHjcHKa&;wm0ef? wkdif;oljynfom; vltrsm;u tcGef

tcay;zdkYwm0ef? 'Dvkd tjyeftvSef vlrIqufqHa&; uwdu0wf (So-

cial Contract)rSm ysufuGufoludk 'Pfxm;r,f/ tcGeftxrf;uvnf;

rysufuGuf&? vkHjcHKa&;orm;vnf; rayghq&bl;vkdY qkdygw,f/ tck

vkd tjyeftvSef oabmwlaqmif&GufMur,fvkdY qkdvkdwm tajym

vG,fw,f? tvkyfvnf; vG,fwmyJ/ a&S;u vlrIudpöawG tckvkd r&Iyf

vkdY vG,fwmvkdYxif&ygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm&SdwJh vlawGuvnf; tck

ajymjywJhtdEd,pdwful;eJYvlYavmuZmwfckH&JUtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;vkdY

jzpfEkdifw,fvkdYyJ ,lqw,f/ wpfzufu omoem&JUtqkH;treJY udk,f

pDukd,fiS avmb a'goawG csKd;ESdrfEkdif&if NyD;pwrf;yJaygh/ taemuf

Oa&myEkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:awG vlaerIoabmxm;awG a&muf

vmawmh a&S;uvkd tcuftcJudk vG,fvG,feJY ajz&Sif;vkdY r&awmhbl;

vkdY odvmMuw,f/ tdEd,"avh ysHUESHYvmwmudk c&pfESpfay:pOD;u

jzpfr,fvkdY rSef;qwmaMumifh c&pfay:umvESpfOD;rwkdifrDu ta&SU

awmiftm&Su vlawG b,fvkdtkyfcsKyfa&;eJYjynfwnfaxmifMurvJ

vkdY wwfpGrf;oavmuf &SmazGMunfhzdkY vkdygw,f/

(20)


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Ä

jrefrmtBudKorkdif;(Prehistory of Myanmar)rSm acsmif;OD;e,f EG,facG

rSm awGYwJhar;&kd;tpeJYtHoGm;ESpfacsmif;[m t&ifESpfwpfoef;okH;

odef;u okH;odef;(1.3 Million 3,00,000 B.P)u &SdcJhzl;wJhrwfrwfvrf;

avQmufEkdifol (Homo Erectus)jzpf&if ESpfwpfoef;eJYokH;odef;Mum;u

vlYp&kdufudk jyefNyD; azmfxkwfMunfh&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Da&S;vlawGudk

tvG,fac:zkdY ]]tnmom;}}vkdY emrnfay;xm;ygw,f/

tnmom;"avh(Anyathian Culture)udk avhvmMunfhwJhtcg

olwkdY[m yxrausmufacwfa[mif;tqifhrSmyJ &Sdw,f/ vlynm&Sd

(Homo Sapiens)u jrefrmEkdifiHrSm t&ifESpfav;aomif;avmufurS

&Sdr,fxifygw,f/ olwkdY&JU"avhudk aESmif;acwftnmom;"avh (Late

Anyathian Culture)vkdYtrnfay;xm;ygw,f/ &Srf;ukef;ajrjrifh t

aemufbufawmifapmif; y'wfvIdif(Badalin Caves)awGrSm awGY&wJh

a&S;vufeuf(Artifacts)awG? eH&Hyef;csD(Cave Drawings)tkd;uGJ(Post-

sherds)? tkd;eJYrD;aoG;awGt& 'DausmufacwfaESmif;tnmom;awG

[m aemufqkH;rkd;vGef pwkw¬umv(Fourth Pluvial Period)rSm t&if

tESpf 11ç000 (11,000 B.P)txd rkqkd;wHigtjzpfeJYtoufarG;w,f/

tkd;tMurf;vkyfwwfNyD; ausmufvufeufudk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;acsm

atmif aoG;,lwwfNyD; rD;udk aumif;aumif;tokH;cswwfvkdY pm;p

&mudk csufjyKwfzkwfuif rD;Nr§dKufNyD; pm;wwfNyD; acsmif;ajrmif;tif;

tkdifokH;zkdY opfvkH;xGif;avS &Sdr,f? vufeuftaeeJY vSH&SnfvHSwdkuwpf

Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? rwf? 1997/

(21)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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qifhwufNyD; av;jrm;(Bow and Arrow)&Sdr,fvkdY ,lqEkdifw,f/ ouf

aotaxmuftxm;&,fvkdY rawGYao;ayr,fh t&iftESpf 10ç000

eJY8000 Mum;(10,000-8,000 B.P)rSm av;jrm;udk okH;aeNyDvkdY,lqEkdif

ygw,f/

t&iftESpf 10ç000(10,000 B.P)upNyD; rkd;tvGefrsm;wJh&moD

Owktajctaeu rkd;qkwfNyD; tckacwf tajctaeudk wpfpwpfp

ajymif;vJvmcJhygw,f/ &moDOwkajymif;&if tyifawGvnf; ajymif;

r,f? om;aumifawGvnf; ajymif;r,f? jrpfacsmif;tif;tkdifawGrSm

a&avsmhNyD; ajrjyefYvGifjyifawG us,fvmr,f/ tJ'gawG[m pkdufysKd;

arG;jrLa&;pzkdY tajccHawGygyJ/ t&iftESpf 8000(8000 B.P)u pkduf

ysKd;arG;jrLa&;(Crop and Animal Husbandary)pNyDvkdY od&ygw,f/ vl

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wJhtcg xGef(Harrow)udk okH;w,f/ aemuf pdkufcif;awG BuD;vmwJht

cg 0efqJGuRJEGm;(Beasts of Burden)awG &SdvmwJhtcg tkd;udk tkd;xdef;

pufeJYxGif;EkdifwJhtcg &Gmi,fawG tESHYtjym; &Sdvmygr,f/

tJ'Dtcgumvudk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf t&iftESpf 8000(8,000

B.P)vkdYyJ xifp&m&Sdygw,f/ &Gm&dS&if &GmolBuD;eJYtkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHwpf

rsKd;awmh &Sd&r,f jzpfygw,f/ ,kHMunfrIrSmvnf; ewfukd;uG,fr,f?

wefckd;&SdwJhewfukd ylaZmf&r,f/ vkyfoifhwm rvkyfvkdY a'goeJY&efrvkyf

atmif awmif;yef&r,f/ vkdcsifwm&atmif qkawmif;&r,fqkdwm

awGygyJ/ ewfylaZmfwJhtcg ,mZfyv’ifeJYewfq&m &Sdr,f/ a&m*ga0

'emcH&&if ewfzrf;pm;w,fvkdYxifr,f? ewfyo&w,f/ wpfzufu

vnf; opfjrpfopfacgufawGeJY aq;ukw,fqkdwmvnf; &SdrSmjzpfyg

(22)


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w,f/ aumufyJoD;ESHtxGufaumif;zkdY v,fxGefyGJ? aumufodrf;yGJqkd

wmawG vkyfr,f/ vlrsKd;taeeJY rGef*kdtEG,f(Mongoloid)eJYtm&S

awmifbufukef;ydkif;om;(Austro Asiatic)awG jzpfMuygw,f/ vlrsKd;

awG a&TUajymif;ykHrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh rGef*kdtEG,fawGu ajrmufrS

awmif? tm&SawmifbuftEG,fawGu ta&SUrStaemufodkY ysHUESHYwkd;

yGm;vmMuygw,f/

ausmufacwfopf(Neolithic)tajctaeu aMu;acwfoHacwf

udk ajymif;vJwmu c&pfray:rD wpf&mpkESpf(1st Century B.C)ujzpf

r,f/ &GmwcsKdU BuD;yGm;NyD; NrdKUBuD;awG jzpfvmMuygw,f/ a&S;acwf

pD;yGm;a&;(Primitive Economy)u ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;(Feudal Eco

-nomy)udk ul;ajymif;vmw,f/ ausmufacwfopfvufeufawGudk pGefY

NyD; aMu;vufeuf? oHvufeufudk wDxGifokH;pGJvmMuw,f/ vlrIquf

qHa&;rSmvnf; t&ifa&S;acwfrdom;pk tzGJYtpnf;uae ya'o&mZf

acwfajr&Sif ajruReftzGJYtpnf;udk ul;ajymif;cJh&ygw,f/

a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu wl;azmfay;vkYd jrefrma&S;NrdKU

a[mif;wcsKdU&JU&ufpGJudk azmfxkwfEkdifygw,f/ NrdKU&kd;eJYwkdufeH&HawGudk

awmifajrmufwef;wJhae&mrSm oHvkduftdrfajr§mif(Magnetic Compass)

u nTefwJhajrmufbufudk twdtus ra&mufbJ ta&SUbufudk &Spf

'D*&D? taemufbufudk wpfq,fhokH;'D*&Dtxd wdrf;apmif;ae&if 'D

tkwfwHwkdif;eJYeH&HwnfaqmufwJh&mpkESpfudk wGuf,lvkdY&ygw,f/ (oef;

xGef; ]]a&S;jrefrmeH&H awmifajrmufwef;wdrf;apmif;ykH}}usKdwkdta&SU

awmiftm&S avhvma&;*sme,f? twGJ 14? tydkif;-4? rwf 1977?

pm-589-92? rkdif;armudk at'D 13-&mpkESpftpm; bDpDESpf&mpkESpf

vkdYjyifyg/) vef'efeJYyg&DNrdKUa[mif;awG&JUeH&Hwdrf;apmif;ykH avhvm

(23)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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enf;udk rSDNyD; jrefrmNrdKUa[mif;awG&JUeH&Hwdrf;apmif;ykHudk wGuf,lwm

jzpfygw,f/ 'DvkdwGuf,lwJhtcg twdtus &ufpGJr&ayr,fh&mpkESpf

avmuf &ufpGJtMurf;&ygw,f/

rkdif;arm(ulrJteD;) 2-&mpkESpf bDpD

ydóEkd;(awmifwGif;BuD;teD;) 1-&mpkESpf at'D

[Hvif;(0ufvufteD;) 3-&mpkESpf at'D

oa&acwå&m(jynfteD;) 4-&mpkESpf at'D

a0omvD(ajrmufOD;teD;) 8-&mpkESpf at'D

yk*H 11-&mpkESpf at'D

t0ukd 26? Zefe0g&D? 1365 u wnfaxmifNyD;wJhaemuf jrefrm

orkdif;tm;vkH;udk igodNyDyJvkdY xifwJhvl rsm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdtcgup

NyD; a&qdyf? jrpfqdyf? oabFmqdyf? yifv,fqdyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;

ay:xGef;vmygw,f/ tdE´d,eJYqufqHa&;[mvnf; ydkNyD;wGifus,f

vmygw,f/ rkd;avNidrfoufwJhEkd0ifbmu arvtwGif; &GufoabFm

awG yifv,ful;Mur,f/ txl;ojzifh awmifydkif;tdEd,eJYtquft

oG,f ydkrsm;r,f/ 'gayrJh ukvm;awGvmNyD; wkdif;EkdifiHopf xlaxmif

(Indian Colonization)w,fvkdY ajymEkdifavmufatmif rrsm;yg/ tJ'D

taMumif;udk atmufrSmxyfNyD; pkHvifatmif ajymygr,f/ ukvm;

"avhvTrf;rkd;w,f(Influence of Indian Culture)qkd&mrSm ukvm;awG

trsm;BuD; ajymif;a&TUvma&mufaexkdifvkdY r[kwfyg/ t,l0g' xkd;

azmufvmjcif;om jzpfygw,f/ tapmqkH; jA[®P0g'? NyD;awmh r[m

,me? NyD;awmh [de,me a&mufvmygw,f/ aemufqkH; c&pfudk;&m

pkESpfqkd&if [de,me MoZmom tav;eufqkH; aygufa&mufvmNyDvkdY

qkdEkdifygw,f/

(24)


eboo

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N*DauGMw(Sriksetra)ac:wJhjynfNrdKUem;u oa&acwårSm omo

eduypönf;tjzpfeJY jAm[®P0g'qkdif&m Ak'¨0g'qkdif&m &kyfxk&kyfyGm;?

ewf&kwfjA[®m&kyfawGudk awGY&w,f? jA[®P0g'rSmvnf; {&m0wDjrpf

&kd;rSm ydóEkd;ewfrif;udk ,kHMunfol(Visnavite)rsm;ygw,f/ &ckdifbuf

rSmawmh oD0ewfrif;udk ukd;uG,fol(Saivite) rsm;r,fxifygw,f/ Ak'

omoemrSm r[m,me wÈÅm,meeJY[de,met,lawG a&maESmNyD;

twl&Sdaew,fvkdYyJ qkd&r,f/ r[m,me vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;w,f

vkdY r&dSygbl;/ yk*HacwfNydKif rSwfwrf;jzpfwJhausmufpmawGt& ajym

&&if vltrsm;[m r[m,meJY[de,met,lawGxJu aumif;Ekd;&m

&m,lNyD; oifhwifhnDnTwfatmif tvkduftxkduf(Ambival Ence)vkduf

emcJhMuw,fvkdY qkd&ygr,f/ *leH&Haq;a&;awGrSm r[m,meqkdif&m

t&kyfawG yk*HysufwJhtxd &Sdaewmu oufaocHvsuf &Sdygw,f/ [d

e,meudk q&mpOfquf oifMum;cJhwJhtwkdif; rSwfom;em,lusifhMuH

tm;xkwfw,fqkd&mu ax&0g'vkdYajymif;vJac:a0:vmMuNyD; yk*H

acwfukefcgeD;upvkdY b,ftpk[m b,fq&mtpOftqufvkdY pGJ,l

rSwfom;vmcJhMuygw,f/ r[m,me tavhtvm qufvuf&Sdae

jcif;udk bdouú*k&k(abopö*k&k)&kyfyGm;awmf udk;uG,fjcif;? vmbrked

udk;uG,fjcif;? *gxmrEÅef&Gwfqkdjcif; tckxd jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufaewm

awGu xifxif&Sm;&Sm; oufaocHaeygw,f/ tcsKyfudk ajym&&if

udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIeJYtOD;tpyg ewfukd;uG,fjcif;jzpfNyD; aemufay:

vmwJhjA[®P? r[m,me? [de,meawG[m wpfrsKd;uaemufwpfrsKd;

udk tNyD;wkdif z,f&Sm;NyD; tpm;0ifa&mufvmwJhoabmr&Sd pkaygif;

wJhoabm(Syncretism) jzpfvmNyD; tJ'gudkyJ trsm;auseyf vufcH

vsuf &SdMuygw,f/

(25)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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a&S;a[mif;okawoe (Archaeology)[m tBudKorkdif;(Prehis-

tory)eJYtporkdif;(Protohistory)avhvma&;rSm trsm;BuD;taxmuf

tulay;ygw,f/ tBudKorkdif;qkdwm t&ifu orkdif;rwifrDacwfvkdY

ac:ajymavh&SdNyD; 1964-wuúodkvfynma&;pepf pwifwJhtcgup

NyD; tBudKorkdif;udk wuúokdvforkdif;oif&kd;awG(Syllabus)rSm xnhfcsdef

upNyD; orkdif;rwifrDacwfqkdwJha0g[m&tpm; tBudKorkdif;vkdYa0g

[m&opfudk okH;cJhygw,f/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmudkvnf; wuú

okdvforkdif;XmeawGrSm toifhtwifh yl;aygif;oifMum;&mu tck

oD;jcm;Xmewpfck &efukefwuúokdvfrSm 1993-upNyD; oifMum;ay;

cJhygw,f/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe[m tckvkd orkdif;ynmrSm tult

nDtaxmuftyHh&ovkd wpfzufuvnf; orkdif;ppfw,fxifNyD; t

pOftvmajymMum;rSwfom;cJhwJhtaMumif;t&mwcsKdUudk taxmuf

txm;r&SdqkdNyD; y,fcJhygw,f/ y,fw,fqkdwJhpum;[m jyif;xefvkdY

okH;zkdY0efav;wJhtcg olwum ajymovkd vkdrajymbl;qkdNyD; qdwfqdwf

aecJhMuygw,f/

erlemwcsKdUudk wifjyygr,f/ &mZ0ifwpfapmift& waumif;

udk c&pfray:rD 1462 (1462 B.C)u omuD0ifrif;om;wpfyg; wnf

axmifw,f/ c&pfray:rD 461(461 B.C)u omuD0ifrif;om; aemuf

wpfyg; 'kwd,waumif;rif;qufudk pwifwnfaxmifw,f/ tJ'Du

qif;oufwJhrif;om;wpfyg;[m &ckdifa&mufNyD; EkdifiHwnfaxmif

w,f/ aemufrif;om;wpfyg;u c&pfray:rD 504(504 B.C)rSm {&m

0wDjrpfatmufykdif; a&mufvmNyD; olYajr;u c&pfray:rD 443(443

B.C)rSm oa&acwå&mudk wnfaxmifw,f/ c&pfray:rD 72(72 B.C)

oa&acwåysufawmh oa&acwå&mrif;qufxJu rif;om;wpfyg;u

(26)


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at'D 849(A.D 849)rSm yk*Hudk wnfw,f/ tJ'gawGeJYywfoufwJht

&if;tikwfawGudk a&S;a[mif;okawoeu rawGYbl; rajymayr,fh

olwkdYawGYwm tJ'gawGeJY rqkdifbl;/ tJ'grsKd;vnf; oa&acwå&meJY

acwfNydKifok"r®0gwD(oxkH)rSm rif;qufwpfck &Sdw,f/ t&Sifarm*¾vd

ykwårax&f vTwfvkdY t&SifaomPeJYt&SifOwå&wkdY wwd,o*Fg,em

tNyD; c&pf ray:rD 246(246 B.C)rSm ok0PÖblrdudk a&mufvmMu

w,f/ ok0PÖblrd[m ok"r®0wDjzpfw,fvkdY ajymol&dSovkd c&pfESpf

1480(A.D 1480)a&;xkd;wJhuvsmPDodrfausmufpmu ok0PÖblrd

[m wkdufukvm;jzpfw,f/ tck t&uforeJY0ifu ae&mjzpfw,fvkdY

ajymjyefw,f/ 'Dtwkdif;qkd&if rGefa'oudk c&pfray:rD 3 &mpkESpf (3rd

Century B.C)uyJ Ak'omoem a&mufw,f/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeu

wl;azmfawGY&SdcsufawGuawmh tckajymwmawGeJY rqkdifyg/ ysLa'o

awGrSm a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu wl;azmfw,f/ w&kwfacwfNydKif

rSwfwrf;eJYnd§w,f/ 'Dtcg tpOftvmajymwmawGeJY rwlwmawG

awGYw,f/ {&m0wDjrpf&kd; ysLa'orSm ysLawGa&mufvmwm c&pf

ray:rD ig;&mpkESpf(5th Century B.C)uyJ jzpfEkdifw,f/ c&pfray:rD

ESpf&mpkESpf (2nd Century B.C)qkd&if w&kwfu wkrif(Tumin)ac:wJh

rkdif;armNrdKUa[mif;udk wnfNyD;jzpfw,f/ aemufrMumrD ydóEkd;NrdKU

a[mif;? oa&acwå&mNrdKUa[mif;? [Hvif;NrdKUa[mif;awGudk wnf

NyD;jzpfrSmyJvkdY ,lqEkdifygw,f/ c&pfav;&mpk(A.D 4th Century)up

NyD; ysLEkdifiH[m ajrmufbuf vm;&Id;? awmifbuf r'ryifv,fauGY

txd us,fjyefYw,f/ 'gaMumifh yxrjrefrmEkdifiHudk ysLawGu pwif

pnf;&kH;wnfaxmifw,fvkdY tpOftvmajympum;rSm tJ'Dvkd wkd;NyD;

ajymEkdifygw,f/ c&pf 832(A.D 832)rSm ysLNrdKUawmf tzsufcH&NyD;

(27)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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aemuf ysL[m wjznf;jznf; wdrfaum yaysmuf(Extinct)oGm;&yg

w,f/

(28)


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Ä

jrefrmajrjyefYukd jrefrmawG a&mufrvmrDuyJ wjcm;vlrsKd;awG

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om"ujy&&if ausmufqnfe,fu jrefrmawG pwifaexkdifcJhwJhwpf

q,fhwpf&Gm&JUe,fawGudk ppfaq;MunfhEkdifygw,f/ tm;vkH;yJ yef;

avmifeJYaZmf*sDjrpf&kd;wpfavQmufrSm&SdNyD; 'Djrpfuav;awG[m awmif

bufu pwifpD;qif;NyD; ajrmufbufjrpfi,f('k|0wD)xJudk pD;0ifMu

vkdY &Gmpm&if;udkvnf; awmifbufu ajrmufbufudk tpOfvkduf az:

jyygr,f/ &Gmemrnf pmvkH;aygif;udkvnf; ausmufpmygtwkdif; a&;

xm;ygw,f/

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awmif? ru©&m? wy’ufomeJYcHvSL? aygif;wpfq,fhwpf&Gm jzpfygw,f/

yifv,fqkdwJhemrnfu &Srf;? cHvSLu rGef? y’Ofrem? &ikef? yeef? ru©&m

eJYwy’ufomqkdwmawGu jrefrmemrnf r[kwfyg/ jrefrmemrnfqkd&if

r’pfom? jrifckHwkdif? wrkwfeJYoifawmif wkdYawGyJ &Sdw,f/ acwfjrefrm

awG[m AsKyÜwf(AsKyÜwåd)tajymaumif;vSw,f/ 'gayrJh tm;rudk;&

yg/ NrdKU&Gmemrnfudk rGefpm&if;? &Srf;pm&if; vkyfMunfhwJhtcg b,fvl

rsKd; b,fa'orSm pwifaexkdifoGm;w,fvkdY tMurf;zsif;odEkdifp&m

&Sdw,f/ ukvm;pm&if;rSmawmh pOf;pm;p&mtcsufawG rsm;w,f/

bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh ukvm;emrnfudk ysL? rGef? &Srf;? jrefrmawGu ESpf

Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? ZGef? 1997/

(29)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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oufvkdY olwkdYaewJht&yfukdyJ ukvm;emrnf ay;wwfvkdYygyJ/

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usKduúqH usmf-jrwfaomae&m? oH-oHCm? bkef;BuD;ausmif;

usKduúom usmf-bk&m;? tom-rif;om;trnf? tomrif;

om;

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usKdufvwf usmf-bk&m;? vmf-tNydKtysuf? bk&m;ysuf

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uaemifwkd umaemef-opfyif? awm-rif;uGwfyift&kdif;/

rif;uGwfyif(Garcinia heterandra)

ppfawmif

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weoFm&D rav;emrnf

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wmarG wm-xef;yif? rGJ-wpf/ xef;wpfyif

wGHaw; wGH-ukef;rkdY? aw-x&Gm/ ukef;rkdY&Gm

'*kH vGKif-acsmuful;-opfwkHY

xm;0,f ¡wJ-ajcESpfzufyv’ifacG

(30)


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a';'&J a'k-awmif? j'm-orif? orifawmif/

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acgif;

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aygif yif-aygif;? taygif;

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aomNrdKU/

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uef;

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0J,m xef;yifwef;

0g;c,fr ysKd;cif;

0g;bavmufaomuf aumufe,f

!

(31)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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oxkH anmiftkyf? tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif;anmifyif&Sdaomtkyf

oefvsif oHvsif;? aqmifyef;

oCFef;uRef; oHCmuRef;

tif;pdef tif;-a&tkdif? pdef-qif/ qiftif;

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uav; a&mif;0,fa&; aumif;wJhaps;

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uom pnfum;wJhaps;

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crf;ywf a&TxGuf

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pvif; ydEéJyifNrdKU

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pkH;NrdKU pkH;trnf&Sd &Srf;rsKd;wlpkudkpGJNyD;ac:

waumif; tcGeftaumufawmif;&mXme

(32)


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wukH ykZGeful;wkdY

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wydef arQmhul;wkdY

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wGHaw; csOfoD;ul;wkdY

xm;0,f ul;cwf&wJhul;wkdY

yqkyf awm0ifvrf;

ywdef acsa[mufwJhawm

y'ef Muufzawm

yifv,f vGifjyifus,f a&jyifusif

yif;', pG,fawmfyifvGifjyif

ysOf;rem; zefcg;yifvGifjyif

zm;uefY ausmufzsmrkd;

Aef;armf tkd;&Gm

Aef;armuf yef;&Gm

A[if; ausmufawm

rvnf jrif;pm;usufajr

armfu,f qm;wGif;

armfwkH aMu;wGif;

armfvl; owåLwl;,lwJhvkdPf

armfvkduf tprf;wGif;

refpD pdrfhajr&Gm

rEÅav; awmifi,fav;

(33)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

refvD aumif;wJh&Gm

0ef;odk usm;NrdKU

0dkif;armf tkd;xdef;NrdKU

oD[awm ikwfav;îg;

aomifoGwf t0t0if jrpfBuD;udkpD;0if&m t0

[kr®vif; ydEéJyif&dyf

emrnfudk od&kHeJY&GmwnfaxmifwJhorkdif;udk odzkdY rvG,fyg/ 'gay

rJh b,fvkdrsKd; wnfaxmifoGm;r,fxif&w,f/ tck b,folawGquf

aeovJ qkdwmawmh cefYrSef;vkdY&Ekdifygw,f/ ukvm;emrnf&SdwJhNrdKU&Gm

qkd&if Ak'0ifxJu ,lrSnfhwm jzpfr,f/ ukvm;awGvmNyD; NrdKUwnfwm

awmh odyfrjzpfEkdifbl;vkdYyJ ajymcsifygw,f/

ukvm;&Gm trnfpm&if;

uEÅm&0wD u,m;

uarÁmZ &Srf;

ukode*& ykodrf

auwkrwD awmifil

aumvmo awmif? usKdufxkd bD;vif;awmifbuf

aumorÇD BudKUyif? anmifa&Tajrmuf

acr&| usKdif;wkH

acgoEÅD jrif;ajr? a&Tbdktem;u

cwåd, {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:

*E¨m& pdefY? ucsifjynfe,f

apwkwå&m pvif;taemuf

(34)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

pde&| ucsifjynfe,f

pEýl& rPdyl&bufe,fpyf

prÜme*& oydwfusif;ajrmuf

aZ,0¹ke awmifile,f

aZ,yl& ppfukdif;

aZmwde*& usKdif;[kHBuD; pdpGrfyEém; vl 12 e,f

ww¬a'o cef;ajcmufajr? yk*He,f

wrÜ'Dy {&m0wDajrmufydkif;

wrÜ0wD rEÅav;e,f

"n0wD ajrmufOD;

'kw¬0wD jrpfi,f

'Gm&m0wD oHwGJ

e*&mZm e*&pf

yOömv&mZ waumif;

yXre*& rauG;awmifbuf

ayguú&0wD &efukef

r[me*& &efukef

r[me*& rGefi,f

rpä*D&d csif;awmifwef;

arC0wD rmefatmif

rdw¬Dvm

,u©yk& oxkH

a,meu a,m

&wemyk& t0

(35)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

&wemykH rEÅav;

&mZN*D[ uav;tem;

&mrna'0 rGefjynfe,f

&r®m0wD &rf;NAJ

&wemodcF? &wemodCF a&Tbdk

a0bm&a0ykv’ ausmufqnfta&SU&kd;

a0omvD ajrmufOD;em;

0drPk? AdóEkd; awmifwGif;BuD;ta&SU

ov’0wD csif;wGif;jrpf

omauw &efukeftem;

om*& qGmem;

om,m0wD okH;q,fem;

od&Dacwå&m armfZm

od&Dypö&m yk*Hem;

od*kFwå&m a&Twd*kHukef;

okemy&EÅ {&m0wDjrpfajrmufbuf

ok"r®0wD oxkH

ok0PÖblrd ¿ wkdufukvm;? t&ufor? 0ifu

oCFóem& waumif;

[&dbkOö rGefe,f? xkdif;

[Hom0wD y*kd;? yJcl;

tr&yl& awmifNrdKU

t&dr'eyl& yk*H

toDwOöe &efukef

(36)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

tv’uyÜ ppfukdif;em;

tmV0D rEÅav;eef;

{&m0wD jrpfBuD;

Mo&dó y*kd;

Ouúvmy &efukef

t*FvdyfNrdKU&Gm emrnfpm&if;

ALLAN ajrxJ 1887

AMHERST usKdu©rD 1824

BERNARD oydwfusif;ta&SUajrmuf 1886

DALHOUSIE i0efjrpf0 1857-1855

DWIENN rEÅav;eef;NrdKU 1885

HERTZ ylwmtkd 1886

MAY jyifOD;vGif 1896

STEADMAN rkdif;aomuf

xrf;cGm;(csif;)

tavmif;rif;w&m;vufxuf rGefNrdKU&GmemrnfawGudk jrefrm

emrnfay;wJhtcg jrefatmif? &efukefqkdovkd ay:vmcJhygw,f/

(37)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg


Ä

a&S;tcgu jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;awG a&;cJhMuwJh&nf&G,fcsufukd ppf

aq;Munfhyg/ yxrr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;(tvG,fac: rSefeef;)udk

bmaMumifh a&;ovJar;&if &Sifbk&ifckdif;vkdYqkdwJhtajzudk csufcsif;

ajymEkdifygw,f/ wGif;oif;wkduf0ef OD;xGef;ndKudk y'kHrif; 1728 u

&mZ0ifopfudk a&;ckdif;wkef;u ouú&mZftrSwftom;awG ausmuf

pmeJYrudkufbl;? nd§ygvkdY ckdif;w,f/ 'gayrJh trSefwu,f &nfrSef;csuf

u ig;rsKd;&Sdr,fxifw,f/

(1) Ak'omoem jrefrmEkdifiHudk b,fenf;b,fykH a&mufvmo

vJ ajymcsifw,f/

(2) jrefrmrif;aejynfqkdwJhNrdKUawmf[m a&S;ya0PDuyJ &SdcJhwJh

A[kdXmewpfckyJvkdY ajymcsifw,f/

(3) jrefrmrif;awGu urÇmtp r[morwuqif;oufcJhwm

vkdYajymcsifw,f/

(4) ya'o&mZf vufpGJtjzpf tokH;jyKapcsifw,f/

tJ'D&nfrSef;csuf xif&Sm;ay:vGifatmif b,fvkdajym&ajym&?

rawG;rq ajymr,fqkdwJhykHpH 0ifvmw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ZGwfwifjy? ajym

qkdvmwmMumawmh [kwfvkdYajymwm jzpfrSmayghvkdY xifvmMuw,f/

tJ'gawGudk oHo,&Sdw,fvkdYajymwJhvludk pdwfqkd;Muw,f/ 'Dvkdukd,f

vkd&m qGJNyD; ajymcJhMuwm b,favmufMumNyDvJvkdY rSef;qEkdifygw,f/

b,fwkH;upNyD; pmeJYcsa&;ovJqkdwmvnf; cefYrSef;vkdY&ygw,f/

rGef&mZ0ifvwf(jrefrmbmomeJY 30 Zefe0g&D 1785 rSm a&;NyD;

(38)


eboo

k is

cre

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by

ww

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han

Yom

a.O

rg

w,f/ &efukef jrefrmykHESdyfwkduf? 1922? pmrsufESm 3-9)tqkdt&

*0Hywdax& oxkHac:wJhok0PÖblrdudk oD[rif;vufxufrSm a&muf

vmNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk yifhzdwfwJhtwGuf oxkHudk a'opm&D<u

a&mufvmw,f/ 'Dtwkdif; "r®oBuøu (6 Mo*kwf 1831 rSm a&;om;

NyD;wJh)omoemvuFm&pmwrf;(&efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyf? 1956 jyef

ykHESdyf? pmrsufESm 54-56)rSm vkdufa&;w,f/ 'Dtwkdif; q&mawmf

ynmomrdu ygVdbmomeJY(16 'DZifbm 1861 a&;NyD; bDpDavmu

t*FvdyfbmomjyefNyD; vef'efvlZufpmtkyfwkduf? ykHESdyfxkwfa0wJhpm

tkyf pmrsufESm 41-42rSm)a&;jyefw,f/ A'kHrif; 1782-1819(bkd;

awmfbk&m;)vufxufu pNyD; a&;vmcJhMuwm rif;wkef;rif; 1854-

1878 vufxufxd-

ESpfoufpGJvrf;ajymqkdcJhykHu-

(*0Hywdax&onf)tbdnmOfeJYrdcifuG,fvGefNyD; rkqkd;wHigrsm;

&ma'oBuD;wpfckrSm vljyefjzpfaew,f/ rdcifa[mif;udk oHo

&m0#fqif;&Ju vGwfygapvkdY enf;vrf;nTefjyajyma[mzkdY &mr

na'o ok"r®yk&udk <uvmNyD; w&m;a[mw,f/ (oD[rif;eJY

t&ifwpfb0rSm nDaemifjzpfzl;wmaMumifh rif;udkyg w&m;jy

NyD;(&wemokH;yg;udk)qnf;uyfapw,f/ iga[majymwmxuf

bk&m;ocifukd,fawmfwkdif ajyma[myg&if ydkNyD;aumif;r,fvkdY

pGJNrJ,kHMunfwmeJY bk&m;ocif<ua&mufvmygvkdY yifhw,f? bk&m;

&Sifvnf; oAÁnKwÓPfukd &NyD; &SpfESpftMumrSm aemufyg oH

CmawGeJY aumif;uifu a'opm&D<ucsDNyD; ok"r®yk&jynf &mr

nwkdif;udk a&mufvmw,f/ bk&m;ocif <ua&mufNyD; &wem

twd pDjc,fxm;wJh ausmif;awmfrSm owif;okH;um? rif;a&m

(39)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

jynfolawGyg oHo&mu vGwfajrmufaMumif;w&m;udk Mum;em

Mu&vkdY &wemokH;yg;udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fNyD; ig;yg;oDvcH,l

Muw,f/ (ynmomrd 1861? pmrsufESm 41-42)/

c&pfray:rD 515(515 B.C)rSm jrwfpGmbk&m; oxkHudk jyef<uvm

w,fvkdY ajymMuygw,f/ 'Dtwkdif;qkd&if r'ryifv,fauGYywf0ef;

usifrSm aecJhMuwJhrGefawG Ak'ömoem0ifjzpfcJhMuwm c&pfray:rD

515 uyJjzpfw,f/

a&Twd*kH(&efukef)ukef;awmfudk ta&SUbufjzpfwJhA[ef;apmif;

wef;u wufcJhvkdY&Sd&if acwfv,f rGefbmomeJYa&;xkd;xm;wJhESpfrsuf

ESmausmufpmwkdifudk apmif;wef;xdyf ra&mufrD nmbufrSm awGYr,f/

(Avuf'ef 1936? trSwf 15? 20-43? vlaz0if; 19? rGefcsKyf 1965?

76-80)/ ausmufpmrSm &ufpGJryg/ 'gayrJh rdzk&m; N*DBwdbk0em 'dws

jy0&"r®Bwdavmuusemx(&Sifapmyk)eJYorufawmf N*Dz&rr[m"r®

&mZm&mZf&mrm"dywd? ("r®apwD)trnfawmfawG ygw,f/ t&SifESpf

yg;u apwDawmfudk tBuD;tus,f rGrf;rHjyifqifw,fvkdYvnf; od&

w,f/ &Sifapmykewf&GmpHwJh 1472 rwkdifrDu 'DvkdBuD;us,fwJhaumif;

rIukokdvfvkyfcJhrSmyJvkdY wGufqEkdifygw,f/ ausmbufu tysuftpD;

rsm;w,f/ «ausmufpm ajrmufrsufESm»

'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;ajcawmf&if;ü tpOftwkdif; yg&rD jznfh

NyD;vQif. . . bk&m;jzpfawmfrl\/ wzkó bv’duwkdY

17

. . . vSnf;udk

ESifavaomf wzkó bv’du

27

. . . ork'&mudkul;NyD;vQif wzkó

bv’du

41

. . . rkHY<uufuspfudk wzkó bv’du

45

. . . vSLaomqGrf;

udk . . . ewfrif;av;a,mufwkdY . . . oydwfav;vkH;udk wvkH;wnf;

jzpfapí . . . w&m;jyo qkH;rawmfrl\. .. . «ausmufpm awmifrsuf

(40)


eboo

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ESm»

Ak'¨qif;wkawmf

2

udkvnf; jyKvkyfapNyD;vQif evm#"mwfawmf

udk Ak'qif;wkawmf\ezl;awmfü xnfhoGif;awmfrl\/ apwDukd

7

. . . wnfap\/ þwzkó bv’du

7

wzkó

10

onf aomwmywåd

zkdvfü wnf\ bv’du

10

rlum; &[ef;jyKí bv’du

11

rax&f[k

ac:wGifav\/ wzkó

11

onfum; todwOöeO*kd&fNrdKUodkYwzef

jyefvmí wrÜ&wåawmifxdyfwGif qHawmf"mwfapwDü qHawmf

"mwfjrwfaom tjzpfudk odaom olwkdY\ tquftEG,fonf

uif;jywfí . . . rGefa'oüvnf; omoem

13

rwnfjcif;aMumifh

apwD&Sd&m ae&mrQudkaomfvnf;. . . rodMuawmhacs

14

/ omoem

ESpf 236

15

vGefvwfaomf aomPax&f? Owå&ax&f

15

ok0PÖ

&yf oxkH

15

jynfodkY omoemjyKa&muf. . . wrÇ*kwåawmifxdyfü

wzkó bv’duwkdY

18

Xmyemxm;aom qHawmf"mwfapwD

18

ukd

awmcsKHzkH;tkyfí vlwkdYrodMuaomae&mudk. . . jyawmfrl\ þ

apwDudk BuD;pGmikHíikHí tpOftwkdif; tqufqufwnfvkyfcJho

jzifh þapwDonf r[mapwDBuD;

22

jzpfvm\/ "r®aMwa*gus

emax &mZm"d&mZf

23

trnf&dSaom qifjzL&Sif(Anm;OD;). .. . BuD;

jrifhatmif tawmif 40 jrifh

23

ownf;/ &mZm"d&mZf

24

BuD;pGm

ikHí wnfxm;NyD;

24

vQif txGwfxD;wif

24

awmfrl\/ twGif;

aMu;jym;

24

tjyifa&T

25

cif;awmfrlonf &mr&mZm"d&mZf

25

(Anm;&H)ouú&mZf 798

25

(1436)acgif;avmif;yckH;xufrSNydK

26

usí xyfrHwnfNyD;vQif t*Faw

27

vdrf;usHap\/ ikHíwnfap

aomapwD

27

Anm;A&I; ikHí

29

wnfap\/ txGwf xD;wif

32

awmfrl\/ (&SifapmykESifhom;awmf)csKdifh0Srf;wkdYudk jynfhatmifzkdY

33

(41)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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jrihfarmufaomawmifukef;

34

wkdYudkvnf; nDnmpGm wl;NzdKnd§ap

\/ (rGefcsKyf 1965? 76-80)

wzkótaMumif;udk &SmzkdY vkdjyefw,f/

Ouúv(ckacwf Mo&dóOrissa)ewfom;ukefonfwpfOD;jzpfw,f

oleJYrdwfaqGbv’KuwkdY &mZ,wetyif&Sd&modkYoGm;ckduf bk&m;

yGihfawmfrlNyD; &SpfoDwif;&SdwJhtcg bk&m;ocif&JU'g,umjzpfvm

Muw,f/ Oau©mif;awmfudk vufawmfeJYoyfNyD; olwkdYukd;uG,fzkdY

qHawmfvuf&Spfqkyfudk ay;vkdufw,f/ olwkdY&yf&GmudkjyefNyD;(qH

awmfudk xmyemNyD;)apwDwnfMuw,f/(rvZaoMu 1960?

991)

Ouúvudk tckacwfMo&dó Orissa vkdYaxmufjyayr,fh rGefawG

u Ouúv[m ckacwf &efukefvkdYyJ pGJNrJ,kHMunfw,f/ txufuajym

cJhwJhausmufpmxJrSm ukefonfnDaemifu oabFmwpfwef vSnf;wpf

wefeJY ukefa&mif;oGm;w,f/ ,if; bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m t&yfukda&muf

w,fvkdY az:jyw,f/ udk;uG,fzkdY qHawmf&awmhvnf; Mo&dórSmyJ

omoemqkdif&m aumif;rIawG vkyf&r,fhtpm; '*kHudkjyefvmNyD;rS wrÇ

*kwåukef;xdyfrSm apwDwnfxm;w,f/ aemufawmh a&Twd*kHjzpfvmyg

w,f/ tJ'Dvkd bk&m;yGifhcsdefrSmyJ Ak'omoemxGef;um;cJhayr,fh aemif

wdrfaumNyD; apwDwnf&mt&yfudkyJ rodMuawmhyg/ awmzkH;oGm;

w,f/ taomu apvTwfwJhomoemjyK aomPeJYOwå&rax&fawG

a&mufawmhrS omoemjyefvnfyGifhvif;vmw,fvkdY ajymMuygw,f/

yJcl;(uvsmPDodrfausmufpm)xJrSm toQifaomum*kwå&m

omoemjyKa&mufaMumif;udk c&pf 1480 rSm ygVdbmom? rGefbmom

eJYa&;xkd;cJhw,f/ ausmufpmygVdykdif;ukd awmifzDvmq&mawmfu 0de

(42)


eboo

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ww

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han

Yom

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,vuFm&0denf;#Dum(1647)rSm ukd;um;w,f/ oQif"r®eEDu 1749

rSm jrefrmjyefw,f/ oajyuefq&mawmf? usKduúqHq&mawmfwkdYu

wnf;jzwfNyD; 1938 u ykHESdyfw,f/ bk&m;jzLq&mawmfuvnf;

wnf;jzwfNyD; 1938 rSm ykHESdyfygao;w,f/ awmifwGif;BuD;cifBuD;

azsmf oQifÓP&JU1758 jrefrmjyefudk wnf;jzwfNyD; 1977 u ykHESdyfcJh

w,f/ awmfpdefckdu ygVdrludkyJokH;NyD; 1892 u t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqkd

ykHESdyfcJhw,f/ rGeftykdif;udk ausmufwkH;q,fwkH;ay:rSm xGif;cJhw,f/

tpdyfpdyfuGJNyD; a&maxG;aevkdY pDzvuf*'ef(C.Blagden)u ygVdrleJY

wkdufNyD; quf&w,f/ tJ'DrGefeJY&SdwJhrludk t*Fvdyfbmomjyefawmh olY

ukd pD'l&GdifZ,f(C.Duroixelle)eJYtm&f [vDa';(R.Halliday)wkdY ulnD

w,f/ 'DausmufpmawG[m &[ef;awmfawG BuD;Muyfa&;om;NyD;

ausmufxuftu©&m wifcJhwm jzpfayr,fh ,cif taomuvuf

xufu tjzpftysufudk 1480 urS a&;wmjzpfw,f/ acwft

axmuftxm; r&Sdyg/

oD&dvuFmeJYtvm;wlEkdifiHawGu &[ef;wkdYrSwfom;rdorQ a&;

w,fqkdayr,fh Ak'{u&mZf(taomu)taMumif;[m orkdif;ppfw,f

vkdY pdwfcsvufcsajymzdkY cufw,f/(Apfqifprpf 1961 rl? b&)

'Dvkdqkd&if taomutaMumif;(tuf'0yf 1949? 12)enf;

enf;azmufNyD; ajymyg&ap/

c&pfray:rD(BC)

563 od'¨w¬rif;om; zGm;jrif

543 rm*"rif; AdrÁdom&eef;wuf? aumov’rSm yaoe'Drif;

jzpf

(43)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

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by

ww

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Yom

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534 od'¨w¬rif;om; awmxGuf

528 oAÁnKwÓPfawmf&í a*gwrbk&m;jzpf

492 tZmwowfeef;wuf? yaoe'Dewf&GmpH? ousomuD0if

wkdYysufpD;

483 bk&m; y&dedAÁmef0if? &mZN*dK[frSm yxro*Fg,emwif

459 O',b'´ eef;wuf

443-435 tEk&k'ëJYrk@r*"rif;jzpf

411 okokem* eef;wuf

393 umvmaomu eef;wuf

383-382 a0omvDrSm 'kwd,o*Fg,emwif

365-343 umvmaomu om;q,fyg;acwf

343-321 eE´rif; udk;qufajrmuf ZeE´("mumuúvkyfMuH)

323 pE´*kwå eef;wuf

304 taomu zGm;jrif(taomuausmufpm1966? 17-18)

297 AE´Kom& eef;wuf

274 taomu eef;wuf

270 taomu bdodufcH

265 taomu Ak'ömoem0if jzpfr,fhESpf

262 uvd*Fppf

260 "r®c&D;? ausmufxGif;jyefwrf;i,f 1? 2 ESifh 3

259 uvd*Fjyefwrf; 15? 16

257 ausmufxGif;jyefwrf; 14 ckESifh *leH&Hpm 2 ck

257 r[m'gef0efawGcefY

250 aeyvf(Nepal)txdrf;trSwf ausmufwkdif 2 wkdifxl

(44)


eboo

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ww

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Yom

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247 yg#vdykwårSm(Ak'y&dedAÁmef0ifNyD; 236 ESpftMum)wwd,

o*Fg,emwif

246 r[dEúdk oD&dvuFm omoemjyKvTwf

243-242 ausmufwkdifjyefwrf;awG pkdufxl

237-6 taomu ewf&GmpH(eef;pH 36 ESpf 37 ESpf &Sdw,f? eef;

wufESpfudk 274 xm;NyD;wGuf,l)

233-232 taomu ewf&GmpH(eef;pH 36 ESpf 37 ESpf&Sdw,f/ eef;

wufESpfudk 270 xm;NyD;wGuf,l)

yg#vdykwå wwd,o*Fg,em(247 bDpD)wifNyD;awmh taomu

omoemjyKawGudk oD&dvuFmtygt0if tdEd,awmifydkif;EkdifiHawGeJY

qD;&D;,m;(Syria)u rufqD'kded,(Macedonia)xd [,fvifepf *&d(He-

llenistic Greek)ig;EkdifiHudk apvTwfygw,f/ ausmufaqmifpmtrSwf

13 rSm omoemjyKapvTwforQEkdifiHpm&if; ygw,f/

Nyd,'oD(taomurif;)MuHpnfrdonfrSm ("r®? "r®0d',)ESvkH;

&nf ppfatmifEkdifjcif;onfom ta&;tygqkH;jzpf\/ ESvkH;&nf

ppfudk rif;jrwfonf Budrfzefrsm;pGm qifí rdrdykdifeuftwGif;rSD

wif;aexkdifolrsm;rSmomru ,lZem 600(rkdifokH;axmifausmf)

uGmvSrf;aom t&yfa'orsm;[kqkd&rnfha,me(Greek)bk&if

tEÅda,m*(Antiochos II Theos of Syria 261-246 BC)\pkd;ykdif&m

a'o? tEÅda,mue,fudk vGefvsuf wk&r,f(Ptolemy II Phila-

delphos of Egypt, 285-247 BC)? tEÅduded(Antigonos Gonatas of

Macedonia, 278-239 BC)? ru(Magas of Cyrene, 300-258 BC)ESifh

tvduok'&(Alexander of Epirus? 272-258 BC)pkd;ykdif&mig;jynf

axmifESifhawmifbufaqmv(Chola)rif;upNyD; oD&dvuFmt

(45)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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Yom

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0if tdEd,uRef;qG,f&JUawmifzuf yg@,(Pandyas)rif;wkdYa'o

wkdifatmif (omoemjyK)cJhygonf/

rif;{u&mZfykdifeuf a,me(Yona)tdEd,taemufajrmufe,f

pyfa'o? *&d Greek rif;i,fwkdY pdk;pHonf[k,lq&aom)a'o

ESifh(Yona a,mewkdYteD;tpyf)embu(Nabhaka)ESifhembywåd

(Nabhapanktis [dr0EÅm Himalaya awmifajce,fedrdwf)? abmZ

(Boja)yJMw,Pdu(Paitryanikas)? tE&(Andhras)ESifhaygvdE(Pa

-ulindas)pwJhtdEd,uRef;qG,fawmifydkif;wGif aeolwkdYtxd Ekdif

iHawmftESHYtjym;rSm "r®qkdif&m rif;w&m;BuD;\Mo0g'awGudk

wnfxGef;a\/ (taomuausmufpm 1966? 29-30)

tckajymovkd tifrwefus,fjyefYwJhtaomu omoemjyKap

vTwf&me,fa'oawGrSm ok0PÖblrd ryg/ odyfNyD;tajymrsm;wJhudpö

wpf&yfudk rl&if; taxmuftxm; r&wm[m BuD;us,fwJhjyóem

jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh oD&dvuFmtrSwftom;jzpfwJh 'Dy0Ho(c&pf 4^

5 &mpkESpf)eJYr[m0Ho(ac: pepfwus oefYjyefYatmif 'Dy0Houdk c&pf

ig;&mpkESpf wnf;jzwfwJh)usrf;rSm omoemjyK&mt&yfeJYacgif;aqmif

r[max&fpm&if;rSmawmh ok0PÖblrdygw,f/ ygykHuvnf; taomu

vTwfwmr[kwf oQifarm*¾vdykwå vTwfwmjzpfw,f/ ckxdawmh ok0PÖ

blrdukd atmufjrefrmEdkifiHeJY0ef;usift&yf jzpfrSmygvkdY cyf0g;0g;ajym

aeMuygNyD/ r[m0if 1950? 86? rSwfpk 2)/

{u&mZfrif;ukd omoema&; ÓPft&if; ay;EkdifpGrf;onf/ t

oQifarm*¾vdyk*¾vdykwåax&fonf (wwd,)o*Fg,em\tqkH;

ü tem*wfumv\tusKd;udk arQmfudk;vsuf eD;pyf&ma'owkdY

wGif omoemjyKtHh[kqifjcifí ajrmufuwådu(Katika)odkY wpf

(46)


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Yom

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ae&m omoemjyK wpfyg;pD apvTwfonf/ uo®d&(Kasmira)ESifh

*Em&(Gandhara)udk rZösEÅurax&fukdvnf;aumif;? r[dor@

v(Mahisemandala)udk r[ma'0 rax&fudkvnf;aumif; ap

vTwf\/ 0e0go(Vanavasa)udk &u©dwrax&fudkvnf;aumif;?

"r®&u©dwrax&fudk ty&EÅa,me(Aparantaka Yona)? r[m"r®

&u©dwukd r[m&|(Maharattha)ukd vTwf\/ a,me(Yona)udkrl

r[m&u©dw oGm;&\/ [drv,(Himalya)udk rZösdrax&f oGm;

&\/ ok0PÖblrdukdum; toQifaomP ESifh Owå&wkdY oGm;\/

(r[m0if 1950? 82)/

r[m0ifrSm qufNyD;azmfjyykHu ok0PÖblrdrSm rax&fwkdY<uvm

NyD; bk&ifheef;awmfrSm uav;zGm;jrifwkdif; vmpm;wJhodyfMurf;wrf;

wJhbD;vl;rudk ESdrfeif;NyD; Ak'omoemudk ckdifrmatmif wnfwHhapw,f

vkdY azmfjyygw,f/

(toQifaomP)rax&fu jynf&GmtESHY vSnfhvnfí jA[®Zmv

(okwf)udk &Gwfzwfw,f/

&wemokH;yg;udk ukd;uG,fygonf/ oDvaqmufwnfygonf[l

í ppfrSefonfh,kHMunfrI&NyD[k vltrsm;ajymMuonfrSm ajcmuf

aomif;ta&twGuf &Sd\/ rif;rsKd;rif;nDrif;om; okH;axmifh

ig;&mwkdY &[ef;cH\/ rif;orD; wpfaxmifhig;&mwkdYvnf;tvm;

wl tuRwfw&m;&\/ (r[m0if? 1950? 86)/

'Dtxd ok0PÖblrdukd yx0D0ift& ae&mtwdtus azmfjyr

xm;yg/

(a&Twd*kH rGefausmufpmawmifrsufESm pmaMumif; 18)xkdtcg

t&Sifr[max&fESpfyg;wkdYonf wrÁ*kwåawmifxdyfü wzkó b

(47)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

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ww

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v’duwkdY Xmyemxm;aom jrwfpGmbk&m;\qHawmf"mwfapwDudk

(19)awmcsKHzkH;tkyfí vlwkdYrodMuaomae&mudk oD&drmaomu

rif;om; jyawmfrl\/ xkdtcg oD&drmaomurif;onf awmcsKH

wkdYudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;apí (20)apwDudkvnf;aumif;? apwD

tdrfjymom'fudkvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfapNyD;vQif ylaZmfMuukef\

xkdtcgrSpí rGefwkdif;a'oü aeMuukefaomoltaygif;wkdYonf

tpOftwkdif; vma&mufylaZmfMuukef\/

y*dk; uvsmPDodrfausmufpm(1480)rSm ok0PÖblrdudk twdt

uswnfae&m azmfjycsuf ygvmw,f/

wcg xkda&mtcgü/ ok0PÖblrd&a|? ok0PÖblrdwkdif;ü/ oD&drm

aomaumemr? oD&drmaomutrnf&dSaom/ &mZm? rif;onf/

&ZÆH? rif;tjzpfudk/ uma&od? jyK\/ wom? xkdrif;\/ &mZXm

eDe*&H? rif;aejynfonf/ aumvmo yAÁwapwd,ó? aum

vmoawmifapwD\/ ypädrm&'dom,H? taemufajrmufaxmifh

ü/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wóe *&ówk? xkdrif;aejynf\/ ypädr

rky¹kbma*g? taemufxuf0ufonf/ oar? nDaom/ blrdbm

a*? ajrtbdkYü/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wrÜee*&H? xkdNrdKUudk/ a*gv

rEkóCXmeH0d,? wifvJcsufaomolwkdY\tdrfwkdYuJhodkY/ rwådu

C&m&H? ajrusnfjzpfaomtdrfwkYd\/ A[kvwm,? rsm;onf\

tjzpfaMumifh/ a*gvrwådu e*&EÅd? *kvwkdufNrdKU[lí/ ,m0ZÆ

wem? ,cktcg wkdifatmif/ a0g[m&EÅd? ac:a0:Muukef\/

(ygVd trSmü wkdufukvm;NrdKU[k rSm\)/ (bk&m;jzLq&mawmf

1938? 71)

'DvkdausmufpmrSmygw,fqkdayr,fh ausmufpma&;xkd;wJhtcg

(48)


eboo

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ww

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Yom

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umvu c&pfESpf 1480 jzpfw,f/ tJ'gudk vkdufNyD; 6 Mo*kwf? 1831

u r[m"roBuøa&;vkdufNyD;wJh omoemvuFm&usrf; 1956 ykHESdyf?

pm 22-23-25? 57-58)eJYOD;ynmomrd armif;axmifq&mawmf)

16 'DZifbm? 1861 rSm a&;NyD;wJhomoem0Housrf; t*Fvdyfbmom

jyef 1951? pm 11-12? 40? 42-44)rSm wpfxyfwnf; xifxif&Sm;

&Sm;a&;xm;wm awGY&ygw,f/

t&SifaomP? Owå&wkdY omoemjyK ok0PÖblrdudk omoemjyK

<uvmw,fqkdwmudk pwifa&;om;wmuawmh oD&dvuFmusrf;awG

jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmbufu &[ef;awmfwcsKdU oD&dvuFmoGm;NyD; pm

oifw,f? odu©mwufw,f/ ae&yftjyefrSm usrf;pmawG ul;,lvm

cJhw,f/ usrf;wwfq&mawmfawGvnf; yifhcJhMuw,f/ (oef;xGef;

1969? 214)/ 'gaMumifh yk*HrSm c&pf 12 &mpkESpfaESmif;ydkif;rSm oD[kdVf

*kdPf;&,fvkdY xif&Sm;vmygw,f/ tJ'D*kdPf;u aomPOwå&omoem

jyKudpöudk xif&Sm;vmatmif a[majymcJhMurSm jzpfr,fxif&ygw,f/

yJcl;(y*kd;)rSm &mZm"d&mZf("r®apwD)rif;u 1480 jynhfrSm omoem

oefY&Sif;zkdY aqmif&GufwJhtcgrSmvnf; oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)tultnD

eJYvkyfwm jzpfygw,f/

(49)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

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orkdif;&JUordkif; (5)

Ä

'DomoemoefYpifa&;[m 29? azaz:0g&D 1480 rSm atmifjrifpGm

NyD;qkH;w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ (oef;xGef; 1969? 214)/ &mZm"dywdN*D

y&r r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZfeJYa,mu©rrdzk&m; &Sifapmyk N*DBwdbk0em'd

wsjy0e"r®BwJavmusemx(a&Twd*kHrGefausmufpm? ausm 33-34)

wkdYu a&Twd*kHorkdif;udk pwifazmfxkwfcJhwmvkdY xifygw,f/ (&Sifapm

ykudk 11? azaz:0g&D? 1394 rSm arG;zGm;NyD; oufawmf 59 ESpf? bk&if

&JUMuif&mawmf r[kwfbJ udk,fwkdifpdk;tkyfrif;vkyfcGifh&wJhrdzk&m;tjzpf

wifajr§mufjcif; cH&ygw,f/) &Sifapmykrdzk&m;&JUaqGawmfpOfZ,m;udk

Munfhyg/

jrefrma'orSm Ak'ömoema&mufykHudk ajymMu&mrSm rGefajym

wmxuf jrefrmu enf;enf;ydkNyD; csJUxGifvmygw,f/ rGefajymjycsuf

rSm wzkónDaemifu wpfqifh bk&m;yGifhawmfrlNyD;prSmyJ Ak'omoem

rGefwkdY&yfa'oudk a&mufw,f/ *0Hywdrax&fyifhvkdYvnf; a&muf

w,f/ qkdvkdwmu c&pfray:rD 520 avmufjzpfr,f/ c&pf 1518

avmufu &SifoDv0Ho a&;wJh &mZ0ifausmftqkdudk em;axmifMunfh

yg/ &Sifapmykrdzk&m;&JUaqGawmfpOfZ,m;

(1) 0g&D&k(1287-96)

r'rudk 1281 a&muf

(3)apmOD;(1310-24) (4)apmNidef(1324-31)

(5)apmtJuHaumif;(1331)


(50)


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(2)cGefavm(1296-1310)

0g&D&kudk qufcHonfhnD

(6)Anm;tJavm(1331-53)

(7)Anm;OD;(1353-85)

A*kd;udk rif;aejynfvkyf

a&Twd*kHudk ÓPfawmf ay 60 xd wkd;jr§ifh

(8)&mZm"d&mZf(1385-1423)

(9) (10) (14)

Anm;"r®&mZm Anm;&H Anm;usef;awm

(1423-26) (1426-46) &Sifapmyk

(1453-72)

eJwumoif (11)

Anm;00l; (12)

(15) Anm;usef

&mZm"dywd (1450-53)

"r®"&vlxGuf a&Twd*kHudk ÓPfawmf

trsm;ac:"r®apwD ay 302 xd wkd;jr§ifh

(1471-92)

(16) (13)

Anm;&H arma'g

(1292-1526) (1453)

(17)

wum&Gwfyd(1526-34)

wyifa&TxD;&efaMumifh A*kd;u 1354 xGufajy;

(51)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

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ww

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Yom

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jrpfum; {&m0wDrnf\/ jrpfajrmufbufum; okemy&EÅwkdif;

rnf\/ jrpfawmifbufum; wrÜ'Dywkdif;rnf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;

um; jymom'fig;&mpD;awmfrlí omauwjynfodkY oGm;awmfrl

\/ igwkdYokemy&EÅwkdif;odkYvnf; vmawmfrl\/ pEul;ausmif;

awmfü ckepf&ufaeawmfrlvSm\/ ckepf&uf aeawmfrlvSmBudKuf

vnf; aeYwkdif; ausmif;awmfodkY jyefav\/ aeYwkdif; pEúl;

ausmif;awmfodkY a&mufvSm\/ ausmif;raqmufrD taqmuf

tOD pD&ifpjyKuwnf;uvnf; tBudrfBudrfvmí nOfhtcgae

awmfrlvSmonf[l\/ ausmif;awmfwGif aeawmfrlvSmNyD;vnf;

&Spfaomif;av;axmifrQavmufaom okemy&EÅwkdif;om;wkdYukd

acscRwfawmfrlonf [l\/ ckepf&uf aphí jyefawmfrlavNyD;

vnf; erEÅmrnfaomjrpfem;ü e*g;wkdY awmif;yefí e*g;jynf

odkY 0ifawmfrlav\/ e*g;jynfrS xGufvwfNyD;rSvnf; e*g;wkdY

awmif;yefí udk;uG,fp&m ajcawmf&mxm;cJh\/ opöAE¨&aoh

tvkdYiSm ajcawmf&mudk xm;cJh\/ þodkYqkdaomtpDtpOftm;

jzifh tBudrfzefrsm;pGmvQif jrwfpGmbk&m; igwkdYt&yfodkY a&muf

awmfrlvm\/ r[mykPÖ plVykPÖ nDtpfudkESpfa,mufudk tprl

í igwkdYt&yfom; &Spfaomif;av;axmifaom y&dowftuRwf

&í igwkdYt&yfü bk&m;vufxufuvQif omoemawmfyGifhvif;

pjzpfownf;/ (oDv0Ho 1518? 121-2)

jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu jrefrmEkdifiHudk tacguf

acguf<uvmNyD; omoemawmfudk ]]yGifhvif;}}apcJhw,f/ oD&dvuFm

xufapmNyD; omoemawmf wnfykHudk-

oD[kdVfuRef;ü omoemawmfum; 236 ckESpf(247 BC)aomtcg

(52)


eboo

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Yom

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vGefrS wnfpjzpfownf;/ igwkdYt&yfü omoemawmfum; jrwf

pGmbk&m; pvif; teD; v,fudkif;&Sd pEúl; ausmif;awmfü ae

awmfrlvSmaom tcguwnf;vQif wnfownf;/ omoem

awmf t&SnfwnftHhonfudk taMumif;rlí odef;CkduRef;odkYokH;

acgufvQif oGm;awmfrl\/ iwkdY t&yfrSmodkYum; ausmif;r

aqmufrDvnf;aumif;? ausmif;aqmufNyD; vnf;aumif; t

BudrfBudrfrsm;pGm vmawmfrl\/ þodkY tBudrfBudrfrsm;pGm vm

awmfrljcif;onfum; igwkdYt&yf\pD;yGm;ukdvnf;aumif; igwkdY

t&yfüjzpfaom rif;wkdY\tusKd; pD;yGm;udkvnf;aumif; tcg

&Snfvsm; wnfvwfwHhonfudk jrifawmfrlownf;/ jrifawmfrl

acguf&ufvQif igwkdYt&yfübk&m;&Sdawmfrlaomtcgvnf; psmef

w&m; csrf;omcH&mjzpf\/ vGefawmfrlNyD;vnf; omoemawmf

\wnf&mjzpf\/(oDv0Ho 1518? 122-3)

oD&dvuFmtrSwftom;awGrSm ty&EÅudk Ak'ömoemjyKtzGJY

awG a&mufw,fvkdY tqkd&Sdw,f/ (r[m0if 1950? 82-85/ r[m

"r®oBuø 1956? 20)/ tJ'Dty&EÅ[m wkdYqDu okemy&EÅayghvkdY jref

rmu aocsmaygufqkdvkdufw,f/ (r[m"r®oBuø 1956? 21)/

jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefvGefNyD; tESpf 235 ESpf(248 B.C)

wGif arm*¾vdykwåwdót&Sifoljrwf OD;aqmifvsuf wwd,o

*Fg,emwiftNyD;rSm a,meurS "r®&u©dwax&fudk aemufygoH

Cmav;yg;eJYty&EÅEkdifiHodkY(omoemjyK)apvTwf\/ ,if;ty

&EÅum; jrefrma'o\okemy&EÅyif jzpfygownf;/(ynmom

rd 1952? 61)

{&m0wDjrpfajrmufydkif;t&yfawGrSm trIudpöNyD;awmh "r®&u©dw

(53)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

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cre

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by

ww

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han

Yom

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ax&[m awmifbufrSm aqmif&GufzG,f &SdorQudk vkyf&ygr,f/

a,meu u "r®&u©dwax&onf ty&EÅudk a&mufvmNyD;onfh

aemuf wrÜ'DyukdvSnfhí vltrsm;udk w&m;a[mygonf/(ynm

omrd 1952? 63)/

qkdvkdwmu &SifaomPwkdY jrefrmawmifydkif;rSm Ak'ömoemjyK

ckduf jrefrmtv,fydkif;rSm &Sif"r®&u©dwu tvm;wl omoemjyK

vsuf &Sdygw,fqkdwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh &SifaomPwkdYavmuf

c&D;raygufvkdY xif&ygw,f/

okemy&EÅESifhwrÜ'DywGif omoemonf tpOfwpdkuf xGef;ycGifh

r&acs/ (ynmomrd 1952? 64)/

aemiftcg jrefrmEkdifiHatmufydkif;u &Sift&[H<uvmNyD; jref

rmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rSm omoemjyefvnf&Sifoefatmif aqmif

&Guf&ygw,f/ (ynmomrd 1952? 64)/

&ckdif trsKd;om;wkdYu 'Dudpöudk trsm;BuD; omvGef aumif;rGef

atmif ajymEkdifygw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrlNyD; cyfapmapm

uyJ olwkdYa'oudk a'opm&D<uvmcJhvkdY (,ck rEÅav;a&muf)

udk,fpm;awmfBuD;wpfqludk jrwfpGmbk&m; rsufarSmufawmfrSmyJ

oGef;vkyfylaZmfcGifhh &w,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;udk olwkdYrSm

'kd;a0 &mZ0ifBuD;

"n0wD ta&;awmfykH

&mZ0if tif;apmuf

irnf; &mZ0if

&mZ0if vuFm

&mZ0if rSwfpkeJY

(54)


eboo

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Yom

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&mZ0ifopfawGrSm a&;om;yg&Sdw,fvkdY pE&ckdif&mZ0ifopf(rEÅ

av;[Hom0wD 1931? 3)rSm azmfjyyg&Sdygw,f/

igwkdYjrwfpGmbk&m; bk&m;ryGifhrD ESpfaygif; 934 (1457 B.C)ESpf

cefYrQ&Sdaomumvü aumovwkdif; yOömv&mZfwkdif; ESpfwkdif;ukd

tpdk;&aom yOömv&mZfrif;onf aumvd,rif;tm; trsKd;

qufvkdaomiSm trwfwkdYudkapí orD;awmif;ap&m aumvd,

rif;onf Zmwdrmefjzifh rajciHaompum;udk qkdacsaomaMumifh

yOömv&mZfrif; ESifh aumvd,rif;wkdY ppfjzpfMu&m yOömv&mZf

rif;Ekdifí aumvd, a'0'[udkuydvrnfaom okH;jynfaxmif

aomomuD0ifrif;wkdYonf &IH;avvQif uydv0wfjynfrS tbd

&mZmrnfaomomuD0ifrif;onf rdrdAkdvfajctvkH;t&if;udk,l

í rZösdra'orS zJcJhojzifh ouFó&|rnfaom waumif;oif;

wGJjynfBuD;udk wnfaxmifjyKpkawmfrl\/(ÓP 1996? 13)/

tbd&mZm waumif;a&mufwJhtcsdefudk bk&m;ryGifhrD 934 ESpf

uvkdYqkdw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;"mwfawmf XmyemwJhapwDvnf; b,f

&SdOD;rvJ/ tbd&mZmudk qufcHwJhuH&mZmi,fu wpfnwGif; ]]tvSL

r@yfESifhwuG bk&m;NyD;í}} waumif;rSm rif;jzpfw,f/ uH&mZmBuD;

u ]]'kwd, "n0wDNrdKUudk ouú&mZf 7837 ckwGif wnfaxmifpDrHí

pdk;pHawmfrl\}}(ÓP 1996? 14)/ uH&mZmBuD;rif;rS 29 qufajrmuf

pEól&d,rif;vufxuf jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf ]]rZösdra'orS "n

0wDrif;XmeDodkY a'opm&D <uawmfrlcJhonf}}(atmifomOD; 1955?

19)/

jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonfvnf; rif;ESifhwuGaom rSL;rwfAkdvfyg

y&dowfrsm;tm; w&m; a&at; tNrdKuf aq;udk wkdufauR;

(55)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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awmfrlav\/ . . . jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif rZösdra'ookdY jyefvnf<u

awmfrrlrD pEol&d,rif; awmif;yefonfudk taMumif;jyKí&kyf

yGm;awmf wpfql wnfxm;cGifh ay;oem; awmfrlaomaMumifh

bk&m;oQifESifhwqHjcnfr,Gif;? jyuawh wlnDpGm NyD;pD;awmfrl

avownf;/ (atmifomOD;? 1975? 19-20)/

y'kHrif;(bdk;awmfbk&m; 1782-1819)u 16 atmufwkdbm?

1784 rSm bk&m;BuD;udk &ckdifausmufawmfu tr&yl&ukd yifhcJh&r,f

vkdY trdefYawmfxkwfjyefygw,f/(bk&m;BuD;yifhcJhwJhvrf;udk uRefawmf

22? 29? rwf? 1979 u oGm;MunfhNyD; ]]&ckdif&kd;rudk ausmfjzwfwJhbk&m;

vrf;r}}trnfeJY pmwrf;wpfapmif a&;cJhzl;ygw,f/ tJ'DpmapmifrSm

bk&m;yifhpcef;pOf tqifhqifhudk ajrykHeJYazmfjycJhw,f/) &ckdifu oD;

jcm;EkdifiH jzpfwJhtwGuf tckvkd r[mrkedudk yifhapvkdY trdefYxkwfwm

[m &ckdifudk ppfwkdufr,fqkdwJhoabm ouf0ifygw,f/ ajrmufOD;udk

20? Zefe0g&D? 1785 rSm odrf;,lNyD; 22? Zefe0g&D? 1785 u pwifNyD;

ukvm;wefjrpfu azmifeJYpwifyifhaqmifw,f/ 30? Zefe0g&D 1785

rSm awmifukwfukd azmifqkdufw,f/ awmif&kd;udk jzwfausmfyifhaqmif

wmu 5? azaz:0g&D? 1785 rSm pw,f/ {&m0wDqdyf yef;awmif;udk

30? rwf? 1785 rSm a&mufw,f/ azmifay:wifNyD; tr&yl&wuf

ao;tif;(,ck rEÅav;uefawmfBuD;)ukd a&mufvmNyD; ,ck udef;0yf

pHy,fwJhausmif;awmfu yv’ifay:udk 27? {NyD? 1785 rSm wifxm;

udk;uG,fcJhygw,f/ tcktcg tvG,fwul 0,f,lzwf&IEkdifiHwJhr[m

rkedorkdif;tapmifapmifrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu

yJ Ak'ömoem &ckdifudk a&mufNyD; bk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfwkdifapmifhNyD;

r[mrked&kyfyGm;awmfudk oGef;vkyfw,fvkdY wpfnDwnf; a&;Muygw,f/

(56)


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'gayrJh r[m&mZoBuø 1831? ynmomrd 1861 a&;om;jyKpkwJhusrf;

awGrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; &ckdifudk <uvmNyD; r[mrkedudk,fpm;awmf oGef;

vkyfwJhtcsufudk tenf;tyg;rQ xnfhoGif;a&;om;roGm;Muyg/ rGef

awG a&;wJh wzkó? bv’du nDaemiftaMumif; aomOwå&rax&f

jrwfwkdYtaMumif;awGvkdY oD&dvuFmxGuf usrf;awGxJrSm rygvkdYvm;

vkdY awG;p&m&Sdygw,f/

rGefawGu wzkónDaemifwkdY jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrlpu zl;

cGifh&cJhNyD; Ak'omoemudk rGefa'oudk aqmif,lcJhw,f/ Ak'ukd,fawmf

wkdif oxkHudk a'opm&D<uvmNyD; w&m;a[mawmfrlcJhw,fqkdwmawG

xuf omatmif jrwfpGmbk&m;ausmif;awmf&m v,fudkif;rSm <uvm

NyD; ckepf&ufMumatmif w&m;a[mw,fvkdY ajymw,f/ &ckdifudk bk&m;

a'opm&D <uvm&kHrQru udk,fpm;awmfyg xm;&pfw,fvkdY ajymqkdt

Ekdif,lw,fvkdY EIdif;,SOfod&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd omoema&mufykHawGudk rGef

u c&pf 15 &mpkESpfu a&;ovkd? jrefrmu c&pf 16 &mpkESpfu a&;

ovkd? &ckdifu 18 &mpkESpfu a&;ovkd tNydKiftqkdif a&;om;Muay

r,fh olwkdYa&;wmawGxuf a&S;uswJhtaxmuftxm;&,fvkdY b,f

rSmrS r&Sdyg/

(57)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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Ä

(c)rif;aejynfrSeforQ tifrwefa&S;usw,fvkdY ajymcsifw,f/

a&S;a&S;u &mZ0ifq&mawG[m tNydKiftqkdif tEkdif,lcsifwJh

oabmeJYigwkdYNrdKU[m tifrwefa&S;usw,fvkdY &Sm&SmazGazG ,kwåd&Sd r&Sd

*&krpkduf rpOf;pm;bJ ajymcsifMuw,f/ aemufawmh <um;0genf;uyJ

ykHpHusus jzpfvmw,f/ uukoefbk&m;vufxufuyJ &SdcJhw,fvkdYp

ajymygw,f/ waumif;qkd&if 'Dvkda&;r,f-

waumif;jynfBuD;\taMumif;um; uukoefbk&m;vufxuf

awmf oHo,yk& wGif\/ aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxufawmf &|

yk&wGif\/ uóybk&m;vufxufawmfwGif oif;wGJ[kwGif\/

igwkdYa*gwrbk&m; vufxufwGif waumif;[k wGif\/ xkdw

aumif;jynfBuD;ü tbd&mZmtrnf&dSaom ousomuD0ifrif;

onf tppGm wnfaxmifí rif;jyKawmfrl\/ (rSefeef; 1? ykd'f

105? 153)

waumif;udk yxrqkH; wnfaxmifwJhckESpf? &ufpGJ ajymjyEkdifol

r&Sdyg/ Munf;uef&SifBuD; eE´"Z(1757-1819)u 1796u t*¾d,?

tmumooQwå&? Oya'? udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI? aq;? 'óedu? ocsFm

qkdwJhynm&yfawGeJY ywfoufNyD; cufcJorQukd aemifvlaemufom;ajz

Ekdif&if ajzawmhvkdY ykpäm 1117-yk'fxkwfNyD; xm;cJhw,f/ usD;oJav;

xyfq&mawmf &SifrkedE´mbd"Z(1807-1894)u 1864-cku pwif

NyD; tajzawG a&;w,f/ wpfESpfcGJtwGif; tajza&;NyD;ygw,f/(pG,f


(58)


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pkHausmfxif 0daom"eD 1969? X)

tar; 843/ /waumif;[lonf tnmjynf rnfu rif;qufay

wkdYenf;/

tajz/ /rZösdra'o ouFóe*kd&fjynfh&Sifrif;\tqufjzpfonf

[lay/ taMumif;t>rufum; bk&m;tavmif;awmfjzpf

aomod'w¬ukrm&rif;om;onf uydv0wfjynfü a&Teef;

wuf pHaeawmfrlaomESpfrS aemifav;ESpfajrmufNyD;aom

tOöerif; NzdK<uif;ouú&mZf 88-ck? ewfawmfvqef;ckepf

&ufaeYuyif ouFóe*kd&fjynfh&Sifrif;\om;awmf omud

,rif;onf rSL;rwfAkdvfyg taygif; ESpfaomif; ajcmuf

axmifwkdYESifhwuG rZösdra'orS xGufcJh&m {&m0wDjrpfukd

awGYí xkdjrpf\taemufzuft&yf avsmufywfaomae

&mwGif Akdvfygtpnf;t&kH;csNyD;rS a&SUtESpf okH;&mcefYu

bkd;awmfwnfpjyKzl;aomae&mudk odjyef&ojzifh wpfzef

{&m0wDjrpfudk ul;jyefí waumif;rnfaomjynfBuD;udk

wnfaxmifíaeawmfrlonf/ xkdNrdKUum; uukoefbk&m;

vufxufawmfuyif vlaejzpfí oHo,NrdKU[kwGifonf/

aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxuf &| wGifonf/ uóybk&m;

vufxuf oif;wGJ wGifonf/ a*gwrbk&m; vufxuf

awmfüum; waumif;wGifonf/ xkdomudrif;BuD;onf

NrdKUeef;awmf wnfaxmifí &mZmbdaoucHawmfrlonf/

owkd;r[mZrÁL'Dy"Z&mZm[laowHqdyfemrnfudkvnf;

cHawmfrlonf/ rSL;awmf? rwfawmf? aqGawmf? rsKd;awmf

wkdYukdvnf;rZösdra'orif;wkdYuJhodkY rm*"bmomjzifh onm

(59)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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bGJYay;tyfawmfrlonf/ xkdowkd;r[mZrÁL'Dy"Zrif;\

om;awmfum; uH&mZmBuD;? uH&mZmi,f[lí ESpfa,muf

&Sdonf/ (pG,fpkHausmfxif? 'k? 1904? 251-252)

jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrD tESpfokH;&m(bDpD 860)ujzpfcJhwJh

tjzpftysufvkdYajymw,f/ 'DvkdyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;eJYoufqkdifw,fqkd&if

vufcHvkdufwJhtavh &SdMuw,f/ &ckdif&mZ0ifawGrSm tJ'Dtjzpft

ysuf&JU&ufpGJudk bDpD 1494 vkdYjyifqifygw,f/ pE´rmvm&ckdif&mZ0if

opf? 1930? 228-241)? waumif;[m 'Dvkda&S;uswJhNrdKU rjzpfEkdif/

a&S;a[mif;okawoeu wl;azmfNyD; &&SdwJh&ufpGJu c&pfwpfq,fhwpf

&mpkESpf jzpfw,f/ (oef;aqG 1971? 203-245) rMumrD (1998)xyf

rHwl;azmfygOD;r,f/

&mZ0ifusrf;awGt& waumif;NyD;awmh oa&acwå&m quf

ay:vmygw,f/ NrdKUwnfaqmufolu 'Gwåabmifjzpfw,f/ oa&

acwå&mNrdKUwnfESpfu omoem 101-ck(388 bDpD)jzpfw,f/ (rSef

eef;? y? 1963? ykd'f 108? 170)

xkdoa&acwå&mjynfonfum; uukoefbk&m;vufxufawmf

ü yXmeywd[k wGif\/ aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxufawmfü ykPÖ

0wD[kwGif\/ uóybk&m;vufxufawmfü ykPÖ[k wGif\/

a*gwrbk&m; vufxufawmfü oa&acwå&m[k wGif\/ w

aumif;rif; a,mufzawmf &Sif&aoh oDwif; okH;onfudk t

aMumif;jyKí &aohjynf[k aemufrSwGif\/ (rSefeef;? y? 1963?

ykd'f 108? 177)waumif;udpövkdyJ oa&acwå&meJYywfoufNyD;

ajymorQvufcHMujyefw,f/ wu,fuawmh BuD;us,fatmifajym

wJhvlu ajymwmudk tppftaq;r&Sd vufcHvkdufMuw,f/ oa&ac

(60)


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wå&mrSm &Sifbk&ifawG&JUt&kd;tkd;eJYysLausmufpmawG awGYw,f/ ysL

pmudk zwfMunfhvkdY &ygw,f/ t"dyÜg,fodyfraygufbl;/ 'Dawmh b,f

ESpf? b,fv? b,f&ufrSm b,frif;[m touf b,fESESpf? b,fESv?

b,fES&ufrSm aow,fvkdY zwfvkdufw,f/ rMumrDu oa&acwå&m

bk&m;awmif t&kd;tkd;BuD;wpfck&awmh rif;qufxGufvmw,f/ rif;

qufu [&d0dMur? od[0dMur? ol&d,0dMur? tm'dMw0dMurvkdYawGY

w,f/ 'Dawmh b,f&uf? b,frif; toufb,favmufrSm aow,f

qkdwm rSm;w,f/ touf b,favmufrSm b,frif;? b,fckESpfuao

w,fvkdY zwfrSrSefr,f/ ckESpfudkvnf; (Blagden rSmygovkd)c&pfESpf 638

-9 upwJhouú&mZf r[kwf/ (oef;xGef; 1964 rSma&;cJhovkd)c&pf

ESpf 318-19 upwJh *kyÅESpfr[kwf/ c&pfESpf 78-9 upwJhoQu(Saka)

ESpfyJ jzpf&r,fvkdY tckjyifqifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ysLocsKØif;pmt&

ysLrif;qufyg rif;wcsKdU&JUbGJYtrnf? toufeJYuG,fvGef&ufudk ckvkd

awGY&ygw,f/

oufawmf 57-ESpf? 2-v? 24-&ufrSm [&d0dMurrif;onf 19

&uf? 7-v? 41-ckESpf(at'D 120)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/

oufawmf 80-jynfhNyD;? 2-v? 4-&ufrSm od[0dMurrif;onf

t&uf 20? 9-v? 44-ckESpf(at'D 123)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/

oufawmf 35-ESpfrSm ol&d,0dMur(rdzk&m;)ewf&GmpHw,f/

oufawmf 50-jynfh? 5-vrSm ol&d,0dMurudk,fawmfwkdif 64-

ckESpf(at'D 143)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/

tm'dMw0dMurrif; 84-ckESpf(at'D 163)wGif ewf&GmpHw,f/

a&S;a[mif;olawoewl;azmfa&;t& oa&acwå&mNrdKUtyg

t0if ysLawG&JU,Ofaus;rI[m c&pf 1-&mpkESpfxuf aemufrusvkdY

(61)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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ajymw,f/ (atmifaomf 1968)? w&kwfrSwfwrf;awGt& c&pfray:

rD 2-&mpkESpfvkdYajymEkdifw,f/ tkwfwHwkdif;awG awmifajrmufwef;ykH

twdrf;tapmif;udk MunfhNyD; NrdKUwnf&uf[m c&pfray:rD 2-&mpk

vkdYvnf; rSef;qw,f/ (oef;xGef; 1977)/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;wJhaemuf ysLa'oawGjzpfw,fvkdYxif&

wJhxkrif(rkdif;arm)? yefxGm(AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;)? N*dauGMw(oa&acwå

&m)? [Hvif;awGrSm a&S;a[mif;okawoe wl;azmfa&;vkyfvmNyD;

wpfzufuvnf; w&kwfrSwfwrf;awGudk zufwGJtokH;jyKwJhtcg ysL

[m c&pfray:rD 5 &mpkESpfavmufupNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHbufudk 0ifvm

NyD; c&pfwpf&mpkESpfavmufu pNyD;? ysLawG[m xif&Sm;vmw,f/

c&pfav;&mpkESpf udk;&mpkESpftxd ysLEkdifiH[m ajrmufbuf ,Gefeef;

e,fpyfu? awmifudk r'r(rkwår)xd? ta&SUudk oHvGifjrpfu? taemuf

ukd oHwGJtxd us,fjyefYcJhw,fvkdYod&ygw,f/ (csef&nfpdef 1979)/

ysLEkdifiH[m yxrjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHvkdYyJ ac:Ekdifygw,f/ (oef;

xGef; 1994)/

yk*Hudk ysOfjym;rif; c&pf 849-50(rSefeef; 1? 1963? ykd'f 128?

219)wnfw,fvkdYqkdw,f/ [kwfr,f rxifyg/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;awGeJY

wkdufqkdifMunfhwJhtcg yk*HqkdwJhemrnfu ysL*gr? jA[®m0oåKjzpfw,f/

N*DauGMwtysufrSm ysLawGwnfwJhysL&JUaemufqkH;NrdKUawmfjzpfw,f/

aemufrS jrefrm&JUyxrNrdKUawmfjzpfw,fvkdY ,lq&ygw,f/ (csef&nf

pdef 1997)yk*HrSm&SdwJha&S;taqmufttkHawGuawmh c&pfwpfq,fh

wpf&mpkESpfxuf apmwm rawGYrdyg/ yk*HNrdKU&kd;udkvnf; NrdKUeJYNydKifwl

wnfaqmufr,fxifcJhMuw,f/ r[kwfyg/ tckrMumrDu ajrmuf

bufNrdKU&kd;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoeu wl;azmfMunfhwJhtcg rmif*kd

(62)


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&efolvmwJhtcgrS tvsifpvkd wnfaqmuf&w,f/ (rSefeef;? y?

1963? ydk'f 152? 353)qkdwm rSefw,f/ NrdKUwnfykHukdawmh 'Dvkda&;cJh

w,f/

bk&m;ocif xif&Sm;&Sdawmfrlaomtcg rZösdra'ot&yfrS a'o

pm&D<uawmfrlonf/ xdkjynfwnf&mt&yfodkY a&mufawmfrlav

\/ wefYMunfhawmifzsm;xuf &yfí Munfhawmfrlavaomfurf;

yg;jrifhxuf aygufyifrsm;ü OAsKdif;jzLESifhusD;ndKem;\/ ayguf

yifcGü zGwfNydwåm vQmESpfcGESifhvnf;ae\/ aygufyif&if;ü zm;

i,f 0yfvsuf&Sd\/ xkdudk jrifawmfrlonf/ jyHK;awmfrlonf/ nD

awmftmeE´mvnf; jyHK;awmfrlaomtaMumif;udk avQmufay

\/ bk&m;ocifvnf; cspfom;tmeE´m? ig y&dedAÁmefjyKawmfrl

í tESpfajcmuf&mhig;q,fhwpfESpf(at'D 168)a&mufaomt

cg þt&yfü OAsKdif;jzLESifhusD;ndKem;onfhtvkdum; xkdjynfü

tvSLoDoif;okH;onfvnf; rsm;vwåHY? oDwif;r&Sdaom 'kóDv

vnf; rsm;vwåYH/ aygufyifcGü zGwfNydwåm vQmESpfcGESifhaeonfh

tvkdum; xkdjynfolwkdYonf v,f,mrvkyfbJ ta&mif;t0,f

ukefpv,fESifhom toufarG;aomtm;jzifh rrSefaompum;udk

okH;onfjzpfí opöm,Gif;,dkvwåYH/ aygufyif&if;ü zm;oli,f0yf

onfhtvkdum; xkdjynfolwkdYonf zm;ES,f 0rf;csrf;í om,mpGm

arGYavsmf&vwåHY/ xkdjynfudk wnfaxmiftpjyKaom ork'´&mZ

rif;vufxuf iSufBuD;? 0ufBuD;? usm;BuD;? &SL;ysHwkdYonfvnf;

rif;rlvwåHY/ xkdiSufBuD;? 0ufBuD;? &SL;ysHwkdYudk bkef;vuf&kH;tm

PmESifhjynfhpkHaomrif;onf cGif;vwåHY/ (rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ydk'f

116? 188-9)

(63)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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tck azmfjywJhAsm'dwfxJuae&m[m yk*Hppfppf r[kwfao;/ yk*H

a&S;ajy; ,m,Dae&myJ jzpfr,f/ c&pfESpf 168-ckqkdwmuvnf; jzpf

Ekdifp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg/ jrefrmawG jrefrmajrjyefYudk 0ifa&mufae

xkdifwmudk c&pf udk;&mpkESpfaESmif;vkdY ,lqygw,f/

t0udk 26 Zefe0g&D? 1365 rSm wnfw,f/ (rSefeef;? 1? 1963?

ykd'f 163? 396)Asm'dwf&wJhNrdKU&GmvkdY olwumvkdvm;ykHudk 'DvkdawGY&yg

w,f/

bk&m;ocif xif&Sm;&Sdawmfrlonfhumv a'opm&D <uawmfrl

aomtcg rZösdra'oonf iaqmifcsrf;t&yfudk Asm'dwfxm;

awmfrlcJhí aumif;pifodkY <uawmfrlonf/ a&mufawmfrlvQif

aumif;pifudk Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlí waumif;udk Asm'dwfxm;

awmfrlcJhNyD;rS rEÅav;odkY a&mufawmfrlvQif &ifom;jrwfudk vSD;

ívSLaom tZÆrkcdbDvl;rudk taMumif;jyKawmfrlí &wemykH

jynfBuD;jzpfvwåYHonfudk Asm'dwfxm;awmfrl\/ ,if;uonf

Muuf,uf t&yfodkY a&mufawmfrlaomtcg tZÆrkcdbDvl;r

armifjzpfaom iawmifjyHK;? iawmifusnf;? iawmiforef? i

awmifjrifh[laom bDvl;av;a,mufwkdY om;>yrf;qGrf;vSLonf

udk taMumif;jyKí awmiforef awmifusnf;t&yfudk Asm'dwf

xm;awmfrl\/ a&S;oa&mtcg þt&yfü Muufrif;armifESr

tppfjzpfí usufpm;prSwf jyKonf/ Muufaxmifht&yfü tdyf

prSwfjyKonf[lí Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlNyD;vQif ,if;uonf ppf

udkif;wnf&mt&yfokdY a&mufawmfrlonf&Sdaomf wpf&maombD

vl;teuf bDvl;ti,fwpfa,mufonf bk&m;ocif a&oEkwf

awmfukd ckd;íajy;avonf/ ukd;usdyfudk;a,mufaombDvl;wkdY

(64)


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rlum; bk&m;ociftm; awmif;yefí om;>yrf;qGrf;vSL\/ bk

&m;ocifonf udk;usdyf ukd;a,mufaom bDvl;wkdYtm; w&m;

a[mawmfrlí aomwmywådzkdvfwnfap\/ xkdt&yfudk aom

wmyef[k ,ckwkdifwGif\/ bDvl;wkdYvnf; bDvl;i,fwpfa,muf

ckd;íajy;avaom a&oEkwfawmfudk ,lí bk&m;ociftm;uyf

NyD;vQif aZwbDvl;trSL;&Sdaom udk;usdyfukd;a,mufaom bD

vl;wkdY apwDwnfí udk;uG,f\/ xkdbk&m;udk aZw0efbk&m;[k

,ckwkdifatmif wGif\/ bk&m;ocifvnf; bDvl;wkdYtm; w&m;

a[mawmfrlNyD;vQif ppfudkif; t&yfukd Asm'dwf xm;awmfrl\/

,if;uonf t0wnf&mt&yfodkY a&mufawmfrlvQif awmifol

BuD;wpfa,muf ocGm;rSnfh okH;vkH; vSLonfESifh þonfudk t

aMumif;jyKawmfrlí þawmifolum; þt&yfü jynfjzpfaom

tcg rif;okH;Budrfjzpfí ig\omoemawmfukd csD;ajr§mufvwåHY

[lí Asm'dwfxm;awmfrl\/ xkdtcg arsmufi,fwpfckonf bk

&m;ocifudk jrifavaomf o'gaompdwf&Sdonfjzpfí om;vuf

rygaom ysm;tkHwpfckudk,lí uyfvm\/ bk&m;ocifvnf; cH

awmfrlNyD;vQif arsmufi,fOau©mif;udk okH;oyfí vTwfawmfrl

\/ xkdarsmufi,fonf ouFef;awmfpGef;üxGufaom csnfrQif

udk Ekwf,lí opfyifodkYajy;wufav\/ xkdudk jrifawmfrlí jyHK;

awmfrl\/ nDawmftmeEmvnf; jyHK;awmfrlaomtaMumif;udk

avQmufaomf ]]cspfom;tmeEm? þt&yfü jynfjzpfaomtcg

þarsmufi,f rif; okH;quf jzpfvwåYH? þarsmufi,f rif;jzpf

vQif 'geudk tm;xkwfvwåHY? oDvrS csKdUwJhvwåHY/ ig\omoem

awmfudk jyKvnf;jyKvwåHY? zsufvnf; zsufvwåHY}}[lí Asm'dwf

(65)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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Yom

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xm;awmfrl\/ ,if;odkY Asm'dwf xm;awmfrlNyD;rS þum; a&S;

urÇmOD;ü y'krpEól&d,rif;vufxuf {&m0wD&|urÜ|meD[k

wGif\/ xdkrif;vufxuf &wemrkd; okH;Budrf&Gm\/ 0&kPmrif;

vufxuf yk&de'[kwGif\/ xkdrif;vufxuf &wemrkd; ESpfBudrf

&Gm\/ uukoefbk&m;vufxufawmfü &wemyk& okemy&EÅ[k

wGif\/ aumPm*kHbk&m;vufxufawmfü Oób[k wGif\/

þjynfwGif 0goka'0rif;vufxuf &wemrkd; wpfBudrf&Gm\/

,ck þt&yfudk wrÜ'Dy[kwGif\/ wpfpD;&Sif oD[olvufxuf

wGifrS tif;0[líwGifonf/ þodkYAsm'dwfxm;awmfrlNyD;rS jrif

pkdif;? yk*HodkY <uawmfrlí Asm'dwfxm;awmfrlonf/ tcsKdUaom

olwkdYrlum; {&m0wDjrpfta&SUbufodkY bk&m;&Sifa&mufawmfrrl

[lí qkdpukefonf/ (rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ydk'f 163? 396-8)/

tr&yl& wnfaqmufr,fqkdNyD; ajrae&m&Sif;vif;wmudk 30

'DZifbm 1782 rSm pw,f/ (ukef;? 1? 1968? 548)/ NrdKUodrf;yGJudk

12? ar? 1783 rSm usif;yw,f/ (ukef;? 1? 1968? 551)/ eef;odrf;yGJ

udk 17 ar? 1783 rSm vkyfw,f? (ukef; 1? 1968? 552)/ NrdKUopfqkd

ayr,fh NrdKUa[mif;yJvkdY a&S;txufuvlawG ajymovkd vkdufajym

w,f/ tr&yl&ae&m[k a&S;a[mif;ae&mwpfckjzpfaMumif; 'Dvkda&;

ygw,f/

xkdt&yfXmeonfvnf; uukoefbk&m;vufxufawmf yXme

rk@d? aumPm*kHbk&m; vufxufawmf "r®ywå? uóybk&m;

vufxuf a'0ywåd? a*gwrbk&m;vufxufawmf oCFmywåd[k

av;Budrfaom trnfwGifonf qkdonfhpum; xD;aygif;um;

awmif? anmifyifBuD;&if;? wyf&meif;onf? aqmif;wGif;ESif;

(66)


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a0a0? aEGodkYvnf;a&muf? eef;opfaqmuf? ESpfa,mufrif;rsm;

aemif? awmiforefawmifusnf;? eef;vnf; ajcmufaqmif

aqmufvwåHY/ xD;awmfawmifyg;? yufygem;u? píNrdKUBuD;

wnfvwHåY/ awmifav;vkH;BuD;? a&TpnfwD;onf jynfBuD;tvkd

jzpfvwåHY/ xD;aygif;um;BuD;? xD;vnf;rIdokdY aygufvwåHY/ qif

jzLqifeD? rjrifhrdcif a&mufvwåHY/ &ckdifpdk;jcif;? taemufrif;

vnf; a&mufvwåHY? bk&m;BuD;pGm r[mrkeda&mufvwåHY/ w&kwf

ukvm; ESpfjynfom;vnf; 0ifpm;rnf}}[k a&S;odkufpma[mif;

rsm;udkvnf; igMum;awmfrlzl;onf/(ukef;? 1? 1967? 546)/

rEÅav;udk 13 azaz:0g&D 1857(ukef;? 3? 1968? 247)rSm p

wifaqmufvkyfwJhtcgrSmvnf; tr&yl&aqmufwkef;u ajymykHrsKd;

udk jyifqifjznfhpGufNyD; ajymygw,f/

bk&m;tavmif; uyfOD;yXr r[mor®wrif;rSpí tpOft

qufvmaom ab;avmif;awmf bkd;avmif;awmf ousomuD

0ifrif;rsKd;wkdYonf waumif;? oa&acwå&m? yk*H? jrifpdkif;? ppf

udkif;? yif;,? tif;0[laom wkdif;? c&kdif? EkdifiHrsm;wGif NrdKUeef;

wnfaxmifpHaeonfht&mrsm;onf bk&m;ocifAsm'dwfawmf&

odkuf0ifrif;wkdYom NrdKUeef;wnfaxmifzefqif; pHae&aMumif;

rsm;udk qkdonfESifhtnD ab;avmif;awmf? bkd;avmif;awmfrif;

w&m;wkdYonf &mZXmeDrif;aejynfawmfBuD; wnfaxmifpHae

awmfrlNyD;vQif omoemawmfjrwf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk csD;jr§ifh

aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/ q'efaygufr tpkH&aom ab;awmf

&if; rif;w&m;BuD;onfvnf; &wemyl& t0NrdKUu ajymif;í

rEÅav;puf&dyfukd rSDNyD;vQif awmiforefteD; xD;aygif;ct&yf

(67)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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Yom

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wGif NrdKUeef;topf wnfaxmif zefqif;awmfrlonf/ ,if;odkY

NrdKUeef; topf wnfaxmif pHaeawmfrlaomfvnf; ab;awmf

rif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf rEÅav;omoem 2400(A.D 1856)ESpf

axmifhav;&m raphra&muf okduf"mwfudef;cef; omoemaum

Zmouú&mZf tcsdefumv rnDrnTwfao; jzpfacsonf/ igh(rif;

wkef;rif;)vufxufawmfrlum; udef;cef;"mwfodkufESifhwuG t

vkH;pkHomoem aumZmor, BudKufnDonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfí ig

{u&mZfrif;jrwfonf rEÅav; omoem okdufpOftxGuft&Sd

rsm;ESifh rEÅav; t&yfwGif omoemawmf twkdif;xuftvGef

pnfyifyGifhvif;apjcif;taMumif;? trsKd;av;yg;jynfolowå0g

(t)aygif;wkdYcsrf;om? pD;yGm; rsm;ojzifh ckdrSD&m jzpfapjcif; t

aMumif;rsm;udk &nfawmfrlNyD;vQif rEÅav;t&yfodkY ajymif;í

r[m&mZXmeD rif;aejynfBuD; topfwnfaxmif zefqif;awmf

rlí xD;eef;ueuf pdkufaqmufpkd;pHawmfrlrnf/ (ukef;? 3? 1968

240-242/)

NrdKUopfeef;opfwnfaqmufzkdY taMumif;jywJhtxJrSm bk&m;

Asm'dwftjyif odkuf"mwfudef;cef;qkdwmawGvnf; tm;udk;w,f/ 'g

ayrJh ta&;tBuD;qkH; tcsufuawmh ]]omoemawmf twkdif;xuf

tvGef pnfyifyGifhvif;}}zkdYjzpfw,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ ]]jynfolowå0g t

aygif;wkdY csrf;ompD;yGm;rsm;aMumif;}}vnf;ygw,f/ tcktcgvkd o

rkdif;okawoe t&Sdef&aewJhtcg 'DvkdAsm'dwfpum; &Sdw,f/ udef;cef;

u b,fvkdajymw,f qkdwmrsKd;awGudk NrdKUopfwnf&wJhtaMumif;

&if;rSm xnfhrajymMuawmhbl;vkdY xif&ayr,fh 1930 avmufu a&;

om;wJh&mZ0ifwpfapmifrSm tJ'grsKd;awG ryg&if ]]taMumif;tw¬Kyå

(68)


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wåd rjynfhpkH rvkHavmuf &mZ0if tlaygufrQ jzpfaMumif;}}(apm? uk&if

r[m&mZ0if 1? &efukef? trsKd;om;ykHESdyf? 1930? 88)ESdrfhcsa0zefa&;

om;ygao;w,f/ qkdvkdwmu orkdif;rSm aA'ifudef;cef; acwfpm;NrJ

acwfpm;aeygao;w,f/

(69)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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Ä

(*) tck &Sifbk&if[m urÇmwnfp r[mor®wu qif;oufvmw,f

vkdY ajymcsifw,f/

jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif a'opm&D<uvmNyD; b,fae&mrSm b,fvkd

Asm'dwfpum; ajymw,fqkdwmudk r[m0ifxJu xkH;enf;&w,fvkdY

xifygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm omoemxGef;um;r,fqkdwJhAsm'dwfawmfudk

odyfESpfoufpGJvrf;,kHMunfvmMuw,f/ &mZ0ifa&;awmhvnf; r[m

0ifykHpHudkyJ vkdufNyD; urÇmwnf[ef? r[mor®wa&G;aumuf wif

ajr§muf[efeJY tJ'Dr[mor®w od'¨w¬txd tz&kduf&mom;qufcHNyD;

qif;oufvmykHudk xyfwlvkdufa&;NyD; waumif;tbd&mZmeJYaemuf

qufwGJudkawmh jrefrmu udk,fhbmompdwfBudKuf xGif,lMuwm jzpfyg

w,f/ (r[m0if 1950? 10-13/ r[m0if 1953? 45-50)/ ous

omuD0ifawG waumif;a&mufvm(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 105? 154)

NyD; oa&acwå&meJYyk*Hrif;qufawGtxd trsKd;qufpyfay;vkduf

w,f/ (&SifoDv0Ho? &mZ0ifausmf? OD;ukvm; r[m&mZ0ifrSm w

aumif;taMumif;udk xnfhra&;yg)/

yk*H&mZ0ifopfudk 1785 u a&;cJhw,fvkdYxifygw,f/ tJ'Dusrf;

rSm ]]tbd&mZm&JUjrefrmEkdifiHbufudk omuD0ifawG yxrOD;qkH

(tbd&mZmacgif;aqmifNyD;)0ifvmykHudk ra&;yg/ "Z&mZm0if

vmwJhtaMumif;awmh ygw,f/ 'D&mZ0ifpmtkyf[m omuD0if

awGeJYwaumif;udk yxrqkH; qufpyfay;wJhusrf; jzpfw,f/ 'D


(70)


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usrf;u waumif; eJY trnfrsKd;pkHudk ajymwJhtcg &mZ0ifarmf

uGef;udk ukd;um;ygw,f/ pE´rkcdbDvl;r? ysLapmxD;eJY ausmuf

pum; taMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg &mZ0if vuFm orkdif;udk ukd;

um;ygw,f/ rif;om;awGeJYaA'g&DawGYwJhtaMumif;udk ajymwJh

tcg armfuGef;vuFmudk ukd;um;ygw,f/ 'GwåabmifeJYtol&m

ppfxkd;cef;ukd ajymwJhtcg O'gef;vuFmudk ukd;um;ygw,f/ yk*H

wpfq,fhudk;&Gm? yk*HwnfaqmufykH eJY avSawmf trsKd;rsKd; t

aMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg vuFmudk udk;um;ygw,f/ ysLapmxD;

iSufBuD;udk cGif;ykHudk ajymwJhtcg ayguúm&mrorkdif;vuFmudkudk;

ygw,f/ (rSefeef; t*Fvdyfbmom ed'gef; 15)

ousomuDrif; tbd&mZeJYta>ct&HawG jrefrmEkdifiH a&muf

vmykHudk 'Dvkdajymjyygw,f/

igwkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aAm"datmifajr Ak'ä[ü opömav;

qifh yGifhawmfrrlrD a&S;vGefavNyD;aom twdwfumvü aumo

vwkdif;? yOömv&mZfwkdif;ESpfwkdif;wkdYudk tpkd;&aom yOömv&mZf

rif;u aumvd,rif;tm; trsKd;qufvkdaomiSm trwfwkdYudk

apí orD;awmif;&m aumvd,rif;u Zmwdrmefjzifh racsriH

aompum;udk qkdacsaomaMumifh yOömv&mZfrif;ESifhaumvd,

rif;wkdY ppfBuD;jzpfMu&m yOömv&mZfrif;Ekdifí aumvd,a'0'

[ uydv0wfrnfaom okH;jynfaxmifaomomuD0ifrif;wkdY&IH;

avvQif okH;jzmuGJí omuD0ifrif;wdYkysufpD;av\/ aemufrS

wpfbef wnfaxmifjyefí okH;jynfaxmifaomomuD0ifrif;wkdY

ysufpD;avaomtcg uydv0wfjynfrS tbd&mZmrnfaomo

usomuD0ifrif;onf rdrdAkdvfajctvkH;t&if;udk ,lí rZösdra'

(71)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

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han

Yom

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rg

orSzJhcJhojzifh oCFó&|rnfaom waumif;jynfBuD;udk wnf

axmifpHaeawmfrl\/ (rSefeef;? y? 1963? ykd'f 105? 153-4/)

ousomuD, waumif;yxrqufwGif rif;okH;q,fhokH;yg; &Sd

w,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ okH;q,fhokH;qufajrmuf bdEéu&mZmvufxufrSm

wkdif;wpfyg;u usL;ausmfwkdufckdufvkdY jynfysufw,f/ rif;u xGuf

ajy;wdrf;a&Smif&w,f/ tJ'Drif; ewf&GmpHawmh rkqkd;rrdzk&m;em*qdef

u rvnft&yfrSm vmNyD; ckdatmif;aew,f/ tJ'Dtcgu Ak'¨jrwfpGm

bk&m; yGifhawmfrlcsdefeJYwkdufqkdifaew,f/ ousomuD,tEG,f0if rif;

"Z&mZm[m (c&pfray:rD 491-ckrSm)jrefrmEkdifiHbufudk ckd0ifvm

w,fvkdYajymMuygw,f/ em*qdefrdzk&m;udk awGYawmh]]omuD,}}csnf;

jzpfvkdY aygif;zufNyD; waumif;EkdifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmifMuygw,f/

(rSefeef;? 1? 1957? 157-8)/ NrdKUudkvnf; yOömv&mZfac:apw,f/

vltrsm;uawmh yOömv&mZfwaumif;vkdYyJ ac:Muw,f/ tJ'Drif;

qufu wpfq,fhckepfqufajrmuf owkd;r[m&mZmrif;(rSefeef;? 1?

1957? 160) jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dtcg-

waumif;eef;&kd; owkd;tm'dpö&mZrnfaom omuD0ifrif;onf

rvnft&yfü jynf&Gm rNidrfrouf&Sdonfuyif a&SmifvGJírxif

r&Sm;aomtoGifjzifh O,smOfawmif,m vkyfpm;aexkdif\/(rSef

eef;? 1? 1957? tykd'f 117? 189)/

tJ'Drif;&JUom;awmf ysLapmxD;[m aemufawmh yk*HrSm ysLrif;

xD;emrnfeJY rif;jzpfygw,f/ rSefeef;? 1? 1957? tykd'f 119? 20)ysL

apmxD;eJYtavmif;rif;w&m;qufET,fykHukdvnf; &mZ0ifq&mawG

tawmfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfNyD; trsKd;pyfMu&ygw,f/

(72)


eboo

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ww

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han

Yom

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rg

urÇmOD;tp r[mor®wrif;rSpí oka'¨g'erif;BuD; tEG,ft

quf wpfcsufwnf;jzifh (334ç568) okH;odef;okH;aomif;av;

axmifhig;&m ajcmufusdyf &Spfa,mufaom oka'¨g'erif; wkdif

atmif rif;pOfrif;quf rjywfrysuf qif;oufí torÇdEécwåd

,tpOfjzpfawmfrlojzifh tm'dpö0ifjzpfawmfrlaMumif;(rSefeef;?

1? 1957? tykd'f 17? 197)

r[mor®weJYousomuD,awGudk qufay;NyD; ousomuD,

rsKd;udk waumif;ta&muf ac:NyD; waumif;quf owkd;tm'dpö&m

Zm&JUom; ysLapmxD;eJYtavmif;rif;w&m;udk qufpyfay;ykHudk Munfh

yg/

,if;odkYvQif r[mor®wrif;rS ysLapmxD;wkdif qufET,fcJhNyD;í

ysLapmxD;rS &wemodCFNrdKUwnf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;wkdif

qufET,ftyfaom rsKd;awmfpOfduk qkdOD;tHh/

1/ ysLapmxD;rif; 2/ om;awmf xD;rif;,Ofrif; 3/ om;awmf

,Ofrif;ydkufrif; 4/ om;awmf ydkufaoOfvnfrif; 5/ om;awmf

aoOfvnfaMumifrif; 6/ om;awmf aMumifZl&mZfrif; 7/ om;

awmf onfxefrif; 8/ om;awmf om&rGefzsm;rif; 9/ om;

awmf okdufwkdifrif; 10/ om;awmf cHvwfrif; 11/ om;awmf

xGefwkdufrif; 12/ om;awmf xGefypfrif; 13/ om;awmfxGefcspf

rif; 14/ om;awmf ydókHrif; 15/ om;awmf ydwfawmifrif;

16/ om;awmf odcFrif; 17/ om;awmf odef;cGefrif; 18/ om;

awmf a&Tavmif;rif; 19/ om;awmf xGefwifrif; 20/ om;

awmf xGefvGwfrif; 21/ om;awmf apmcifESpfrif; 22/ om;

awmf ysOfjym;rif; 23/ om;awmf wefeufrif; 24/ om;awmf

(73)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

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by

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han

Yom

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rg

aMumifjzLrif; 25/ om;awmf aemf&xmrif; 26/ om;awmf

apmvl;rif; 27/ om;awmf apm,Grf;rif; 28/ om;awmf t

avmif;pnfolrif; 29/ om;awmf e&olrif; 30/ om;awmf

rif;,Ofe&odcFrif; 1/ om;awmfeEól&d, 2/ om;awmfrif;

od'dum 3/ om;awmfrif;bJBuD;&wem 4/ om;awmfrif;bJ&

wemi,f 5/ om;awmfvrÇL;NrdKUpm;&EÅol& 6/ om;awmfayguf

NrdKifNrdKUpm;rif;ykvJ 7/ om;awmfajreJrif;'Dum 8/ om;awmf

t0a&Teef;&Sifrkd;n§if;rif;w&m;\nDawmfjzpfaom 0ygaemf&

xm 9/ om;awmfajrmufbufaemf&xm 10/ om;awmftocF

,m 11/ om;awmfrif;ae0ef; 12/ om;awmfrif;&JaxG; 13/

om;awmfrif;BuD;a&T 14/ om;awmfrif;bkd;cif 15/ om;awmf

rif;ppfEkdif 16/ om;awmfoD&dr[m"r®&mZm 17/ om;awmf&w

emodCFNrdKUwnf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;(ukef;? 1? 1967? 14

-15)/

rif;pOfrif;qufpm&if;udk wpfacgufzwfMunfh&kHeJY cyfayghaygha&;

xnhfxm;w,fvkdY xifp&myg/ tavmif;rif;w&m;vnf; ousom

uDtorÇdEécwåd,jzpfw,fvkdY rif;q&mcHwJh&[ef;awmfrsm;yJ a&;ay;

wmjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ Oyrm rSefeef;udk a&;om;jyKpkwkef;u rkHa&G;q&m

awmf? aomfuyifq&mawmfwkdYu OD;aqmifNyD; a&;Mu&ygw,f/

a&TOrifbk&m;\rif;q&mcHjcif;ü(tjypfqkdzG,f)om0ZÆ tjzpf

jzifhjyonfudk qí rif;q&mjzpfjcif;iSm rrufarm&m rif;q&m

wkdYrnfonf r[kwfonfüvnf; t[kwfuJhodkY olESpfoufatmif

qkd&acsonf/ armif;axmifq&mawmfonf av;Budrfajrmuf

t0wnfrif;w&m;\rdzk&m;acgif&Sifrif;Ekudk torÇdEécwåd,t

(74)


eboo

k is

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ated

by

ww

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han

Yom

a.O

rg

EG,fjzpfawmfrlaom &Sifrdzk&m;acgifBuD;onf[k ed*kH;tkyforkdif;

xkd;&acsonf/ pifppfum; xkdd&Sifrdzk&m;onf 'Dy&if;aus; zvH

ukef;&GmolorD; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rif;q&mtjzpfjzifh tjypf

rsm;onf/ tmZD0yg&dok'doDvjzpfcJhonf/ . . . rif;q&m? pdk;q

&m? t&mxl;cH&onfudk taumif;[k rrSwfvihf/ (0deE´móm

1959? 88-89)

tcktcg ausmufpmtm;udk;eJYyk*Hrif;pm&if;eJYeef;&? eef;us

&ufpGJ ouú&mZfawG azmfxkwfEkdifNyDjzpfvkdY rSefeef;&mZ0ifyg pm&if;r

cdkifrSef; od&ygw,f/ 'gayrJh trsm;qEuawmh r[mor®wu oDayg

rif;txd tm'dpö0Ho tordÇEécwåd,vkdY,lNrJ,lqaeMuygw,f/ q&m

awmfawGvnf; &mZ0v’b jzpfvkdvSw,f/

yxr r[m&mZ0if(trsm;ac:rSefeef;)udk a&;om;zkdY tzGJYpm

&if;u-

rHka&G; aZw0efq&mawmf

aomfuyif q&mawmf

r[m"r®oBuø(jcnfyg awmif&Gmajrmuf&Gmpm;)

jrif;pk0efBuD; OD;a&muf

NAJwkdufoHawmfqifh OD;csdef

pma&;awmfBuD; OD;azsmf

bdodufawmfquf ykPÖm;awmfynm&Sd &mZa'0

bdodufawmfquf ykPÖm;awmfynm&Sd ukrkj'

NAJwkdufoHawmfqifh OD;&GJ

pma&;awmfBuD; OD;vlBuD;

pma&;awmfBuD; OD;atmifom

(75)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

twGif;0ef aqmNrdKUpm; rif;BuD; oD&dr[meEoBuøeJYtwGif;0ef?

tonf0ef pOfhul;NrdKUpm;

rif;rdefYeJY aemif rSefeef;&mZ0ifvkdYac:wJhyxrr[m&mZ0ifudk 3

ar? 1829 upNyD; a&;&vkdY a&SUaqmifOD;pD;aqmif&Guf&wJhq&mawmf

awGudk &mZ0v’brif; tuRrf;0ifwJhrif;q&mcHolawGvkdYyJ owfrSwf

&rSmjzpfygw,f/ yxrr[m&mZ0ifu 14 'DZifbm? 1821 txdyJ

a&;NyD;w,f/ aemuf 'kwd,r[m&mZ0ifudk a&;ckdif;jyefawmh 16? ar

1854 txdyJ a&;NyD;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh eef;awmfrSm aeYpOfrSwfbk&m;

qkdeJY emrnfeJY eef;wGif;a&;udk y"mexm;NyD; tjzpftysufpkH a&;om;

xm;wmawGudkyJ y,foifh? jzKwfoifhwmawGukd csefNyD; qufa&;ay;&kH

yJ vkyfMu&wmjzpfawmh b,fola&;w,f/ b,folu pmrlydkifw,fqkd

wm r&Sdyg/ ykHESdyfwJhtcg 'kwd,r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;udk 'kwd,ukdjzKwf

NyD; ukef;abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;vkdYjyifqifw,f/ pkaqmif;

jyKpkolvkdY OD;armifarmifwif KSM, ATM u emrnfcHw,f/ rkHa&G;aZ

w0efq&mawmfOD;OwårAk'du 8 Zefe0g&D? 1957 u 'Dusrf;rSm rif;

wkef;rif; &Sifbk&ifjzpfp 16 ar? 1854 u oDaygrif; eef;uswJh 29

Ekd0ifbm? 1885 txd txufu ra&;jzpfbJ usefaewJhtykdif;ukd aeY

pOfrSwfbk&m; emrnfyg&SdwJhyk&ykdufawGu vkdorQ taMumif;t&mudk

aumuf,lqufpyfNyD; wu,fa&;wJhvlu rkH&GmNrdKUe,f? waemif;awm

&GmZmwd OD;ay:OD;avQmufxkH;? t,lawmfr*FvmavQmufxkH;pwJh

usrf;awGa&;wJh OD;atmif jzpfw,fvkdY ajymzl;ygw,f/ 'Dvkdpkaqmif;

a&;om;wJhtcg t*Fvdyfacwfudk a&mufaeNyDjzpfvkdY t*Fvdyfrif; r

ESpfoufr,fhtaMumif;t&mawGudk jzKwfxm;cJhr,fvkdYxif&ygw,f/

OD;ukvm; 1715 avmufua&;wJhr[m&mZ0if yPmrpum;rSm &Sif

(76)


eboo

k is

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Yom

a.O

rg

bk&ifudk ajr§mufrajymbl;qkdwm xif&Sm;atmif-

r[mor®wrif;? rEmwfrif;? "r®maomurif;wkdYonf BuD;aom

tmEkabmf&Sdukef\/ . . . xkdodkYaom rif;pifvsufvnf; ys,fjcif;?

ukefjcif;odkYa&mufcJh\[líqkdaompum;onf tedpötp&Sdaom

ur®|mef;ESifh,SOfí qkdvwåHYonfjzpfí olawmfaumif;wkdYonf

rsm;aom tpD;tyGm; jzpfvwåHY/ aumif;pGm rSwfukef? emukef&m

\/ (ukvm; 1? 1960? 4)/

tay:rSm ajymjycJhwJhrkHa&G;q&mawmfu r[m&mZ0ifausmf

ac: &mZdE´&mZ 0&r@eDudk a&;wJhtcg rSefeef;a&;pOfu rif;BudKuf?

tckolBudKuf a&;r,f xif&ayr,fhrSefeef;twkdif;yJ odyfrxl;yg/

(armifarmifckdif 1976? 11-16)/

(77)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg


Ä

ya'o&mZfvufpGJusrf;(&maZm0g')tjzpfokH;&ef pMu0aw;rif;udk

]]wpfaeYawmh aorSmyJ}} tck vkdcsifwm &aevkdY odyfrmeawG BuD;r

aeeJYvkdY qkH;rcsifw,f/

OD;ukvm;a&;wJh r[m&mZ0if[m jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; &IzkdY ur®

|mef;pmyJvkdY &Sif;&Sif;a&;ovkd rSefeef;rSmvJ a&;ygw,f/

]]&mZ0ifrnfonfum; rif;ESifhpyfaom pum;omwum;? rjyK

pk rokwfoif rpD&ifoifh}}[k olwpfyg;wkdY tjypfwifzG,f&Sdonf

jzpfí &mZ0ifudk emcHMunfh&Iojzifh ur®óuwmÓPf okwr,

tp&Sdaom ÓPfyDwd ygarmZDyGm;rsm;jcif; ur®|mef;ajrmufjcif;

jzpf&maomaMumihf rif;ESifhpyfaom pum;omr[kwf? tusKd;&Sd

onfomjzpfí &mZ0ifusrf;udk wnfMunfpGm emvifhukef/(rSef

eef; 1? 1963? 8)

tedpö? 'ku©? tewå qkdwmawGudk &mZ0ifxuf ydkNyD;&Sif;atmif

ajymvmEkdifwJhusrf; &Sdao;ovm;vkdYawmif ajymvkd[ef &Sdw,f/

bk&ife&oD[yawh 1256-1287 u w&kwf&efukd rwm;EkdifvkdY

odwJhtcg avSBuD;eJYjrpfudk pkefajy;zdkYpDpOfw,f/ vlrsm;vkdY avSrqefY

vkdY armif;r(twGif;ap)okH;&mudk ajcvufBudK;wkyfNyD; a&csapvkdYt

rdefYay;wJhtcg q&mawmf(bGJYtrnfrod)vmNyD;-

rif;BuD; oHo&m0,f usifvnforQaom owå0gwkdYonf vl\

tjzpfudk &&ef tvGefcJvSonf/ vl\tjzpfudkyif &onf&Sdaomf


(78)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

vnf; bk&m;jzpfawmfrlaom umvudk &cJvSonf/ xkdolwkdYukd

a&0,fypfaom raumif;rIudkvnf; rif;BuD;cHawmfrlwGufr&Sd/

a&0,fypfcsaom aemifvmvwåHYaom rif;wkdYaomfvnf; tpOf

qkdcsifp&m O'gef;armfuGef; jzpf&pfavawmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh

avSwGif rqHhorQaom twGif;aprdef;rwkdYudk BudKufaomvl? &

[ef;wkdY aqmif,lavawmh[lítrdefYawmf&SdvQif touftvSL

udkay;onfvnf; rnfawmfrlawmhonf/ jyKpkawmfrlonfvnf;

rnfawmhonf/(ukvm;? 1? 1960? 300-301)

'Dae&mrSm rif;udkqkH;rwJhq&mbkef;BuD;[m &mZ0ifq&myJ jzpf

r,fxifygw,f/ wpfu,fhtjzpftysuf r[kwfbJ aemifvmr,fhrif;

awG ]]toufudk toufrrSwf owfcsifwkdif;owf}}rSmudk wm;csifwJh

oabmeJY&mZ0ifq&mu ykHjyifav;wpfckxGifNyD; xnfhxm;wmjzpf

r,fxifygw,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ rdzk&m;zGm;apm ajymoa,mifeJYyk*HjyefcgeD;

rif;udk owday;pum; ajymw,f/

tavmif;rif;BuD; bkHokH;yg;ü usifvnfaom'ku©dwowå0gt

aygif;wkdYonfum; avmu"Hw&m; &Spfyg;rSruif;? uRef;i,fESpf

axmift&H&Sdaom uRef;BuD; 4 uRef;ESifhewfjynf 2 xyfudk tpdk;

&aom pMu0aw;rE¨mwfrif; 0ifvsufvnf; emembm0 0dem

bm0w&m;awmfrSruif;? a[mawmfrlaomw&m;udkynmawmf

jzifh qifjcifawmfrlonfjzpfrS ESvkH;awmf aESmifh,Sufjcif; uif;

awmfrlrnf/(ukvm;? 1? 1960? 303)/

rif;udkvnf; igvlwpfa,mufyguvm;vkdY rMumcP owday;zkdY

vkdw,f/ rdzk&m;zGm;apmu qufNyD; owday;[efeJY&mZ0ifq&mu

rif;ukd qkH;rjyefw,f/ rif;udk qkH;r[efudk ykHpHav;rsKd; cGJvkdY&ygw,f/

(79)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

(u) tMumt&Snf pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfcGifh&zkdY

(c) om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf jrpfawmftnTefY t"GefY&Snf

atmif pkd;tkyfcsKyfcGifh&zkdY

(*) EkdifiHwGif; at;csrf;om,mwkd;wufzkdYeJY

(C) omoemawmfudk csD;jr§ifhEkdifzkdY jzpfygw,f/

(u) tMumt&Snf pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfcGifh &zkdYqkd&mrSm &Sifbk&ifwkdif;

eef;ouf&SnfcsifMuwmudk qkdvkdygw,f/

bk&ifwpfyg;[m aA'ifudef;cef;t& qufvuftkyfpdk;cGifh wpf

q,fhESpfESpfyJ &Sdw,fvkdYqkdwJhtcg q&mawmfoHCmawmfawGudk wif

avQmuftMuHÓPfawmif;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Dtcg eef;ouf&SnfzkdY

toufwkdtHhonfukd a&SmifuGif;í touf&SnfpdrfhaomiSm a&

oefY aomufEkdifMuygap[k a&ppfvSLyg/ ckdukd;p&m ae&m em;&m

tdrfa*[m aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;yg/ oltkdolemwkdYudk auR;arG;

uko apmifha&Smufyg/ bk&ifrif;jrwf ,ck ajymcJhonfh enf;wl

ysufpD;,Gif;,kdvsuf&Sdaom taqmufttkHwkdYudk jyifyg/ ig;yg;

oDvudk vkHatmif txl;jyKí apmifhxdef;yg/ OaygoxoDwif;

aeYrsm;rSm &Spfyg;oDvapmifhyg/ (r[m0if? 1950? 251-252?

oDv0Ho 1965? 112-114)/

tMuHÓPftwkdif; vkyfwJhtcg eef;oufav;q,fhav;ESpfae&

w,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ rdzk&m;apmudk tokH;jyKNyD; &mZ0ifq&mu aemif

&Sifbk&ifjzpfr,fhvlawGudk qkH;rjyefw,f/ ]]txufu avQmufygonf

udkd ,lawmfrrl}}vkdY ck'ku©awGYNyDr[kwfvm;qkdwJh pum;ukdvnf; okH;yg

w,f/

(80)


eboo

k is

cre

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by

ww

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han

Yom

a.O

rg

1/ jynf0rf;udk razmufavsmuf&mrSm jynfBuD;0rf;ESifh wlaom ao

a|;ol<u,fwkdYudk tjypfr&SdbJvsuf tjypf&Smawmfrlí Opöma&TaiG

wkdYudk zsufqD;odrf;,ljcif;? aoa|;ol<u,fwkdYudk aoaomtcgt

arGcHaomom;orD;&Sdvsuf tarGrcH& jypfjypfukefatmif odrf;,l

awmfrljcif;onfvnf; jynfh0rf;udk azmufonfrnf\/

2/ jynfhOD;uif;udk rESdrf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynfhOD;uif;ESifhwlaom rSL;

BuD; rwfckdifwkdYudk trsufawmf &SdvQif raxmufrcsifh rqifrjcif

uGyfn§yfawmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhOD;uif;udk ESdrfonfrnf\/

3/ jynfhwHcGefudk rvSJ&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\wHcGefESifhwlaom &aoh?

&[ef;? ynm&SdwkdYudk trsufawmf &SdvQif rpkHrprf; raxmufr&I

rsufawmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhwHcGefudk vSJonfrnf\/

4/ jynfhrsufpdudk rxkwf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\rsufpdESifh wlaom

yd#uwfaA'ifwwfaom ynm&Sdyka&m[dwfwkdYudk trsuf&SdvQif qD;

wm;ydwfqdkYawmfrrl &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH rsufawmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhrsuf

pdudk xkwfonfrnf\/

5/ jynfhpG,fudk rcsKd;&m avQmuf&mrSm jynfBuD;tpG,fESifhwlaomrif;

nDrif;om;wkdYudk trsufawmf&SdvQif a&SUudk axmuf&Iawmfrrl? rsuf

awmfrljcif;onfum; jynfhpG,fudk csKd;onfrnf\/

6/ jynfhrsufESmudk rzsuf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\rsufESmESifhwlaom

rdbvifom;wkdY\aMu;rkHozG,fjzpfaom ol\om;orD;wkdYudk t

Ekdiftxuf ,lawmfrljcif;onfum; jynf\ rsufESmudk zsufonf

rnf\/

7/ jynfhem;udk rydwf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynf\em;ESifhwlaom olvQKd

wkdYudk r,kHrMunf[k vsifvsifxufxuf z,f&Sm;awmfrljcif;onf

(81)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

um; jynfem;udk ydwfonfrnf\/

8?9/ jynfhajc? jynfhvufudk rjzwf&m avQmuf&mrSm jynfol\ajc

vufjzpfaom ol&J? olcufwkdYudk trsufawmf &SdvQif oHo&m?

ypöKyÜefESpfyg;udkaxmuf&Iawmfrrl? owfjzwfjcif;onfum; jynfh

ajcjynfhvufukd jzwfonfrnf/(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 152?

356? 357)

bk&ifrif;wpfyg;[m rzsufqD;&maom ukd;rsKd;udk odvsuf? rod

vkdY zsufqD;rdNyDqkdvQif udk,fhysufpD;&mudk ukd,fyifjyKw,fvkdY ajymEkdif

ygw,f/

(c) om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf jrpfawmftnTefY t"GefY

&Snfatmif pdk;tkyfcGifh&&ef ay;wJhtMuHÓPfu rif;usifhw&m;(10)

yg;udk NrJ&r,fvkdY ajymw,f/

(10)yg;u-

(1) tvSLay;jcif;?

(2) ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfjcif;?

(3) ay;urf;pGefYBuJjcif;?

(4) ajzmifhrwfjcif;?

(5) El;nHhjcif;?

(6) &Spfyg;oDv aqmufwnfjcif;?

(7) trsufrxGufjcif;?

(8) jynfolwkdYudk rn§Of;qJjcif;?

(9) onf;cHjcif;?

(10) jynfolwkdYESifh rqefYusifjcif;(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 53?

(82)


eboo

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Yom

a.O

rg

68)

rif;usifhw&m;&Spfyg;vnf; &Sdao;w,f/

1/ odMum;rif;onf owå0gwkdYtm; ESdyfjcif;? csD;ajr§mufjcif;? jyKo

uJhodkY jynfolvlxktaygif;wkdYtm; ESdyfjcif;? csD;ajr§mufjcif;udkjyK

&m\/

2/ aeonf &Spfvwkdifwkdif rdrdta&mifjzifh a&udk cef;ajcmufapo

uJhodkY wkdif;EkdifiHwkdYü tcGeftwkyfwkdYudk jznf;jznf;cH,l&m\/

3/ avonf owå0gwkdY ukd,fwGif;udk0ifí oGm;ouJhodkY olvQKdjzifh

olwpfyg;taMumif;udk odatmif jyK&m\/

4/ ,rrif;onf cspfool? rkef;olra&G;bJ tavsmuf aoapouJh

odkY cspfol? rkef;olr[kwf tjypfESifhavsmfpGm 'Pfay;&m\/

5/ ork'&monf awmifhwjcif;r&dSí jrpfi,fwkdY pD;qif;&mjzpfouJh

odkY Opömpnf;pdrfudk rawmifhw&m/

6/ vjynfh0ef;udk jrifaom olwkdYonf ESpfvkd ukefouJhodkY cyfodrf;

aomolwkdYonf rif;\rsufESmudk jrifa,mifjyK&m\/

7/ ajrBuD;onf aumif; raumif;aom olwkdYudk tnDtrQ &Guf

aqmifouJhodkY wkdif;um;jynf&Gm Zeyk'fwkdYudk &Gufaqmif&m\/

8/ rkd;ewfom;onf rkd;av;vywfvkH; &GmapouJhodkY ol&J? olcuf

wkdYtm; rsKd;&du©mjzifh ESpfoufap&m\/

(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 53? 68-69)

(*) wkdif;EkdifiH pnfyifapzkdY ty&d[med,w&m;ckepfyg;udk vkduf

emoifhw,f/

1/ tBudrfrsm;pGm rjywfpnf;a0;jcif;/

(83)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

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by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

2/ tnDtnTwfpnf;a0;í tnDtnTwfxjcif;? jyKtyfaomudpö

udk tnDtnTwfjyKjcif;/

3/ a&S;rif;wkdY rynwfonfudk rynwf? ynwfNyD;onfukdvnf; r

zsuf? ynwfwkdif; usifhjcif;/

4/ BuD;olwkdYudk &kdaoylaZmfonf? BuD;olwkdYpum;udk emcH,ljcif;/

5/ trsKd;orD;i,fwkdYudk tEkdiftxuf rodrf;,ljcif;/

6/ jynfwGif;jynfyapmifhaomewfwkdYudk Avdewfpm ay;NrJay;jcif;/

7/ &[ef;ykPÖm;wkdYudk w&m;ESifhtnD apmifha&SmufvkHjcHKapjcif;/

(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 54? 69)

jynf&GmpnfyifapzkdY taMumif;av;yg;uawmh-

1/ v,fvkyfol rsm;apjcif;/

2/ ukefoG,frI rsm;apjcif;/

3/ oDwif;oDv&Sdaomtrwf rsm;apjcif;/

4/ rsm;aomtMum;tjrif&Sdaom oDv&Sdaom&[ef;rsm;apjcif;/

(rSefeef;? 1? 1963? ykd'f 63? 73)

(C) omoemudk csD;jr§ifhjcif;qkd&mrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemt

ESpfig;axmif wnfzkdY ajymqkdNrJjzpfr,f/ omoemuG,f&zkdY w&m;ig;

yg;&Sdw,f/

yxrenf;uawmh t*kFwåKd&f? omoemuG,faMumif; w&m;

aygif;um; w&m;rem? pmayroif? EIwfwGifraqmif? odatmifrrSwf?

y#dywfuGm? þig;jzmwnf;/

'kwd,enf; aemufvmwkdYjyif? pmoify,favsm? us,fra[mMu

(84)


eboo

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Yom

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rg

us,frcsESifh? us,fpGmhrtH? rMuHrpnf? þig;rnfwnf;/

wwd,enf; cgwpfenf;rSm tu©&myk'fysuf? avhusufoifMu?

qkH;r r,l? pmcsol&Sm;? vmbfrsm;atmifMuH? ckduf&efuGJjym;? þig;yg;

onf bk&m;omoem uG,faMumif;wnf;/ (Mobmo 1975? 556)/

tckajymwJhtcsufawG r&Sdatmif vkyf&if? omoempnfyifjyefY

yGm;a&;vkyf&if? omoemcsD;jr§ifh&m a&mufygw,f/ ya'o&mZfacwf

u acwfopfudk ul;vmayr,fhtxufu avhvmwifjycJhwJhtcsuf

awG[m EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfolwkdif;twGuf aus;Zl;jyKEkdifw,fvkdYxifyg

w,f/ 'DtcsufawG tukefvkH;[m &mZ0ifusrf;awGrSmygNyD;jzpfvkdY

jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;awG&JUorkdif;[myJ? jrefrmwkdYtwGuf ypöKyÜefeJYt

em*wf qufoG,fNyD; oifcef;pm,lp&m tcsufawG trsm;BuD;ay:

xGufvmEkdifw,f/ tcsKyftm;jzifh rif;udkqkH;rwJhae&mrSm jrefrm&mZ

0ifawG[m txl;aumif;rGef jynfhpkHw,fvkdY xifygw,f/

(85)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

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jrefrmpmayorkdif;tp

Ä

a&S;a[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifudk ykHpHopfeJYa&;zkdY t&iftESpfav;q,f

avmufu uRefawmf pwifBudK;pm;wJhtcg OD;odef;[efu trsm;BuD;

ulnDw,f/ aemuf 1965 u 1982 xd uRefawmf tnmrSmae&awmh

OD;odef;[efu ukdoef;xGef; rEÅav;a&mufoGm;wm a&S;rSwfwrf;awG

pjzpfwmayghvkdY 0rf;ompum; ajymygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifh OD;odef;[ef

udk owd&atmufarhNyD; 'Dpmwrf;udk a&;ygw,f/

pma&;ynm rxGef;um;rD vlowå0gawG pum;pNyD; ajymwwf

MuwJhtcguyJ ykHjyifawG ajymw,f/ oDcsif;oDqkdw,f? a&S;a&S;uvl

awG ajymcJhqkdcJhwmawGpkNyD; pmeJYa&;jzpfwm odyfrMumao;ygbl;/

&Sif;&Sif;ajymcsifwmu jrefrmawG pma&;ynm rwwfcifuyJ jrefrm

pmay &SdESifhNyD/ pmudk ayrSm csa&;awmh bmudka&;MurSmvJqkd&if t

pOftquf a&S;a&S;u ajymcJhqkdcJhwmawGudkyJ a&;MurSmaygh/ t&if

awmifay:a'o orykdif;rSmaepOf jrefrmEkdifiH tv,fydkif; ajrjyefYudk

ra&mufcifu ajymcJhqkdcJhwmawGudk raysmufrysuf&atmif rSwfwrf;

wifMur,fvkdYvJ awG;qNyD; ajymEkdifygw,f/ jrefrmawG jrefrmEkdifiH

tv,fydkif;udk rvma&mufcifu b,frSmaecJhMuovJvkdYar;&if t

ar;om&Sdr,f? tajzray:bl;/ bmjyKvkdYvJqkdawmh ckdifcdkifrmrmajym

p&m oufaotaxmuftxm;r&SdvkdYygyJ/ rSef;qMunfhygqkd&if w

&kwfEkdifiHtaemufajrmufaxmifh jzpfaumif;&JUvkdYajymr,f/ t&ift

ESpfav;axmif(2000 bDpD)u awmifbufudk wjznf;jznf;wa&GUa&GU

Ä oifhb0r*¾Zif;? 'DZifbm? 1991 - {NyD? 1993

(86)


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ajymif;a&TUvmMur,f/ t&iftESpfwpfaxmif wpf&mavmufus

awmh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;udk a&mufvmNyD; twnftNrJ aeMuawmhr,f

qkdawmh rGefvlrsKd;? ysLvlrsKd;awGeJYawGYMuw,f/ 'DvlawGu tdEd,

"avhudk awmfawmfrsm;rsm; vufcHusifhokH;aeMuNyDjzpfvkdY jA[®P0g'?

Ak'¨0g'awGudk wwfuRrf;NyD;om; jzpfw,f/ jrefrmawGu 10 &mpkESpf

avmufrSm trsm;tjym; Ak'ömoem0if jzpfvmp&m&Sdygw,f/ tdEd

,t&if;cHjzpfwJhtu©&mawG okH;NyD; pma&;enf;udk 11 &mpkESpf

avmufrSmyJ wwfajrmufvmMuygNyD/ pma&;enf;wwfwmeJY ted&k'¨

(1044-1177)EkdifiHcsJUwJhumveJY xyfwlavmuf jzpfr,fvkdYrSef;qyg

w,f/

jrefrmawG[m Ak'ömoem0if rjzpfrDu ewfudk;Mur,f? olwkdY

taetxkdiftpprSm ewf,kHMunfrIudk a&SUwef;xm;NyD; pOf;pm;

aqmif&GufMurSmaygh/ 'Dawmh Ak'ömoem0ifjzpfvmwJhtcg olwkdY&JU

taetxdkdifykHpH[m t&iftaetxkdifeJYvkH;0rwlawmhbl;vkdY rajym

Ekdifayr,fh enf;enf;uGJvmrSmawmh trSefyJ/ 'Dvkdqkd&if olwkdYjrefrm

EkdifiHajrjyefYa&mufNyD; Ak'omoem0ifjzpfrvmMucifu oDcsif;? ykHjyif?

pum;ykH? pum;xm? &kd;&m"avhusifhxkH;? w&m;pGJqkdykH? tjypf'Pfay;

ykHawG[mvnf; awmifay:rSmaewkef;u ewfukd;uG,folrsm;&JU"avh

eJYuGmjcm;oifhoavmuf uGmjcm;&r,f/ 'DvkdcRif;csufxm; ajym&wm

u Ak'ömoemuvnf; ewft,ludk tpterSrusef&atmif tm;

vkH;ESdyfuGyfzsufqD;ypfvkdufw,fvkdY rawGY&bl;/ Oyrm - oDwif;wpf

ywfwpfcgavmuf ausmif;bk&m;oGm;NyD;awmh ig;yg;? &Spfyg;oDvcH

,lovkd aeYpOfvkyfief;usawmhvnf; wHigu ewfudk;NyD; ig;zrf;NrJ?

rkqkd;uvnf; ewfukd;NyD; trJvkdufNrJygyJ/ aeomatmifnd§(Ambivale-

(87)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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nce)NyD;aeMur,fhoabmaygh/ uaeYtxdvnf; a&S;xkH;eJYacwfo

abmudk nd§aeMu&ygw,f/ ewfqkdwmvJ ,kHwJhvltzkdY wpfu,f[kwf

aewmyJ/ ewfudk;&if ]]r}}w,f? raxrJhjrifvkyf&if ]]udkif}}w,fqkdwm

wpfu,f,kHNyD; rylaZmf ryobJ rae&Jbl;/

ewfudk a'otvkduf? vkyfief;tvkduf trnfwyfNyD; udk;&w,f

qkdawmh b,fewf[m b,fwkH;u pay:w,fqkdwm rSwfrdMuw,f/

olYtaMumif;ajymwJhykHjyifxJuyJ orkdif;aMumif;udk azmfxkwfEkdifw,f/

twdtus ray:awmif rSef;qvkdY&NyD/ vlYb0u wpfenf;wpfzkHpGrf;

wJhvlwpfa,muf[m a&m*ga0'emaMumifh r[kwfbJ &kwfw&uf]]t

pdrf;ao}}ao&wJhtcg ewfjzpfw,f/ ewf0ifonfuwpfqifh olbm

vdkcsifw,fqkdwm vlawGudk ajymawmh vkyfay;Mu&w,f/ oluvnf;

jyefNyD;aus;Zl;wkHYwJhoabm&Sdawmh yoNyD;qkawmif;wJhtay;t,l

oabm ay:vmw,f/ ewfcsif;qkdwmvnf; &Sdvmw,f/ 'Dewfcsif;

awG[m a&S;jrefrmawG&JUpmrwwfcifu &SdcJhwJhpmayjzpfygw,f/ vl

udk owfNyD; ewfyowJhtxd &Sdw,f/ aemufawmh vl? Muuf? iSuf?

0uf? uRJ? EGm;owfNyD; yowmudk ydwfyifwJhtrdefYawmfawG &Sdw,f/

v,f,mpdkufcif;rSm aumufpkdufcsdef? aumufodrf;csdefawGrSm yoMu

NrJjzpfovkd aemufawmh Ak'ömoem&JU0g0if0gxGufyGJeJYnd§NyD; vkyfvm

Muwmvnf; &Sdr,f/ cHwyfwnfwJhtcg? &GmwnfwJhtcg vlpaw;&

w,fqdkwJhykHjyifawG Mum;zl;MurSmyg/ ewfudk;ovkd a>re*g;udkvnf;

udk;w,f/ waumif;bdk;awmfBuD;qkd&if a>re*g;vkdY,lqMuw,f/ opf

yifBuD;&ifvnf; ewf(&ku©pkd;)tapmifh&Sdw,f? ylaZmf&w,f/ Ak'öm

oem0if jzpfvmMuawmh awmapmifhewf? awmifapmifhewfqkdNyD;trQ

a0wJhtcg xnfhNyD; a0vkdufMujyefw,f/ twkd;tyGm;udkvkdvkdY vdifyl

(88)


eboo

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aZmfwJht,lawmif toGifajymif;NyD; usefaumif;usef&m&SdOD;r,faygh?

rkd;ukdvkdvkdY ig;udka&avmif;? opfyifudk a&avmif;wmvJ tckawmh

Ak'ömoem0ifykHpHajymif;oGm;NyD/ rkd;&Gmatmif vGefqGJwm? zm;yGJvkyf

wmuawmh toGifrajymif;ao;bl;qkdygawmh/ tJ'Dvkd toGifr

ajymif;bJ usefae&if tJ'Da'ouvlawG[m jrefrmawG Ak'omoem

0ifjzpfMuwmxuf olwkdY Ak'omoem0ifjzpfwm aemufuswmaMumifh

jzpfr,fvkdY xif&ygw,f/ aA'ifar;? ,Mwmajc? ewfudk;? acgpmypf

qkdwmawG tcktcg aq;&kHwifxm;wJhvlemtwGuf tdrfu rdom;pk

u vkyfay;aewm awGYMuao;w,fr[kwfvm;/ ewfudk;wJhtcg ajym

&qkd&wJhpum;udk jrefrmawG pmrwwfcifu&SdcJhwJhpmayvkdY,l&rSmjzpf

ygw,f/

jrefrm&mZ0ifawGxJu a&SUydkif;usus tjzpftysufawGudk rSwf

xm;ykHu ykHjyiftwkdif;yJ jzpfw,f/ tJ'DykHjyifawGxJu ewfe*g;bDvl;

z,fvkduf&if 'DykHjyifudkyJ wpfu,fhtjzpftysufvkdY,lqEkdifp&m &Sdyg

w,f/ jrefrmawG pmrwwfcifu ay:wJhtjzpftysufvkdYxif&wJhykH

jyifawGudk a&G;awmh wpfq,fhig;ykH &ygw,f/

1/ nDaemif tb&dkuf&m tBuD;tuJae&mudk vk&m nDuvdrfnm

NyD; tEkdif,l(uH&mZmi,f)

2/ vlpGrf;aumif;udk aMumufvkdY rD;&IdUowf(armifwifhw,f)

3/ trJvkdufwJhtcg ae&yfeJYodyfa0;wJhae&mudk a&mufoGm;awmh

ae&yfrjyefawmhbJ tajcopftaeopfwnfaxmif(acy'lw)

4/ awmae&aohu rdef;uav;wpfa,muf arG;pm;(aA'g&D)

5/ oGm;ygrsm;c&D;a&muf? ar;ygrsm; pum;&? rtdyfrae touf

(89)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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&SnfqkdwJhtMuHay;csufudk vkdufemvkdY raobJ tBuD;tuJjzpf

(armifaygufBudKif;)

6/ rsufuef;nDtpfudk azmifeJYjrpfrSm arQmvm&if; rsufpdjyefjrifNyD;

NrdKU&Gmwnf(r[morÇ0 plVorÇ0)

7/ ewfawG e*g;awG yoNyD; NrdKUwnf('Gwåabmif)

8/ pnfwD;ac:NyD; tcGefcH? vufeufjyNyD; tcGefawmif;

('Gwåabmif)

9/ rdef;rtBuD;tuJudk a,musfm;tBuD;tuJu wkdufcdkuf odrf;

ydkufwJhtcg rdef;ru aq;pD&ifNyD; vufpm;acs(yefxGmrif;orD;

eJY'Gwåabmif)

10/ tkyfcsKyfolawG tusifhysufvGef;vkdY vlawG txdwfwvefYae&

pOf aumvm[vaMumifh NrdKUysuf(okynme*&qdEévufxuf

oa&acwå&m)

11/ &efolBuD;av;rsKd;&SdvkdY NrdKU&GmrBuD;yGm;(ork'&mZfvufxufyk*H)

12/ vufeufqef;jzpfwJhav;jrm; uRrf;usifvkdY tBuD;tuJjzpf(ysL

apmxD;)

13/ vuf&SdtBuD;tuJudk owfolukd tBuD;tuJajr§muf(awmifol

BuD;rif;)

14/ uRefeJYr,m;aygif;NyD; vifBuD;udkowf? aemufvifi,fu rkqkd;

jzpfvkdY towfcH&(paviacG;)

15/ vufeufpGJNyD; vlwpfOD;csif; owfykwfMuum tEkdif&wJhvludkt

BuD;tuJajr§muf(pkuúaw;eJYtaemf&xm)

'DtjzpftysufawG[m jrefrmawG tdEd,"avhudk rawGYrMuHKzl;

cifu jzpfysufcJhr,fvkdY xifygw,f/ 'gayrJh aemiftdEd,"avh&JUt

(90)


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&dyfta,mif 0ifvmawmh ig;&mhig;q,f ZmwfawmfawGxJu t

aMumif;t&meJY,SOfNyD; wl&mwlaMumif;udk ukd,fvkdcsifoavmufjzwf

,l jznfhpGufjyifqifcsufeJY csa&;vkdufMuwmvJ &Sdygw,f/ Oyrm -

tbt&kduft&mudk &zkdY nDtpfudk vufeufeJY,SOfNydKifwkdufckdufMuwJh

tcg tpfudkao&if emrnfwpfcsKdUudk vkdtyfovkdjyifNyD; r[mZeu

(ZmwftrSwf 539)twkdif; a&;vkdufMuw,f/ rdzk&m;i,f&JUom;udk

xD;eef;vTJw,fqkd&if 'o&|(ZmwftrSwf 461)&JUwpfpdwfwpfydkif;udk

vkdtyfovkd wpfcsKdUemrnfjyifNyD; ul;a&;vkdufw,f/

jrefrmpum;ykHawGvJ jrefrmawG pmrwwfcifuyJ &SdESifhwJhjrefrm

pmayjzpfygw,f/ pum;ykHqkdwJhemrnf(a0g[m&)uyJ pum;eJYyJjzpf

NyD;om;taMumif;t&mwpfckudk ykHaqmifNyD; owday;csufeJYtMuHay;

csufwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;wmyJ r[kwfvm;/ ]]aqmif&ef}}eJY

]]a&Smif&ef}}awGudk ajymjyaeNyDjzpfvkdY tawGYtMuHKu ay;wJhrSwfom;

p&mpum;awGygyJ/ pum;ykHxJrSm t,loD;wJhtajymtqkdvJ ygvm

wwfygw,f/ tJ'gvJ acwfumv ae&ma'ovlrsKd;"avhawGeJY[yf

Munfh&if bmaMumifh 'DvkdajymMuqkdMu qkH;jzwfMuw,fvkdY odavmuf

ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh oufBuD;pum; oufi,fMum;qkdwmrsKd;udkvJ yg;

pyfpmayxJrS oGwfoGif;&ygw,f/ pum;ykH[m 0guswkdwdkeJYxdrdvkdYvJ

a&S;pum;jzpfzkdY rsm;ygw,f/ aemufrSay:wJhpum;ykHudkvJ a&S;ykHpHeJY

wkdwkd&Sif;&Sif; a&;Muygw,f/ 'Dtcg b,fpum;ykHu a&S;ykdusovJ?

b,fpum;ykHu aemufjznfhpGufcsufvJqkdNyD; cGJzkdYrvG,fjyefbl;/ 'gay

rJh acwfumv ydkif;jcm;Ekdifp&m vrf;jypepfwpfckawmh awG;vkdY&yg

w,f/ yxrtcsufu Zmwfig;&mhig;q,f(547)? [dawmya'o? "r®

y'xJu taMumif;t&mudk nTef;wJhpum;ykHudk rjzpfavwefqkdNyD;y,f

(91)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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oifhw,f/ 'kwd,tcsuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYjzpfwJhtylykdif;0ef;usif

qkdif&m tyifeJYtaumiftaMumif;ygae&if a&S;jrefrmawG awmif

ay:orydkif;rSm aecJh&pOfu ay:wJhpum;ykH rjzpfavwefqkdNyD; z,f

oifhw,f/ wwd,tcsufu jrpfaMumif;c&D;? yifv,ful;c&D;t

aMumif;t&m avS? orÁef? oabFmqkdif&ma0g[m&awGyg&ifvJ a&S;

jrefrmawG oGm;vmMu&r,fhMunf;aMumif; ajcvsif 0efwifvm;?

jrif;pD;c&D;ykHpHr0ifvkdY y,foifhw,f/ aemufqkH; pwkw¬tcsufu NrdKU?

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pD;yGm;a&;awGeJYvGwfrS a&S;jrefrmpum;ykH jzpfr,f/ bmaMumifh 'Dvkd

ajymovJqkdwm xyfNyD; &Sif;csifygao;w,f/

1/ jrefrmawG jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYra&mufcifu ewfudk;olrsm;om

jzpfygw,f/

2/ awmifay:orydkif;rSmom aecJhMuygw,f/ ajrjyefYtylykdif;t

oD;tyGifheJYom;aumifawGudk rawGYzl;ao;bl;? rpm;zl;ao;bl;

3/ qnfa&aomuf pyg;pkdufenf;vJ rwwfao;bl;? yifv,f&yf

jcm; wkdif;wpfyg;eJYvJ tquftoG,f r&dSao;bl;/

4/ yk*HEkdifiH&,fvkdY 11 &mpkESpf aemufydkif; wpf0ufrS ay:vmav

awmh pnf;urf;pepfykHpHcsNyD; us,fjyefYwJhtkyfcsKyfa&; tavh

tvmawG r&Sdao;bl;/

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJqkdwJhpum;ykHu yk*HNrdKU(rif;ae

jynf)rjzpfao;cifu r&Sd? qdwfqdwfae axmifwef? (vSaz? jrefrm

pum;ykH? vef'ef 1962? pum;ykHtrSwf 44? qufNyD;azmfjywJhpum;ykH

&JUtrSwf*Pef;tm;vkH;[m vSaz 1962 pmtkyfyg trSwfawGjzpfyg

w,f/) tvum;&wJhEGm; oGm;NzJMunfh(vSaz? 1962? pmrsufESm 13)

(92)


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aMumifr&SdvkdY <uufjrL;(vSaz? 1962? pum;ykHtrSwf 472)awGu

t*FvdyfawGqDu &w,f/ wGifwJhpum;ykH? xGifwJhpum;ykH&,fvkdY t

okH;tenf;trsm; cGJjcm;zkdY rvG,fayrifh-

1/ ajymzkdYrSwfzkdYvG,fatmif um&efeab ajyjypf&if

Oyrm - wefvQifaq; vGefvQifab; (452)

2/ oabmt"dyÜg,fvGJ&if

Oyrm - 'DykwfxJu 'DyJ (2)

3/ trSwf&vG,f&if

Oyrm -uRrf;usif&m vdr®m(438)

vlokH;rsm;wJhpum; jzpfvmr,fvkdYqkdEkdifygw,f/ pum;ykHtrsm;

pk[m vloltrsm;eJYywfoufwJhtaMumif;udpöawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g

aMumifh trsKd;tpm; ig;rsKd; tvG,fwul ydkif;jcm;&&if-

1/ vlYobm0

2/ vlYtrltusifh

3/ vlYqufqHa&;

4/ vlYywf0ef;usifeJY

5/ a,bk,svlom;

vkYdydkif;jcm;&ygr,f/ txufu ajymcJhwJh(1)ewfukd;ol (2)awmifay:

orykdif;aeol (3)qnfa&aomuf v,frpkdufol yifv,f&yfjcm;eJYr

qufqHoleJY (4)rif;trwf tkyfcsKyfa&; ykHpHrusao;olawG okH;rSm

jzpfr,f xif&wJhpum;ykHawGudk tckajymwJhvlYobm0? vlYtrltusifh?

vlYqufqHa&;? vlY0ef;usifeJYa,bk,s vlqkdif&m ig;rsKd;cGJjcm;csuft

wkdif; wpfrsKd;enf;enf;pD vlokH;rsm;r,fvkdY xif&wmawGudk &SmMunfh

ygw,f/

(93)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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vlYobm0

MuufrSmt&kd; vlrSmtrsKd; (1)

brsKd;bdk;wl (5)

tayG;jrif tyifod (9)

aq;aumif;&if oef;acgif; (20)

a,musfm;ysif; ausmcif; rdef;rysif; ajcqif; (22)

awmufcsifwJhrD; t&SdefeJY&J&J (26)

orD;ukef(í) orufr& (31)

rod&ifar; rpif&ifaq; (47)

rjynfhwJhtkd; abmifbifcwf (50)

jrif;pD;vkdY txD;rSef; trrSef;rod (54)

wHigudk ykdufxkd;oif rkqkd;udk om;xkd;oif (58)

tdrftkd usm;uef rdef;rtkd yef;yef (61)

vlYtrltusifh

aocsifwJhusm; awmajymif; (75)

iuJ&Sd(í)iwdtnTefYayguf (78)

olrsm;ESmacgif;eJY touf&SL (79)

tvSrf;us,f tv,fvyf (100)

oef;acgifxuf nOfhreuf (108)

tom;xJu avmufxGuf (114)

vl,kHoufao (119)

cJrSefzl;wJhpmoli,f (131)

rpm;&wJhtrJ oJeJYyuf (138)

(94)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

aMumufwwf 0efuif; (144)

olckd;ajy;rS xkd;uGif;x (148)

EGm;tkd jrufEkBudKuf (168)

vlYqufqHa&;

at;twl yltrQ (171)

wHigem;eD; wHig rkqkd;em;eD rkqkd; (180)

EGm;uGJusm;udkuf (186)

ocGm;oD;rS t&D;awmfcsif (187)

ta&;BuD;u aoG;eD;& (189)

tkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xd BudK;csif;xm; BudK;csif;Nid (192)

oD;csdefwefoD; yGifhcsdefwef yGifh (194)

ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uifypf (203)

tdrfomrS {nfhvm (205)

wpfyifvJ wpfyifxl (208)

om;orD;raumif; rdbacgif; (225)

0rf;eJYrvG,f om;rrnf

aiGeJYr0,f uRefrrnf (232)

vlY0ef;usif

tcsdefwefawmh EGm;ydefuef (258)

a&pD;wpfcg a&omwpfvSnfh (265)

t&dyfvm aeylu apmifh& (270)

ikdcsif&uf vufwkdY (273)

(95)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

xkdifaetaumif;om; xoGm;rSusKd;rSef;od (290)

ckwf&mwjcm; &S&mwjcm; (299)

idktm;xuf &,ftm;oef (311)

awmif,m&Sifudk ajr§mufvkduf (314)

rxkdifcif ajcqif; (320)

tarausmfa'G;awmfvGrf; (324)

usm;aMumufvkdY &SifBuD;udk; usm;xufqkd; (352)

olckd;vuf ol0Sufvk (373)

a,bk,s

orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if; (381)

ppfra&mufcif jrm;ukef (399)

ckvifae ckoGm;arG;csif (410)

'D,kefjrifvkdY 'DcsKHxGifw,f (454)

temcHrS tompH& (422)

uRrf;usif&m vdr®m (430)

Mum&Snf0g;r,fhoGm; t&kd;Munfha&Smif (438)

{nfhonfnOfheuf ttdyfcuf (443)

wefvQifaq; vGefvQifab; (452)

ESvkH;aumif; 0efBuD; (458)

pum;rsm; trSm;yg (461)

rpm;&uf avmufwuf (468)

pmrwwfcifu jrefrmawG&JU]]yg;pyfpmay}}xJrSm jrefrmpum;

xmawGvJ ygw,f/ olwkdYudk a&G;xkwfwJhtcg awmifay:orydkif; t

(96)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

aetxm;eJYeD;pyfrSmudk pOf;pm;a&G;cs,fygw,f/ tylydkif;tyifeJYt

aumif vGwf&r,f/ vlysKdtysKd cspfwif;aESmwmeJYqkdifr,f? uav;

awGudk aysmfatmif ajymr,f? vlBuD;csif; ynmprf;r,fqkdwJhpum;

xm trsKd;tpm;awGudk a&G;ygw,f/ taMumif;t&mawGu (1)awm

awmifobm0 (2)aeYpOfokH;ypönf;qkdif&m (3)om;iSuf (4)vlYudk,f

cE¨meJY (5)tyifawG jzpfygw,f/

olYtyifu wpf&kHBuD;

olYtoD;u wpfvkH;oD;/ (qHyifeJYqHxkH;)

tpmudk ESpfa,mufujrif

ig;a,mufu,l? okH;q,fu 0g;

aumif;pm;awmh wpfa,mufwnf;/

(rsufpd? vufacsmif;? oGm;eJYvQm)

Munfhava0;av? a0;avMunfhav/ (rsufpdeJYem;)

acgif;BuD;vkdY vnfodrf? zifydefwJha,musfm;

rkd;ay:ysHumoGm;? ewfvm; (ykpOf;)

wufav;pif;eJY tjyif;avSmf

r,fawmf&Sifr aygif;xJu/ (vdyf)

oGm;awmh auGYaumuf jrifh&mu edrfh&ma&muf/ (jrpfacsmif;)

(97)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

EGm;EkdYwpfjrL jynfvkH;jzL/ (v)

ewforD;wHawG;ayguf MuufraumufEkdif/ (x&Hayguf)

tjrifeD; c&D;a0;/ (awmif)

pnfBuD;wD; rsufESmrnf;BuD;idk

aool&Sif ykef;olay:/

(rkd;usvdkY rkd;BudK;ypf? rkd;&Gm? jrufayguf? zm;atmf)

rwD;bJ jrnf (rkd;Ncdrf;oH)

ckwfvkdYrjywf owfvkdYrao/ (a&)

tdrf&dSayr,fh vlr&Sd

vl&Sdayr,fh toHrMum;&/ (ocsKØif;)

uefxJrSma& a&xJrSma>r

a>racgif;rSm a&T/ (qDrD;cGuf)

irJzif ieDvsuf/ (tkd;eYJrD;)

oGm;awmhacGacG aeawmhpif;pif;/ (acgif;ck)

(98)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

i,fpOfu &ifcGifydkuf

BuD;apvkdvkdY wkwfeJY&kduf

rmapvkdvdkY rD;eJYNrd§Kuf/ (tkd;)

om;u&kdufvkdY tarikd

0rf;AkdufwpfvkH; acgif;wpfvkH;/ (armif;)

oHomiSufBuD; &ifywfwD;

tNrD;cg;v,frSm/ (vif;uGif;)

ewforD;tdrfwkdif ydk;razmufEkdif

azmufjyefawmhvJ wpfaygufwnf;/ (tyf)

usKd;usKd;usnf jrnfvkdYvm

tdrfa&mufcgrS ar;axmufum/ (vSnf;)

vlysKdvSnfh

(u) (rlvpmykd'f vkH;aumuf t"dyÜg,fu tcspfeJYrywfoufayr,fh

um&ef,lNyD; aemufwpfyk'f qufawmh &nf;pm;pum; jzpfvmw,f)

uRefwkH;aMumifavQmuf

(vGrf;wkef; armifa&muf)/

y0g;yg;udkMuufom;xkyf&if pGef;wwfw,f

(wpf&Gmom;udk &nf;pm;vkyf&if vGrf;&w,f)/

(99)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

ydwfyifrSm azmh tif;rSm arQmh

(tdyfcsifygaygh qif;ygawmh)/

ra&mif;& tkd;eJYzsm

(waygif;v ckd;vSnfhyg)/

ta&SUawmif&kd; aeaysmufxkd;

ykqkd;b,fvkdumyghr,fh

(uRefrwkdYvkd t&kyfqkd; b,foltrsKd;awmfyghr,f)/

(2)(rlvpum;rSm 0Sufxm;wJhpum; &Sdw,f? yxrpum;0Sufudk azmf

NyD;rS pum;vdrfeJY teufaumuf)

ueftvS (Mum)

wHigvufeuf (ydkuf)

(Mumykduf-BudKufyg)/

aumif;uiftvS (Mu,f)

vlrvdr®m (rkduf)

Mu,frkduf-BudKufr,f)

*Pef;ocsFm pdwfwGuf

1/ uif;(pcef;)wpf&m a&mufNyD;rS opfoD;a&mif;wJhae&m a&muf

w,f? vSnf;wpfpD;rSm opfoD;wpf&myJ wifEkdifw,f? uif;wpfuif;

a&mufwkdif; opfoD;wpfvkH; taumufay;&&if opfoD;usefatmif

b,fvkdpDrHrvJ/

(100)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

tajz/ vSnf;ESpfpD;oGm;? vSnf;wpfpD; opfoD;wpf&mpDwifcJh?

uif;ig;q,fvGef&if vSnf;wpfpD;rSm opfoD; wpf&mpDwifcJh? uif;ig;

q,fvGef&if vSnf;wpfpD;rSm opfoD;ig;q,fyJusefr,f? opfoD;usef

orQ vSnf;wpfpD;wnf; aygif;wif? vSnf;wpfpD;udk tvGwfjyefvTwf?

usefwpfpD; opfoD;wpf&meJYaemufxyf uif;ig;q,fudk jzwfawmh t

aumufay;NyD; tdrfta&mufrSm opfoD; ig;q,f usefw,f/

2/ tawmifokH;q,feufwJha&wGif;wpfwGif;rSm zm;wpfaumifus

aew,f/ aeYwkdif;aeYwkdif; zm;u ESpfawmif ckefwufw,f/ 'gayrJh

wpfawmif wpfawmif jyefusw,f? a&wGif;u vGwfatmif b,fESpf

&uf ckef&rvJ/

tajz/ ESpfq,fhudk;&uf

3/ MuufOa&mif;wJhtrsKd;orD;wpfa,muf[m arSmufvkdYqkdNyD; O

tm;vkH; aMuoGm;awmh awmif;xJrSm MuufO b,fESpfvkH;ygovJar;

wmudk olu uRefrMuufOawGudk ESpfvkH;pD? okH;vkH;pD? av;vkH;pD? ig;

vkH;pD? ajcmufvkH;pDykH&if wpfvkH;wavrS twGJvGwf usefraebl;vkdY

ajymygw,f/

tajz/ Oajcmufq,f

4/ a&uefxJu Mum&Gufay:rSm pmuav;awG ysHvmNyD; em;zkdYqif;

vmMuw,f/ Mumwpf&Guf pmwpfaumifem;&if wpf&Gufvkdw,f/ Mum

wpf&Guf pmESpfaumifem;&if wpf&Gufydkw,f/ Mum b,fESpf&Guf pm

b,fESpfaumifvJ/

(101)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

tajz/ pmav;aumif? Mum&GufokH;&Guf

5/ oli,fwpfa,muf(u)rSm ckHnif;'kd;enf;enf;&Sdw,f? olYoli,f

csif;(c)qDu olYrSm&Sdoavmuf 'kd;eJYqwl+udk acwåiSm;,lcJhw,f/

aemufoli,fcsif;(*)u olYudk 'kd;&Spf'kd; ay;jyefw,f/ 'Doli,f(u)u

aemufoli,f(C)udk olYrSm&SdorQ 'kd;tm;vkH;&JUxuf0ufudk ay;NyD;

aemuf (c)qDu iSm;,lcJhorQ 'dk;tm;vkH;udk jyefay;vkdufawmh 'Dol

i,f(u)rSm 'dk;av;vkH; usefao;w,f/ 'kd;av;vkH;usefykHudk &Sif;jyyg/

tajz/ rlvu (u)udk (c)ay;orQ&JUxuf0ufom (u)rSm&Sd

w,f/ qkdvdkwmu av;vkH;yJjzpfw,f/

6/ qifawGudk (7)aumifpD wpfpk? (5)aumifpDwpfpk? (3)aumifpD

wpfpk pk&if tnDtrQ pkvdYk&w,f/ qifwpfpkpk b,fESpfaumifvJ/

tajz/ 105 aumif

7/ a&wGif;wpfwGif;xJudk a&iifzkdY BudK;wpfacsmif;udk csMunfhawmh

BudK;u a&wGif;teufxuf wpfawmifydkw,f? acgufwkHYcsKd;csawmh

wpfawmif vkdaejyefw,f/ a&wGif;teufeJY BudK;t&Snfudk ajymyg/

tajz/ teuf 3 awmif? t&Snf 4 awmif

8/ rdwfaqGESpfa,mufaygif; opfoD; 32 vkH;&Sdw,f/ (u)u (c)pD

udk 10 vkH;ay;&if opfoD;tnDtrQ wpfa,mufpD &Mur,f/ (u)rSm

b,favmuf (c)rSm b,favmuf&SdovJ/

tajz/ (u)rSm 26? (c)rSm 6

(102)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

9/ ajr;tbdk;om;tz tpkpkudk rkefYawG a0w,f/ tbdk;wpf

a,mufwnf; xuf0ufwdwd pm;ypfw,f/ usefwJhxuf0ufudk taz

pm;w,f? useforQ&JUxuf0ufukd om;pm;w,f/ useforQudk okH;ykH

tnDtrQ ykHNyD; pm;vkdufMuw,f/ rkefYtm;vkH;ukefa&m/ tpu rkefY

b,favmuf&SdovJ/

tajz/ 24

10/ ajray:rSm pmuav;wpfaumifu aumif;uifrSm ysHaewJhpm

wpftkyfudk ]]qlqlnHnHwpf&moH}}vkdYvSrf;ajymvkdufw,f/ aumif;

uifu pmuav;awGu ]]qwl? q0uf? quGJbuf? eifygygrS wpf&m

vkdY jyefajymw,f/ aumif;uifrSm b,fESpfaumifvJ/

tajz/ 36 aumif

trItcif;&JUt&if;rlvu ydkifqkdifrIygyJ/ csufcsif; pm;okH;r

ukefatmif xkwfvkyfEkdifwJhtcgu pNyD; ydkifqkdifrIjyóemay:chJw,f/

tJ'Dtcg touft&G,fBuD;wJholawGu trItcif;udk aphpyfzsefajz

ay;&if em,lNrJjzpfvkdY trItcif;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufawG[m pmr

wwfcif a&S;ya0oPDuyJ &SdcJhwJhpmayjzpfw,f/ 'DxkH;awGukdyJ wl&m

wlaMumif; pkpnf;NyD; rSwfom;xm;Muw,f/ ta&;MuHKwJhtcg tudk;

tum;jyKNyD; qufumqufum okH;vmMuw,f/ 'Dawmh rIcif;qkdif&m

vdkufemNrJjzwfxkH;(Oya')vkdYowfrSwfNyD; tpOftquf vkdufemMu

w,f/ vkdufemorQudk 12 &mpk ESpf0ufavmufa&mufumrS pmeJYcsa&;

Muw,f/ tav;tjrwfxm;MuwJhtaMumif;t&mawGukd ygVdbm

omeJYzwf&NrJumvjzpfvkdY pkaqmif;xm;wJhrSwfpkudk ygVdemrnfay;NyD;

(103)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

ygVdpum;eJYyJ a&;cJhw,fvkdY rSwfom;ajymqkdMuayr,fh tJ'DygVdbm

omeJYa&;cJhwJhjrefrm"r®owfusrf;udk &SmrawGYyg/ 'gaMumifh ajym

pum;wkdif; ,kHzkdYcufw,f/ 'gayrJh &kd;&m"avhOya'udk "r®owfusrf;

&,fvkdY ,aeYtxd ac:aeMuwkef;yJ/ Oya'udk pwifa&;ul;ay;cJhwJh

vl[m tdEd,rSm ]rEk}vkdYajymMuwmudk twk,lNyD; jrefrmh&kd;&mxkH;udk

vnf; ]]rEk"r®owf}}vkdYac:NyD; usrf;pmrSm rEkudk aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfw,f

vkdY xnfhoGif;ajymavh&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gtjyif aemiftcg Oya'qkdif&m

&Sif;p&m&Sd&if tdEd,usrf;(txl;ojzifh Zmwf 546)xJu qkdif&mudk

udk;NyD;ajymMua&;Muawmh wpfcgwpf&H jrefrmAk'¨bmom"r®owfvkdY

awmif ac:Muao;w,f/ usrf;&if;u i,fi,fyg? ppfuJarmifwuf

wkd;u wnf;jzwfNyD;? &efukeftpkd;&ykHESdyfwkdufu ]rEk&if;}trnfeJYxkwf

a0cJhygw,f/ ukvm;usrf;awG udk;um;NyD; tus,fw0ifh ajymMua&;

Muwmudkawmh ]rEkus,f}vkdYac:w,f/ ]rEk&if;}rSmyJ xkwfEkwfjznfh

pGufjyifqifwmawG &Sdygw,f/ xkwfEkwfppfwmudk tp&Smr&ayr,fh

wpfcsKdUjznfhpGufwmeJYjyifqifwmudk azmfxkwf&Ekdifr,fxifygw,f/

jznfhpGufcsuf? jyifqifcsufudk zwf&if rl&if;ay:vmr,f/

jrefrmh&kd;&m"avh[m 'gyJvkdYajymEkdifw,f/ 'DvkdajymEkdiforQudk

atmufrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/

(uGif;puGif;ydwfeJYazmfjywJh*Pef;awGu wufwkd;wnf;jzwfNyD;

1875 u ykHESdyfwJh ]rEk&if;}pmrsufESmeJYtykd'fawGygyJ/)

tarGcef;rSm tarGcHom; ig;a,muf&Sdw,f/ (pmrsufESm 21? tykd'f

5)

om;&if;

uRefruarG;wJh om;&if;

(104)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

r,m;i,fuarG;wJh om;&if;

t&ifr,m;uarG;wJh om;&if;

todtMum; arG;pm;om;

rodrMum; arG;pm;om;

tarGrcHom; ajcmufa,muf&Sdw,f/ (22? 6)

olwpfyg;udk ay;NyD; om;

rdb&if;u aiGeJYa&mif;wJhom;

r,m; vifi,faeNyD; vifBuD;u jyefodrf;ydkufwJhtcg vifi,f

eJY&cJhwJhom;

r,m;trnfrcH&wJhrdef;ru arG;wJhom;

rdbpum;udk ypfy,fwJhom;

ckdudk;&mrJhjzpfvkdY 0ifaewJhom;

orD;awmif;wJhtcg ay;oifhay;xkdufw,fvkdY ,l&eftcsuf&Spf

csuf(23-4? 8)

trsKd;t&kd;aumif;

xdkufwefwJhcef;0ifypönf;ay;

tvkyfudpö ulnDvkyfaqmifr,fvkdY cH0ef

cufcJwJhwm0efukd,l

orD;ray;&if &efvkyfrSmaMumuf&

uRefcHr,f uwday;

usef;rma&;aumif;

orD;uvJ BudKuf

(105)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

r,m;qkd;ajcmufa,muf(25-6? 12)

uapmfBudKuf

tdrfrIudpörvkyf

vifi,f rMumcPae

vifBuD;udk aoaMumif;MuH

tdrfrSmaecsdefenf;

tdrf0rSmxkdifavh&Sd

vifqkd;ajcmufa,muf r,m;qJqkdydkifcGif&Sd (27? 15)

vlirGJ

vlrrm

vlcsnfheJY

vlrkduf

vlysif;

wjcm;rdef;rawGeJY rMumcPazmufjyef

vltkd

'ku©dw

uRefckepfrsKd;(29? 19)

uRefrdbuarG;NyD; tdrfaxmifwpfckrSm tpOftqufuRefcHol

i,fuRef

tarGuRef

vufaqmifuRef

ckdukd;&mrJh

(106)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

iwfrGwfol

zrf;rdzrf;&

om;qkd;udk qkH;r&ef tqifhig;qifh (32? 25)

pum;rajym

epfematmif ajymNyD;qkH;r

BudK;csnfaevSef;

temtusif&kduf

tdrfuESif

vlrsm;r,m;eJYazmufjyefw,fvkdY pGyfpGJzkdYtaMumif;ckepfcsuf(35-6?

27)

olrsm;r,m;vufudk qGJudkifaewkef;awGY

vifr&SdwJhtcg tdrfay:a&mufae

vif&Sdr,m;eJYwdwfwqdwfawGY

vif&Sdr,m;eJY tpGyfpGJcH&qJ qufvufqufoG,fae

olrsm;tdrf avSum;ajc&if;rSmawGY

olrsm;tdyfcef;rSmawGY

olwpfyg;taMumif; raumif;ajymayr,fh raumif;aMumif; ouf

aojyEkdif&if tjypfr& (38? 31)

eif pkef;r

eif olckd;

eif olrsm; ajrudk ckd;w,f

(107)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

eif b,fol b,f0gudk owfw,f

tdrfaxmifacgif;aqmif a,musfm;u atmufygjypfcsufawG usL;

vGef&if om;r,m;udk tjypfrwif(456? 46)

olwpfyg;udkqJ

olwpfyg;udk &kdufESuf

olwpfyg;udk owf

olYOpömudkckd;

olYr,m;ESifhazmufjyef

olYOpömudk vk,l

tBuD;tuJopf[m t&iftBuD;tuJawGvufxufu jzpfyGm;cJhaom

atmufygtrIawGudk rpD&ifydkif (49? 52)

r&oifhwJhtjrwftpGef;udk &vkdrIpD&if&ef

avmif;upm;a<u;udk &vkdrIpD&if&ef

vifckd;? r,m;ckd;rI tjypfay;&ef

EIwfuwdysufrI tjypfay;&ef

tyfESHaiGypönf; tvGJokH;pm;rI tjypfay;&ef

ckd;rIpD&if&ef

"m;jyrIpD&if&ef

rk'drf;rIpD&if&ef

vufa&mufrIudk vlolr&Sd? acsmifuswJhae&mrSm usL;vGefw,fvkdYpGyf

pGJ&if r,kH (69-70? 76)

(108)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

vufa&mufrIudk usL;vGefw,fqkdayr,fh-

usL;vGefolu rdef;r? cH&olu a,musfm;

usL;vGefolu vli,f? cH&olu vlBuD;

usL;vGefolu wpfa,mufwnf;? cH&olu ESpfa,mufjzpfae&if

udk,fpGrf;rrQvkdY r,kH/ usL;vGefolao&if cH&olawGu ]]ukd,fcH}}

twGuf owf&ygw,fajymvkdY tjypfrvGwf? vlowfrIjzpfw,f/

vufa0SYeyef; uRrf;w,fvkdY pdefac:&if ESpfzufNydKifqkdifxkd;owf

Mu&m b,folaoao bmrSrjzpf (84? 87)

trItcif;eJYywfoufNyD; ypönf;twGuf aiGay;avsmf&&if

ypönf;wefzkd;pm&if;udk ay;xm;w,f/ jrefrmawG jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefY

udk a&mufrS owfrSwfwJhwefzkd;awG jzpfr,fxifw,f/

tcsif;jzpfNyD;p a,musfm;av;tzkd; 3 usyf

tcsif;jzpfNyD;p rdef;uav;tzkd; 2 usyf

t0wfNrJwJht&G,f a,musfm;av;tzkd; 10 usyf

t0wfNrJwJht&G,f rdef;uav;tzkd; 7 usyf

t0wfNrJwJht&G,f vlysKdayguftzkd; 30 usyf

a,musfm;i,f t&G,fa&muf 16 ESpf

rdef;ri,f t&G,fa&muf 15 ESpf

(101? 106)

EIdif;,SOfEkdifzkdY wefzkd;aiGudk ajym&&if (101-2? 107? 102-3? 108)

Muufwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 125

ckdwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 05

acG;wpfaumiftzkd; 0. 05

(109)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

qifwpfaumiftzkd; usyf 100. 00

qdwfwpfaumiftzdk; usyf 1. 00

wHpnf;tBuD; wpfacsmif;tzkd; 0. 15

wHpnf;ti,f wpfacsmif;tzkd; 0. 125

xbDwpfxnftzkd; 0. 375

a'gif;wpfaumiftzkd; 0. 25

"m;rwpfacsmif;tzkd; 0. 50

EGm;wpfaumiftzkd; 2. 00

ykqkd;wpfxnftzkd; 0. 50

ykqdefwpfvuftzkd; 0. 25

bJwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 15

jrif;wpfaumiftzkd; usyf 50. 00

av;wpfpif;tzkd; usyf 0. 25

avSwpfpif;tzkd; usyf 1. 00

vSHwpfpif;tzkd; 0. 125

vSnf;wpfpD;tzkd; 1. 00

0ufwpfaumiftzkd; 0. 50

oefvsufwpfacsmif;tzkd; 1. 50

a&T aiG aMu; wefzkd; tcsKd; 1;10;500

]]jiif;ckHoHrsm;}}&Sd&if oufaorSm y"mejzpfayr,fh oufaot

axmuftxm; rwifjyEkdifwJhtrIESifhrsufjrifoufao r&SdwJhtrIawG

&Sdw,f/

rsufjrifoufao r&SdEkdifwJhae&mawGu (30? 31)

arSmifrkduf&m

(110)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

qdwfNidrf&m

awm

rsufjrifoufao r&Ekdifygbl;vkdY jiif;vkdYr&EkdifwJhae&mawGu-

NrdKU(cHwyf&SdwJhae&m

aps;(a&mif;0,folawGqkH&m)

Z&yf(vltrsm; 0ifxGufem;aewJhuGef;)

a&csKd;qdyf

oufaor&wJhtcg urÇmav;&yfxJu wpfckckudk vkyfcGifhay;r,f/

rD;NydKif

qH0g;

cJaxmuf

a&ikyf

tJ'Dav;rsKd;xJu yxrESpfrsKd;u vkyfolawG toufraoEkdif

bl;/ aemufESpfrsKd;u aowwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh BuD;us,fwhJtrIrSm

a&ikyfMu&w,f/ (wif? tkyfcsKyfykH(4) 1976 rSm pm-264 ydk'f 515^

9)/ rSefwJhvlzufu ewfulnDr,fvkdY ,kHw,f/ (&mZodyÜHowåusrf;BuD;?

tif;0NrdKUopf? OD;xGef;OD;? 1929 pmrsufESmrSm 127-42) a&ikyfrNydKif

qkdifcif ESpfzufvkH;udk tif; vufzGJYpwJhtultnDrvkyfatmif ppfaq;

&w,f/ (wif? tkyfcsKyfykH(4) 1976? pm-270? ykd'f 517^01)jrefrm

awGrSm ]]a&Smif&ef}}tcsufawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ (boif;? a&S;xkH;

pOfvm ememe,eda'ó? pm 147 rS tif;ay:BuD;nd§K;ukef;ausmif;

q&mawmf? okwoEdp,usrf;? 1973? pm 68-71)wm;jrpfw,fqkd

(111)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

wmvJ udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIeJYtaetpm; usef;rma&;qkdif&m qkH;r

pum;tMuHay;pum;rsKd;awGygyJ/ a&S;a&S;u &SdcJhwJh wm;jrpfcsufudk

a'oumvtvkduf enf;enf;jyKjyifwmvJ &Sdw,f/ Oyrm - &wem

okH;yg; q&mrdb rarh&qkdwm[m apmapmu q&mrdb rarh& jzpf

ygvdrfhr,f/ tckacwf jrefrmawGu 'gawG avmuDt,ltqawGyg?

edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; r[kwfbl;vkdY ajymcsifajymr,f? 'gayrJh olvJ

tenf;eJYtrsm; vkdufemaewmygyJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vkdufem&if udk,fh

twGuf aumif;w,fvkdY ,lqEkdifwmawG trsm;BuD;yg? 'gtrSefyg/

wpfcsKdUudk 'DrSmazmfjyygr,f/ vuFmoHaygufqefqef jzpfwmu rSwf

&wm vG,fatmif vkyfwJhoabmygyJ/ pmra&;wwfcifuyJ oDcsif;

&SdNyD;r[kwfvm;/ 'grSr[kwfvJ aemif pmeJYa&;? pmeJYvuFmoHayguf

jzpfvmr,fvkdYvJ ,lqEkdifygw,f/

1/ tdrfrSm vkH;pkH ywfvnftkH qDqkHr&Sdaumif;?

2/ y'kdif;cwåm yJBuD;0g eD;pGmrpdkufaumif;?

3/ arsmufESifhz&kH eD;pkdufwkH zsif;okOf;ysufwufaMumif;?

4/ tdrfa&SUrSmom EGm;xm;&m jrefpGmysufpD;aMumif;?

5/ xbDwbufvQif yckH;wif qGJiifr&kdufaumif;?

6/ om;ajr;wkdYudk aoG;oH,kd rsufvkdr&kdufaumif;?

7/ csKdusKd;uRJEGm; uefjim;qifjrif; pD;eif;jcif; a&SmifuGif;r0,f

aumif;?

8/ csKdwnf;vl;EGm; tdrfrSmxm; pD;yGm;qkwf,kwfaMumif;?

9/ &Gmjyiftdrfjyif aoavvQif &GmtdrftwGif; roGif;r,l&?

10/ romydkY&m tavmif;[m aemufrSmxm;í rydkYaumif;?

11/ romcsoGm; tdrfa&SUyg; &yfem;rjyKaumif;?

(112)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

12/ wHcGefukuúm; MuufvQmrsm; pdkufvTm;tdrfrSm rjyKESifh?

13/ tdrfa&SUorkduf x&Hü pkdufí av;udk rxm;ESifh?

14/ pm;zG,faomuf&H cGufyef;uef toHjrnfatmif rcsESifh?

15/ a&vJrnfwGif xbDvQif tdrfa&SUtjyif rvSef;ESifh?

16/ acgif;avQmfNyD;vQif xkdqHyif aewGif rvSef;ESifh?

17/ pm;zG,fydkYvm cGufa,mufrSm aq;um jyefí ray;ESifh?

18/ udk,f0efaqmifrdef;r pm;orQ ukd,fu,liif rpm;ESifh?

19/ udk,f0wfwpfoG,f om;oli,f "m;0,frajr§mufESifh?

20/ tkyfaqmif;yjcKyf OD;xkyfwpfjzm qefaumrSm ax;zmrokH;ESifh?

21/ oifjzL;tdyf&m acgif;aygif;rSm ax;zmrokH;ESifh?

22/ a&vJacgif;aygif; raumif;wpfvD tusÐ vnfcGH jywfpkwf rcsKyf

ESifh?

23/ Opömrmeftm; þokH;yg; ukd;pm;rjyKESifh?

24/ vlBuD;rdb rdwåwpfaxG rkd;ajrwpfoif; aevrif; rkef;wif;

pum; rqkdESifh?

25/ owif;t&Sdef pnf;pdrfynm BuD;olrSm 0ifum rckdoifh?

26/ ol\OD;acgif; wpfaMumif;usnfayGY ta&SUx&H þokH;wef ckef

ysHrausmfESifh?

27/ BudK;Budrfwef;ESifh wHcg;vufuwkH; okH;ckvkH; ukef;uG0ifvkdY rvQKd

ESifh?

28/ om;wpfoDzkdY rJwHpdkY axmifvkdYrxm;ESifh?

29/ c&D;a&mufcg tdyf&mxp a'gorsufyGm; þolrsm; pum;vkd&m

rar;ESifh?

30/ roefYjyefYwpfcef; vrf;v,fwpf&yf oljrwfae&m þokH;jzm

(113)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

wufum raeESifh?

31/ EIwfydkuf&Sdjim; rdef;rrsm; oGm;írcsDESifh?

32/ rdef;rarG;aeY oDwif;aeY aeYv,ftcg þokH;jzm umrjrL;xl;

rusL;ESifh?

33/ vkdr&Sdcg t*FgrrSef(ausmif;uefbk&m;) oGm;&ifwpfaxG oaE¨

&ifhrm þtcg umrjrL;xl; rusL;ESifh?

34/ q&mrdb udpöwpfaxG rD;ESifha& rxDav;pm; rjyKESifh?

35/ pavmif;wpfwef yef;uefwpfoD; þajrBuD; cwfwD;rjyKESifh?

36/ xrif;[if;tkd; arTxkd;a,mufr vufudkifu rD;rSmjyefumrxkd;

ESifh?

37/ rD;rawmufvQif pm;zkdcGif NydKif,SOfESpfa,muf rrIwfESifh?

38/ acgif;aygif;wpfrsKd; ykqkd;wbuf opf&Gmem;yef qHyifwpfvwf

þav;&yf jzwfwdrjyKESifh?

39/ vufqkHpm;ol tdrfaeol ukd,frlEIwfydkuf&Sd qifjrif;uRJEGm;ponf

rsm; 0,frSm;ab;'Pfxd?

40/ tOD;oD;opfOD; zvrdef;r rqGwfaumif;? rdef;rqGwfjim; opf

oD;rsm; ysufjym;odrfzsif;aMumif;?

41/ oaE¨&ifhrm rdwfo[m r*FvmvufzGJY rjyKESifh/

aetdrfaqmufwJhtcg a&Smif&r,fhudpöawGu?

(nd§K;ukef;ausmif;q&mawmf okwoEÅdp, 1973-pm 28-9)

42/ tdrftrkd;wGif xkyfudkvQif pGef;wifrxm;ESifh?

43/ Murf;xufarmufrkd wkdifwkdukd ydkvkdYrxm;ESifh?

44/ tdrfraqmufcif 0if;cwfvQif &efyifab;awGYoifh?

(114)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

45/ uGef;wkdifay:wGif 0g;udk0if qifjcifrjyKESifh?

46/ acgifavQmufcGwif rNyD;cif Murf;wGif razmufESifh?

47/ xkyfpGef;xufom pa&G;rSm &Snfum rxm;ESifh?

48/ tdrfopfNyD;ajrmuf taemufawmifyg; aemufajrmufyg; wHcg;

rjyKESifh?

49/ tdrfaqmufNyD;cg? atmuf0gjrifhrl xm;oifh[l aeolOpömyg;?

atmuf0gedrfhrl vdyfoifh[l aeola&m*grsm;?

tdrfopfaqmufzkdY opfpkaqmif;wJhtcg rvkyf&wmawG &Sdao;w,f/

50/ odrf;pGefcifykyf? aeawmtkyf? opfckwfrjyKtyf?

vif;wppGm iSuf,kwfrm? ae&mrckwftyf?

51/ ckwfcgwGJvJ? ay:rSmqGJ? qGJcsopf[krSwf? qGJcsopfrsm;?

okH;aqmifjim;? ysufjym;aoqkH;wwf?

52/ xufBuD;atmuf&SL; taexl;? bDvl;opf[krSwf?

bDvl;opfwGif okH;cJhvQif vifESifhr,m; aoqkH;wwf?

53/ vrf;udkvGefusL;? acsmif;udkul;? vrf;acsmif;ul;[krSwf?

vrf;acsmif;ul;rSm aecJhyg? ig;jzm&efawGYwwf?

54/ ckwfNyD;ay:wGif aevJhvQif? vlaumifwif[krSwf?

vlaumifwif&m? okH;cJhyg? romcs&wwf?

55/ udkif;cufay:wif? csdwfcJhvQif? rnfwGif opfarsmufrSwf?

opfarsmufudkvJ? okH;aqmifpGJ? cRwfvGJvdrfhuswwf?

56/ tv,furl? xkdopfrl? ac:,leykH;rSwf? eykH;opfrsm;?

okH;aqmifjim;? BuD;rm;ab;awGYwwf?

57/ EG,fywfwufoGm; xkdopfrsm; e*g;[lírSwf?

(115)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

e*g;opfrsm; okH;aqmifjim;? pD;yGm;&efawGYwwf?

zGwfwufAsKdif;em;? Oy'frsm; xif&Sm;jzpfvmwwf?

b,folawG? b,fvkdae&m? b,fvkdypönf;eJY bmrvkyfeJYqkdwm

tvG,fwul odatmif tu©&mpOftnTef; vkyfMunhfygw,f/

umvusL; 32? 33

udk;pm; 23

ukuúm; 12

udpö 34

ukd,f0wf 19

udk,f0efaqmifrdef;r 18? 31? 39

usL;vGef(umr) 32? 33

usnfayGY 26

BudK;wef; 27

MuufvQm 12

Murf; 43? 46

Budrfwef; 27

uGef;wkdif 45

uRJ& 39

c&D; 29

ckd rSD 25

cifykyf 50

acgif; 46

acgif;aygif; 21? 22? 38

cwåm 2

(116)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

ckefysHausmfvTm; 26

csDr 31

csKdusKd;ÔD; 7

csKdwnfvl; 8

csKyfvkyf 22

acsmif;ul;opf 53

cGuf 14? 17

cGif pm;zdk 37

(cGef)tm; 23

iSuf,kwfrm 50

pum;vkd&m 29

pa&G; 47

pavmif;zkH; 35

pm;zdkcGif 37

pm;zG,faomufzG,f 14? 17

pD;eif; 7

pnf;pdrf 25

pGef 50

q&m 34

qDqkH 1

aq;aMum 18

qif 7? 39

qefaum 20

qHyif 16? 38

(117)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

qkHqD 1

qGJcsopf 50

qGwfcl;ôpfoD;OD;^rdef;r 40

wbuf 5? 38

wd&pämef^0,f 7? 39

wD;cwf 35

wHcg; 48

wHcGef 12

wHpdkY 28

wHwm; 27

awmtkyf 50

wkdif 43? 45

wkdifûGef; 45

xbD 5? 15

x&H 13? 26

ax;zm 20? 21

xkd;arT 36

xkyf 42? 47

a'gorsufyGm; 29

'Pfâb; 39

"m; 19

e*g;opf 57

eykH;opf 56

em;yefopf&Guf 38

(118)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

ae 24

aexdkif 31

aeol^tdrf(tdrfolr,m;) 39

ae&m^roefYwJh 30

ae&môljrwf 30

aevSef; 15? 16

aeYv,f 32

aeYôDwif; 32

ESpfa,muf,SOfNydKif 37

EIwfydkufrdef;r 31? 39

EGm; 7? 8? 39

EGm;wif;ukyf 4

EG,fywfopf 57

yckH; 5

yjcKyf 20

yef;uef 14

ynmBuD;ol 25

y'kdif; 2

ykqkd; 38

yJBuD; 2

yefopf&Gufêm; 35

z&kH 3

zmax; 20? 21

jzwf^qHyif 38

(119)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

zGwf 57

AsKdif; 57

bDvl;opf 52

ab;'Pf 39? 44? 56

raumif;pum; 24

rcsD 31

rxDav;pm; 34

r,m; 52

r&Sdckduf^tvkd 33

rom 10? 11? 54

roefYwJhae&m 30

rdb 24? 34

rD; 34? 36? 37

r*FvmvufzGJY 41

rif; 24

rkef;wif;pum; 24

rdk; 24

rdk;^tdrf 42

rmef^&mxl; 23

rdwfaqG 24? 41

rdef;r 40

rdef;rqGwfaomopfoD;OD; 40

rdef;r"r®wm&moDay:qJ 30

rdef;rÊIwfydkuf(ukd,f0ef&Sdckduf) 39

(120)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

rdef;rarG;aeY 42

rsufyGm;â'go 29

arsmufopf 55

arsmufO 3

ajr 24

ajrBuD; 35

ajr; 6

jrif; 7? 39

jrifhwJhae&m 30

arG;aeY rdef;r 32

rSDckd 25

rIwf^rD; 37

arTxkd; 36

a,muf^cGuf 17

&mxl;rmef 23

a& 34

a&vJ 15? 22

&ifh oaE¨ 33

&efolrsKd;ig;yg; 13

&kdufESuf 5? 6

&Gm 9

&Gmjyif 9

v 24

vkd&mpum; 29

(121)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

vlaumif;xrf;opf 54

vl^vufqkHpm;(r,m;) 39

vlao 9

av; 13

vufuwkH; 27

vufqkHpm; vl(r,m;) 39

vufzGJY^r*Fvm 41

vif 52

vif;w 50

vnfcGH^tusÐ 22

vrf;ul;opf 53

vrf;v,f 30

v,fâeY 32

v,f^vrf; 30

avQmuf 46

vQKd0if 27

0g 2

0g; 45

0g;tokH;taqmif 20

0if;^tdrf 44

0,f,l 8

oDwif;aeY 32

owif;t&Sdef 5

(122)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

orkduf 13

om; 6? 19

om;wpfoDwH 28

om;oli,f 19

oDwHom;wpf 28

olBuD; 24

oljrwfae&m 30

oifjzL; 21

opfckwf 50

opfâcsmif;ul; 53

opf^qGJcs 51

opf e*g; 57

opf eykH; 56

opfÊG,fywf 57

opf^bDvl; 52

opfârsmuf 55

opf&Gufêm;yef 38

opf^vlaumifwif 54

opfoD;OD;^rdef;rqGwfcl; 40

aoG; 6

[if;tkd; 36

tuef; 7

trkd;^tdrf 42

t&yf^taemufawmif

(123)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

taemufajrmuf 48

t&Sdefôwif; 25

tvkdr&Sdckduf 33

tavmif; 9

tusÐvnfcGH 22

t*FgrrSef 33

tm;cGef 23

tkd;^xrif; 36

tkd;^[if; 36

atmuf0g^tdrf 49

tdyf&m 21

tdyf&mx 29

tdrfae 1? 4? 8? 9? 11? 12? 13? 15? 42? 44? 48? 49

tdrfaeol(r,m; 39

tdrfjyif 9

tdrfarG;wd&pämef 39

tdrfa&SU 11? 15? 26

tdrf0if; 44

OD;csKdusKd; 7

OD;xkyf 20

Oy'f 57

OD;acgif; 26

Opöm 23

tkyfaqmif; 20

(124)


eboo

k is

cre

ated

by

ww

w.S

han

Yom

a.O

rg

tckvkd pm&if;vkyfNyD; oabmtcsKyfudk jyefppfaq;Munfh&if

a&S;tcguyJ jrefrmawG[m

twkckd;jcif; - Oyrm - rkd;&GmvkdY aysmf&TifjrL;xl;ovkd

rkd;acgifwJhtcg jrL;&if rkd;&Gmr,fvkdYxifw,f/

pGJvrf;jcif; - rMumcif taumif;tqkd;jzpfvmzkdY BudKNyD;jzpf

wwfw,f? BudKNyD; Mum;wwfw,f? BudKNyD; tdyfrufwwfw,fvkdY,kH

w,f/

xdawGYwmeJYtusKd;&Sdr,f - Oyrm - tpGrf;xufwJhol&JUypönf;

udk udk,frSmaqmifxm;&if udk,fvJ olYvkdpGrf;r,fxifw,f/

BuD;ol&JUulnDapmifha&Smufr,f-aooGm;wJhrdbbkd;bGm;q&m

orm;awGudk &nfrSef;ylaZmf&if olwkdY udk,fh'ku©udk ulnDajz&Sif;ay;

r,f? rçpvdrfhr,fvkdY,kHw,f/

BudKwif umuG,fr,f-rvkyfeJY? rpm;eJYvkdYtawGYtMuHKt& wm;

jrpfwmawGudk vkdufem&if ab;Oy'fvGwfr,f ,kHw,f

qkdwJhtcsufawGudk awGY&ygw,f/ tawGYtMuHKuay;wJhoifcef;pm

awGudk rSwfxm;Muw,f/ 'DvkdrSwfxm;cJhwmawGudkyJ pmra&;wwf

cif pmayvkdY,lqygw,f/

aoqkH;jcif;? oN*ØK[fjcif;qkdif&m "avhawGuvJ trsm;vkdufem

zkdY xkH;pHawG wpfpwpfp rsm;vmNyD; rvkdufemjyef&if aoola&m &Sif

olyg raumif;bl;vkdY ,kHjyefawmh tJ'gawGvJ taotcsm rSwfom;

Mu&NyD; pmrwwfcifu ay:aygufcJhwJhpmayawG jzpfvm&jyefw,f/

jrpf? avmu[dw&moD? &efukef? AE¨Kv? 1956^12 BudrfykHESdyf?

(pm19)tavmif;udk tdrfacgifwef;twkdif; jyifxm;yg(pm 120)/

wpftdrfwnf;rSm vlrrmESpfa,mufjzpfae&if aooludk aemufwpf

(125)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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aeY t&kPfrvmcif oN*ØK[fyg/(pm102)/

wpftdrfwnf;rSm wpfa,mufaoqkH;NyD; qifhuJ aemufwpf

a,mufaojyef&if aemufrSaooludk t&ifoN*ØK[fyg/(pm-109)

tdrfwpftdrfrSm r,m;? orD;? acR;r? wlr wpfOD;OD; udk,f0ef

aqmifqJjzpfae&if tJ'Dtdrfu aooludk aemufwpfaeY t&kPfrvm

cif oN*ØK[fyg/(pm-103)/

wpfvukefqkH;wJhaeYrSm aoqkH;&if aeYrul;rD (vrul;rD)t

avmif;udk oN*ØK[fyg/(pm-97? 109)/ (aeYrul;apeJY? aiGtultyHh

r,leJY? pm-96? 97? 102? 103)/

tavmif;ajrrusrD ivsifvIyfvQif tavmif;udk &kd;&m"avh

jyifqifp&m&SdwmawG rNyD;ao;ayr,fh ivsifNidrfwJhtcg csufcsif;

ajrESHyg/(pm-98)/

aetdrfeJYvGwf&mt&yfrSm aoqkH;ol&JUtavmif;udk aetdrfudk

jyefo,frvm&/ (pm-99)/

&GmjyifrSmaowJh&Gmom;tavmif;udk &GmedrdwftwGif; roGif;&?

&Gmedrdwfudk odvkdvQif tpGefqkH;tdrfudk a&tdk;udk a&oGefwJhtcg a&

pD;aMumif;tqkH;udk &GmedrdwfvkdY,l/ (pm-100)/

aool[m opfyifay:u vdrfhusvkdY ao&if? EGm;uRJjrif;awG

udkufvkdYao&if? "m;vSHav;jrm; xdcdkufwJh'Pf&meJYao&if aeYrul;cif

ajrrSmjr§Kyf/ (pm-108)? ao&mt&yfrSmyJjr§Kyf(pm-109)/ rawmfw

qxdckdufvkdY aooludk b,fvkdjr§Kyf&rvJvkdY aemufwpfrsKd; ajymwm

awGvnf; &Sdao;w,f/(pm-93? 5)/ 'gayrJh wcsKdUtavmif;udk cRif;

csuftaeeJY rwfwyfjr§KyfygqkdwJhtcsufuawmh aemiftcg jrefrmawG

rvkdufemawmhbl;vkdYajym&r,f/

(126)


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a&epfaoqkH;oludk eEGif;a&azsmfNyD; ajczsm;u acgif;txd?

acgif;u ajczsm;txd tqeftpkef wpfBudrftpkpk ckepfBudrf okwf

vdrf;NyD;aemuf csufcsif;ajrjr§Kyfyg/ rD; roN*ØK[f&/

rkd;BudK;ypfvkdYao&if tavmif;udk 0ufpm;usif;rSm wifNyD; t

avmif;jyKusvmwJhtxd vIyfyg/ jyKwfusvmwJhtavmif;udk a&csKd;?

ta&SUawmifudk rsufESmrlNyD; rwfwyf ajrrSmjr§Kyfyg/

usm;udkufvkdYao&if 'Pf&mupNyD; a&aq;? aemuf tavmif;

udk a&csKd;ay;NyD; rD;oN*ØK[f/

vdrfhusvkdYao&if ajrrSmtavmif;udkxm;NyD; vlBuD;olrawGudk

okH;Budrfausmfckdif;NyD;awmh csufcsif;ajrrSm jr§Kyfyg/

udk,fhbmomowfao&if qHyifudk zm;vsm;cs? ta&SUawmifudk

rsufESmrlNyD; tavmif;udk rwfwyfajrrSmcsufcsif;jr§Kyf/

rvkyfygeJY? a&Smifygqkd&if ab;uif;atmif? uHaumif;atmif

wm;jrpfwmvkdY,lqoifhw,f/ tEÅ&m,fuif;atmif umuG,fay;

r,f/ ypfrSwfrxdatmif vrf;vTJay;r,f/ xdckdufayr,fh raygufrNyJ

tNyD;tpD;&w,f? vmbf&Tifw,f? u,fq,fol tcsdefrDa&mufvm

w,fqkd&if arSmfynmeJYqkdifw,f? usef;rmw,f? touf&Snfw,f? i,f

rljyefw,f/ umrtm;wkd;w,fqkd&if wkdif;&if;om;aq;ynmeJYqkdif

w,f/ tdEd,u &ku©aA'&,f? eu©wåaA'eJYenf;pyfwJhaA'if,Mwm?

"mwf&kdufqkdwmawG wGifus,fvmawmh wkdif;&if;om;arSmfynm[m

ododomomBuD; arS;rSdefyaysmufvkdufw,f? aumif;jrwfwJhtcsdeft

cgudk eu©wfaA'q&mu wGuf,lNyD; ajymjyvkdY odwJhtcg tJ'Dtcg

aumif;rSm rdrdvkyfcsifwJhtrIudpöudk jyKygrS atmifjrifr,fvkdY xifMu

w,f/ tcgaumif;rSm qkdif&mqkdif&mrEÅefvnf; &Gwf&ao;w,f/ 'D

(127)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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vkdqkd&if tEÅ&m,fuif;w,f? uHaumif;r,f/ tdEd,u wifoGif;vm

wJhaA'ifusrf; aq;usrf;awG&JUt&SdefeJY wkdif;&if;t,ltq jrefrm

wkdif;&if;om; aq;ukenf;awG arS;rSdefoGm;ayr,fh vkH;0aysmufroGm;

bl;? usefwwforQudk &vkd&if avmusrf;(aq;NrD;wkdvmusrf;? &ef

ukef? [Hom0wD? 1959)Munfh&r,fxifygw,f/ tcsKdUaq;enf;u

tjrpf? tyif? tacguf? toD;tyGifhawG&JUaq;zuf0ifykHudk wu,f

odvmvkdY aq;taeeJY okH;wwfvmMuw,f/ wpfcsKdUaq;u ,kHMunf

rIoufoufjzpfw,f/ Oyrm - qDref;? a&ref;udk aomufyg? vdrf;yg

qkdwmrsKd; jzpfygw,f/(uwdk;q&mjrihf? avmu[dw&moDusrf;? &ef

ukef? AE¨Kv? 1956^12 Budrfajrmuf? ykHESdyf? pm-9? 12)

1/ acgif;cJaomf tcHrcufavm? refusnf;rSnfhudk qm;ESifhazsmfí

&SLaomf? raysmufavm/

2/ &ifbwfemaomf tcHrcufavm? aumufn§if;udk pm;í a&csKd;

aomf raysmufavm/

3/ acsmif;qkd;aomf tcHrcufavm? vTpmrIefYudk [if;cg;csufí

aomufaomf raysmufavm/

4/ rsufpdemaomf tcHrcufavm? ESrf;avSmfí &SLaomf raysmuf

avm/

5/ temaygufaomf rcHrcufavm? xef;vsufudk pm;aomf

raysmufavm/

6/ ajcusOfaomf rcufavm? oHwlESifhESufaomf raysmufavm/

7/ udkufcJaomf rcufavm? ajreDvl;aomf raysmufavm/

8/ tifysOfxaomf rcufavm? csufrSm qm;ykHaomf raysmufavm

9/ avcsKyfaomf rcufavm? armif;usnfayGYESihfESufaomfraysmuf

(128)


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avm/

10/ pm;ít&omaysmufaomf rcufavm? ykpGefcsOfudkpm;aomf

raysmufavm/

11/ Murf;ydk; udkufaomf rcufavm? zGufxrf;xrf;ykd;udk tdyf&m

atmufu xm;aomf raysmfavm/

12/ rdef;r&moDvGefaomf raoavm? qD;oD;udk pm;í a&csKd;aomf

raysmufavm/

13/ rdef;r rD;rzGm;Ekdifaomf rcufavm? aygufyef;jzLtudkif; oifh

&m vuf0Jvuf,mukdifapaomf rzGm;avm/

14/ (rdef;r)rD;rzGm;Ekdifaomf rcufavm? ykpGefvufrudk aoG;í

aomufaomf raysmufavm/

15/ rdef;r rD;zGm;í om;tdrfwusnf;vGJaomf raoavm? zm;jyKwf

ajcmufudk rD;zkwfí ajcrSmokwfaomf rzGm;avm/

16/ rdef;rwkdY EkdYroufaomf rcufavm? EGm;om;ESifhcsOfaygifeD&Guf

udk [if;cg;csufí aomufaomf rxGufavm/

17/ ig;cl? ig;usnf;pl;aomf rcufavm? qD;jzLoD;udk pm;aomf

raysmufavm/

18/ 0rf;udkufaomf tcHrcufavm? xef;vsufeJYqm;udk pm;aomf

raysmufavm/

19/ oli,fxkH;udk pm;rdaomf ridkavm? 'Gm&udk a&aq;aomfraysmuf

avm/

20/ em;tlaomf rcufavm? qDudk usyfaomf raysmufavm/

aemufwpfae&mu aq;enf;awG xyf&ygao;w,f/(ausmf

&if? aq;NrDwkdvmusrf;? &efukef[Hom0wD? 1959)

(129)

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21/ jrm;qdyfoifhaomf rcufavm? vufbufudk 0atmif pm;aomf

raysmufavm/

22/ xdwfvefYaomf rcufavm? z&JoD;pm;aomf raysmfavm/

23/ ,pfaomufvGef;aomf rcufavm? {u&mZfjrpfudk aoG;íwkduf

aomf raysmufavm/

24/ abmuf&Sdaomf r,m;avm? yJhatmifazsmufí vlaovdrf;onfh

qDeEGif;tusefESifhqGwfaomf raysmufavm/

25/ tdyfíraysmfaomf rcufvm;? naeat;wkdif; vrf;avQmuf

aomf raysmufavm/

26/ pdwfaemufaomf rcufvm;? qD;,kdudkpm;aomf raysmufavm/

27/ "m;vSHxdjywf pl;&Svwfaomf rcufvm;? oref;usm;? 0ufacs;?

yeJ? uRJeaygif;? jrif;p*kHeD þtjrpf av;yg; tav; i&kwf

aumif; aygif;Budrfí tkHaomf raysmufavm/

aq;enf;tpkpk 260 &Sdw,f/(ausmf&if? aq;NrD;wkdvmusrf;?

pmrsufESm 51) 'DrSm a&;xnfhvkdufonfhenf;awG atmufpm&if;yg

a&m*ga0'emawGtwGuf jzpfygw,f/

udkufcJ 7

Murf;ydk;ukduf 11

acgif;cJ 1

acsmif;qkd; 3

ajcusOf 6

ig;cl? ig;usnf;pl; 17

pm;ít&omysuf 10

pdwfaemuf 26

(130)


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xdwfvefY 22

"m;vSHxdjywfpl;&S 27

em;tl 20

abmufx 24

rdef;rEkdYrouf 16

rdef;rrD;zGm;NyD; om;tdrfwusnf;vGJ 15

rdef;rrD;rzGm;Edkif 13? 14

rdef;r&moDvGef 12

rsufpdem 4

jrm;qdyfoifh 21

&ifbwfem 2

,pf(rl;)vGef 23

avcsKyf 9

0rf;udkuf 18

oli,fxkH;pm; 19

temayguf 5

tifysOfx 8

tdyfraysmf 25

jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYukd jrefrmawG ra&mufrD olwkdY

taetpm; t0wfeJY,kHMunfykH"avhawGudk &oí ppfaq;azmfxkwf

EkdifzkdY ykHjyif? pum;ykH? pum;xm? &kd;&mxkH;enf;Oya'? aqmif&ef? a&Smif

&ef? tdrfrI? aq;cef;vmusrf;awGudk wifjyNyD; 'gawGyJ pmrwwfcif

u jrefrmpmayygvkdY wifjyygw,f/

'Denf;uvGJvkdY wpfjcm;enf;uvJ rodyg/ jrefrmawG pma&;

(131)

a'gufwmoef;xGef;

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wwfwJhtcg bmawGa&;ovJqkdwmudk qufvuf avhvm&ef &Sdyg

w,f/

(132)


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Dr သန္းထြန္း - ျမန္မာသမိုင္း နိဒါန္း