Dr. Vadim Donchenko Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT)

Dr. Vadim DonchenkoDr. Vadim Donchenko

Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT)Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT)

Russian FederationRussian Federation

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Overview of the CIS statesOverview of the CIS states

Country

Territory,thousand km2

Population, million people GDP, billion $

Vehicle fleet,thousand units

Armenia 29,7 3,2 7,6 229,8

Belarus 207,6 9,7(2006) 22,9 (2004) 2600 (2004)

Azerbaijan 86,1 8,5 (2006) 59,7 (2006) 585,9

Georgia 69,7 4,4 (2005) 17,9 (2006) 328,4

Kazakhstan 2669,8 15,4 (07.2007) 143,1 (2006) >2000

Kyrgyzstan 191,3 5,2 (2006) 10,7 (2006) 275,2 (2005)

Moldova 33,4 4,3 (07.2007) 2,9 (2005) 489,4 (2006)

Russia 17098,2 143 (12.2011) 1761 (2011) 42716 (2011)

Turkmenistan 488,1 6,8 (03.2006) 42,8 (2006) 336,4 (2004)

Tajikistan 142,7 7,1 (07.2006) 9,5 (2006) 300,0 (2004)

Uzbekistan 425,4 26,5 (2006) 55,75 1196,7 (2006)

Ukraine 603,7 46,5 (07.2007) 355,8 (2006) 6000,0 (2005)

Parameter

Dynamics of the main motor transport Dynamics of the main motor transport activity parameters in Russian Federationactivity parameters in Russian Federation

Parameter 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Freight volume,million tons

6125 6348 6469 6568 6 684 6753 6860 6900 5240 5235 5663

Cargo turnover, billion tons*km

159,9 167,2 173,2 182,1 193,6 198,8 205,9 215,5 180,1 199,2 222,8

Passenger transportation volume, million people

20883 19620 17898 16552 16084 15782 14736 14600 13523 13378 13201

Passenger turnover,billion passengers*km

155,1 150,1 138,6 129,6 137,7 134,7 148,0 150,5 139 139 137

Russian vehicle fleet dynamicsRussian vehicle fleet dynamics

Age structure of the Russian car fleetAge structure of the Russian car fleet

Less than 5 years

From 5 to 10 From 5 to 10 yearsyears

More than 10 More than 10 yearsyears

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AGE STRUCTURE OF TRUCK FLEET IN RUSSIAAGE STRUCTURE OF TRUCK FLEET IN RUSSIA

AGE STRUCTURE OF BUS FLEET IN RUSSIAAGE STRUCTURE OF BUS FLEET IN RUSSIA

Less than 5 years



Less than Less than 5 years5 years



Motor vehicle industry in CIS countriesMotor vehicle industry in CIS countries

Environmental, health-related and economical Environmental, health-related and economical impacts of fuel qualityimpacts of fuel quality

Fuel quality

Efficiency of exhaust gases after-treatment systems

Additional expenses on exhaust gases after-

treatment systems repair and maintenance

Negative environmental impact

S, S, additivesadditivesS, PAS, PA

CO, CH, NOCO, CH, NOхх, C, C

Impossibility of use of motor vehicles

with high environmental performances

10

НС СО NOx PMReduced Sulfur 0 0 0 3/1в

Increased Cetane Number 3/0а 3/0а 2 0

Reduced Total Aromatics 0 0 2с 0

Reduced Polyaromatics 2 0 2с 3а

Reduced Density 3 2 2 3а

Reduced Т95 1 1 1 0

Influence of diesel fuel performances on harmful substances Influence of diesel fuel performances on harmful substances emissionemission

а – effect disappears on low emission engines

в – smaller effects are observed with low sulfur levels

с – polyaromatics are expected to give a bigger reduction than mono aromatics

3 – large effect

2 – small effect

1 – very small effect

0 – no effect

Source: DieselNet

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Negative impact of S on exhaust gases Negative impact of S on exhaust gases after-treatment systemsafter-treatment systems

After-treatment technologyAfter-treatment technology S influence mechanism

Oxidizing catalystSO2 is oxidized to SO3, and blocked working surface of catalyst

Accumulation-reducing neutralizer

Soot filterSulphates (particles) clog filter and prevent its regeneration

EGR - systemH2SO4 is formed in the system, then get in other engine units and cause rapid corrosion

Selective catalytic reduction system (SCR)

Sulphur compounds deposit in oxidizing catalyst and blocked its working surface

Some problems which define negative Some problems which define negative environmental and health impacts of motor environmental and health impacts of motor

transport in Russiatransport in Russia

- Inconsistence between motor fleet growth and development of road infrastructure, resulting in traffic congestion;

- Shortcomings in traffic engineering and control, lack of parking policy in cities;

- Lack of public transport financing, insufficient quality of its services;- Insufficient rate of vehicle fleet renewal and suboptimal structure of

the fleet (mainly concerns truck and bus fleet);- Insufficient quality of produced and retailed motor fuels, lack of

system of “assured provision” of consumers with the appropriate fuel;

- Insufficient use of alternative fuels.

Pollutant emissions from Russian motor Pollutant emissions from Russian motor

vehicle fleet vehicle fleet (20(201111))

Pollutants CO VOC NOx РМ SO2 Total

Total mass of emissions, th. tons

9273 1355 1694 38,5 98,5 12459

% to level of 2010 98% 97% 99% 100% 100% 98%

Dynamics of pollutant emissions by the Russian motor vehicle fleet

1515

TECHNICAL REGULATION “ABOUT REQUIREMENTS TO MOTOR VEHICLE TECHNICAL REGULATION “ABOUT REQUIREMENTS TO MOTOR VEHICLE AND AVIATION PETROL, DIESEL FUEL AND SHIP’S FUEL,AND AVIATION PETROL, DIESEL FUEL AND SHIP’S FUEL, JET FUEL AND JET FUEL AND

FURNACE FUEL OIL” FURNACE FUEL OIL”

TECHNICAL REGULATION “ABOUT REQUIREMENTS TO EMISSION FROM MOTOR TECHNICAL REGULATION “ABOUT REQUIREMENTS TO EMISSION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES PUTTING INTO OPERATION ON TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN VEHICLES PUTTING INTO OPERATION ON TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN

FEDERATION”FEDERATION”

Emission

For serial

production

Env. class 2 Env. class 3 Env. class 4 Env. class 5

For new types

Env. class 2Env. class 3

Env. class 4

Env. class 5

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ∞

Russian car fleet structure by environmental class

Euro-3+ Euro-2 Euro-1 Euro-0 Euro-3+ Euro-2 Euro-1 Euro-0

Russian truck fleet structure by environmental class


Russian bus fleet structure by environmental Russian bus fleet structure by environmental classclass


1919

FUEL CONSUMPTION BY MOTOR FLEET IN RUSSIAFUEL CONSUMPTION BY MOTOR FLEET IN RUSSIA

Main environmental parameters of motor fuel in Russia(in accordance with Technical Regulation)

Parameter Unit

Environmental class and duration of requirements

EURO-2 (up to 31.12.2012)

EURO-3 (up to 31.12.2014)

EURO-4 (up to 31.12.2015)

EURO-5(under

discussion)

PETROL

Maximum sulfur content ppm 500 150 50 10

Maximum volume fraction of aromatics % - 42 35 35

Maximum volume fraction of unsaturated hydrocarbons % - 18 18 18

Maximum volume fraction of benzene

% 5 1,0 1,0 1,0

Maximum lead concentration mg/dm3 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5DIESEL FUEL

Maximum sulfur content ppm 500 350 50 10

Minimum cetane number 45 51 51 51

Maximum mass fraction of aromatics % - 11 11 11

CHANGE IN PRODUCTION OF PETROL CHANGE IN PRODUCTION OF PETROL AND DIESEL FUELS WITH AND DIESEL FUELS WITH DIFFERENT SULPHUR CONTENT IN RUSSIADIFFERENT SULPHUR CONTENT IN RUSSIA

2222

Sulphur content %

2006,%

2011,%

Volume of fuel, th.tonnes

Volume of SO2

emission, th.tonnes

2006 2011 2006 2011

0,001 1,7 15 289 2550 0,0058 0,051

0,005 9,1 9,2 1547 1564 0,1547 0,1564

0,035 5,7 10,8 969 1836 0,6783 1,2852

0,05 4,4 25 748 4250 0,748 4,25

0,2 73,5 40 12495 6800 49,98 27,2

0,5 5,6 0 952 0 9,520 0,0

Итого 100 100 17000 17000 61,1 32,94

REDUCTION INREDUCTION IN SOSO22 EMISSION INEMISSION IN 2011 2011 DUE TO DUE TO

IMPROVEMENT OF DIESEL FUEL QUALITY (IN IMPROVEMENT OF DIESEL FUEL QUALITY (IN COMPARISON WITH 2006) COMPARISON WITH 2006)

Изменение структуры производства дизельного топлива в 2006 - 2011 гг. привело к сокращению выбросов SO2 на 28 тыс. т. (при среднем уровне потребления 17 000 тыс.т.)

2323

DISTRIBUTION OF DIESEL FUEL PRODUCTION BY DISTRIBUTION OF DIESEL FUEL PRODUCTION BY ENVERONMENTAL CLASSES AND BY BIG OIL COMPANIESENVERONMENTAL CLASSES AND BY BIG OIL COMPANIES

Company

Diesel fuel’s classROSNEFT LUKOIL BASHNEFT TNK-BP SLAVNEFT

Class 5 2,01% 47,70% 3,95% 22,85% 65,67%

Class 4 0,76% 16,36% 15,61% 26,63% 26,62%

Class 3 23,99% 3,50% 1,39% 8,04% 1,94%

Class 2 and lower 73,24% 32,43% 79,06% 42,48% 5,77%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

% from total production= 70,3 mln. tonnes

22,29% 17,66% 10,54% 8,56% 5,77%

Суммарные объемы производства, указанных компаний, составляют ~65% от общего объема производства ДТ. При этом суммарное количество произведенного в 2011 году низкосернистого топлива (класса 3 и выше) составляет 24,6 млн.т., при потребности в ДТ для автомобильного транспорта класса 3 и выше ~5 млн.т.

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DEMAND OF MOTOR FLEET IN DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PETROL DEMAND OF MOTOR FLEET IN DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PETROL AND DIESEL FUELS IN COMPARISON WITH VOLUMES OF AND DIESEL FUELS IN COMPARISON WITH VOLUMES OF

PRODACTION OF THESE FUELS IN 2011PRODACTION OF THESE FUELS IN 2011

Объемы производства моторных топлив по классам приведены по данным ИГ «Петромаркет», объемы потребности рассчитаны из условия соответствия экологических классов топлива и автомобилей.

Потребность автомобильного транспорта в моторном топливе различных экологических классов вполне удовлетворена. Недостаточность производства бензина ниже класса 2, может быть удовлетворена бензинами более высокого класса 2 и 3, что позволит уменьшить выбросы оксидов серы, полиароматических углеводородов и других вредных веществ. Однако существует ряд проблем в сфере топливопотребления в регионах страны: Неравномерное распределение НПЗ по регионам и недостаток сети продуктопроводов приводит к тому, что низкосернистое топливо не всегда доступно; Недостаток зимних марок ДТ; Значительная доля на рынке нестандартного топлива (по экспертным оценкам до

12%).

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Marking of diesel fuel EURO IV at “LUKOIL” gas StationMarking of diesel fuel EURO IV at “LUKOIL” gas Station

Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention!!

Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (cars),%Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (cars),%

0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 > 20

Uzbekistan 11.0 13.0 22.0 26.0 28.0

Russia 21.6 27.7 50.7

Turkmenistan n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d

Moldova 8.9 10.8 25.8 27.5 27.0

Kazakhstan n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d

Kyrgyzstan (all motor vehicles)

1.6 6.3 21.4 70.7

Georgia 4.4 12.2 26.3 24.6 32.5

Azerbaijan 15.8 26.2 58.0

Armenia n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d

Country

Age

n/d - no data

Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (buses),%(buses),%

0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 > 20

Uzbekistan 11.0 13.0 22.0 26.0 28.0

Russia 26.2 26.8 47.0


Moldova 2.8 9.0 25.9 37.1 25.2



1.6 6.3 21.4 70.7

Georgia 2.3 1.2 38.4 36.0 22.1



Country

Age

n/d - no data

Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (trucks and light duty),%(trucks and light duty),%

0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 > 20

Uzbekistan 2.1 7.6 26.3 64.0

Russia 14.0 23.5 62.5


Moldova 3.8 18.1 22.1 29.7 26.3



1.6 6.3 21.4 70.7

Georgia 2.2 9.2 18.1 43.3 27.2



Country

Age

n/d - no data

3030

Динамика изменения численности газобаллонных автомобилей на КПГДинамика изменения численности газобаллонных автомобилей на КПГ в РФ в период 2000-201в РФ в период 2000-20111 годы по данным НГА годы по данным НГА

Динамика изменения реализации природного газа через АГНКС в РФ в период 2000-2011 годы по данным НГА

31

ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ В ПРИМЕНЕНИИ ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗА В КАЧЕСТВЕ ГАЗОМОТОРНОГО ТОПЛИВА

Достижения Проблемы

Реализуются региональные программы:в Ставропольском крае, Калужской и Воронежской области, Республике Марий Эл подписаны соглашения с региональными структурами ОАО «Газпром» по расширению сети газозаправочных станций;в г. Казани, в рамках подготовки к Всемирной Универсиаде Кабинетом министров Республики Татарстан приняты решения о закупке газовых автобусов и строительстве новых АГНКС

Отсутствует федеральная программа и законодательство по расширению применения газа и достижения целевых показателей Транспортной Стратегии до 2030 г., утвержденной распоряжением Правительства Российской Федерации от 22 ноября 2008 г. № 1734-р

Налажен выпуск 20 моделей автомобилей, работающих на КПГ, среди которых, самосвалы, седельные тягачи, мусоровозы, вакуумные машины, городские, пригородные и международные автобусы на КамАЗ, Рари-ТЭК, НефАЗ, ЛиАЗ и ПАЗ.

Сорван проект «Белой олимпиаде голубое топливо»

Use of CNG as a motor fuel in CIS countriesUse of CNG as a motor fuel in CIS countries

- Russia: about 70 000 motor vehicles are operated on CNG (during Soviet time – about 200 000);

- Ukraine: 100 000 motor vehicles (1.5% of the fleet) are operated on CNG;

- Moldova: about 5 000 motor vehicles are CNG-fueled;- Belarus: there is a national programme of gasification of the

country’s vehicle fleet;- Tajikistan: there are 10 600 motor vehicles operated on CNG;- Kyrgyzstan: CNG-fuelled motor vehicles numbered about 6 000 in

2007;- Georgia: Ministry of Environment reported about 1.7% of

motor vehicles using CNG (2005);- Armenia: 1 394 vehicles are fueled by CNG (2007).

Production of bio-fuels in CIS countriesProduction of bio-fuels in CIS countries

- Russia: a National Programme for production of bio-fuels is currently being developed. In accordance with it in 5 years annual

production of bio-fuels will reach 2 million tons;- Ukraine: in February 2007 the Government has adopted a plan to

introduce ethanol for public transport in cities with over 500 000 population before 2010. There are many other

projects under consideration. In 2007 3 biodiesel plants were put into operation (mainly working for export);

- Moldova: In 2007 the plans to build an ethanol plant processing grain, and a bio-fuel plant converting cellulose-based biomass into biogas, ethanol and synthetic diesel fuel. All produced bio-

fuel will be exported;- Belarus: Since 01.02.2007 there is a new diesel specification,

allowing use of fatty acid methyl ether (FAME) in automotive diesels;

- Kazakhstan: Since September 2006 ethanol fuel is produced at one plant, and 3 more plants are scheduled for construction. All produced fuel is meant for export.

Recommendations of the Conference on Cleaner Recommendations of the Conference on Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles for Eastern Europe, Caucasus Fuels and Vehicles for Eastern Europe, Caucasus

and Central Asiaand Central Asia.- Monitoring fuel quality at fuel stations with responsibility of specific government and

involvement of independent auditors;- Carrying out of periodic vehicle emission inspections in centralised facilities under

governmental oversight and withdrawal of failed vehicles from operation;- Imported vehicles have to have a functioning catalytic converter. This have to be

assured by importer;- Vehicles over 12 years old have to be inspected at least every six months;- Fuel and vehicle requirements have to be introduced together as a corresponding

system;- Fuels at retail points have to be clearly labeled to indicate their compliance with

“EURO” standards;- Taxation policies and incentives serve to stimulate production, import and consumption

of cleaner fuels;- Use of sustainable alternative fuels in addition to conventional petrol and diesel fuels

have to be considered and supported to reduce emissions;- Countries have to strengthen the systems for enforcement of and compliance with the

above suggestions.

Steps recommended by the Conference on Steps recommended by the Conference on Cleaner Fuels and VehiclesCleaner Fuels and Vehicles

For countries:- Consider putting in place a Programme of Actions (“roadmap”) on implementation of cleaner

fuels and vehicles;- Consider possibility of leapfrogging from early “EURO” standards right to EURO-4 or

EURO-5;- Consider possibility to introduce incentives to encourage early implementation of cleaner

fuels and vehicles;

For participants and organizers (REC Caucasus, PCFV):

- Actively assist in organization of information and data exchange on cleaner fuels and vehicles;

- Report on the progress of implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles in EECCA region on a regular basis;

- Develop an informal network to include Conference participants and other interested parties;- Assist countries to disseminate outcomes of the meeting and routinely update EECCA

information on the PCFV website (www.unep.org/pcfv);- Assist (in co-operation with other international forums) in leveraging additional international

support for realization of the Conference’s recommendations;- Assist in collection and dissemination of national level information on liquid biofuels.

Documents

Dr. Vadim Donchenko Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT)